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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banu_Ifran_in_the_Maghreb_al-Aqsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banu_Ifran_in_the_Maghreb_al-Aqsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Banu Ifran in the Maghreb al-Aqsa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banu_Ifran_in_the_Maghreb_al-Aqsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banu_Ifran_in_Al-Andalus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banu_Ifran_in_Al-Andalus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Banu Ifran in Al-Andalus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banu_Ifran_in_Al-Andalus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Before Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>During Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86" title="بنو يفرن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنو يفرن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বানু ইফরান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বানু ইফরান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Banu Ifran" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Banu Ifran" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Ifren" title="Beni Ifren – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Beni Ifren" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Banu Ifran" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banou_Ifren" title="Banou Ifren – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Banou Ifren" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifraniai" title="Ifraniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ifraniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Banu Ifran" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifranidene" title="Ifranidene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ifranidene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86" title="بنو يفرن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنو يفرن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifr%C3%A2nidas" title="Ifrânidas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ifrânidas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Banu Ifran" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Yefren" title="At Yefren – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="At Yefren" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86" title="بنو يفرن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنو يفرن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifranid" title="Ifranid – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ifranid" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>Banu Ifran</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بنو يفرن</span>, <i>Banu Yafran</i>) or <b>Ifranids</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:052_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were a <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> tribe prominent in the history of pre-Islamic and early Islamic North Africa. In the 8th century, they established a <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tlemcen" title="Emirate of Tlemcen">kingdom in the central Maghreb</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> as its capital. </p><p>Prior to the 8th century, the Banu Ifran resisted or revolted against foreign occupiers—<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>—of their territory in <a href="/wiki/Africa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Province">Africa</a>. In the seventh century, they sided with <a href="/wiki/Kahina" title="Kahina">Kahina</a> in her resistance against the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> invaders. In the eighth century they mobilized around the <a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a> dogma, <a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">revolting</a> against the Arab Umayyads and <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a>. </p><p>In the 10th century they founded a dynasty opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirids">Zirids</a>, the Umayyads, the <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghraoua</a>. The Banu Ifran were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a> and the invading Arabs (the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the end of the 11th century. The Ifranid dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was recognized as the only dynasty that defended the indigenous people of the Maghreb, by the Romans referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Afri" title="Afri">Africani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 11th century <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>, the Ifranids founded a <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Ronda" title="Taifa of Ronda">Taifa of Ronda</a> in 1039<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Ronda" title="Ronda">Ronda</a> in Andalusia and governed from <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordoba</a> for several centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banu_Ifran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, the Banu Ifran are named after an ancestor, Ifri, whose name in <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a> meant "cavern".<sup id="cite_ref-:052_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banu_Ifran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlemcen_vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tlemcen_vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_1.jpg/220px-Tlemcen_vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tlemcen_vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_1.jpg/330px-Tlemcen_vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tlemcen_vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_1.jpg/440px-Tlemcen_vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>, a capital of the Banu Ifran</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banu_Ifran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ifrinids.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ifrinids.svg/200px-Ifrinids.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ifrinids.svg/300px-Ifrinids.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ifrinids.svg/400px-Ifrinids.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>The dynasty of the Ifrinids, Ibn Khaldoun, Histoire des Berbères, section Banou Ifran</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest mentions concerning the Banu Ifran situate the bulk of their people in the western region of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Banu Ifran were one of the four major tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gaetulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaetulia">Gaetulia</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> confederation in the <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s_Mountains" title="Aurès Mountains">Aurès Mountains</a>, and were known as expert cavalrymen. According to Ibn Khaldun, "Ifrinides" or "Ait Ifren" successfully resisted Romans, Vandals and Byzantines who sought to occupy North Africa before the arrival of the Muslim armies. According to <a href="/wiki/Corippus" title="Corippus">Corippus</a> in his <i>Iohannis</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> between 547 and 550, the Banu Ifran challenged the Byzantine armies under <a href="/wiki/John_Troglita" title="John Troglita">John Troglita</a> to war.