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Google Scholar Search Help
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"> <meta name="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"> <title>Google Scholar Search Help</title> <script> function T(){var x=document.getElementById("maia-nav-x"),n=x.className,c=n.replace(/(?:^|\s)active(?!\S)/g,"");x.className=c==n?n+" active":c;return false}function U(s){return(navigator.userAgent||"").indexOf(s)>=0} (U("iPhone")||(U("iPod")||U("iPad")))&&(U("AppleWebKit")&&(!U("CriOS")&&((U("OS 4_")||U("OS 5_"))&&function(){var t=0,v=document.querySelector("meta[name=viewport]");v&&window.addEventListener("devicemotion",function(e){var a=e.accelerationIncludingGravity,x=Math.abs(a.x),y=Math.abs(a.y),m=x>1&&(x>1.3*y&&!(window.orientation%180));m!=t&&v.setAttribute("content","width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale="+(m?1:2));t=m},false)}()))); U("IEMobile/10.")&&function(d){var s=d.createElement("style");s.innerText="@-ms-viewport{width:auto!important}";d.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(s)}(document);var b,w;window.onload=function(){b=new gweb.ui.GTabs;w=new goog.ui.Twisties({enableFade:true,classTwisty:"twisty",classCollapse:"twistyExpand",classExpand:"twistyCollapse"})}; </script> <style>#gtabs_iframe{display:none}</style> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,400,600,700&lang=en" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="/scholar/css/maia.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="/scholar/js/gtabs.js" async defer></script> <script src="/scholar/js/twisties.js" async defer></script> <script src="/scholar/js/links.js" async defer></script> </head> <body> <div class="maia-header" id="maia-header"> <div class="maia-aux"> <h1><a href="/schhp?hl=en"><img alt="Google Scholar" src="images/1x/scholar_logo_30dp.png" srcset="images/2x/scholar_logo_30dp.png 1.5x" height="30"></a></h1> </div> </div> <div class="maia-nav" id="maia-nav-x"> <div class="maia-aux"> <a class="maia-button" href="/schhp?hl=en">Search Scholar</a> <h1 ontouchstart="return T()" onmousedown="return !U('Android')&&T()"> Search </h1> <ul> <li ><a href="about.html">About</a></li> <li class="active">Search</li> <li ><a href="citations.html">Profiles</a></li> <li ><a href="inclusion.html">Inclusion</a></li> <li ><a href="metrics.html">Metrics</a></li> <li ><a href="publishers.html">Publishers</a></li> <li ><a href="libraries.html">Libraries</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="maia-main"> <div class="maia-cols"> <div class="maia-col-3"> <div class="g-tabs g-section"> <ul> <li class="g-tab"><a href="#overview">Overview</a></li> <li class="g-tab"><a href="#searching">Searching</a></li> <li class="g-tab"><a href="#access">Access</a></li> <li class="g-tab"><a href="#alerts">Alerts</a></li> <li class="g-tab"><a href="#library">Library</a></li> <li class="g-tab"><a href="#export">Export</a></li> <li class="g-tab"><a href="#coverage">Coverage</a></li> <li class="g-tab"><a href="#corrections">Corrections</a></li> <li class="g-tab g-tab-last"><a href="#general">Questions</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="maia-col-9"> <h2>Search Help</h2> <div class="g-tab-contents"> <a id="overview-1" name="overview"></a> <div class="g-tab-content"> <p>Get the most out of Google Scholar with some helpful tips on searches, email alerts, citation export, and more.</p> <p><b>Finding recent papers</b></p> <p>Your search results are normally sorted by relevance, not by date. To find newer articles, try the following options in the left sidebar:</p> <ol> <li>click "Since Year" to show only recently published papers, sorted by relevance;</li> <li>click "Sort by date" to show just the new additions, sorted by date;</li> <li>click the envelope icon to have new results periodically delivered by email.</li> </ol> <p><b>Locating the full text of an article</b></p> <p>Abstracts are freely available for most of the articles. Alas, reading the entire article may require a subscription. Here're a few things to try:</p> <ol> <li>click a library link, e.g., "FindIt@Harvard", to the right of the search result;</li> <li>click a link labeled [PDF] to the right of the search result;</li> <li>click "All versions" under the search result and check out the alternative sources;</li> <li>click "Related articles" or "Cited by" under the search result to explore similar articles.</li> </ol> <p>If you're affiliated with a university, but don't see links such as "FindIt@Harvard", please check with your local library about the best way to access their online subscriptions. You may need to do search from a computer on campus, or to configure your browser to use a library proxy.</p> <p><b>Getting better answers</b></p> <ul> <li><p>If you're new to the subject, it may be helpful to pick up the terminology from secondary sources. E.g., a Wikipedia article for "overweight" might suggest a Scholar search for "pediatric hyperalimentation".</p></li> <li><p>If the search results are too specific for your needs, check out what they're citing in their "References" sections. Referenced works are often more general in nature.</p></li> <li><p>Similarly, if the search results are too basic for you, click "Cited by" to see newer papers that referenced them. These newer papers will often be more specific.</p></li> <li><p>Explore! There's rarely a single answer to a research question. Click "Related articles" or "Cited by" to see closely related work, or search for author's name and see what else they have written.</p></li> </ul> </div> <div class="g-tab-content g-tab-content-hidden"> <p><b>Searching Google Scholar</b></p> <div class="twisty"><strong> How do I search by author? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Use the "author:" operator, e.g., author:"d knuth" or author:"donald e knuth".</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How do I search by title? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Put the paper's title in quotations: "A History of the China Sea".</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How do I sort by date? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>You'll often get better results if you search only recent articles, but still sort them by relevance, not by date. E.g., click "Since 2018" in the left sidebar of the search results page.</p> <p>To see the absolutely newest articles first, click "Sort by date" in the sidebar. If you use this feature a lot, you may also find it useful to setup email alerts to have new results automatically sent to you.</p> <p>Note: On smaller screens that don't show the sidebar, these options are available in the dropdown menu labelled "Year" right below the search button.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How do I search for court opinions? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Select the "Case law" option on the homepage or in the side drawer on the search results page.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> What does the "Related articles" link do? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>It finds documents similar to the given search result.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> Where is advanced search? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>It's in the side drawer. The advanced search window lets you search in the author, title, and publication fields, as well as limit your search results by date.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How do I search by specific jurisdictions? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Select the "Case law" option and do a keyword search over all jurisdictions. Then, click the "Select courts" link in the left sidebar on the search results page.</p> <p>Tip: To quickly search a frequently used selection of courts, bookmark a search results page with the desired selection.</p> </div> </div> <div class="g-tab-content g-tab-content-hidden"> <style> .eg-box{background:#f1f1f1;padding:8px 16px;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc} .eg-box-url{color:#777;background:#fff;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:2px;padding:2px 4px;line-height:15px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap} .eg-content{overflow:hidden;padding:16px;position:relative} .eg-content span,.eg-link{color: #245dc1;cursor:pointer} #eg-access-rhs,#eg-access-uc{border:1px solid #ccc} #eg-access-rhs svg{position:relative;width:29px;height:16px;vertical-align:text-bottom;fill:none;stroke:#245dc1} #eg-rhs-links{position:relative;float:right;margin-left:24px;font-size:17px;line-height:19px} #eg-gga-link{margin-bottom:4px} #eg-pdf{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold} #eg-res-title{margin:0 130px 2px 0;font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:17px;font-weight:normal;line-height:19px} #eg-meta,#eg-meta span{color:#006621} #eg-meta span{text-decoration:underline} #eg-meta,#eg-snippet,#eg-linkbar{margin-right:130px} #eg-save,#eg-cite,#eg-more{margin:0 6px 0 -6px} #eg-citedby,#eg-related,#eg-versions{margin-right:12px} #eg-access-uc .eg-content{background-color:#e9f3f3} #eg-art{padding-right:96px} #eg-art-title{margin:0 48px 8px 0;font-weight:bold} #eg-art-authors{padding-right:54px} #eg-art-abs{margin-bottom:0} #eg-casa{position:absolute;bottom:20px;right:0;width:72px;text-align:center;border-radius:6px 0 0 6px;box-shadow:0 0px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14), 0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12), 0 4px 15px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2)} #eg-casa-f,#eg-casa-h{display:block;text-decoration:none;padding-left:2px} #eg-casa-f{background-color:#424242;border-radius:6px 0 0 0;color:#fff;font-size:14px;height:40px;line-height:40px} #eg-casa-h{background-color:#777;border-radius:0 0 0 6px;color:#e0e0e0;font-size:11px;height:16px;line-height:16px} @media screen and (max-width:599px){ #eg-res-title,#eg-meta,#eg-snippet,#eg-linkbar{margin-right:0px} #eg-cite,#eg-related{display:none} #eg-rhs-links{width:64px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap} #eg-rhs-links::after{content:"";width:16px;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1;background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,1),rgba(255,255,255,0) 100%)} #eg-lib-link{display:none} #eg-art{padding-right:0} #eg-casa{bottom:65%;width:58px} #eg-casa-f{font-size:11px;height:32px;line-height:32px} #eg-casa-h{font-size:9px;height:13px;line-height:13px} } </style> <p><b>Access to articles</b></p> <p>For each Scholar search result, we try to find a version of the article that you can read. These access links are labelled [PDF] or [HTML] and appear to the right of the search result. For example:</p> <div id="eg-access-rhs"> <div class="eg-box"> <div class="eg-box-url">https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=example</div> </div> <div class="eg-content"> <div id="eg-rhs-links"> <div class="eg-link" id="eg-gga-link"><span id="eg-pdf">[PDF]</span> example.org</div> <div class="eg-link" id="eg-lib-link">Find it@Stanford</div> </div> <div> <h3 class="eg-link" id="eg-res-title">A paper that you need to read</h3> <div id="eg-meta"><span>A Author</span>, <span>J Doe</span>, <span>J Smith</span>, <span>S Else</span>… - Some Journal …, 2014 - example.org</div> <div id="eg-snippet">In this fascinating paper, we investigate various topics that would be of interest to you. We also describe new methods relevant to your project, and attempt