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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PFRC_2_pulse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/PFRC_2_pulse.jpg/220px-PFRC_2_pulse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/PFRC_2_pulse.jpg/330px-PFRC_2_pulse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/PFRC_2_pulse.jpg/440px-PFRC_2_pulse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>One rotating magnetic field pulse of the PFRC-2 device during an experiment</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Princeton Field Reversed Configuration</b> (<b>PFRC</b>) is a series of experiments in <a href="/wiki/Plasma_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma physics">plasma physics</a>, an experimental program to evaluate a configuration for a <a href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">fusion power</a> reactor, at the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Plasma_Physics_Laboratory" title="Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory">Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory</a> (PPPL). The experiment probes the dynamics of long-pulse, collisionless,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> low s-parameter<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Field-reversed_configuration" title="Field-reversed configuration">field-reversed configurations</a> (FRCs) formed with odd-parity rotating magnetic fields.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FRCs are the evolution of the Greek engineer's <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Christofilos" title="Nicholas Christofilos">Nicholas C. Christofilos</a> original idea of E-layers which he developed for the <a href="/wiki/Astron_(fusion_reactor)" title="Astron (fusion reactor)">Astron</a> fusion reactor.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PFRC program aims to experimentally verify the physics predictions that such configurations are globally stable and have transport levels comparable with classical magnetic diffusion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also aims to apply this technology to the <a href="/wiki/Direct_Fusion_Drive" title="Direct Fusion Drive">Direct Fusion Drive</a> concept for spacecraft propulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_field-reversed_configuration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PFRC was initially funded by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>. Early in its operation it was contemporary with such RMF-FRCs as the <a href="/wiki/Translation_Confinement_Sustainment_experiment" title="Translation Confinement Sustainment experiment">Translation Confinement Sustainment experiment</a> (TCS) and the <a href="/wiki/Prairie_View_Rotamak" title="Prairie View Rotamak">Prairie View Rotamak</a> (PV Rotamak). </p><p>At PPPL, the experiment PFRC-1 ran from 2008 through 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-PFRCschedule_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFRCschedule-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PFRC-2 is running as of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princeton_field-reversed_configuration&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. PFRC-3 is scheduled next. PFRC-4 is scheduled for the late-2020s.<sup id="cite_ref-PFRCschedule_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFRCschedule-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princeton_field-reversed_configuration&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> fusion had not been achieved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experiments_and_results">Experiments and results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_field-reversed_configuration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Experiments and results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PFRC-1 and PFRC-2 experiments have heated electrons to energies in excess of 100 eV and plasma durations to 300 ms, more than 10<sup>4</sup> times longer than the predicted tilt instability growth time.<sup id="cite_ref-JOFE_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JOFE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PFRC-1">PFRC-1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_field-reversed_configuration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: PFRC-1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princeton_field-reversed_configuration&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PFRC-2">PFRC-2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_field-reversed_configuration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: PFRC-2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>PFRC-2 experimental results<sup id="cite_ref-JOFE_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JOFE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Parameter</th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <td>Pulse length</td> <td>300 ms </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magnetic field strength</td> <td>to 350 G (vacuum ) </td></tr> <tr> <td>RMF Frequency</td> <td>2-14 MHz </td></tr> <tr> <td>RMF Power</td> <td>to 200 kW </td></tr> <tr> <td>RMF Coupling</td> <td>60% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plasma temperature</td> <td>100 eV e- at 4.3 MHz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plasma radius</td> <td>8 cm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Electron density</td> <td>10<sup>13</sup> /cc </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gas</td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>, He, Ne, Ar </td></tr> <tr> <td>Excluded flux</td> <td>0.6 mVs </td></tr> <tr> <td>Energy confinement time</td> <td>5x10<sup>-5</sup> s </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odd-parity_rotating_magnetic_field">Odd-parity rotating magnetic field</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_field-reversed_configuration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Odd-parity rotating magnetic field"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Field-reversed_configuration#Formation" title="Field-reversed configuration">Field-reversed configuration § Formation</a></div> <p>The electric current that forms the <a href="/wiki/Field-reversed_configuration" title="Field-reversed configuration">field-reversed configuration</a> (FRC) in the PFRC is driven by a rotating magnetic field (RMF). This method has been well-studied and produced favorable results in the Rotamak series of experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, rotating magnetic fields as applied in these and other experiments (so-called <i>even parity RMFs</i>) induce opening of the magnetic field lines. When a transverse magnetic field is applied to the axisymmetric equilibrium FRC magnetic field, rather than magnetic field lines closing on themselves and forming a closed region, they spiral around in the azimuthal direction and ultimately cross the separatrix surface which contains the closed FRC region.