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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Ideas about what forgiveness is not </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideas_about_what_forgiveness_is_not-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_timeliness_of_forgiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_timeliness_of_forgiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 The timeliness of forgiveness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_timeliness_of_forgiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forgiveness_in_philosophical_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forgiveness_in_philosophical_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Forgiveness in philosophical thought </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forgiveness_in_philosophical_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Religious views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religious views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abrahamic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Abrahamic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-God's_forgiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God's_forgiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2.1 God's forgiveness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God's_forgiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forgiving_others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forgiving_others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2.2 Forgiving others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forgiving_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahá'í_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahá'í_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Bahá'í Faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahá'í_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharmic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharmic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Dharmic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharmic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Dharma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hoʻoponopono" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoʻoponopono"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Hoʻoponopono </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoʻoponopono-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Popular recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In relationships </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_relationships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In relationships subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_model_of_forgiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_model_of_forgiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 The model of forgiveness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_model_of_forgiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recommendation_and_interventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recommendation_and_interventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Recommendation and interventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recommendation_and_interventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Interventions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interventions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Interventions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Interventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Different_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Different types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Different_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contrary_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrary_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Contrary evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrary_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Older_adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Older_adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Older adults </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Older_adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Mental health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Physical health </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Physical health subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evidence_supporting_a_correlation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidence_supporting_a_correlation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Evidence supporting a correlation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidence_supporting_a_correlation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Criticisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-forgiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-forgiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Self-forgiveness </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Self-forgiveness-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Self-forgiveness subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Self-forgiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Therapeutic_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutic_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Therapeutic model </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapeutic_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unapologetic_forgiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unapologetic_forgiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Unapologetic forgiveness </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unapologetic_forgiveness-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Unapologetic forgiveness subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Unapologetic_forgiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Character_retributivism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_retributivism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Character retributivism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_retributivism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Forgiveness</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" > 48 