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Arab-Muslim conquests</a>, they were located in the region of <a href="/wiki/Yafran" title="Yafran">Yafran</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>). The conquests most likely caused them to move from there to the <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s" title="Aurès">Aurès</a> region, and an Abbasid invasion of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> in 761 likely made them move further into what is now north-western <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their chief <a href="/wiki/Abu_Qurra" title="Abu Qurra">Abu Qurra</a> founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> in this region in 765 (over the site of the former Roman city of Pomaria) and established an <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tlemcen" title="Emirate of Tlemcen">emirate</a> based here.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 10th century the Ifranids were enemies with the <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimid Caliphate</a>, aligning themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawa</a> tribe and the <a href="/wiki/Caliph_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph of Córdoba">Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba</a>, although they themselves became <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>. Led by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abu Yazid</a>, they surged east and attacked <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> in 945. Another leader, <a href="/wiki/Yala_ibn_Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Yala ibn Mohammed">Yala ibn Mohammed</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> and constructed a new capital, Ifgan, near <a href="/wiki/Mascara,_Algeria" title="Mascara, Algeria">Mascara</a>. Under the leadership of their able general <a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Al-Siqilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Gawhar Al-Siqilli">Jawhar</a>, who killed Ya'la, in battle in 954,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Fatimids struck back and destroyed Ifgan, and for some time afterward the Banu Ifran reverted to being scattered <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a> in perpetual competition with their <a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> neighbours. Some settled in regions of Spain, such as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>. Others, led by Hammama, managed to gain control of the Moroccan province of <a href="/wiki/Tadla" title="Tadla">Tadla</a>. Later, led by Abu al-Kamāl, they established a new capital at <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9" title="Salé">Salé</a> on the Atlantic coast, though this brought them into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghawata</a> tribes on the seaboard.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Banu Ifran had also founded Tadla and Sale where Tamim ibn Ziri built the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Great Mosque of Salé">Great Mosque of Sale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Ifrenid emirate fell in 1058, after a Hilalian invasion on western Algeria, in which the Banu Ifren led by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Soda" title="Abu Soda">Abu Soda</a> collaborated with the <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadids</a> but were defeated nevertheless, and Abu Soda was killed<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, their capitultion was not caused by the Arab invasion, as after suffering defeat, Hammadid leader <a href="/wiki/Buluggin_ibn_Muhammad" title="Buluggin ibn Muhammad">Buluggin ibn Muhammad</a> expediated to Tlemcen in the same year, sacking it and disperising the Banu Ifren into many different tribes<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was not until 1066 that the Almoravids led by Ibn Tashfin finished off the tribes by capturing Tlemcen and effectivly ending the Banu Ifren.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banu_Ifran_in_the_Maghreb_al-Aqsa">Banu Ifran in the Maghreb al-Aqsa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banu_Ifran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Banu Ifran in the Maghreb al-Aqsa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 11th century, the Banu Ifran contested with the Maghrawa tribe for the control of the Maghreb al-Aqsa (present-day Morocco) after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a>. Ya'la's son Yaddū took <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a> by surprise in January 993 and held it for some months until the Maghrawa ruler <a href="/wiki/Ziri_ibn_Atiyya" title="Ziri ibn Atiyya">Ziri ibn Atiyya</a> returned from Spain and reconquered the region. </p><p>In 1029, the Banu Ifran led by <a href="/wiki/Temim_ibn_Ziri" title="Temim ibn Ziri">Temim</a> <a href="/wiki/Ifrenid_Expedition_to_Tamesna_(1029)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifrenid Expedition to Tamesna (1029)">conquered</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamasna" title="Tamasna">Tamesna</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghawata</a>, Temim then expulsed half the population and putting the rest to slavery, he managed to then put his residence there.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May or June 1033, <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a> was recaptured by Ya'la's grandson Tamīm. Fanatically devoted to religion, he began a persecution of the Jews,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is said to have killed 6000 of their men while confiscating their wealth and women, but <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> says only persecution without killing.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was described to have been a bloodbath and the women were reduced to slavery while the men were massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometime in the period 1038–1040 the Maghrawa tribe retook <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a>, forcing Tamīm to flee to <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9" title="Salé">Salé</a>. </p><p>Soon after that time, the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid">Almoravids</a> began their rise to power and effectively conquered both the Banu Ifran and their brother-rivals the Maghrawa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banu_Ifran_in_Al-Andalus">Banu Ifran in Al-Andalus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banu_Ifran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Banu Ifran in Al-Andalus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Ronda" title="Taifa of Ronda">Taifa of Ronda</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muraille_de_Ronda1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Muraille_de_Ronda1.JPG/230px-Muraille_de_Ronda1.