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<span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequency_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Frequency response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequency_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinction_from_seismometers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinction_from_seismometers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distinction from seismometers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinction_from_seismometers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سماعة أرضية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سماعة أرضية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofon" title="Geofon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Geofon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%B2fon" title="Geòfon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Geòfon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophon" title="Geophon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geophon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofon" title="Geofon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geofon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Γεώφωνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεώφωνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%B3fono" title="Geófono – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geófono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofono" title="Geofono – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Geofono" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="لرزه‌یاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لرزه‌یاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ophone" title="Géophone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géophone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%A7%84%EA%B8%B0" title="수진기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수진기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Գեոֆոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գեոֆոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofon" title="Geofon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Geofon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofon" title="Geofon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geofon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofono" title="Geofono – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geofono" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofonas" title="Geofonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geofonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofon" title="Geofon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Geofon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofoon" title="Geofoon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geofoon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofon" title="Geofon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Geofon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofon" title="Geofon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Geofon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofon" title="Geofon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geofon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofone" title="Geofone – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geofone" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophone" title="Geophone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Geophone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofon" title="Geofon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Geofon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofon" title="Geofon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Geofon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="เครื่องรับคลื่นไหวสะเทือน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องรับคลื่นไหวสะเทือน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Геофон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геофон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A7u_thu_s%C3%B3ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5n" title="Đầu thu sóng địa chấn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đầu thu sóng địa chấn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E6%AA%A2%E6%B3%A2%E5%99%A8" title="地震檢波器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地震檢波器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q361564#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Recording device in geology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the electronic seismic recording device. For the percussion instrument, see <a href="/wiki/Geophone_(musical_instrument)" title="Geophone (musical instrument)">Geophone (musical instrument)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geophone" title="Special:EditPage/Geophone">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Geophone%22">"Geophone"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Geophone%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Geophone%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Geophone%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Geophone%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Geophone%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geophone_SM-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Geophone_SM-24.jpg/140px-Geophone_SM-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="477" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Geophone_SM-24.jpg/210px-Geophone_SM-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Geophone_SM-24.jpg/280px-Geophone_SM-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="2963" /></a><figcaption>Geophone (SM-24), frequency band 10 Hz to 240 Hz, standard resistance 375 Ω</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>geophone</b> is a device that converts ground movement (velocity) into <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a>, which may be recorded at a recording station. The <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">deviation</a> of this measured voltage from the base line is called the <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> response and is analyzed for structure of the Earth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geophone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <b>geophone</b> derives from the Greek word "γῆ (ge) " meaning "<a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">earth</a>" and "phone" meaning "sound". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geophone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeoPhone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/GeoPhone.JPG/170px-GeoPhone.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/GeoPhone.JPG/255px-GeoPhone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/GeoPhone.JPG/340px-GeoPhone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Geosource Inc. MD-79—8 Hz, 335 Ω geophone</figcaption></figure> <p>Geophones have historically been passive <a href="/wiki/Analog_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog circuit">analog</a> devices and typically comprise a spring-mounted wire coil moving within the field of a case-mounted permanent magnet to generate an electrical signal.<sup id="cite_ref-Geophones_and_Accelerometers_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geophones_and_Accelerometers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent designs have been based on <a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">microelectromechanical systems</a> (MEMS) technology which generates an electrical response to <a href="/wiki/Ground_motion" title="Ground motion">ground motion</a> through an active <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a> circuit to maintain the position of a small piece of silicon. </p><p>The response of a coil/magnet geophone is proportional to ground velocity, while MEMS devices usually respond proportional to <a href="/wiki/Peak_ground_acceleration" title="Peak ground acceleration">acceleration</a>. MEMS have a much higher noise level (50 dB velocity higher) than geophones and can only be used in strong motion or active seismic applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frequency_response">Frequency response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geophone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Frequency response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The frequency response of a geophone is that of a <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_oscillator" title="Harmonic oscillator">harmonic oscillator</a>, fully determined by corner frequency (typically around 10 Hz) and damping (typically 0.707). Since the corner frequency is proportional to the inverse square root of the moving mass, geophones with low corner frequencies (< 1 Hz) become impractical. It is possible to lower the corner frequency electronically, at the price of higher noise and cost. </p><p>Although waves passing through the Earth have a three-dimensional nature, geophones are normally constrained to respond to single dimension - usually the