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<li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vickers" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vickers" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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<li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vickers,_Sons_&_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vickers,_Sons_&_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Vickers, Sons & Company</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vickers,_Sons_&_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vickers,_Sons_&_Maxim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vickers,_Sons_&_Maxim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Vickers, Sons & Maxim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vickers,_Sons_&_Maxim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vickers_Limited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vickers_Limited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Vickers Limited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vickers_Limited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reorganisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reorganisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Reorganisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reorganisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merger_with_Armstrong_Whitworth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merger_with_Armstrong_Whitworth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Merger with Armstrong Whitworth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merger_with_Armstrong_Whitworth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Nationalisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vickers_plc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vickers_plc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Vickers plc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vickers_plc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status_of_Vickers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status_of_Vickers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Current status of Vickers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status_of_Vickers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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title="Vickers – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vickers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vickers" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vickers" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vickers" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="ویکرز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکرز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vickers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%85%EC%BB%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="빅커스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빅커스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vickers" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="ויקרס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקרס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ヴィッカース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィッカース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vickers" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vickers" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Vickers" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_(yritys)" title="Vickers (yritys) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vickers (yritys)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vickers" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vickers" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British engineering company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the modern New Zealand aircraft company, see <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Aircraft_Company" title="Vickers Aircraft Company">Vickers Aircraft Company</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vickers_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vickers (disambiguation)">Vickers (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Vickers</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_plc_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vickers_plc_logo.svg/220px-Vickers_plc_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vickers_plc_logo.svg/330px-Vickers_plc_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vickers_plc_logo.svg/440px-Vickers_plc_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">Engineering</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1828</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Edward Vickers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1999</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Acquired</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce plc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label">London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data">Aircraft<br /><a href="/wiki/Armaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Armaments">Armaments</a><br />Ships</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-Vickers" title="Metropolitan-Vickers">Metropolitan-Vickers</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vickers</b> was a British engineering company that existed from 1828 until 1999. It was formed in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> as a steel <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">foundry</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vickers" title="Edward Vickers">Edward Vickers</a> and his father-in-law, and soon became famous for casting <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">church bells</a>. The company went public in 1867, acquired more businesses, and began branching out into military hardware and shipbuilding. </p><p>In 1911, the company expanded into <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_manufacturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft manufacturer">aircraft manufacture</a> and opened a flying school. They expanded even further into electrical and railway manufacturing, and in 1928 acquired an interest in the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine" title="Supermarine">Supermarine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 1960s, various parts of the company were nationalised, and in 1999 the rest of the company was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce plc</a>, which sold the defence arm to <a href="/wiki/Alvis_plc" title="Alvis plc">Alvis plc</a>. The Vickers name lived on in Alvis Vickers, until the latter was acquired by BAE Systems in 2004 to form <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Platforms_%26_Services" title="BAE Systems Platforms & Services">BAE