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Muraille_de_Ronda1.JPG/345px-Muraille_de_Ronda1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Muraille_de_Ronda1.JPG/460px-Muraille_de_Ronda1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Ronda" title="Ronda">Ronda</a> was built by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nour" title="Abu Nour">Abu Nour</a> in 1014 </figcaption></figure> <p>The Banu Ifran were influential in al-Andalus (present-day Spain) in the 11th century AD: the Ifran house of Corra ruled the Andalusian city of <a href="/wiki/Ronda" title="Ronda">Ronda</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeddas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeddas (page does not exist)">Yeddas</a> was the military leader of the Berber troops who were at war against the Christian king and El Mehdi. <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nour" title="Abu Nour">Abu Nour</a> or Nour of the house of Corra became lord of Ronda and then <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> in Andalusia from 1023 to 1039 and from 1039 to 1054. The son of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nour_bin_Badis_Hallal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nour bin Badis Hallal (page does not exist)">Nour bin Badis Hallal</a> ruled Ronda from 1054 to 1057, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Nacer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Nacer (page does not exist)">Abu Nacer</a> from 1057 to 1065.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (April 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banu_Ifran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_Islam">Before Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banu_Ifran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Before Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:As-Hadrian-Africa-RIC_0841,As.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/As-Hadrian-Africa-RIC_0841%2CAs.jpg/220px-As-Hadrian-Africa-RIC_0841%2CAs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/As-Hadrian-Africa-RIC_0841%2CAs.jpg/330px-As-Hadrian-Africa-RIC_0841%2CAs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/As-Hadrian-Africa-RIC_0841%2CAs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/As_(Roman_coin)" title="As (Roman coin)">As</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (136), representing <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Among the Ifran, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a> was the principal spiritual philosophy. Ifri was also the name of a <a href="/wiki/Berber_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber pantheon">Berber</a> deity, and their name may have an origin in their beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ifru rites symbolized in caves were held to gain favor or protection for merchants and traders. The myth of this protection is befittingly depicted on Roman coins.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ifru (page does not exist)">Ifru</a> was regarded as a sun goddess, cave goddess and protector of the home.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ifru or Ifran was regarded as a Berber version of Vesta. </p><p>Dihya, usually referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Kahina" title="Kahina">Kahina</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/Jarawa_(Berber_tribe)" title="Jarawa (Berber tribe)">Jarawa</a> Berber queen, prophetess, and leader of the non-Muslim response to the advancing Arab armies. Some historians claim Kahina was Christian,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a follower of the Judaic faith,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA3_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though few of the Ifran were Christians, even after more than half a millennium of Christianity among the urban populations and the more sedentary tribes. Ibn Khaldun simply states that the Ifran were Berbers, and says nothing of their religion before the advent of Islam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_Islam">During Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banu_Ifran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: During Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Banu Ifran were opposed to the Sunnis of the Arab armies. They eventually converted, but joined the Kharidjite movement within Islam. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> claimed that the "Zenata people say they are Muslims but they still oppose the Arab army".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 711, the Berbers were systematically converted to Islam and many became devout members of the faith. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banu_Ifran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:052-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:052_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLewicki1960–2007" class="citation book cs1">Lewicki, T. (1960–2007). "Banu Ifran". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161214" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161214"><bdi>9789004161214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banu+Ifran&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1960%2F2007&rft.isbn=9789004161214&rft.aulast=Lewicki&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T9IOAAAAQAAJ"><i>Histoireg des BerbYres et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique ... – ʻAbd al-Raḥman b. Muḥammad Ibn Khaldчn – Google Livres</i></a>. 1856<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoireg+des+BerbYres+et+des+dynasties+musulmanes+de+l%27Afrique+...+%E2%80%93+%CA%BBAbd+al-Ra%E1%B8%A5man+b.+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Ibn+Khald%D1%87n+%E2%80%93+Google+Livres&rft.date=1856&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT9IOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Histoire politique du Maroc: pouvoir, légitimités, et institutions, ʻAbd al-Laṭīf Aknūsh, Abdelatif Agnouche, p.85, Afrique Orient, 1987 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vS6NAAAAMAAJ">book on line</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=08UUAAAAYAAJ"><i>Compleḿent de l'Encycloped́ie moderne: dictionnaire abreǵe ́ des sciences, des ... – Noel̈ Desverges, Lжon Renier, Edouard Carteron, Firmin Didot (Firm). – Google Livres</i></a>. 1857<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comple%E1%B8%BFent+de+l%27Encycloped%CC%81ie+moderne%3A+dictionnaire+abre%C7%B5e+%CC%81+des+sciences%2C+des+...+%E2%80%93+Noel%CC%88+Desverges%2C+L%D0%B6on+Renier%2C+Edouard+Carteron%2C+Firmin+Didot+%28Firm%29.