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="غفران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غفران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perd%C3%B3n" title="Perdón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Perdón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9Flanma" title="Bağışlanma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bağışlanma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Прошка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прошка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pardon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perd%C3%B3" title="Perdó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Perdó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odpu%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Odpuštění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Odpuštění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergebung" title="Vergebung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vergebung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andestus" title="Andestus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Andestus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Συγχώρεση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συγχώρεση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perd%C3%B3n" title="Perdón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Perdón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardono" title="Pardono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pardono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkamen" title="Barkamen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Barkamen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%B4" title="بخشش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بخشش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pardon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perd%C3%B3n" title="Perdón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Perdón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%A9%EC%84%9C" title="용서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="용서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="क्षमा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्षमा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opra%C5%A1tanje" title="Opraštanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opraštanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizerikordio" title="Mizerikordio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mizerikordio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdono" title="Perdono – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Perdono" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%97%D7%94" title="סליחה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סליחה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86" title="ಕ್ಷಮೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಷಮೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msamaha" title="Msamaha – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Msamaha" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famelan-keloka" title="Famelan-keloka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Famelan-keloka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ခွင့်လွှတ်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခွင့်လွှတ်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergeving_(algemeen)" title="Vergeving (algemeen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vergeving (algemeen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="क्षमा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्षमा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="क्षमा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्षमा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%B1%E3%81%97" title="許し – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="許し" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Forgiveness_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Forgiveness (disambiguation)">Forgiveness (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marco_aurelio_e_barbaros_-_museus_capitolinos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Marco_aurelio_e_barbaros_-_museus_capitolinos.jpg/220px-Marco_aurelio_e_barbaros_-_museus_capitolinos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Marco_aurelio_e_barbaros_-_museus_capitolinos.jpg/330px-Marco_aurelio_e_barbaros_-_museus_capitolinos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Marco_aurelio_e_barbaros_-_museus_capitolinos.jpg/440px-Marco_aurelio_e_barbaros_-_museus_capitolinos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> shows clemency to the vanquished after his success against tribes (<a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitoline Museum">Capitoline Museum</a> in Rome)</figcaption></figure> Forgiveness, in a <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> sense, is the intentional and voluntary process by which one who may have felt initially wronged, victimized, harmed, or hurt goes through a process of changing feelings and attitude regarding a given offender for their actions, and overcomes the impact of the offense, flaw or mistake including negative <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">resentment</a> or a desire for vengeance.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Theorists differ in the extent to which they believe forgiveness also implies replacing the negative emotions with positive attitudes (i.e. an increased ability to tolerate the offender),<a href="#cite_note-apa-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Field-4">[4]</a> or requires reconciliation with the offender.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In certain legal contexts, forgiveness is a term for absolving someone of <a href="/wiki/Debt_forgiveness" class="mw-redirect" title="Debt forgiveness">debt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loan_forgiveness" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan forgiveness">loan</a>, obligation, or other claims.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Such legal usage can also be thought of as <a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">mercy</a>, being distinct from forgiveness.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> On the psychological level, forgiveness is different from simple condoning (viewing action as harmful, yet to be "forgiven" or overlooked for certain reasons of "charity"), excusing or <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardoning</a> (merely releasing the offender from responsibility for their actions), or <a href="/wiki/Forgetting" title="Forgetting">forgetting</a> (attempting to remove from one's consciousness the <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> of an offense). In some schools of thought, it involves a personal and "voluntary" effort at the self-transformation of one's half of a relationship with another, such that one is restored to <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a> and ideally to what psychologist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a> has referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Unconditional_positive_regard" title="Unconditional positive regard">unconditional positive regard</a>" towards the other.<a href="#cite_note-apa-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCT-rogers-8">[8]</a> Forgiveness can seal off past wrong doings and remove it from the present.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> As a psychological concept and as a <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a>, the obligation to forgive and the benefits of forgiveness have been explored in <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> thought, <a href="/wiki/Moral_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral philosophy">moral philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, and medicine. Forgiveness may be considered simply in terms of the person who forgives,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> which may include forgiving themselves. The concept of forgiveness can be in terms of the person forgiven or in terms of the relationship between the forgiver and the person forgiven. In most contexts, forgiveness is granted without any expectation of <a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">restorative justice</a>, and without any response on the part of the offender (for example, one may forgive a person who is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/incommunicado" class="extiw" title="wikt:incommunicado">incommunicado</a> or dead). In practical terms, it may be necessary for the offender to offer some form of acknowledgment, such as an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apology" class="extiw" title="wikt:apology">apology</a>, or to explicitly ask for forgiveness, for the wronged person to believe themselves able to forgive.