to address several questions which you would also like to know the answer to. Lastly, we analyze …</div> <div id="eg-linkbar"> <span id="eg-save" title="Save"><svg viewBox="0 0 17 16"><path d="M8 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L8 2.122 6.261 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"></path></svg></span> <span id="eg-cite" title="Cite"><svg viewBox="0 0 17 16"><path d="M1.5 3.5v5h2v.375L1.75 12.5h3L6.5 8.875V3.5zM9.5 3.5v5h2v.375L9.75 12.5h3L14.5 8.875V3.5z"></path></svg></span> <span id="eg-citedby">Cited by 35</span> <span id="eg-related">Related articles</span> <span id="eg-versions">All 6 versions</span> <span title="More" id="eg-more"><svg viewBox="0 0 17 16"><path d="M1.5 5.5l2-2L8 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L4 8zM8.5 5.5l2-2L15 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L11 8z"></path></svg></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>Access links cover a wide variety of ways in which articles may be available to you - articles that your library subscribes to, open access articles, free-to-read articles from publishers, preprints, articles in repositories, etc.</p> <p>When you are on a campus network, access links automatically include your library subscriptions and direct you to subscribed versions of articles. On-campus access links cover subscriptions from primary publishers as well as aggregators.</p> <p><b>Off-campus access</b></p> <p>Off-campus access links let you take your library subscriptions with you when you are at home or traveling. You can read subscribed articles when you are off-campus just as easily as when you are on-campus. Off-campus access links work by recording your subscriptions when you visit Scholar while on-campus, and looking up the recorded subscriptions later when you are off-campus.</p> <p>We use the recorded subscriptions to provide you with the same subscribed access links as you see on campus. We also indicate your subscription access to participating publishers so that they can allow you to read the full-text of these articles without logging in or using a proxy. The recorded subscription information expires after 30 days and is automatically deleted.</p> <p>In addition to Google Scholar search results, off-campus access links can also appear on articles from publishers participating in the off-campus subscription access program. Look for links labeled [PDF] or [HTML] on the right hand side of article pages.</p> <div id="eg-access-uc"> <div class="eg-box"> <div class="eg-box-url">https://example.com/abstract/1</div> </div> <div class="eg-content"> <div id="eg-art"> <h3 id="eg-art-title">A paper that you need to read</h3> <p id="eg-art-authors"><span>Anne Author</span>, <span>John Doe</span>, <span>Jane Smith</span>, <span>Someone Else</span></p> <p id="eg-art-abs">In this fascinating paper, we investigate various topics that would be of interest to you. We also describe new methods relevant to your project, and attempt to address several questions which you would also like to know the answer to. Lastly, we analyze …</p> </div> <div id="eg-casa"> <span id="eg-casa-f">[PDF]</span> <span id="eg-casa-h">Help</span> </div> </div> </div> <p>You can disable off-campus access links on the <a href="/scholar_settings#3">Scholar settings page</a>. Disabling off-campus access links will turn off recording of your library subscriptions. It will also turn off indicating subscription access to participating publishers. Once off-campus access links are disabled, you may need to identify and configure an alternate mechanism (e.g., an institutional proxy or VPN) to access your library subscriptions while off-campus.</p> </div> <div class="g-tab-content g-tab-content-hidden"> <p><b>Email Alerts</b></p> <div class="twisty"><strong> How do I sign up for email alerts? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Do a search for the topic of interest, e.g., "M Theory"; click the envelope icon in the sidebar of the search results page; enter your email address, and click "Create alert". We'll then periodically email you newly published papers that match your search criteria.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> Do I need a Google account to receive email alerts? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>No, you can enter any email address of your choice. If the email address isn't a Google account or doesn't match your Google account, then we'll email you a verification link, which you'll need to click to start receiving alerts.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How do I get notified when my papers are cited? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>This works best if you <a href="citations.html">create a public profile</a>, which is free and quick to do. Once you get to the homepage with your photo, click "Follow" next to your name, select "New citations to my articles", and click "Done". We will then email you when we find new articles that cite yours.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How do I get notified when a particular paper is cited? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Search for the title of your paper, e.g., "Anti de Sitter space and holography"; click on the "Cited by" link at the bottom of the search result; and then click on the envelope icon in the left sidebar of the search results page.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How do I get notified of new papers published by my competitors, err, respected colleagues? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>First, do a search for your colleague's name, and see if they have a Scholar profile. If they do, click on it, click the "Follow" button next to their name, select "New articles by this author", and click "Done".