+%E2%80%93+Google+Livres&rft.date=1857&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D08UUAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Histoire Des Musulmans D'espagne, Reinhart Pieter et Anne Dozy, p.238 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3iMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA237">Book on line</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Arié199O" class="citation book cs1">Rachel Arié (199O). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0-QUAAAAIAAJ"><i>Études sur la civilisation de l'Espagne musulmane</i></a> [<i>Studies on the Civilization of Muslim Spain</i>]. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09116-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09116-5"><bdi>90-04-09116-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89tudes+sur+la+civilisation+de+l%27Espagne+musulmane&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Leiden%3A+E.J.+Brill&rft.date=199&rft.isbn=90-04-09116-5&rft.au=Rachel+Ari%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0-QUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agabi, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/pdf/1543">"Ifren (Beni)."</a> Encyclopédie berbère 24 (2001): 3657-3659.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NpoEAAAAQAAJ&dq=g%C3%A9tule+aur%C3%A8s&pg=PA131"><i>Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archélologique de la province de Constantine</i></a> (in French). Alessi et Arnolet. 1874. p. 131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recueil+des+notices+et+m%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+arch%C3%A9lologique+de+la+province+de+Constantine&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Alessi+et+Arnolet&rft.date=1874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNpoEAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3Dg%25C3%25A9tule%2Baur%25C3%25A8s%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNiebuhr1836" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zjoOAAAAYAAJ&dq=ifuraces&pg=PA90"><i>Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae</i></a> (in Latin). impensis E. Weberi. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+scriptorum+historiae+byzantinae&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=impensis+E.+Weberi&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Niebuhr&rft.aufirst=Barthold+Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzjoOAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Difuraces%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corripus, la Johannide</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monographie de l'aurès, Delartigue</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipiński2004" class="citation book cs1">Lipiński, Edward (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&pg=PA200"><i>Itineraria Phoenicia</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1344-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1344-8"><bdi>978-90-429-1344-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Itineraria+Phoenicia&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1344-8&rft.aulast=Lipi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLSzNfdcqfoC%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). <i>A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521337674" title="Special:BookSources/0521337674"><bdi>0521337674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+period&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0521337674&rft.aulast=Abun-Nasr&rft.aufirst=Jamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">So says the <i><a href="/wiki/Rawd_al-Qirtas" title="Rawd al-Qirtas">Rawd al-Qirtas</a></i>. But according to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, Ya'la died assassinated by a member of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimides" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimides">Fatimides</a> in 958.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ʻAbd al-Laṭīf Aknūsh et Abdelatif Agnouche, Histoire politique du Maroc : pouvoir, légitimités, et institutions, Afrique Orient, 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"وزارة الأوقاف و الشؤون الإسلامية" (in Arabic). Islamic Morocco. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aḥmad ibn Khālid al-Salāwī, Kitāb el-istiqça li akhbār doual el-Maghrib el-Aqça : Histoire du Maroc, vol. 30–31, Paris, Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1923, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhaldūn1868" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khaldūn, Ibn (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mDw8AAAAMAAJ&dq=abu+soda&pg=PA411"><i>Les prolégomènes d'Ibn Khaldoun</i></a> (in French). Imprimerie impériale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+prol%C3%A9gom%C3%A8nes+d%27Ibn+Khaldoun&rft.pub=Imprimerie+imp%C3%A9riale&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Khald%C5%ABn&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmDw8AAAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dabu%2Bsoda%26pg%3DPA411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConstantine1865" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Constantine, Société Archéologique de la Province de (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N0eV2i8EOecC&dq=Abou+Soda&pg=PA99"><i>Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société Archéologique de la Province de Constantine</i></a> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recueil+des+notices+et+m%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Arch%C3%A9ologique+de+la+Province+de+Constantine&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Constantine&rft.aufirst=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Arch%C3%A9ologique+de+la+Province+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN0eV2i8EOecC%26dq%3DAbou%2BSoda%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuganFournelFournel2018" class="citation book cs1">Lugan, Bernard; Fournel, Bernadette; Fournel, André (2018). <i>Atlas historique de l'Afrique: des origines à nos jours</i>. Monaco: Éditions du Rocher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-268-09644-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-268-09644-5"><bdi>978-2-268-09644-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+historique+de+l%27Afrique%3A+des+origines+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.place=Monaco&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Rocher&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-2-268-09644-5&rft.aulast=Lugan&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Fournel%2C+Bernadette&rft.au=Fournel%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaylor2015" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, Phillip C. (7 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftFbCQAAQBAJ&dq=when+did+the+almoravids+capture+tlemcen&pg=PA78"><i>Historical Dictionary of Algeria</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7919-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-7919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Algeria&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7919-5&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Phillip+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DftFbCQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dwhen%2Bdid%2Bthe%2Balmoravids%2Bcapture%2Btlemcen%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFindigènes1920" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">indigènes, Morocco Direction des affaires (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pucKAAAAIAAJ&q=almoravide+ifren"><i>Villes et tribus du Maroc: documents et renseignements</i></a> (in French). H. Champion.