<a href="#cite_note-apa-2">[2]</a> Social and political dimensions of forgiveness involve the strictly private and religious sphere of "forgiveness".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The notion of "forgiveness" is generally considered unusual in the political field. However, <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> considers that the "faculty of forgiveness" has its place in public affairs. She believes that forgiveness can liberate resources both individually and collectively in the face of the irreparable, by freeing people to act in ways that are not merely reactive to the original wrong: "Forgiving is the only reaction which does not merely re-act but acts a new and unexpectedly, unconditioned by the act which provoked it and therefore freeing from its consequences both the one who forgives and the one who is forgiven."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In a study conducted in Rwanda to examine the discourses and practices of forgiveness following the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">1994 genocide</a>, sociologist Benoit Guillou highlighted the extensive range of meanings associated with the term "forgiveness" and its underlying political nature. In the study's findings, the author presented four [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>] primary aspects of forgiveness to facilitate a clearer comprehension of both its multifaceted applications and the circumstances in which forgiveness can contribute to the restoration of social connections.<a href="#cite_note-BenoitGuillou-12">[12]</a> Most world religions include teachings on forgiveness, and many of these provide a foundation for various modern traditions and practices of forgiveness. Some religious <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Philosophies" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophies">philosophies</a> emphasize the need for people to find <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a> forgiveness for their shortcomings; others place greater emphasis on the need for people to forgive one another; yet others make little or no distinction between human and divine forgiveness. Forgiveness is interpreted in many ways by different people and cultures. This is important in relationship-oriented communication. When all parties share a mutual view of forgiveness then a relationship can be maintained. "Understanding antecedents of forgiveness, exploring the physiology of forgiveness, and training people to become more forgiving all imply that we have a shared meaning for the term".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_nature_of_forgiveness">The nature of forgiveness</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The nature of forgiveness">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Determinants_of_Forgiveness_Graphic.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Determinants_of_Forgiveness_Graphic.JPG/220px-Determinants_of_Forgiveness_Graphic.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Determinants_of_Forgiveness_Graphic.JPG/330px-Determinants_of_Forgiveness_Graphic.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Determinants_of_Forgiveness_Graphic.JPG/440px-Determinants_of_Forgiveness_Graphic.JPG 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Factors determining the likelihood of forgiveness in an intimate relationship</figcaption></figure> As of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit">[update]</a>, there is no consensus for a psychological definition of forgiveness in the research literature. However, there is agreement that forgiveness is a process, and several models describing the process of forgiveness have been published, including one from a radical behavioral perspective.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Dr. Robert Enright from the University of Wisconsin–Madison founded the International Forgiveness Institute and initiated forgiveness studies. He developed a 20-Step Process Model of Forgiveness.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In that model, to forgive someone, you should examine the wrong you suffered, who caused it, and the context in which it happened; consider the anger you feel about it, any shame or guilt associated with it, and how it has affected you; decide whether you want to advance into an attitude of forgiveness, and, if so: work on understanding, compassion, and acceptance, and make a gesture of reconciliation to the offender; then, reformulate the way you remember your experience of being wronged and of developing forgiveness in ways that healthily integrate this into your life story. A longitudinal study showed that people who were generally more <a href="/wiki/Neuroticism" title="Neuroticism">neurotic</a>, angry, and hostile in life were less likely to forgive another person even after a long time had passed. They were more likely to avoid their transgressor and want to enact revenge upon them two and a half years after the transgression.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Studies show that people who forgive are happier and healthier than those who hold resentment.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The first study to look at how forgiveness improves physical health discovered that when people think about forgiving an offender their <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular System">cardiovascular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> functioning improves.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Another study found the more forgiving people were, the less they suffered from a wide range of illnesses. Less forgiving people reported a greater number of health problems.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Dr. Fred Luskin of Stanford University, author of Forgive for Good, presented evidence that forgiveness can be learned (i.e. is a teachable skill, with practice) based on research into the effects of teaching forgiveness. This research gave empirical support to the powerful, positive health effects of forgiveness. In three separate studies, including one with Catholics and Protestants from Northern Ireland whose family members were murdered in <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the political violence</a>, he found that people who are taught how to forgive become less angry, feel less hurt, are more optimistic, become more forgiving in a variety of situations, and become more compassionate and self-confident. His studies show a reduction in experience of stress, in physical manifestations of stress, and an increase in vitality.