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PFRC-2_discharge.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PFRC-2_discharge.gif/220px-PFRC-2_discharge.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/PFRC-2_discharge.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>One rotating magnetic field pulse of the PFRC-2 device during an experiment, in slow motion</figcaption></figure> <p>The PFRC uses RMF antennae that produce a magnetic field which flips direction about a symmetry plane oriented with its normal along the axis, half-way along the length of the axis of the machine. This configuration is called an <i>odd parity</i> rotating magnetic field (RMF<sub>o</sub>). Such magnetic fields, when added in small magnitude to axisymmetric equilibrium magnetic fields, do not cause opening of the magnetic field lines and overall topology is preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critical threshold magnitude of 'odd parity' rotating magnetic field which opens up the axisymmetric equilibrium magnetic field lines and fundamentally changes field topology is rather high.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the RMF is not expected to contribute to transport of particles and energy out of the core of the PFRC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Low_s-parameter">Low s-parameter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_field-reversed_configuration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Low s-parameter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Field-reversed_configuration#Single_Particle_Orbits" title="Field-reversed configuration">Field-reversed configuration § Single Particle Orbits</a></div> <p>In an FRC, the name s-parameter is given to the ratio of the distance between the magnetic null and the separatrix, and the thermal ion Larmor radius. That is how many ion orbits can fit between the core of the FRC and where it meets the bulk plasma.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A high-s FRC would have very small ion gyroradii compared to the size of the machine. Thus, at high s-parameter, the model of <a href="/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamics" title="Magnetohydrodynamics">magnetohydrodynamics</a> (MHD) applies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MHD predicts that the FRC is unstable to the "n=1 tilt mode," in which the reversed field tilts 180 degrees to align with the applied magnetic field, destroying the FRC. </p><p>A low-s FRC is predicted to be stable to the tilt mode.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An s-parameter less than or equal to 2 is sufficient for this effect. However, only two ion radii between the hot core and the cool bulk means that on average only two scattering periods (velocity changes of on average 90 degrees) are sufficient to remove a hot, fusion-relevant ion from the core of the plasma. Thus the choice is between high s-parameter ions that are <i>classically</i> well confined but <i>convectively</i> poorly confined, and low s-parameter ions that are <i>classically</i> poorly confined but <i>convectively</i> well confined. </p><p>The PFRC has an s-parameter between 1 and 2.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stabilizing the tilt-mode is predicted to aid confinement more than the small number of tolerable collisions will hurt confinement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft_propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_field-reversed_configuration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spacecraft propulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scientists from Princeton Satellite Systems are working on a new concept called <a href="/wiki/Direct_Fusion_Drive" title="Direct Fusion Drive">Direct Fusion Drive</a> (DFD) that is based on the PFRC but has one open end through which exhaust flows to generate thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-PFRCschedule_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFRCschedule-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would produce electric power and propulsion from a single compact fusion reactor. The first concept study and modeling (Phase I NASA NIAC) was published in 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-PSS_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was proposed to power the propulsion system of a <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> orbiter and lander.<sup id="cite_ref-PSS_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adding propellant to the cool plasma flow results in a variable thrust when channeled through a magnetic nozzle. Modeling suggests that the DFD might produce 5 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">Newtons</a> of thrust per each <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">megawatt</a> of generated fusion power.<sup id="cite_ref-Phase_II_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phase_II-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 35% of the fusion power goes to thrust, 30% to electric power, 25% lost to heat, and 10% is recirculated for the <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> (RF) heating.<sup id="cite_ref-PSS_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept was awarded a Phase II to further advance the design and shielding.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_field-reversed_configuration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCohenBerlingerBrunkhorstBrooks2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, S. A.; Berlinger, B.; Brunkhorst, C.; Brooks, A.; Ferraro, N.; Lundberg, D. P.; Roach, A.; Glasser, A. H. (2007). "Formation of Collisionless High-β Plasmas by Odd-Parity Rotating Magnetic Fields". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>98</b> (14): 145002. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhRvL..98n5002C">2007PhRvL..98n5002C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrevlett.98.145002">10.1103/physrevlett.98.145002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17501282">17501282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Formation+of+Collisionless+High-%CE%B2+Plasmas+by+Odd-Parity+Rotating+Magnetic+Fields&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=145002&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17501282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Fphysrevlett.98.145002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PhRvL..98n5002C&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft.au=Berlinger%2C+B.&rft.au=Brunkhorst%2C+C.&rft.au=Brooks%2C+A.&rft.au=Ferraro%2C+N.&rft.au=Lundberg%2C+D.+P.&rft.au=Roach%2C+A.&rft.au=Glasser%2C+A.