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Villes+et+tribus+du+Maroc%3A+documents+et+renseignements&rft.pub=H.+Champion&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=indig%C3%A8nes&rft.aufirst=Morocco+Direction+des+affaires&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpucKAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dalmoravide%2Bifren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBakrī1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bakrī, Abū ʻUbayd ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Mw4AQAAMAAJ&q=ifrenide+1029"><i>كتاب المغرب في ذكر بلاد افريقية والمغرب: وهو جزء من اجزاء الكتاب المعروف بالمسالك والممالك</i></a> (in French). Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien-Maisonneuve.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%3A+%D9%88%D9%87%D9%88+%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83&rft.pub=Librairie+d%27Am%C3%A9rique+et+d%27Orient+Adrien-Maisonneuve&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Bakr%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Ab%C5%AB+%CA%BBUbayd+%CA%BBAbd+All%C4%81h+ibn+%CA%BBAbd+al-%CA%BBAz%C4%ABz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Mw4AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Difrenide%2B1029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoVi7M5P9gEC&dq=ifrenide+1029&pg=PA387"><i>Journal asiatique</i></a> (in French). Société asiatique. 1859.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+asiatique&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+asiatique&rft.date=1859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyoVi7M5P9gEC%26dq%3Difrenide%2B1029%26pg%3DPA387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA3-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA3_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA3_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Relations judéo-musulmanes au Marocperceptions et réalités, Michel Abitbol <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5lIAAAAMAAJ&q=jews+kahina">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Khaldoun, Histoire des Berbères</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf8nAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA401">Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'a la conquête français (1830), Volume 1</a> Ernest Mercier Ernest Leroux,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vriCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55">ISRAEL AGAINST ALL ODDS: Anti-Semitism From Its Beginnings to the Holocaust Years</a> Christopher H. K. Persaud Christian Publishing House,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hukam.net/family.php?fam=228#6">[2]</a> list of leaders in arabic</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archives des missions scientifiques et littéraires, France Commission des missions scientifiques et littéraires, France, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G08PAAAAYAAJ&dq=africa+ifru&pg=PA481">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archéologique, historique, du département de Constantine, Arnolet, 1878</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r8E4AAAAMAAJ&q=gurzil+ifri&pg=PA461"><i>Recueil des notices et mщmoires de la Sociщtщ archщologique, historique, et ... – Google Livres</i></a>. 1878<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recueil+des+notices+et+m%D1%89moires+de+la+Soci%D1%89t%D1%89+arch%D1%89ologique%2C+historique%2C+et+...+%E2%80%93+Google+Livres&rft.date=1878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr8E4AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgurzil%2Bifri%26pg%3DPA461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Les cultes païens dans l'Empire romain, Jules Toutain, page 416, p635 and p636</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToutain1920" class="citation book cs1">Toutain, Jules (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_foLAAAAIAAJ&q=ifru"><i>Les cultes paяens dans l'Empire romain – Jules Toutain – Google Livres</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+cultes+pa%D1%8Fens+dans+l%27Empire+romain+%E2%80%93+Jules+Toutain+%E2%80%93+Google+Livres&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Toutain&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_foLAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Difru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFModeran2005" class="citation journal cs1">Moderan, Y. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1306">"Kahena"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie Berbère</i> (27): <span class="nowrap">4102–</span>4111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1306">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1306</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+Berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Kahena&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4102-%3C%2Fspan%3E4111&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1306&rft.aulast=Moderan&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F1306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanu+Ifran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xTU7aqSNzkoC&dq=jews+kahina&pg=PA81">The FalashasA Short History of the Ethiopian Jews, David Kessler</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Khaldoun, Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale, traduction de William McGuckin de Slane, éd. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Algeria" title="Category:History of Algeria">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">History of <span class="fn org label">Algeria</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_(Alg%C3%A9rie)_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/200px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/300px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/400px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3203" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Central_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Central North Africa">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian Culture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(80,000 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian Culture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20,000 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsian culture">Capsian culture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10,000 BC)</span></li> <li>Rock art in <a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_south_Oran_(Algeria)" title="Rock art of south Oran (Algeria)">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_the_Djelfa_region" title="Rock art of the Djelfa region">Djelfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahaggar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahaggar Mountains">Ahaggar</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roknia" title="Roknia">Roknia</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div> <ul><li>Related: <a href="/wiki/Archeology_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology of Algeria">Archeology of Algeria</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madghacen" title="Madghacen">Madghacen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedars" title="Jedars">Jedars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_settlement_of_North_Africa" title="Phoenician settlement of North Africa">Phoenician settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(202–46 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(264–146 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(111–106 BC)</span></li> <li>Roman <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(146 BC–590 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(435–534 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Mauro-Roman Kingdom</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(477–578 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aur%C3%A8s" title="Kingdom of the Aurès">Kingdom of the Aurès</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(484–703 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Kingdom of Altava</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(578–708 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture of Africa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(534–585 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(585–698 AD)</span></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African Church">Early African Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Partenia">Partenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossatum_Africae" title="Fossatum Africae">Fossatum Africae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemellae" title="Gemellae">Gemellae</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Muslim_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Muslim Algeria">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of North Africa">Arab conquest</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(647–709 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(703–744 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifranid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifranid dynasty">Ifranids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(742–1066 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhallabids" title="Muhallabids">Muhallabids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(771–793 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(776–909 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(789–828 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(800–909 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(909–1171 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(970–1068 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(973–1152 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammadids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadids">Hammadids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1014–1152 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1040–1147 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1121–1269 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1215–1465 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1229–1574 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyyanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyyanid dynasty">Ziyyanids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1235–1556 AD)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Modern times</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a> (16th–19th centuries)</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_and_rulers_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers" title="List of governors and rulers of the Regency of Algiers">Ottoman governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Beni_Abbas" title="Kingdom of Beni Abbas">Kingdom of Beni Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kuku" title="Kingdom of Kuku">Kingdom of Kuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Oran" title="Spanish Oran">Spanish Oran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> (19th–20th centuries)</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_governors_of_Algeria" title="List of French governors of Algeria">French governors</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_popular_resistance_against_French_invasion" title="Algerian popular resistance against French invasion">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abdelkader" title="Emirate of Abdelkader">Emirate of Abdelkader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalla_Fatma_N%27Soumer" title="Lalla Fatma N'Soumer">Fatma N'Soumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokrani_Revolt" title="Mokrani Revolt">Mokrani Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Bouamama" title="Cheikh Bouamama">Cheikh Bouamama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre" title="Sétif and Guelma massacre">Sétif and Guelma massacre</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (1954–1962)</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_Unity_and_Action" title="Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action">RCUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">FLN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Algerian_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic">GPRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1958 crisis">1958 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">1961 putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Algerian_independence_referendum" title="1962 Algerian independence referendum">Independence referendum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Pieds-noirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harki" title="Harki">Harkis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oujda_Group" title="Oujda Group">Oujda Group</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria_(1962%E2%80%931999)" title="History of Algeria (1962–1999)">Contemporary era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>1960s–80s</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Forces_Front_rebellion_in_Algeria" title="Socialist Forces Front rebellion in Algeria">FFS rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1965 Algerian coup d'état">1965 coup d'état</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Spring" title="Berber Spring">Berber Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_October_Riots" title="1988 October Riots">1988 riots</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>1990s–<a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Algeria" title="2000s in