<a href="#cite_note-fred-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideas_about_what_forgiveness_is_not">Ideas about what forgiveness is not</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ideas about what forgiveness is not">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Forgiveness##" title="Talk:Forgiveness">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (July 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Forgiveness is not condoning<a href="#cite_note-apa-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-fred-20">[20]</a></li> <li>Forgiveness is not forgetting<a href="#cite_note-apa-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-fred-20">[20]</a></li> <li>Forgiveness is not excusing (i.e. making reasons to explain away offender's responsibility or free will)<a href="#cite_note-apa-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-fred-20">[20]</a></li> <li>Forgiveness does not have to be religious or otherworldly<a href="#cite_note-fred-20">[20]</a></li> <li>Forgiveness is not minimizing your hurt<a href="#cite_note-fred-20">[20]</a></li> <li>Forgiveness is not reconciliation (i.e. reestablishing trust in the relationship)<a href="#cite_note-apa-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-fred-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Forgiveness is not denying or suppressing anger; rather its focus is on resentment.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stosny-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-fred-20">[20]</a> In particular, to forgive it is healthy to acknowledge and express negative emotions, before you can forgive<a href="#cite_note-Wanda-24">[24]</a></li> <li>Forgiveness is not ignoring accountability or justice.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In particular, punishment and compensation are independent of the choice to forgive (you can forgive, or not forgive, and still pursue punishment and/or compensation, regardless)<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zaibert-27">[27]</a></li> <li>Forgiveness is not pardoning; it cannot be granted or chosen by someone else<a href="#cite_note-apa-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-fred-20">[20]</a></li> <li>Emotional forgiveness is not the same as decisional[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">jargon</a>] forgiveness or the expression of forgiveness. Expressing emotions (i.e., "I am angry at you" or "I forgive you") is not the same as genuinely having or experiencing the emotions (i.e., people can deny, mistake, or lie about their emotional experience to another person while genuinely feeling something else instead)<a href="#cite_note-Zaibert-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li>Although this is heavily debated,<a href="#cite_note-Field-4">[4]</a> emotional forgiveness is for you, not the offender<a href="#cite_note-fred-20">[20]</a> (i.e., unless you choose to make it so: by expressing it, or by trying to reconcile)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_timeliness_of_forgiveness">The timeliness of forgiveness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The timeliness of forgiveness">edit</a>]</div> Psychologist Wanda Malcolm, in Women's Reflections on the Complexities of Forgiveness, outlines reasons why forgiveness takes time: when working on self (care/healing) takes priority (i.e. therapy, medical injuries, etc.), when issues of relational[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] safety need to be addressed, and where facilitating forgiveness may be premature immediately after an interpersonal offense.<a href="#cite_note-Wanda-24">[24]</a> Malcolm explains that "premature efforts to facilitate forgiveness may be a sign of our reluctance to witness our client’s pain and suffering and may unwittingly reinforce the client’s belief that the pain and suffering is too much to bear and must be suppressed or avoided."<a href="#cite_note-Wanda-24">[24]</a> Worthington et al. observed that "anything done to promote forgiveness has little impact unless substantial time is spent at helping participants think through and emotionally experience their forgiveness".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Efforts to facilitate forgiveness may be premature and even harmful immediately after an interpersonal injury.<a href="#cite_note-Wanda-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forgiveness_in_philosophical_thought">Forgiveness in philosophical thought</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Forgiveness in philosophical thought">edit</a>]</div> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Joseph Butler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fifteen_Sermons" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifteen Sermons">Fifteen Sermons</a>) defined forgiveness as "overcoming of resentment, the overcoming of moral hatred, as a speech act, and as forbearance".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In his 1962 lecture on "Freedom and Resentment"', philosopher <a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a> described forgiveness as "a rather unfashionable subject in moral philosophy" at that time.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religious views">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Sin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="World Religions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/220px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/330px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/440px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>World Religions</figcaption></figure> Religion can affect how someone chooses to forgive—for example, through religious activity, religious affiliation and teachings, and imitation.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrahamic">Abrahamic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Abrahamic">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Judaism" title="Repentance in Judaism">Repentance in Judaism</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, if a person causes harm, but then sincerely and honestly apologizes to the wronged individual and tries to rectify the wrong, the wronged individual is encouraged, but not required, to grant forgiveness: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It is forbidden to be obdurate and not allow yourself to be appeased. On the contrary, one should be easily pacified and find it difficult to become angry. When asked by an offender for forgiveness, one should forgive with a sincere mind and a willing spirit ... forgiveness is natural to the seed of Israel.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teshuvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Teshuvah">Teshuvah</a> 2:10</cite></div></blockquote> In Judaism, one must go "to those he has harmed" to be entitled to forgiveness.<a href="#cite_note-Yom_Kippur-34">[34]</a> One who sincerely apologizes three times for a wrong committed against another has fulfilled their obligation to seek forgiveness.