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+field-reversed+configuration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Samuel A. (June 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fusion.gat.com/tap/community/ct/outgoing/FRC_FESAC_15pagerCohen.pdf">"Field-reversed configuration: Community input to FESAC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>General Atomics Fusion Energy Research</i>. General Atomics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=General+Atomics+Fusion+Energy+Research&rft.atitle=Field-reversed+configuration%3A+Community+input+to+FESAC&rft.date=2008-06-04&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Samuel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffusion.gat.com%2Ftap%2Fcommunity%2Fct%2Foutgoing%2FFRC_FESAC_15pagerCohen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+field-reversed+configuration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenMilroy2000" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, S. A.; Milroy, R. D. (2000-06-01). "Maintaining the closed magnetic-field-line topology of a field-reversed configuration with the addition of static transverse magnetic fields". <i>Physics of Plasmas</i>. <b>7</b> (6): 2539–2545. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhPl....7.2539C">2000PhPl....7.2539C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.874094">10.1063/1.874094</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1070-664X">1070-664X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+of+Plasmas&rft.atitle=Maintaining+the+closed+magnetic-field-line+topology+of+a+field-reversed+configuration+with+the+addition+of+static+transverse+magnetic+fields&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2539-2545&rft.date=2000-06-01&rft.issn=1070-664X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.874094&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PhPl....7.2539C&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft.au=Milroy%2C+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+field-reversed+configuration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasserCohen2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Herbert_Glasser" title="Alan Herbert Glasser">Glasser, A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Technical+Reports+Server&rft.atitle=Fusion-Enabled+Pluto+Orbiter+and+Lander+%E2%80%93+NIAC+Phase+II+Final+Report&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fcitations%2F20190031807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinceton+field-reversed+configuration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_field-reversed_configuration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.pppl.gov">Official website</a></span></span>, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mnx.pppl.gov/pages/cohen_cv.html">Professor Samuel A. 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fusion_power" title="Template:Fusion power"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fusion_power" title="Template talk:Fusion power"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fusion_power" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fusion power"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fusion_power,_processes_and_devices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">Fusion power</a>, processes and devices</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nuclear_fusion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Nuclear fusion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_plasma" title="Burning plasma">Burning plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_nuclear_fusion" title="Timeline of nuclear fusion">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fusion_experiments" title="List of fusion experiments">List of experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fusion_power_technologies" title="List of fusion power technologies">List of technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fusion" title="Commercial fusion">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneutronic_fusion" title="Aneutronic fusion">Aneutronic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Nuclear reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_energy_gain_factor" title="Fusion energy gain factor">Fusion energy gain factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawson_criterion" title="Lawson criterion">Lawson criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamics" title="Magnetohydrodynamics">Magnetohydrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">Plasma</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes,<br />methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Confinementtype" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion#Confinement" title="Nuclear fusion">Confinement</a><br />type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Gravitational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusor_(astronomy)" title="Fusor (astronomy)">Fusor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">remnants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">Carbon-burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Neon-burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">Oxygen-burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Silicon-burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">R-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">S-process</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion" title="Magnetic confinement fusion">Magnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-reversed_configuration" title="Field-reversed configuration">Field-reversed configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitated_dipole" title="Levitated dipole">Levitated dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_mirror" title="Magnetic mirror">Magnetic mirror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumpy_torus" title="Bumpy torus">Bumpy torus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_(plasma_physics)" title="Pinch (plasma physics)">Pinch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dense_plasma_focus" title="Dense plasma focus">Dense plasma focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversed_field_pinch" title="Reversed field pinch">Reversed field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_pinch" title="Theta pinch">Theta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-pinch" title="Z-pinch">Zeta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellarator" title="Stellarator">Stellarator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">Tokamak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_tokamak" title="Spherical tokamak">Spherical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spheromak" title="Spheromak">Spheromak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynomak" title="Dynomak">Dynomak</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toroidal_solenoid" title="Toroidal solenoid">Toroidal solenoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Magneto-inertial_fusion" title="Magneto-inertial fusion">Magneto-inertial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetized_liner_inertial_fusion" title="Magnetized liner inertial fusion">Magnetized liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetized_target_fusion" title="Magnetized target fusion">Magnetized target</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Inertial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_fusion" title="Bubble