vertical. However, some applications require the full wave to be used and three-component or 3-C geophones are used. In analog devices, three moving coil elements are mounted in an <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogonal">orthogonal</a> arrangement within a single case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinction_from_seismometers">Distinction from seismometers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geophone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distinction from seismometers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geophones are similar to <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">seismometers</a> in their design and are also used to register <a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">seismic waves</a>. In the past, there were clear differences between geophones and seismometers. Compared to conventional geophones, seismometers are more suitable for detecting extremely small ground movements as they cover a wider frequency band, including the frequency range below their <a href="/wiki/Natural_frequency" title="Natural frequency">natural frequency</a>, usually from 0.01 to 50 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In conventional geophones, the frequency band is in the range of 1-15 Hz. They are cheaper than seismometers and are therefore more commonly used in arrays for large area detection with better specialised resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the development of new technologies, the frequency coverage in compact devices has also increased significantly, so that geophones can now cover frequency bands from 0 to 500 Hz and the boundaries between geophones and seismometers are becoming blurred.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geophone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_using_a_geophone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Man_using_a_geophone.jpg/170px-Man_using_a_geophone.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Man_using_a_geophone.jpg/255px-Man_using_a_geophone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Man_using_a_geophone.jpg/340px-Man_using_a_geophone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Man using a geophone</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Single_End_Spread_%26_Split_Stread.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Single_End_Spread_%26_Split_Stread.jpg/220px-Single_End_Spread_%26_Split_Stread.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Single_End_Spread_%26_Split_Stread.jpg/330px-Single_End_Spread_%26_Split_Stread.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Single_End_Spread_%26_Split_Stread.jpg/440px-Single_End_Spread_%26_Split_Stread.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Single End Spread<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> & Split Stread<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Source_Receivers_single_fold-3_Fold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Source_Receivers_single_fold-3_Fold.jpg/220px-Source_Receivers_single_fold-3_Fold.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Source_Receivers_single_fold-3_Fold.jpg/330px-Source_Receivers_single_fold-3_Fold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Source_Receivers_single_fold-3_Fold.jpg/440px-Source_Receivers_single_fold-3_Fold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Source Receivers single fold-3 Fold</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Rumble.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Royal_Rumble.jpg/220px-Royal_Rumble.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Royal_Rumble.jpg/330px-Royal_Rumble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Royal_Rumble.jpg/440px-Royal_Rumble.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Royal Rumble<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of geophones are used in <a href="/wiki/Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">reflection seismology</a> to record the energy waves reflected by the subsurface geology. In this case the primary interest is in the vertical motion of the Earth's surface. However, not all the waves are upwards traveling. A strong, horizontally transmitted wave known as ground-roll also generates vertical motion that can obliterate the weaker vertical signals. By using large areal arrays tuned to the wavelength of the ground-roll the dominant noise signals can be attenuated and the weaker data signals reinforced. </p><p>Analog geophones are very sensitive devices which can respond to very distant tremors. These small signals can be drowned by larger signals from local sources. It is possible though to recover the small signals caused by large but distant events by correlating signals from several geophones deployed in an array. Signals which are registered only at one or few geophones can be attributed to unwanted, local events and thus discarded. It can be assumed that small signals that register uniformly at all geophones in an array can be attributed to a distant and therefore significant event. </p><p>The sensitivity of passive geophones is typically 30 volts per (meter per second), so they are in general not a replacement for <a href="/wiki/Seismometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismometers">broadband seismometers</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Conversely, some applications of geophones are interested only in very local events. A notable example is in the application of remote ground sensors (RGS) incorporated in <a href="/wiki/Unattended_ground_sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Unattended ground sensors">unattended ground sensor</a> (UGS) systems. In such an application there is an area of interest which when penetrated a system operator is to be informed, perhaps by an alert which could be accompanied by supporting photographic data. </p><p>Geophones were used on the Moon for a number of active and passive experiments as part of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geophone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">Accelerometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophone" title="Hydrophone">Hydrophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelson_interferometer" title="Michelson interferometer">Michelson interferometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">Seismometer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geophone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Geophones_and_Accelerometers-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geophones_and_Accelerometers_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M_Reynolds2011" class="citation book cs1">John M Reynolds (2011). <i>An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics-second edition</i>. WILEY BLACKWELL. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-48535-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-48535-3"><bdi>978-0-471-48535-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Applied+and+Environmental+Geophysics-second+edition&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=WILEY+BLACKWELL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-471-48535-3&rft.au=John+M+Reynolds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouJiaoYu2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hou, Yue; Jiao, Rui; Yu, Hongyu (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924424720318136">"MEMS based geophones and seismometers"</a>. <i>Sensors and Actuators A: Physical</i>. <b>318</b>: 112498. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sna.2020.112498">10.1016/j.sna.2020.112498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sensors+and+Actuators+A%3A+Physical&rft.atitle=MEMS+based+geophones+and+seismometers&rft.volume=318&rft.pages=112498&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sna.2020.112498&rft.aulast=Hou&rft.aufirst=Yue&rft.au=Jiao%2C+Rui&rft.au=Yu%2C+Hongyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0924424720318136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Single-ended_spread">"Dictionary:Single-ended spread - SEG Wiki"</a>. <i>wiki.seg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.seg.org&rft.atitle=Dictionary%3ASingle-ended+spread+-+SEG+Wiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.seg.org%2Fwiki%2FDictionary%3ASingle-ended_spread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Split_spread">"Dictionary:Split spread - SEG Wiki"</a>. <i>wiki.seg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.seg.org&rft.atitle=Dictionary%3ASplit+spread+-+SEG+Wiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.seg.org%2Fwiki%2FDictionary%3ASplit_spread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Royal-rumble">"Dictionary:Royal-rumble - SEG Wiki"</a>. <i>wiki.seg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.seg.org&rft.atitle=Dictionary%3ARoyal-rumble+-+SEG+Wiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.seg.org%2Fwiki%2FDictionary%3ARoyal-rumble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeophone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geophone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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