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> This means that in Judaism a person cannot obtain forgiveness from <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> for wrongs they have done to other people. This also means that, unless the victim forgave the perpetrator before he died, <a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_kill#Jewish_doctrine" title="Thou shalt not kill">murder</a> is unforgivable in Judaism, and they will answer to God for it, though the victims' family and friends can forgive the murderer for the grief they caused them. The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Tefila</a> Zaka <a href="/wiki/Jewish_meditation" title="Jewish meditation">meditation</a>, which is recited just before <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>, closes with the following: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I know that there is no one so righteous that they have not wronged another, financially or physically, through deed or speech. This pains my heart within me, because wrongs between humans and their fellow are not atoned by Yom Kippur, until the wronged one is appeased. Because of this, my heart breaks within me, and my bones tremble; for even the day of death does not atone for such sins. Therefore I prostrate and beg before You, to have mercy on me, and grant me grace, compassion, and mercy in Your eyes and in the eyes of all people. For behold, I forgive with a final and resolved forgiveness anyone who has wronged me, whether in person or property, even if they slandered me, or spread falsehoods against me. So I release anyone who has injured me either in person or in property, or has committed any manner of sin that one may commit against another [except for legally enforceable business obligations, and except for someone who has deliberately harmed me with the thought ‘I can harm him because he will forgive me']. Except for these two, I fully and finally forgive everyone; may no one be punished because of me. And just as I forgive everyone, so may You grant me grace in the eyes of others, that they too forgive me absolutely.</blockquote> Thus the "reward" for forgiving others is not God's forgiveness for wrongs done to others, but rather help in obtaining forgiveness from the other person. Sir <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Sacks">Jonathan Sacks</a>, chief rabbi of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Rabbis_of_the_United_Hebrew_Congregations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Rabbis of the United Hebrew Congregations">United Hebrew Congregations</a> of the Commonwealth, summarized: "It is not that God forgives, while human beings do not. To the contrary, we believe that just as only God can forgive sins against God, so only human beings can forgive sins against human beings."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Jews observe a Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur, on the day before God makes decisions regarding what will happen during the coming year.<a href="#cite_note-Yom_Kippur-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Repentance" title="Ten Days of Repentance">Just prior</a> to Yom Kippur, Jews ask forgiveness of those they have wronged during the prior year (if they have not already done so).<a href="#cite_note-Yom_Kippur-34">[34]</a> During Yom Kippur itself, Jews <a href="/wiki/Ta%27anit" title="Ta'anit">fast</a> and pray for God's forgiveness for the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_sin" title="Jewish views on sin">transgressions</a> they have made against God in the prior year.<a href="#cite_note-Yom_Kippur-34">[34]</a> Sincere <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Judaism" title="Repentance in Judaism">repentance</a> is required, and once again, God can only forgive one for the sins one has committed against God; this is why it is necessary for Jews also to seek the forgiveness of those people who they have wronged.<a href="#cite_note-Yom_Kippur-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="22991" data-file-height="30000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> – "The Return of the <a href="/wiki/Prodigal_Son" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodigal Son">Prodigal Son</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jesus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%205:7&version=nrsv">Matthew 5:7</a></cite></div></blockquote> Forgiveness is central to Christian ethics. The prayer Jesus taught his followers to recite begs God to "forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> When Peter asked Jesus how often to forgive someone, Jesus said "Not seven times, but, I tell you, seventy-seven times".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Jesus warned that God's forgiveness for your sins depends on your forgiveness towards others.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In one of the gospels, Jesus during his crucifixion asks God to forgive those who crucified him.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> stated that Jesus was "the discoverer of the role of forgiveness in the realm of human affairs."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="God's_forgiveness">God's forgiveness</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: God's forgiveness">edit</a>]</div> Unlike in Judaism, in Christianity God can forgive sins committed by people against people, since he can forgive every sin except for the <a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">eternal sin</a>, and forgiveness from one's victim is not necessary for salvation.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son" title="Parable of the Prodigal Son">Parable of the Prodigal Son</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> is perhaps the best known parable about forgiveness and refers to God's forgiveness for those who repent. Jesus asked for God's forgiveness of those who <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucified him</a>. "Then Jesus said, 'Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing.'" – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+23:34&version=nrsvue">Luke 23:34</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Forgiving_others">Forgiving others</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Forgiving others">edit</a>]</div> Forgiving offenses is among the spiritual <a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">works of mercy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and forgiving others begets being forgiven by God.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Considering <a href="/wiki/Mark_11" title="Mark 11">Mark 11</a>:25, and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_6:14%E2%80%9315" title="Matthew 6:14–15">Matthew 6:14–15</a>, that follows the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>, "For if you forgive others their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you, but if you do not forgive others, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses,"<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> forgiveness is not an option to a Christian; rather one must forgive to be a Christian. Forgiveness in Christianity is a manifestation of submission to Christ and fellow believers.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> speaks of the importance of forgiving or showing <a href="/wiki/Mercy#Christianity" title="Mercy">mercy</a> toward others. This is based on the belief that God forgives sins through faith in the atoning sacrifice of Jesus Christ in his death (<a href="/wiki/1_John_2" class="mw-redirect" title="1 John 2">1 John 2</a>:2<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>) and that, therefore, Christians should forgive others (<a href="/wiki/Ephesians_4" title="Ephesians 4">Ephesians 4</a>:32<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>). Jesus used the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_unforgiving_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Parable of the unforgiving servant">parable of the unmerciful servant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_18" title="Matthew 18">Matthew 18</a>:21–35<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>) to show that His followers (represented in the parable by the servant) should forgive because God (represented by the king) forgives much more. In the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>, Jesus repeatedly spoke of forgiveness: "Blessed are the merciful, for they will receive mercy."