Systems Land Systems</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vickers was formed in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> as a steel <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">foundry</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vickers" title="Edward Vickers">Edward Vickers</a> and his father-in-law <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Naylor_(businessman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Naylor (businessman) (page does not exist)">George Naylor</a> in 1828. Naylor was a partner in the foundry Naylor & Sanderson and Vickers' brother William owned a steel rolling operation. Edward's investments in the railway industry allowed him to gain control of the company, based at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Millsands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Millsands (page does not exist)">Millsands</a> and known as Naylor Vickers and Company. It began by making steel castings and quickly became famous for casting <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">church bells</a>. In 1854 Vickers' sons Thomas (a <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> officer known familiarly as 'Colonel Tom') and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Vickers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Vickers (page does not exist)">Albert</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Vickers" class="extiw" title="la:Albertus Vickers">la</a>]</span> joined the business and their considerable talents – Tom Vickers as a metallurgist and Albert as a team-builder and salesman – were key to its subsequent rapid development. "Its great architects," the historian Clive Trebilcock writes, "Colonel T.E. (1833–1915) and Albert (1838–1919) Vickers... provided <i>both</i> inspired technical leadership... and equally astute commercial direction. Both men were autocrats by temperament, but neither shunned advice or avoided delegation; each, but particularly Albert, had a marked gift for the selection of talented subordinates."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1863 the company moved to a new site in Sheffield on the <a href="/wiki/River_Don,_Yorkshire" title="River Don, Yorkshire">River Don</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shiregreen_and_Brightside" title="Shiregreen and Brightside">Brightside</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vickers,_Sons_&_Company"><span id="Vickers.2C_Sons_.26_Company"></span>Vickers, Sons & Company</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vickers, Sons & Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The company went public in 1867 as Vickers, Sons & Company and gradually acquired more businesses, branching out into various sectors. In 1868 Vickers began to manufacture marine shafts, in 1872 they began casting marine <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propellers</a> and in 1882 they set up a <a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">forging</a> press. They were also supplying steel forgings for gun barrel manufacturers, including their future main competitor Armstrong, as early as 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a decline in lucrative tool steel demand in the US during the first half of 1880s, the stockholders logically decided in spring 1887 to diversify into large-scale armaments production and approved £1.5 million (1887, equivalent to £172.83 million in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> capital increase.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1888 Vickers produced and tested both their first artillery piece and first <a href="/wiki/Armour_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Armour plate">armour plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time could have never been more fortunate, with the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Defence_Act_1889" title="Naval Defence Act 1889">Naval Defence Act 1889</a> significantly increasing the domestic demand and the invention of <a href="/wiki/Nickel_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel steel">nickel steel</a> armour rendering obsolete and worthless the investments of established producers into <a href="/wiki/Compound_armour" title="Compound armour">compound armour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vickers,_Sons_&_Maxim"><span id="Vickers.2C_Sons_.26_Maxim"></span>Vickers, Sons & Maxim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vickers, Sons & Maxim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers,_Sons_%26_Maxim%27s_Naval_Construction_Works_(ca._1900).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vickers%2C_Sons_%26_Maxim%27s_Naval_Construction_Works_%28ca._1900%29.jpg/220px-Vickers%2C_Sons_%26_Maxim%27s_Naval_Construction_Works_%28ca._1900%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vickers%2C_Sons_%26_Maxim%27s_Naval_Construction_Works_%28ca._1900%29.jpg/330px-Vickers%2C_Sons_%26_Maxim%27s_Naval_Construction_Works_%28ca._1900%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vickers%2C_Sons_%26_Maxim%27s_Naval_Construction_Works_%28ca._1900%29.jpg/440px-Vickers%2C_Sons_%26_Maxim%27s_Naval_Construction_Works_%28ca._1900%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4100" data-file-height="2215" /></a><figcaption>Vickers, Sons & Maxim's Naval Construction Works (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_Wolseley-Siddeley_V_S_%26_M_copy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Emblem_Wolseley-Siddeley_V_S_%26_M_copy.png/220px-Emblem_Wolseley-Siddeley_V_S_%26_M_copy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Emblem_Wolseley-Siddeley_V_S_%26_M_copy.png/330px-Emblem_Wolseley-Siddeley_V_S_%26_M_copy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Emblem_Wolseley-Siddeley_V_S_%26_M_copy.png/440px-Emblem_Wolseley-Siddeley_V_S_%26_M_copy.png 2x" data-file-width="1838" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Name plate: Vickers, Sons & Maxim<br />Wolseley Siddeley</figcaption></figure> <p>Vickers bought out the <a href="/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness" title="Barrow-in-Furness">Barrow-in-Furness</a> shipbuilder The Barrow Shipbuilding Company in 1897, acquiring its subsidiary the <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Nordenfelt_Guns_and_Ammunition_Company" title="Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company">Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the same time, to become Vickers, Sons & Maxim. </p><p>Ordnance and ammunition made during this period, including <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, was stamped V.S.M. </p><p>The yard at Barrow became the "Construction Yard". With these acquisitions, Vickers could now produce a complete selection of products, from ships and marine fittings to armour plate and a whole suite of ordnance. In 1901 