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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Broken symmetry phase favoring onset of superconducting or superfluid order</div> <p><b>Superstripes</b> is a generic name for a phase with spatial broken symmetry that favors the onset of <a href="/wiki/Superconducting" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconducting">superconducting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Superfluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfluid">superfluid</a> quantum order. This scenario emerged in the 1990s when non-homogeneous metallic <a href="/wiki/Heterostructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterostructure">heterostructures</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_limit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic limit (page does not exist)">atomic limit</a> with a broken <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spatial_symmetry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spatial symmetry (page does not exist)">spatial symmetry</a> have been found to favor superconductivity.<sup id="cite_ref-superstripes1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-superstripes1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Superstripes2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Superstripes2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before a broken spatial symmetry was expected to compete and suppress the superconducting order. The driving mechanism for the amplification of the <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductivity</a> critical temperature in superstripes matter has been proposed to be the <a href="/wiki/Shape_resonance" title="Shape resonance">shape resonance</a> in the energy gap parameters ∆n that is a type of <a href="/wiki/Fano_resonance" title="Fano resonance">Fano resonance</a> for coexisting condensates.<sup id="cite_ref-Perali_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perali-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-valletta_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valletta-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The superstripes show multigap superconductivity near a 2.5 Lifshitz transition where the renormalization of chemical potential at the metal-to-superconductor transition is not negligeable and the self-consistent solution of the gaps equation is required. The superstripes lattice scenario is made of puddles of multigap superstripes matter forming a superconducting network where different gaps are not only different in different portions of the <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Reciprocal space">k-space</a> but also in different portions of the real space with a complex scale free distribution of <a href="/wiki/Josephson_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Josephson junction">Josephson junctions</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superstripes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>superstripes</i> was introduced in 2000 at the international conference on "Stripes and High T<sub>c</sub> Superconductivity" held in Rome to describe the particular phase of matter where a broken symmetry appearing at a transition from a phase with higher dimensionality N (3D or 2D) to a phase with lower dimensionality N-1 (2D or 1D) favors the superconducting or superfluid phase and it could increase the normal to superconducting transition temperature with the possible emergence of <a href="/wiki/High-temperature_superconductivity" title="High-temperature superconductivity">high-temperature superconductivity</a>. The term <i>superstripes scenario</i> was introduced to make the key difference with the stripes scenario where the phase transition from a phase with higher dimensionality N (like a 2D electron gas) to the phase with broken symmetry and lower dimensionality (like a quasi 1D striped fluid) competes and suppresses the transition temperature to the superfluid phase and favors modulated striped magnetic ordering. In the broken symmetry of superstripes phase the structural modulation coexists and favors high-temperature superconductivity.<sup id="cite_ref-superstripes1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-superstripes1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heterostructures_at_atomic_limit">Heterostructures at atomic limit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superstripes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Heterostructures at atomic limit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prediction of <a href="/wiki/High-temperature_superconductivity" title="High-temperature superconductivity">high-temperature superconductivity</a> transition temperatures is rightly considered to be one of the most difficult problems in theoretical physics. The problem remained elusive for many years since these materials have generally a very complex structure making unuseful theoretical modelling for a homogeneous system. The advances in experimental investigation on local lattice fluctuations have driven the community to the conclusion that it is a problem of quantum physics in complex matter. A growing paradigm for high-temperature superconductivity in superstripes is that a key term is the quantum interference effect between pairing channels, i.e., a resonance in the exchange-like, Josephson-like pair transfer term between different condensates. The quantum configuration interaction between different pairing channels is a particular case of <a href="/wiki/Shape_resonance" title="Shape resonance">shape resonance</a> belonging to the group of <a href="/wiki/Feshbach%E2%80%93Fano_partitioning" title="Feshbach–Fano partitioning">Fano Feshbach resonances</a> in atomic and nuclear physics. The critical temperature shows a suppression, due to a Fano antiresonance, when the chemical potential is tuned at a band edge where a new Fermi surface spot appears i.e., an "electronic topological transition" (ETT) or 2.5 Lifshitz transition or, a metal-to-metal topological transition. The T<sub>c</sub> amplification is switched on when the chemical potential is tuned above the band edge in an energy region away from the band edge of the order of 1 or 2 times the energy cut off of the pairing interaction. The T<sub>c</sub> is further amplified at the shape resonance if in this range the Fermi surface of the appearing fermi surface spot changes its dimensionality (for example the Lifshitz transition for opening a neck in a tubular Fermi surface).<sup id="cite_ref-Innocenti_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innocenti-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tuning of the chemical potential at the <a href="/wiki/Shape_resonance" title="Shape resonance">shape resonance</a> can be obtained by changing: the charge density and/or the superlattice structural parameters, and/or the superlattice misfit strain and/or the disorder. Direct evidence for shape resonances in superstripes matter is provided by the anomalous variation of the isotope effect on the critical temperature by tuning the chemical potential.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials">Materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superstripes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La2CuO4_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/La2CuO4_structure.png/220px-La2CuO4_structure.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/La2CuO4_structure.png/330px-La2CuO4_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/La2CuO4_structure.png/440px-La2CuO4_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Crystal structure of the tetragonal (superconductive) phase of La<sub>2</sub>CuO<sub>4</sub>: top view (top-right) and CuO<sub>6</sub> octahedron (bottom-right).<sup id="cite_ref-hosono_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hosono-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>It was known that the high-temperature cuprate superconductors have a complex lattice structure.