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> "So when you are offering your gift at the altar, if you remember that your brother or sister has something against you, leave your gift there before the altar and go; first be reconciled to your brother or sister, and then come and offer your gift."<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> "Whenever you stand praying, forgive, if you have anything against anyone, so that your Father in heaven may also forgive you your trespasses."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> "Be merciful, just as your Father is merciful."<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> "Do not judge, and you will not be judged; do not condemn, and you will not be condemned. Forgive, and you will be forgiven."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Elsewhere, it is said "Then Peter came and said to him, 'Lord, if my brother or sister sins against me, how often should I forgive? As many as seven times?' Jesus said to him, 'Not seven times, but, I tell you, seventy-seven times.'"<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Pope <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a>, on a visit to <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Lebanon</a> in 2012, insisted that peace must be based on mutual forgiveness: "Only forgiveness, given and received, can lay lasting foundations for reconciliation and universal peace".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Audience_(meeting)" title="Audience (meeting)">General Audience</a> explained[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] forgiving others as God forgives oneself.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghaf%C5%ABr" title="Al-Ghafūr">Al-Ghafūr</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style=";">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Allah" title="Category:Allah">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Allah" in Arabic calligraphy"><img alt=""Allah" in Arabic calligraphy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/185px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/278px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/370px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="2077" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> <a href="/wiki/Jalla_Jalaluhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalla Jalaluhu"> Jalla Jalālah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Islam" title="Attributes of God in Islam">Attributes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah#Phrases_and_expressions" title="Allah">Phrases and expressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam (religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_God_in_Islam" title="Throne of God in Islam">Throne of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of Islamic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism_and_corporealism_in_Islam" title="Anthropomorphism and corporealism in Islam">Anthropomorphism and corporealism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Expressions and phrases</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbih (Subhan Allah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbir (Allahu Akbar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamd" title="Hamd">Hamd (Praise)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawqala" title="Hawqala">Hawqala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27awwudh" title="Ta'awwudh">Ta'awwudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inna_Lillahi_wa_inna_ilayhi_raji%27un" title="Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un">Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahumma" title="Allahumma">Allahumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be,_and_it_is" title="Be, and it is">Be, and it is</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">Shirk (polytheism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Iman (belief)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan (development)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nifaq">Nifaq (hypocrisy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kufr (disobidience/denial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">Ta'til (denial of divine attributes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzih" title="Tanzih">Tanzih (transcendance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bila_Kayf" title="Bila Kayf">Bila Kayf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafwid" title="Tafwid">Tafwid</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scripture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ikhlas" title="Al-Ikhlas">Al-Ikhlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_Verse" title="Throne Verse">Throne Verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_of_Light" title="Verse of Light">Verse of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27awwidhatayn" title="Al-Mu'awwidhatayn">Al-Mu'awwidhatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_Qudsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith Qudsi">Hadith Qudsi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Others</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inshallah" title="Inshallah">Inshallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashallah" title="Mashallah">Mashallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Alhamdulillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazakallah" title="Jazakallah">Jazakallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istighfar" title="Istighfar">Istighfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fi_sabilillah" title="Fi sabilillah">Fi sabilillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ism_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Ism al-A'zam">Al-Ism al-A'zam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaib">Ghaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilah" title="Ilah">Ilah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid ;border-bottom:1px solid ;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Allah" title="Category:Allah">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Allah" title="Template:Allah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allah" title="Template talk:Allah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> teaches that <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allah</a> is <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghaffur" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ghaffur">Al-Ghaffur</a> "The Oft-Forgiving", and is the original source of all forgiveness (ghufran <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:غفران">غفران</a>). Seeking forgiveness from <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> with <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Islam" title="Repentance in Islam">repentance</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Virtue#Islam" title="Virtue">virtue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nnjre-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-olq-60">[60]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> (...) Allah has forgiven what has been done. But those who persist will be punished by Allah. And Allah is Almighty, capable of punishment.