fusion">Bubble (acoustic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Laser-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_ion_fusion" title="Heavy ion fusion">Ion-driven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_electrostatic_confinement" title="Inertial electrostatic confinement">Electrostatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusor" title="Fusor">Fusor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polywell" title="Polywell">Polywell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colliding_beam_fusion" title="Colliding beam fusion">Colliding beam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migma" title="Migma">Migma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattice_confinement_fusion" title="Lattice confinement fusion">Metal lattice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon-catalyzed_fusion" title="Muon-catalyzed fusion">Muon-catalyzed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroelectric_fusion" title="Pyroelectric fusion">Pyroelectric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fusion_experiments" title="List of fusion experiments">Devices,<br />experiments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion" title="Magnetic confinement fusion">Magnetic<br />confinement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">Tokamak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITER" title="ITER">ITER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEMOnstration_Power_Plant" title="DEMOnstration Power Plant">DEMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROTO_(fusion_reactor)" title="PROTO (fusion reactor)">PROTO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Plasma_Physics_Laboratory_(Saskatchewan)" title="Plasma Physics Laboratory (Saskatchewan)">STOR-M</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alcator_C-Mod" title="Alcator C-Mod">Alcator C-Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARC_fusion_reactor" title="ARC fusion reactor">ARC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_(tokamak)" title="SPARC (tokamak)">SPARC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIII-D_(tokamak)" title="DIII-D (tokamak)">DIII-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enormous_Toroidal_Plasma_Device" title="Enormous Toroidal Plasma Device">Electric Tokamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_Tokamak_Experiment" title="Lithium Tokamak Experiment">LTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spherical_Torus_Experiment" title="National Spherical Torus Experiment">NSTX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Large_Torus" title="Princeton Large Torus">PLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokamak_Fusion_Test_Reactor" title="Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor">TFTR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Toroidal_Experiment" title="Pegasus Toroidal Experiment">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riggatron" title="Riggatron">Riggatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_Spheromak_Physics_Experiment" title="Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment">SSPX</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ETE_(tokamak)" title="ETE (tokamak)">ETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokamak_Chauffage_Alfv%C3%A9n_Br%C3%A9silien_(TCABR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokamak Chauffage Alfvén Brésilien (TCABR)">TCABR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Novillo_(tokamak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novillo (tokamak) (page does not exist)">Novillo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak_Novillo" class="extiw" title="es:Tokamak Novillo">es</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Asia,<br />Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/China_Fusion_Engineering_Test_Reactor" title="China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor">CFETR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Advanced_Superconducting_Tokamak" title="Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak">EAST</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HT-7" title="HT-7">HT-7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HL-2A" title="HL-2A">HL-2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HL-2M" title="HL-2M">HL-2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUNIST" title="SUNIST">SUNIST</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ADITYA_(tokamak)" title="ADITYA (tokamak)">ADITYA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SST-1_(tokamak)" title="SST-1 (tokamak)">SST-1</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/JT-60" title="JT-60">JT-60</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Q-shu_University_Experiment_with_Steady_State_Spherical_Tokamak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Q-shu University Experiment with Steady State Spherical Tokamak (page does not exist)">QUEST</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUEST" class="extiw" title="ja:QUEST">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/GLAST_(tokamak)" title="GLAST (tokamak)">GLAST</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/KSTAR" title="KSTAR">KSTAR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thailand_Tokamak-1" title="Thailand Tokamak-1">TT-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joint_European_Torus" title="Joint European Torus">JET</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/COMPASS_tokamak" title="COMPASS tokamak">COMPASS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOLEM_tokamak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GOLEM tokamak (page does not exist)">GOLEM</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak_TM-1_MH" class="extiw" title="cs:Tokamak TM-1 MH">cs</a>]</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokamak_de_Fontenay_aux_Roses" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokamak de Fontenay aux Roses">TFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEST_(formerly_Tore_Supra)" title="WEST (formerly Tore Supra)">WEST</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ASDEX_Upgrade" title="ASDEX Upgrade">ASDEX Upgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEXTOR" class="mw-redirect" title="TEXTOR">TEXTOR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Divertor_Tokamak_Test" title="Divertor Tokamak Test">DTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frascati_Tokamak_Upgrade" title="Frascati Tokamak Upgrade">FTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGNITOR" title="IGNITOR">IGNITOR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ISTTOK" title="ISTTOK">ISTTOK</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/T-15_(reactor)" title="T-15 (reactor)">T-15</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokamak_%C3%A0_configuration_variable" title="Tokamak à configuration