</p> <p>If they don't have a profile, do a search by author, e.g., [author:s-hawking], and click on the mighty envelope in the left sidebar of the search results page. If you find that several different people share the same name, you may need to add co-author names or topical keywords to limit results to the author you wish to follow.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How often do you send the alerts? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>We send the alerts right after we add new papers to Google Scholar. This usually happens several times a week, except that our search robots meticulously observe holidays.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How do I unsubscribe? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>There's a link to cancel the alert at the bottom of every notification email.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How do I change my alerts? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>If you created alerts using a Google account, you can manage them all <a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&hl=en">here</a>. If you're not using a Google account, you'll need to unsubscribe from the individual alerts and subscribe to the new ones.</p> </div> </div> <div class="g-tab-content g-tab-content-hidden"> <p><b>Google Scholar library</b></p> <p>Google Scholar library is your personal collection of articles. You can save articles right off the search page, organize them by adding labels, and use the power of Scholar search to quickly find just the one you want - at any time and from anywhere. You decide what goes into your library, and we’ll keep the links up to date.</p> <p>You get all the goodies that come with Scholar search results - links to PDF and to your university's subscriptions, formatted citations, citing articles, and more!</p> <p><b>Library help</b></p> <div class="twisty"><strong> How do I add an article to my library? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Find the article you want to add in Google Scholar and click the “Save” button under the search result.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How do I find an article in my library? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Click “My library” at the top of the page or in the side drawer to view all articles in your library. To search the full text of these articles, enter your query as usual in the search box.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How do I remove an article from my library? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Find the article you want to remove, and then click the “Delete” button under it.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> My library is too big! Can I organize it? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>You can use labels (for example: “artificial intelligence”) to categorize your articles. <ul><li>To add a label to an article, find the article in your library, click the “Label” button under it, select the label you want to apply, and click “Done”.</li><li>To view all the articles with a specific label, click the label name in the left sidebar of your library page.</li><li>To remove a label from an article, click the “Label” button under it, deselect the label you want to remove, and click “Done”.</li><li>To add, edit, or delete labels, click “Manage labels” in the left column of your library page. </li></ul></p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> Who can see the articles in my library? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Only you can see the articles in your library. If you create a <a href="citations.html">Scholar profile</a> and make it public, then the articles in your public profile (and only those articles) will be visible to everyone. </p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How is my library related to my Scholar profile? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p><a href="/citations?hl=en">Your profile</a> contains all the articles you have written yourself. It’s a way to present your work to others, as well as to keep track of citations to it.<br><a href="/scholar?hl=en&scilib=1">Your library</a> is a way to organize the articles that you’d like to read or cite, not necessarily the ones you’ve written.</p> </div> </div> <div class="g-tab-content g-tab-content-hidden"> <p><b>Citation Export</b></p> <div class="twisty"><strong> How can I add the full citation of a result on Google Scholar to my bibliography manager? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Click the "Cite" button under the search result and then select your bibliography manager at the bottom of the popup. We currently support BibTeX, EndNote, RefMan, and RefWorks.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> I wrote a program to download lots of search results, but you blocked my computer from accessing Google Scholar. Can you raise the limit? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Err, no, please respect our robots.txt when you access Google Scholar using automated software. As the wearers of crawler's shoes and webmaster's hat, we cannot recommend adherence to web standards highly enough.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How do I get bulk access to records in Google Scholar? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Sorry, we're unable to provide bulk access. You'll need to make an arrangement directly with the source of the data you're interested in. Keep in mind that a lot of the records in Google Scholar come from commercial subscription services.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> Can I see more than 1,000 search results? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Sorry, we can only show up to 1,000 results for any particular search query. Try a different query to get more results.</p> </div> </div> <div class="g-tab-content g-tab-content-hidden"> <p><b>Content Coverage</b></p> <div class="twisty"><strong> What do you include in Google Scholar? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Google Scholar includes journal and conference papers, theses and dissertations, academic books, pre-prints, abstracts, technical reports and other scholarly literature from all broad areas of research. You'll find works from a wide variety of academic publishers, professional societies and university repositories, as well as scholarly articles available anywhere across the web. Google Scholar also includes court opinions and patents.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> Do you cover Pubmed? JSTOR? Elsevier? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>We index research articles and abstracts from most major academic publishers and repositories worldwide, including both free and subscription sources. To check current coverage of a specific source in Google Scholar, search for a sample of their article titles in quotes.</p> <p> While we try to be comprehensive, it isn't possible to guarantee uninterrupted coverage of any particular source. We index articles from sources all over the web and link to these websites in our search results. If one of these websites becomes unavailable to our search robots or to a large number of web users, we have to remove it from Google Scholar until it becomes available again.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How complete is your coverage? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Our meticulous search robots generally try to index every paper from every website they visit, including most major sources and also many lesser known ones.</p> <p>That said, Google Scholar is primarily a search of academic papers. Shorter articles, such as book reviews, news sections, editorials, announcements and letters, may or may not be included. Untitled documents and documents without authors are usually not included. Website URLs that aren't available to our search robots or to the majority of web users are, obviously, not included either. Nor do we include websites that require you to sign up for an account, install a browser plugin, watch four colorful ads, and turn around three times and say coo-coo before you can read the listing of titles scanned at 10 DPI... You get the idea, we cover academic papers from sensible websites.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How come a search for [site:example.gov] returns far fewer results than I expect? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>That's usually because we index many of these papers from other websites, such as the websites of their primary publishers. The "site:" operator currently only searches the primary version of each paper.</p> <p> It could also be that the papers are located on examplejournals.gov, not on example.gov. Please make sure you're searching for the "right" website.</p> <p>That said, the best way to check coverage of a specific source is to search for a sample of their papers using the title of the paper.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> Which specific journals do you cover? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Ahem, we index papers, not journals. You should also ask about our coverage of universities, research groups, proteins, seminal breakthroughs, and other dimensions that are of interest to users. All such questions are best answered by searching for a statistical sample of papers that has the property of interest - journal, author, protein, etc. Many coverage comparisons are available if you search for [allintitle:"google scholar"], but some of them are more statistically valid than others.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> Which court opinions do you include? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Currently, Google Scholar allows you to search and read published opinions of US state appellate and supreme court cases since 1950, US federal district, appellate, tax and bankruptcy courts since 1923 and US Supreme Court cases since 1791. In addition, it includes citations for cases cited by indexed opinions or journal articles which allows you to find influential cases (usually older or international) which are not yet online or publicly available.</p> <p> <em>Legal opinions in Google Scholar are provided for informational purposes only and should not be relied on as a substitute for legal advice from a licensed lawyer. Google does not warrant that the information is complete or accurate.</em></p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How frequently do you update Google Scholar? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>We normally add new papers several times a week. However, updates to existing records take 6-9 months to a year or longer, because in order to update our records, we need to first recrawl them from the source website. For many larger websites, the speed at which we can update their records is limited by the crawl rate that they allow.</p> </div> </div> <div class="g-tab-content g-tab-content-hidden"> <p><b>Inclusion and Corrections</b></p> <div class="twisty"><strong> The description of my article is wrong and I am appropriately irritated. How do I correct it? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>We apologize, and we assure you the error was unintentional. Automated extraction of information from articles in diverse fields can be tricky, so an error sometimes sneaks through.