Algeria">2000s</a></b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="Timeline of the Algerian Civil War">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War">Massacres</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">FIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria" title="Armed Islamic Group of Algeria">GIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_State_(Algeria)" title="High Council of State (Algeria)">High Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_Concord_referendum,_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Civil Concord referendum, 1999">Civil Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Spring_(Algeria)" title="Black Spring (Algeria)">Black Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_Peace_and_National_Reconciliation" title="Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation">Peace Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>2010s to present</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Algerian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–2011 Algerian protests">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirak_(Algeria)" title="Hirak (Algeria)">Hirak Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Algeria" title="Outline of Algeria">Outline of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Algeria" title="Military history of Algeria">Military history of Algeria</a><br />(<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Algeria" title="List of wars involving Algeria">List of wars involving Algeria</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Algeria" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Algeria">Postal history of Algeria</a><br />(<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_on_stamps_of_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of people on stamps of Algeria (page does not exist)">List of people on stamps of Algeria</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">History of North Africa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Algeria" title="Template:History of Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Algeria" title="Template talk:History of Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zar" title="Ibn Abi Zar">Ibn Abi Zar</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rawd_al-Qirtas" title="Rawd al-Qirtas">Rawd al-Qirtas</a></i>. Annotated Spanish translation: A. Huici Miranda, <i>Rawd el-Qirtas</i>. 2nd edition, Anubar Ediciones, Valencia, 1964. Vol. 1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7013-007-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-7013-007-2">84-7013-007-2</a>.</li> <li>C. Agabi (2001), article "Ifren" in <i>Encyclopédie Berbère</i> vol. 24, p. 3657–3659 (Édisud, Aix-en-Provence, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85744-201-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-85744-201-7">2-85744-201-7</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitab_el_Ibar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitab el Ibar (page does not exist)">Kitab el Ibar</a></i>, French translation (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7053-3638-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7053-3638-9">2-7053-3638-9</a>)</li> <li>Le passé de l'Afrique du Nord. Écrit par E.F. Gautier. Édition Payot, Paris</li> <li>KITAB EL-ISTIQÇA. TRADUCTION A. GRAULLE. Auteur AHMED BEN KHALED EN-NACIRI ES-SLAOUI</li> <li>Ibn Khaldoun Les prolégomènes El Mokadima</li> <li>Gisèle Halimi. Title: La Kahina.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rustamid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustamid">Rustamid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad Dynasty">Umayyad Dynasty</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ifrinid Dynasty </b><br />950- 1066 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Berbers46" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Berber" title="Template:Berber"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Berber" title="Template talk:Berber"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Berber" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Berber"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Berbers46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavares" title="Bavares">Bavares</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banioubae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banioubae (page does not exist)">Banioubae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetuli" title="Gaetuli">Gaetuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Koidamousii/Ucutumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguatan" title="Laguatan">Leuathae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libu" title="Libu">Libu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macae_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macae people (page does not exist)">Macae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machlyes" title="Machlyes">Machlyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmaridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmaridae">Marmaridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauri" title="Mauri">Mauri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baccuates" class="mw-redirect" title="Baccuates">Bakouatae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macenites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macenites (page does not exist)">Makanitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshwesh" title="Meshwesh">Meshwesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musulamii" title="Musulamii">Musulamii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasamones" title="Nasamones">Nasamones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidians" title="Numidians">Numidae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masaesyli" title="Masaesyli">Masaesyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massylii" title="Massylii">Massylii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquegentiani" title="Quinquegentiani">Quinquegentiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psylli" title="Psylli">Psylli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjissa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjissa (page does not exist)">Adjissa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awerba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awerba (page does not exist)">Awerba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awregha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awregha (page does not exist)">Awregha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azdeja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azdeja (page does not exist)">Azdeja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahlula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahlula (page does not exist)">Bahlula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghawata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fazaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fazaz (page does not