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s first submarine, <i><a href="/wiki/Holland_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Holland 1">Holland 1</a></i>, was launched at the Naval Construction Yard. In 1902 Vickers took a half share in the famous <a href="/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde">Clyde</a> shipyard <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_%26_Company" title="John Brown & Company">John Brown & Company</a>. </p><p>Further diversification occurred in 1901 with the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/The_Wolseley_Sheep_Shearing_Machine_Company" title="The Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machine Company">a proposed business</a> which was incorporated as <a href="/wiki/Wolseley_Motors" title="Wolseley Motors">The Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company</a> and in 1905 the goodwill and patent rights of the Siddeley car. In 1911 a controlling interest was acquired in <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Whitehead" title="Robert Whitehead">Whitehead & Company</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vickers_Limited">Vickers Limited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vickers Limited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Limited" title="Vickers Limited">Vickers Limited</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_Advertisement_Janes_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Vickers_Advertisement_Janes_1914.jpg/300px-Vickers_Advertisement_Janes_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Vickers_Advertisement_Janes_1914.jpg/450px-Vickers_Advertisement_Janes_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Vickers_Advertisement_Janes_1914.jpg/600px-Vickers_Advertisement_Janes_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1914 advertisement in <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Fighting_Ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane's Fighting Ships">Jane's</a> presenting Vickers broad naval capabilities</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1911 the company name was changed to Vickers Ltd and expanded its operations into <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_manufacturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft manufacturer">aircraft manufacture</a> by the formation of Vickers Ltd (Aviation Department) and a Vickers School of Flying was opened at <a href="/wiki/Brooklands" title="Brooklands">Brooklands</a>, Surrey on 20 January 1912. In 1919, the <a href="/wiki/British_Westinghouse" title="British Westinghouse">British Westinghouse</a> electrical company was taken over as the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-Vickers" title="Metropolitan-Vickers">Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company</a>; Metrovick. At the same time they came into Metropolitan's railway interests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reorganisation">Reorganisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reorganisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A reorganisation during 1926 led to the retention of the rolling stock group: Metropolitan Carriage Wagon and Finance Company and The Metropolitan -Vickers Company and the disposal of: Vickers-Petters Limited, British Lighting and Ignition Company, the Plywood department at Crayford Creek, Canadian Vickers, William Beardmore and Co, and Wolseley Motors.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merger_with_Armstrong_Whitworth">Merger with Armstrong Whitworth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Merger with Armstrong Whitworth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vickers-Armstrongs" title="Vickers-Armstrongs">Vickers-Armstrongs</a></div> <p>In 1927, Vickers merged with <a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a> based engineering company <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth" title="Armstrong Whitworth">Armstrong Whitworth</a> to become <a href="/wiki/Vickers-Armstrongs" title="Vickers-Armstrongs">Vickers-Armstrongs</a>. Armstrong Whitworth had developed along similar lines to Vickers, expanding into various military sectors and was notable for their artillery manufacture at <a href="/wiki/Elswick,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Elswick, Tyne and Wear">Elswick</a> and shipbuilding at a yard at <a href="/wiki/High_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="High Walker">High Walker</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a>. Armstrongs shipbuilding interests became the "Naval Yard", those of Vickers on the west coast the "Naval Construction Yard". <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Aircraft" title="Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft">Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft</a> was not absorbed by the new company. </p><p>In 1928, the Aviation Department became Vickers (Aviation) Ltd and soon after acquired <a href="/wiki/Supermarine" title="Supermarine">Supermarine</a>, which became the "Supermarine Aviation Works (Vickers) Ltd". In 1938, both companies were re-organised as Vickers-Armstrongs (Aircraft) Ltd, although the former Supermarine and Vickers works continued to brand their products under their former names. 1929 saw the merger of the acquired railway business with those of <a href="/wiki/Cammell_Laird" title="Cammell Laird">Cammell Laird</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Metro-Cammell" title="Metro-Cammell">Metropolitan Cammell Carriage & Wagon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalisation">Nationalisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nationalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1960, the aircraft interests were merged with those of the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Aeroplane_Company" title="Bristol Aeroplane Company">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunting_Aircraft" title="Hunting Aircraft">Hunting Aircraft</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation" title="British Aircraft Corporation">British Aircraft Corporation</a> (BAC). This was owned by Vickers, English Electric and Bristol (holding 40%, 40% and 20% respectively). BAC in turn owned 70% of Hunting. The Supermarine operation was closed in 1963 and the Vickers name for aircraft was dropped in 1965. Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_and_Shipbuilding_Industries_Act_1977" title="Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977">Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act</a> BAC was nationalised in 1977 to become part of <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a>, which exists today in the guise of <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a>. </p><p>The Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act also led to the nationalisation of Vickers' shipbuilding division as part of <a href="/wiki/British_Shipbuilders" title="British Shipbuilders">British Shipbuilders</a>. These had been renamed Vickers Armstrong Shipbuilders in 1955, changing again to Vickers Limited Shipbuilding Group in 1968. This division was privatised as <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Shipbuilding_%26_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers Shipbuilding & Engineering">Vickers Shipbuilding & Engineering</a> in 1986, later part of <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Company" title="General Electric Company">GEC's</a> Marconi Marine. It remains in operation to this day as <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Submarines" title="BAE Systems Submarines">BAE Systems Submarines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vickers_plc">Vickers plc</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vickers plc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_works_in_Leeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Vickers_works_in_Leeds.jpg/220px-Vickers_works_in_Leeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Vickers_works_in_Leeds.jpg/330px-Vickers_works_in_Leeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Vickers_works_in_Leeds.jpg/440px-Vickers_works_in_Leeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Vickers works in <a href="/wiki/Cross_Gates" title="Cross Gates">Cross Gates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vickers_plc" title="Vickers plc">Vickers plc</a></div> <p>With their steelworking operations also nationalised into <a href="/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Steel Corporation">British Steel Corporation</a> the remnants of Vickers became <a href="/wiki/Vickers_plc" title="Vickers plc">Vickers plc</a>. In 1986, Vickers acquired the armaments manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ordnance_Factory" title="Royal Ordnance Factory">Royal Ordnance Factory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, which became Vickers Defence Systems. Other acquisitions included automotive engineers <a href="/wiki/Cosworth" title="Cosworth">Cosworth</a> in 1990, <a href="/wiki/Pump-jet" title="Pump-jet">waterjet</a> manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Kamewa" title="Kamewa">Kamewa</a> in 1986 and Norwegian marine propulsion and engineering company <a href="/wiki/Ulstein_Group" title="Ulstein Group">Ulstein</a> in 1998. 1998 also saw the sale of Rolls-Royce Motors and Cosworth to <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> for £430 million, beating out <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>'s offer of £340 million. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_status_of_Vickers">Current status of Vickers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Current status of Vickers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1927, Vickers merged with the Tyneside-based engineering firm Armstrong Whitworth to form Vickers-Armstrongs. Armstrong Whitworth developed in a similar way to Vickers, expanding into various military fields and became famous for its artillery construction at Elswick and shipbuilding at its yard at High Walker upon Tyne. In 1928, the Aviation Department changed its name to Vickers (Aviation) Ltd and shortly afterwards acquired Supermarine, which became 'Supermarine Aviation Works (Vickers) Ltd'. In 1938, the two companies were reorganised as Vickers-Armstrongs (Aircraft) Ltd, although the former Supermarine and Vickers works continued to brand their products under their former names. In 1929, the acquired railway business was merged with that of Cammell Laird to form Metropolitan Cammell Carriage & Wagon. </p><p>1.6 Fifth change of the company After the Second World War Vickers-Armstrongs manufactured commercial aircraft. In 1959 it introduced the VC10 jet aircraft and in the same year the government forced a merger with Bristol Aeroplane Company, English Electric and Hunting Aircraft to form the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC). Alongside the achievements of BAC, the Hawker Siddeley Group were also experiencing success with the likes of the Hawker Harrier 'Jump Jet' and Hawker Siddeley Trident passenger aircraft. The two companies competed side by side for contracts throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, until the British Government expressed a desire for the two entities to merge. Finally, on 29 April 1977, the two companies were finally nationalised and a new company, British Aerospace Plc, emerged. The rail business acquired by Vickers was sold to Alstom in 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Vickers" title="Canadian Vickers">Canadian Vickers</a>, a Vickers subsidiary from 1911 to 1944</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_preserved_Vickers_aircraft" title="List of preserved Vickers aircraft">List of preserved Vickers aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oto_Melara" class="mw-redirect" title="Oto Melara">Oto Melara</a>, an Italian weapons manufacturer, originally a joint venture between Vickers and Terni Steelworks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine" title="Supermarine">Supermarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun" title="Vickers machine gun">Vickers machine gun</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWragg1973" class="citation book cs1">Wragg, David W. (1973). <i>A Dictionary of Aviation</i> (first ed.). Osprey. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850451634" title="Special:BookSources/9780850451634"><bdi>9780850451634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.pages=274&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780850451634&rft.aulast=Wragg&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trebilcock, Clive. <i>The Vickers Brothers: Armaments and Enterprise 1854–1914</i>. London: Europa Publications, 1977 pp. 27, 33, 35, 43, 45–8, 127–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1989" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Kenneth (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yEm2AAAAIAAJ&q=spring+1887"><i>Armstrongs of Elswick: Growth In Engineering And Armaments To The Merger With Vickers</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-49759-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-49759-3"><bdi>978-0-333-49759-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armstrongs+of+Elswick%3A+Growth+In+Engineering+And+Armaments+To+The+Merger+With+Vickers&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-333-49759-3&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyEm2AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dspring%2B1887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704042341/http://www.submarineheritage.com/history.html">"Submarine Heritage Centre"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.submarineheritage.com/history.html">the original</a> on 4 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Submarine+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.submarineheritage.