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27idah" title="Al-Ma'idah">Surah Al-Ma'idah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=95">5:95</a></cite></div></blockquote> Islam <a href="/wiki/Mustahabb" title="Mustahabb">recommends</a> forgiveness, because Allah values forgiveness. There are numerous verses in <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadiths</a> recommending forgiveness. Islam also allows <a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas">revenge</a> to the extent of the harm done, but forgiveness is encouraged, with a promise of <a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">reward</a> from Allah.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The reward of an evil deed is its equivalent. But whoever pardons and seeks reconciliation, then their reward is with Allah. He certainly does not like the wrongdoers.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Ash-Shura" title="Ash-Shura">Surah Ash-Shura</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/42?startingVerse=40">42:40</a></cite></div></blockquote> Afw (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%81%D9%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:عفو">عفو</a> is another term for forgiveness in Islam; it occurs 35 times in Quran, and in some <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic theological studies</a>, it is used interchangeably with ghufran.<a href="#cite_note-nnjre-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-olq-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Afw means to pardon, to excuse for a fault or an offense. According to Muhammad Amanullah,<a href="#cite_note-maislam-63">[63]</a> forgiveness ('Afw) in Islam is derived from three wisdoms. The first and most important wisdom of forgiveness is that it is <a href="/wiki/Mercy#Islam" title="Mercy">merciful</a> when the victim or <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">guardian</a> of the victim accepts money instead of revenge.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The second wisdom of forgiveness is that it increases the honor and prestige of the one who forgives.<a href="#cite_note-maislam-63">[63]</a> Forgiveness is not a sign of weakness, humiliation or dishonor.<a href="#cite_note-olq-60">[60]</a> Rather, forgiveness is honorable, it raises the merit of the forgiver in the eyes of Allah, and it enables a forgiver to enter <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">paradise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-maislam-63">[63]</a> The third wisdom of forgiveness is that, according to scholars such as al-Tabari and al-Qurtubi, forgiveness expiates (<a href="/wiki/Fidyah_and_Kaffara" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidyah and Kaffara">kaffarah</a>) the forgiver from the sins they may have committed at other occasions in life.<a href="#cite_note-olq-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Forgiveness is a form of charity (<a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">sadaqat</a>). Forgiveness comes from <a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">taqwa</a> (piety), a quality of <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_God" title="Fear of God">God-fearing</a> people.<a href="#cite_note-maislam-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bahá'í_Faith">Bahá'í Faith</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bahá'í Faith">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í literature">Bahá'í Writings</a>, this explanation is given of how to be forgiving toward others: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Love the creatures for the sake of God and not for themselves. You will never become angry or impatient if you love them for the sake of God. Humanity is not perfect. There are imperfections in every human being, and you will always become unhappy if you look toward the people themselves. But if you look toward God, you will love them and be kind to them, for the world of God is the world of perfection and complete mercy. Therefore, do not look at the shortcomings of anybody; see with the sight of forgiveness.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="`Abdu'l-Bahá">`Abdu'l-Bahá</a>, The Promulgation of Universal Peace, p. 92</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dharmic">Dharmic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dharmic">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, forgiveness prevents harmful thoughts from causing havoc on one's mental well-being.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Buddhism recognizes that <a href="/wiki/Vedan%C4%81" title="Vedanā">feelings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dvesha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvesha (Buddhism)">hatred</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81p%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyāpāda">ill-will</a> leave a lasting effect on our mind-<a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">karma</a>. Buddhism encourages the cultivation of thoughts that leave a more wholesome effect. "In contemplating the law of karma, we realize that it is not a matter of seeking revenge but of practicing <a href="/wiki/Mett%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mettā">mettā</a> and forgiveness, for the victimizer is, truly, the most unfortunate of all."<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> When resentments have already arisen, the Buddhist view is to calmly proceed to release them by going back to their roots[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>]. Buddhism centers on release from delusion and suffering through <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">meditation</a> and receiving insight into the nature of <a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">reality</a>. Buddhism questions the reality of the <a href="/wiki/Raga_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raga (Buddhism)">passions</a> that make forgiveness necessary as well as the reality of the objects of those passions.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> "If we haven’t forgiven, we keep creating an identity around our pain, and that is what is reborn. That is what suffers."<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Buddhism places much emphasis on the concepts of mettā (loving-kindness), <a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">karuna</a> (compassion), <a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">mudita</a> (sympathetic joy), and <a href="/wiki/Upekkh%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upekkhā">upekkhā</a> (equanimity), as a means to avoiding resentments in the first place. These reflections are used to understand the context of suffering in the world, both our own and the suffering of others. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"He abused me, he struck me, he overcame me, he robbed me" — in those who harbor such thoughts hatred will never cease. "He abused me, he struck me, he overcame me, he robbed me" — in those who do not harbor such thoughts hatred will cease."