<sup id="cite_ref-muller_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muller-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mullertris_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mullertris-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-raveau_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raveau-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bishop_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bishop-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stripes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stripes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heterogeneity_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heterogeneity-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Superconductivity_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Superconductivity-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993 it was proposed<sup id="cite_ref-Bianconi2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bianconi2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that these materials belong to a particular class of materials called heterostructures at atomic limit made of a <a href="/wiki/Superlattice" title="Superlattice">superlattice</a> of superconducting atomic layers <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(chemistry)" title="Intercalation (chemistry)">intercalated</a> by a different material with the role of spacer. </p><p>All new high-temperature superconducting materials discovered in the years 2001–2013 are heterostructures at atomic limit made of the active atomic layers: honeycomb boron layer in diborides, graphene in intercalated graphite, CoO<sub>2</sub> atomic bbc monolayers in cobaltates, FeAs atomic fluorite monolayers in pnictides, FeSe atomic fluorite monolayers in selenides. </p><p>In these materials the joint effect of (a) increasing the lattice misfit strain to a critical value, and (b) tuning the chemical potential near a Lifshitz transition in presence of electron-electron interactions induce a lattice instability with formation of the network of superconducting striped puddles in an insulating or metallic background. </p><p>This complex scenario has been called "superstripes scenario" where the 2D atomic layers show functional lattice inhomogeneities: "ripples puddles" of local lattice distortion have been observed in La<sub>2</sub>CuO<sub>4+y</sub><sup id="cite_ref-La2CuO4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La2CuO4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poccia_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poccia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Bi222; striped puddles of ordered dopants in the spacer layers have been seen in superoxygenated La<sub>2</sub>CuO<sub>4</sub><sup id="cite_ref-fratini_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fratini-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in YBaCuO<sup id="cite_ref-campi_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The network of superconducting striped puddles has been found also in MFeAs pnictides<sup id="cite_ref-caivano_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caivano-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recently in KFeSe selenides <sup id="cite_ref-ricci_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ricci-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Self-organization of lattice defects can be controlled by <a href="/wiki/Strain_engineering" title="Strain engineering">strain engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Misfit_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misfit-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and photoinduced effects.<sup id="cite_ref-evolution_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evolution-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bose–Einstein_condensates"><span id="Bose.E2.80.93Einstein_condensates"></span>Bose–Einstein condensates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superstripes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bose–Einstein condensates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spin_orbit_coupling_dispersion_relation.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Spin_orbit_coupling_dispersion_relation.pdf/page1-220px-Spin_orbit_coupling_dispersion_relation.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Spin_orbit_coupling_dispersion_relation.pdf/page1-330px-Spin_orbit_coupling_dispersion_relation.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Spin_orbit_coupling_dispersion_relation.pdf/page1-440px-Spin_orbit_coupling_dispersion_relation.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Dispersion relations of a spin–orbit coupled system for different coupling strengths. Box A has no coupling. The dispersion relation shows 2 shifted free space dispersion relations. Box B shows how the gap at k=0 opens for weak coupling. Box C shows the strong coupling limit where the double degenerate minima in the first band merge into a single ground state at k=0.</figcaption></figure> <p>Superstripes (also called stripe phase) can also form in <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensates</a> (BEC) with <a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93orbit_coupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin–orbit coupling">spin–orbit coupling</a>. The spin–orbit coupling is achieved by selecting 2 spin states from the manifold of hyperfine states to couple with a two photon process.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For weak coupling, the resulting Hamiltonian has a spectrum with a double degenerate ground state in the first band. In this regime, the single particle dispersion relation can host a BEC in each minima.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result is that the BEC has 2 momentum components which can interfere in real space. The interference pattern will appear as fringes in the density of the BEC. The periodicity of the fringes is a result of the Raman coupling beam wavelength modified by the coupling strength and by interactions within the BEC.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spin orbit coupling breaks the gauge symmetry of the system and the time reversal symmetry. The formation of the stripes breaks a continuous translational symmetry. </p><p>Recent efforts have attempted to observe the stripe phase in a Rubidium-87 BEC, however the stripes were too small and too low contrast to be detected.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, two research groups from ETH Zurich and from MIT reported on the first creation of a supersolid with ultracold quantum gases. The MIT group exposed a Bose-Einstein condensate in a double-well potential to light beams that created an effective spin-orbit coupling. The interference between the atoms on the two spin-orbit coupled lattice sites gave rise to a density modulation that establishes a stripe phase with supersolid properties.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superstripes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-superstripes1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-superstripes1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-superstripes1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBianconi2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bianconi, A. (2000). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+stripe+phase+with+supersolid+properties+in+spin%E2%80%93orbit-coupled+Bose%E2%80%93Einstein+condensates&rft.volume=543&rft.issue=7643&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4463520%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Natur.543...91L&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1610.08194&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28252062&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature21431&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Jun-Ru&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jeongwon&rft.au=Huang%2C+Wujie&rft.au=Burchesky%2C+Sean&rft.au=Shteynas%2C+Boris&rft.au=Top%2C+Furkan+%C3%87a%C4%9Fr%C4%B1&rft.au=Jamison%2C+Alan+O.