variable">TCV</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mega_Ampere_Spherical_Tokamak" title="Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak">MAST-U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Tight_Aspect_Ratio_Tokamak" title="Small Tight Aspect Ratio Tokamak">START</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Tokamak_for_Energy_Production" title="Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production">STEP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellarator" title="Stellarator">Stellarator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Non-neutral_Torus" title="Columbia Non-neutral Torus">CNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Toroidal_Hybrid" title="Compact Toroidal Hybrid">CTH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_Illinois_Device_for_Research_and_Applications" title="Hybrid Illinois Device for Research and Applications">HIDRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helically_Symmetric_Experiment" title="Helically Symmetric Experiment">HSX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_C_stellarator" title="Model C stellarator">Model C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Compact_Stellarator_Experiment" title="National Compact Stellarator Experiment">NCSX</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SCR-1" title="SCR-1">SCR-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Asia,<br />Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/H-1NF" title="H-1NF">H-1NF</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Heliotron_J" title="Heliotron J">Heliotron J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Helical_Device" title="Large Helical Device">LHD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/WEGA_(stellarator)" class="mw-redirect" title="WEGA (stellarator)">WEGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendelstein_7-AS" title="Wendelstein 7-AS">Wendelstein 7-AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendelstein_7-X" title="Wendelstein 7-X">Wendelstein 7-X</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/TJ-II" title="TJ-II">TJ-II</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uragan-2M" title="Uragan-2M">Uragan-2M</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uragan-3M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uragan-3M (page does not exist)">Uragan-3M</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD-3%D0%9C" class="extiw" title="uk:Ураган-3М">uk</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinch_(plasma_physics)" title="Pinch (plasma physics)">Pinch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Perhapsatron" title="Perhapsatron">Perhapsatron</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sceptre_(fusion_reactor)" title="Sceptre (fusion reactor)">Sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZETA_(fusion_reactor)" title="ZETA (fusion reactor)">ZETA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reversed_field_pinch" title="Reversed field pinch">RFP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reversed-Field_eXperiment" title="Reversed-Field eXperiment">RFX</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Madison_Symmetric_Torus" title="Madison Symmetric Torus">MST</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_mirror" title="Magnetic mirror">Mirror</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gas_Dynamic_Trap" title="Gas Dynamic Trap">GDT</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Astron_(fusion_reactor)" title="Astron (fusion reactor)">Astron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Compact_Fusion_Reactor" title="Lockheed Martin Compact Fusion Reactor">Lockheed Martin CFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_Fusion_Test_Facility" title="Mirror Fusion Test Facility">MFTF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_Mirror_Experiment" title="Tandem Mirror Experiment">TMX</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Levitated_Dipole_Experiment" title="Levitated Dipole Experiment">LDX</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PFRC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Trisops" title="Trisops">Trisops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magneto-inertial_fusion" title="Magneto-inertial fusion">Magneto-inertial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/General_Fusion" title="General Fusion">SPECTOR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Linus_(fusion_experiment)" title="Linus (fusion experiment)">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetized_target_fusion#Devices" title="Magnetized target fusion">FRX-L – FRCHX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helion_Energy" title="Helion Energy">Fusion Engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Inertial<br />confinement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laser</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Argus_laser" title="Argus laser">Argus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclops_laser" title="Cyclops laser">Cyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_laser" title="Janus laser">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Inertial_Fusion_Energy" title="Laser Inertial Fusion Energy">LIFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_path_laser" title="Long path laser">Long path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility" title="National Ignition Facility">NIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_laser" title="Nike laser">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(laser)" title="Nova (laser)">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Laser_Energetics" title="Laboratory for Laser Energetics">OMEGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_laser" title="Shiva laser">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/GEKKO_XII" title="GEKKO XII">GEKKO XII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/HiPER" title="HiPER">HiPER</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Asterix_IV_laser" title="Asterix IV laser">Asterix IV (PALS)</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Laser_M%C3%A9gajoule" title="Laser Mégajoule">LMJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LULI2000" title="LULI2000">LULI2000</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ISKRA_lasers" title="ISKRA lasers">ISKRA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_laser" title="Vulcan laser">Vulcan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-laser</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Project_PACER" title="Project PACER">PACER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_Pulsed_Power_Facility" title="Z Pulsed Power Facility">Z machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Fusion_Materials_Irradiation_Facility" title="International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility">International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITER_Neutral_Beam_Test_Facility" title="ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility">ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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