</p> <p>Please write to the owner of the website where the erroneous search result is coming from, and encourage them to provide correct bibliographic data to us, as described in the <a href="inclusion.html">technical guidelines</a>. Once the data is corrected on their website, it usually takes 6-9 months to a year or longer for it to be updated in Google Scholar. We appreciate your help and your patience.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How do I add my papers to Google Scholar? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>If you can't find your papers when you search for them by title and by author, please refer your publisher to our <a href="inclusion.html">technical guidelines</a>.</p> <p>You can also deposit your papers into your institutional repository or put their PDF versions on your personal website, but please follow your publisher's requirements when you do so. See our <a href="inclusion.html">technical guidelines</a> for more details on the inclusion process.</p> <p>We normally add new papers several times a week; however, it might take us some time to crawl larger websites, and corrections to already included papers can take 6-9 months to a year or longer.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> My citation counts have gone down. Help! </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Google Scholar generally reflects the state of the web as it is <b>currently</b> visible to our search robots and to the majority of users. When you're searching for relevant papers to read, you wouldn't want it any other way!</p> <p>If your citation counts have gone down, chances are that either your paper or papers that cite it have either disappeared from the web entirely, or have become unavailable to our search robots, or, perhaps, have been reformatted in a way that made it difficult for our automated software to identify their bibliographic data and references. If you wish to correct this, you'll need to identify the specific documents with indexing problems and ask your publisher to fix them. Please refer to the <a href="inclusion.html">technical guidelines</a>.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> I have noticed an error in a court opinion you are providing. What I can do to help fix it? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Please do <a href="mailto:scholar-support@google.com">let us know</a>. Please include the URL for the opinion, the corrected information and a source where we can verify the correction.</p> <p>We're only able to make corrections to court opinions that are hosted on our own website. For corrections to academic papers, books, dissertations and other third-party material, click on the search result in question and contact the owner of the website where the document came from. For corrections to books from Google Book Search, click on the book's title and locate the link to provide feedback at the bottom of the book's page.</p> </div> </div> <div class="g-tab-content g-tab-content-hidden"> <p><b>General Questions</b></p> <div class="twisty"><strong> What are the results marked [citation] and why can't I click on them? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>These are articles which other scholarly articles have referred to, but which we haven't found online. To exclude them from your search results, uncheck the "include citations" box on the left sidebar.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> I just found a promising abstract in the Journal of Prosimian Dialectical Reasoning! Can I read the full text of the article for free? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Maybe.</p> <p>First, click on links labeled [PDF] or [HTML] to the right of the search result's title. Also, check out the "All versions" link at the bottom of the search result.</p> <p>Second, if you're affiliated with a university, using a computer on campus will often let you access your library's online subscriptions. Look for links labeled with your library's name to the right of the search result's title. Also, see if there's a link to the full text on the publisher's page with the abstract.</p> <p>Keep in mind that final published versions are often only available to subscribers, and that some articles are not available online at all. Good luck!</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> How come you're forgetting my settings? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Technically, your web browser remembers your settings in a "cookie" on your computer's disk, and sends this cookie to our website along with every search. Check that your browser isn't configured to discard our cookies. Also, check if disabling various proxies or overly helpful privacy settings does the trick. Either way, your settings are stored on your computer, not on our servers, so a long hard look at your browser's preferences or internet options should help cure the machine's forgetfulness.</p> </div> <div class="twisty"><strong> Why are you asking us to "Stand on the shoulders of giants"? Are you really giants? </strong></div> <div class="twisty-answer"> <p>Not even close. That phrase is our acknowledgement that much of scholarly research involves building on what others have already discovered. It's taken from Sir Isaac Newton's famous quote, "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="maia-signature"></div> <div class="maia-footer" id="maia-footer"> <div id="maia-footer-global"> <div class="maia-aux"> <ul> <li><a href="//www.google.com/webhp?hl=en">Google</a></li> <li><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/">Privacy & Terms</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <iframe id="gtabs_iframe" src="javascript:''" width="0" height="0" tabindex="-1"></iframe> </body> </html>