&rft.au=Ketterle%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperstripes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Superconductivity" title="Template:Superconductivity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Superconductivity" title="Template talk:Superconductivity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Superconductivity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Superconductivity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Superconductivity212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">Superconductivity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCS_theory" title="BCS theory">BCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bean%27s_critical_state_model" title="Bean's critical state model">Bean's critical state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginzburg%E2%80%93Landau_theory" title="Ginzburg–Landau theory">Ginzburg–Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohn%E2%80%93Luttinger_superconductivity" title="Kohn–Luttinger superconductivity">Kohn–Luttinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_equations" title="London equations">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_rules" title="Matthias rules">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattis%E2%80%93Bardeen_theory" title="Mattis–Bardeen theory">Mattis–Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonating_valence_bond_theory" title="Resonating valence bond theory">RVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werthamer%E2%80%93Helfand%E2%80%93Hohenberg_theory" title="Werthamer–Helfand–Hohenberg theory">WHH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characteristic parameters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superconducting_coherence_length" title="Superconducting coherence length">coherence length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_field" title="Critical field">critical field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_penetration_depth" title="London penetration depth">London penetration depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silsbee_effect" title="Silsbee effect">Silsbee current</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrikosov_vortex" title="Abrikosov vortex">Abrikosov vortices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreev_reflection" title="Andreev reflection">Andreev reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_pair" title="Cooper pair">Cooper pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_pinning" title="Flux pinning">flux pinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_pumping" title="Flux pumping">flux pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephson_effect" title="Josephson effect">Josephson effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little%E2%80%93Parks_effect" title="Little–Parks effect">Little–Parks effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meissner_effect" title="Meissner effect">Meissner effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homes%27s_law" title="Homes's law">Homes's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_current" title="Persistent current">persistent currents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximity_effect_(superconductivity)" title="Proximity effect (superconductivity)">proximity effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentrant_superconductivity" title="Reentrant superconductivity">reentrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SU(2)_color_superconductivity" title="SU(2) color superconductivity">SU(2) color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercurrent" title="Supercurrent">supercurrents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdiamagnetism" title="Superdiamagnetism">superdiamagnetism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">superstripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superconductor_classification" title="Superconductor classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By magnetic response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type-I_superconductor" title="Type-I superconductor">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type-II_superconductor" title="Type-II superconductor">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type-1.5_superconductor" title="Type-1.5 superconductor">1.5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetic_superconductor" title="Ferromagnetic superconductor">ferromagnetic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By explanation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_superconductor" title="Conventional superconductor">conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_superconductor" title="Unconventional superconductor">unconventional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By critical temperature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>low temperature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-temperature_superconductivity" title="High-temperature superconductivity">high temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room-temperature_superconductor" title="Room-temperature superconductor">room temperature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covalent_superconductor" title="Covalent superconductor">covalent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuprate_superconductor" title="Cuprate superconductor">cuprates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_fermion_superconductor" title="Heavy fermion superconductor">heavy fermion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-based_superconductor" title="Iron-based superconductor">iron-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxypnictide" title="Oxypnictide">oxypnictides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_superconductor" title="Organic superconductor">organic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technological_applications_of_superconductivity" title="Technological applications of superconductivity">Technological applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryotron" title="Cryotron">cryotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconducting_magnet" title="Superconducting magnet">electromagnets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">NMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconducting_quantum_computing" title="Superconducting quantum computing">quantum computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_cable" title="Rutherford cable">Rutherford cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQUID" title="SQUID">SQUID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconducting_wire" title="Superconducting wire">wires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCMaglev" title="SCMaglev">SCMaglev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of superconductors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilayer_graphene" title="Bilayer graphene">bilayer graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSCCO" class="mw-redirect" title="BSCCO">BSCCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_barium_copper_oxide" title="Lanthanum barium copper oxide">LBCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_diboride" title="Magnesium diboride">MgB<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium%E2%80%93tin" title="Niobium–tin">NbSn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium%E2%80%93titanium" title="Niobium–titanium">NbTi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium_barium_calcium_copper_oxide" title="Thallium barium calcium copper oxide">TBCCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YBCO" class="mw-redirect" title="YBCO">YBCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superconductors" title="List of superconductors">more...</a></li></ul> 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