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">City Notes <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, 30 April 1927; p. 18; issue 44569.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anon (1898), <i>Vickers, Sons and Maxim Limited: Their Works and Manufactures</i>, "Engineering", London</li> <li>Beynon, Huw & Wainwright, Hilary “The Workers’ Report on Vickers” (Pluto Press, London 1979)</li> <li>Evans, Harold. <i>Vickers: Against the Odds 1956–1977</i> (1978)</li> <li>Grant, Jonathan A. Grant, <i>Between Depression and Disarmament: The International Armaments Business, 1919–1939</i> (Cambridge UP, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=53757">Online review</a></li> <li>Richardson, Alex (1902), <i>Vickers Sons and Maxim Ltd: Their Works and Manufactures</i>, Ships, Guns, Engines etc. Offices of Engineering, 35 and 36, Bedford Street, Strand, W.C., London; illustrated with 70 engravings (photo engravings)</li> <li>Scott, J. D. (1962), <i>Vickers: A History</i>, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vickers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vickers">Vickers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk/WebCHeck/fastrack/">Companies House</a> accessed 22 June 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001552/http://www.level-two.co.uk/report.php?locname=brooklands">Vickers Air-raid Shelter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328090903/http://www.dockmuseum.org.uk/archive/index.asp">Vickers Photographic Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050829135402/http://www.tilthammer.com/bio/vick.html">Biography of Thomas and Albert Vickers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/destinysagent/3138834648/">The Vickers company canteen at Crayford, Kent, expected to become a restaurant with flats above</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Original_companies_of_FT_30_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FT_30_constituents" title="Template:FT 30 constituents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FT_30_constituents" title="Template talk:FT 30 constituents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FT_30_constituents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FT 30 constituents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Original_companies_of_FT_30_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Original companies of <a href="/wiki/FT_30" title="FT 30">FT 30</a> in the United Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>As of 1 July 1935</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Circle">Associated Portland Cement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company" title="Austin Motor Company">Austin Motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_Brewery" title="Bass Brewery">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsover_Colliery_Company" title="Bolsover Colliery Company">Bolsover Colliery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Insulated_Callender%27s_Cables" title="British Insulated Callender's Cables">Callenders Cables & Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coats_Group" title="Coats Group">Coats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtaulds" title="Courtaulds">Courtaulds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillers_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Distillers Company">Distillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorman_Long" title="Dorman Long">Dorman Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Rubber" title="Dunlop Rubber">Dunlop Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">Electrical & Musical Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Spinners_and_Doublers" title="Fine Spinners and Doublers">Fine Spinners and Doublers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Company" title="General Electric Company">General Electric Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GKN" title="GKN">Guest Keen & Nettlefolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley" title="Hawker Siddeley">Hawker Siddeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries" title="Imperial Chemical Industries">Imperial Chemical Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brands" title="Imperial Brands">Imperial Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Tea_Co._Stores" title="International Tea Co. Stores">International Tea Co. Stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Brick_Company" title="London Brick Company">London Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murex_(company)" title="Murex (company)">Murex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patons_%26_Baldwins" class="mw-redirect" title="Patons & Baldwins">Patons & Baldwins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchin_Johnson_%26_Associates" title="Pinchin Johnson & Associates">Pinchin Johnson & Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_%26_Lyle" title="Tate & Lyle">Tate & Lyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner_%26_Newall" title="Turner & Newall">Turner & Newall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Steel_Companies" title="United Steel Companies">United Steel Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers-Armstrongs" title="Vickers-Armstrongs">Vickers-Armstrongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watney_Combe_%26_Reid" title="Watney Combe & Reid">Watney Combe & Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolworths_(United_Kingdom)" title="Woolworths (United Kingdom)">FW Woolworth & Co</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_and_former_companies_connected_with_Sheffield" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sheffield_companies" title="Template:Sheffield companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sheffield_companies" title="Template talk:Sheffield companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sheffield_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sheffield companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_and_former_companies_connected_with_Sheffield" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current and former companies connected with <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sheffield" title="Economy of Sheffield">Economy of Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_in_Sheffield" title="List of companies in Sheffield">List of companies in Sheffield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">modern<br />manufacturing<br />and distribution<br />companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancon" title="Ancon">Ancon Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Laver" title="Arnold Laver">Arnold Laver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markham_%26_Co." title="Markham & Co.">Davey Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Foods" title="Northern Foods">Fletchers Bakery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson%27s_Relish" title="Henderson's Relish">Henderson's Relish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boot_plc" title="Henry Boot plc">Henry Boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelham_Island_Brewery" title="Kelham Island Brewery">Kelham Island Brewery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Pyrometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Pyrometers">Land Pyrometers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_J_Gleeson" title="M J Gleeson">M J Gleeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Foods" title="Northern Foods">Northern Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outokumpu" title="Outokumpu">Outokumpu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronseal" title="Ronseal">Ronseal Paints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Forgemasters" title="Sheffield Forgemasters">Sheffield Forgemasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIG_plc" title="SIG plc">SIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel_Europe" title="Tata Steel Europe">Tata Steel Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Benesch" title="Wilson Benesch">Wilson Benesch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">modern retail<br />and service industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atkinsons" title="Atkinsons">Atkinsons Stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Mitchell" title="Irwin Mitchell">Irwin Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlusNet" class="mw-redirect" title="PlusNet">PlusNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University" title="Sheffield Hallam University">Sheffield Hallam University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WANdisco" title="WANdisco">WANdisco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">traditional heavy<br />industry (steel<br />and engineering)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BOC_(company)" title="BOC (company)">BOC</a><sup>t/o</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Steel Corporation">British Steel Corporation</a><sup>p</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bayley_Steels" title="Brown Bayley Steels">Brown Bayley Steels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammell_Laird" title="Cammell Laird">Cammell</a><sup>t/o</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cravens" title="Cravens">Cravens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Steel_Corporation" title="English Steel Corporation">English Steel Corporation</a><sup>n</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth_Brown_Steels" title="Firth Brown Steels">Firth Brown Steels</a><sup>n</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Firth Vickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GKN" title="GKN">Laycocks</a><sup>t/o</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransomes_%26_Rapier" title="Ransomes & Rapier">NCK-Rapier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton,_Chambers_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton, Chambers & Company">Newton, Chambers & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgemasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Forgemasters">Sheffield Forgemasters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">cutlers,<br />silversmiths,<br />surgical instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Price" title="Arthur Price">Arthur Price</a></li> <li>Joseph Rodgers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappin_%26_Webb" title="Mappin & Webb">Mappin & Webb</a><sup>t/o</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swann_Morton" class="mw-redirect" title="Swann Morton">Swann Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viners" title="Viners">Viners</a><sup>t/o</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">tool<br />manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandvik" title="Sandvik">Dormer (Tools)</a><sup>r</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footprint_Tools" title="Footprint Tools">Footprint Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neepsend" title="Neepsend">Neepsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear_%26_Jackson" title="Spear & Jackson">Spear & Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Tools">Stanley Tools</a><sup>r</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">miscellaneous formerly<br />Sheffield based companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batchelors" title="Batchelors">Batchelors</a><sup>t/o</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardson_Sheffield" title="Richardson Sheffield">Richardson Sheffield</a><sup>t/o</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wards_Brewing_Company" title="Wards Brewing Company">SH Wards Brewery</a><sup>t/o</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_Brewery" title="Stones Brewery">Stones Brewery</a><sup>t/o</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorntons" title="Thorntons">Thorntons Chocolates</a><sup>r</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebor_Bassett" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebor Bassett">Trebor Bassett Sweets</a><sup>t/o</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Steel_Corporation" title="English Steel Corporation">English Steel Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadfields_Limited" title="Hadfields Limited">Hadfields Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessop_Saville_%26_Company" title="Jessop Saville & Company">Jessop Saville & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fox_and_Company" title="Samuel Fox and Company">Samuel Fox and Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Osborn_%26_Company" title="Samuel Osborn & Company">Samuel Osborn & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Coal_Company" title="Sheffield Coal Company">Sheffield Coal Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield-Simplex" title="Sheffield-Simplex">Simplex Cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel,_Peech_and_Tozer" title="Steel, Peech and Tozer">Steel, Peech and Tozer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Steel_Companies" title="United Steel Companies">United Steel Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Limited" title="Vickers Limited">Vickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Engine_Company" title="Yorkshire Engine Company">Yorkshire Engine Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>key:</i> a= active, d= defunct, e= e-commerce, f= financial services, h= high tech, n= nationalised, p= privatised, r= relocated, t/o= taken over</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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