exist)">Fazaz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fendelawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fendelawa (page does not exist)">Fendelawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Ghomaras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Ghomaras (page does not exist)">Ghumara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gazoula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gazoula (page does not exist)">Gazoula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Ghiatas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Ghiatas (page does not exist)">Ghiatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godala" title="Godala">Godala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haskura (page does not exist)">Haskura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawwara" title="Hawwara">Hawwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sedouikech" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedouikech">Sedouikech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguatan" title="Laguatan">Luwata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madyuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madyuna (page does not exist)">Madyuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masmuda" title="Masmuda">Masmuda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hintata" title="Hintata">Hintata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Matmatas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Matmatas (page does not exist)">Matmata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafzawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafzawa (page does not exist)">Nafzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamtuna" title="Lamtuna">Lamtuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zanata</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banu Ifran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarawa_(Berber_tribe)" title="Jarawa (Berber tribe)">Jarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brabers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brabers (page does not exist)">Brabers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoui_people" title="Chaoui people">Chaouis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenouas" title="Chenouas">Chenouas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghomaras" title="Ghomaras">Ghomaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawwara" title="Hawwara">Hawwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerba_people" title="Jerba people">Jerbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matmata_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matmata people (page does not exist)">Matmatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozabite_people" title="Mozabite people">Mozabites</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafusi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafusi people (page does not exist)">Nafusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffians" title="Riffians">Riffians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhajas_de_Srayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanhajas de Srayr (page does not exist)">Sanhajas de Srayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilha_people" title="Shilha people">Shilha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwi_people" title="Siwi people">Siwis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekna" title="Tekna">Teknas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuaregs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayanes" title="Zayanes">Zayanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_tribes" title="Berber tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Latin script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_and_Islam" title="Berbers and Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Berber">Arab-Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Arabized Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber diaspora">Berber diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_Belgium" title="Berbers in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Canadians" title="Berber Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_France" title="Berbers in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Berbers in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berberism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_flag" title="Berber flag">flag</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region79" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region" title="Template:Islamic dynasties in Maghreb region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region" title="Template talk:Islamic dynasties in Maghreb region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic dynasties in Maghreb region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region79" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties" title="List of Muslim states and dynasties">Islamic dynasties</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nekor" title="Emirate of Nekor">Salihids</a> (710–1019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrarid_dynasty" title="Midrarid dynasty">Midrarids</a> (757–976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhallabids" title="Muhallabids">Muhallabids</a> (771–793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamids</a> (777–909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a> (788–985)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ifranids</a> (790–1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_dynasty" title="Aghlabid dynasty">Aghlabids</a> (800–909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymanid_dynasty" title="Sulaymanid dynasty">Sulaymanids</a> (814–922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a> (909–973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> (973–1148)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadids</a> (1008–1152)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> (1040–1147)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Khurasan" title="Banu Khurasan">Khurasanids</a> (1059–1158)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a> (1147–1269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsids</a> (1229–1574)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Zayyanids</a> (1235–1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a> (1269–1465)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasids</a> (1472–1554)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Sa'dids</a> (1549–1659)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_dynasty" title="Alawi dynasty">'Alawids</a> (1666–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husainid_dynasty" title="Husainid dynasty">Husaynids</a> (1705–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_dynasty" title="Karamanli dynasty">Karamanlids</a> (1711–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusiyya" title="Senusiyya">Senussids</a> (1837–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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