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a> 1.3–4 (<a href="/wiki/Dhammapada_(Radhakrishnan_translation)" title="Dhammapada (Radhakrishnan translation)">trans. Radhakrishnan</a>)<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dharma">Dharma</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dharma">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kshama" title="Kshama">Kshama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holi_Feest_2008_meisjes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Holi_Feest_2008_meisjes.jpg/220px-Holi_Feest_2008_meisjes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Holi_Feest_2008_meisjes.jpg/330px-Holi_Feest_2008_meisjes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Holi_Feest_2008_meisjes.jpg/440px-Holi_Feest_2008_meisjes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3419" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> is the Hindu festival of colors, celebrated in spring. Traditionally, this is also a day to mark forgiveness, meet others, and repair relationships.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In Indonesia, among Balinese Hindus, Ngembak Geni — the day after <a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a> – is the ritual festive day in spring to meet, and both seek forgiveness and forgive each other.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period#Literature" title="Vedic period">Vedic literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">epics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, ksama or kshyama (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:क्षमा">क्षमा</a>)<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and fusion words based on it, name the concept of forgiveness. The word ksama is often combined with kripa (tenderness), daya (kindness), and karuna (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:करुणा">करुणा</a>, compassion) in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit texts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mpt-74">[74]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">the Rigveda</a>, forgiveness is discussed in verses dedicated to the deity Varuna, both the context of the one who has done wrong and the one who is wronged.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Forgiveness is considered one of the six cardinal virtues in Hindu Dharma. The theological basis for forgiveness in Hindu Dharma is that a person who does not forgive carries a baggage of memories of the wrong, of negative feelings, and of <a href="/wiki/Anger#Hinduism" title="Anger">anger</a>, and unresolved emotions that affect their present as well as future. In Hindu Dharma, not only should one forgive others, but one must also seek forgiveness if one has wronged someone else.<a href="#cite_note-mpt-74">[74]</a> Forgiveness is to be sought from the individual wronged, as well as society at large, utilizing <a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na#Hinduism" title="Dāna">charity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification#Hinduism" title="Ritual purification">purification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrata#Hinduism" title="Vrata">fasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism#Rituals" title="Hinduism">rituals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">meditative</a> introspection. Forgiveness is further refined in Hindu Dharma by rhetorically contrasting it in feminine and masculine forms. In the feminine form, one form of forgiveness is explained through <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Goddess</a> Sri in some parts of India); the other form is explained in the masculine form through her husband <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mpt-74">[74]</a> Feminine Lakshmi forgives even when the one who does wrong does not repent. Masculine Vishnu, on the other hand, forgives only when the wrongdoer repents. In Hindu Dharma, the feminine forgiveness granted without repentance by Lakshmi is higher and more noble than the masculine forgiveness granted only after there is repentance. In the Hindu epic <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> – the wife of King <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> – is symbolically eulogized for forgiving a crow even as it harms her. Later in the epic Ramayana, she is eulogized again for forgiving those who harass her while she has been kidnapped in <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mpt-74">[74]</a> Many other Hindu stories discuss forgiveness with or without repentance.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The concept of forgiveness is treated in extensive debates within Hindu literature. In some <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> certain <a href="/wiki/Sin#Hinduism" title="Sin">sins</a> and intentional acts are debated as naturally unforgivable, for example, murder and rape; these ancient scholars argue whether blanket forgiveness is <a href="/wiki/Hindu_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu ethics">morally</a> justifiable in every circumstance, and whether forgiveness encourages crime, disrespect, social disorder, and people not taking you seriously.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Other ancient Hindu texts highlight that forgiveness is not the same as reconciliation. Forgiveness in Hindu Dharma does not necessarily require that one reconcile with the offender, nor does it rule out reconciliation in some situations. Instead forgiveness in Hindu philosophy is being <a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">compassionate</a>, tender, kind, and letting go of the harm or hurt caused by someone or something else.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Forgiveness is essential for one to free oneself from negative thoughts, and to be able to focus on blissfully living a moral and ethical life (a dharmic life).<a href="#cite_note-mpt-74">[74]</a> In the highest self-realized state, forgiveness becomes the essence of one's personality, where the persecuted person remains unaffected, without agitation, without feeling like a victim, free from <a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">anger</a> (akrodhi).<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Other epics and ancient literature of Hindu Dharma discuss forgiveness. For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Forgiveness is virtue; forgiveness is sacrifice; forgiveness is the Vedas; forgiveness is the Shruti. Forgiveness protecteth the ascetic merit of the future; forgiveness is asceticism; forgiveness is holiness; and by forgiveness is it that the universe is held together. </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, Book 3, Vana Parva, Section XXIX<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Righteousness is the one highest good, forgiveness is the one supreme peace, knowledge is one supreme contentment, and benevolence, one sole happiness.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, Book 5, Udyoga Parva, Section XXXIII<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Janak asked: "Oh lord, how does one attain wisdom? how does liberation happen?" Ashtavakra replied: "Oh beloved, if you want liberation, then renounce imagined passions as poison, take forgiveness, innocence, compassion, contentment and truth as nectar; (...)" </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra_Gita" title="Ashtavakra Gita">Ashtavakra Gita</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jainism">Jainism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jainism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Micchami_Dukkadam" title="Micchami Dukkadam">Micchami Dukkadam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kshamavani" title="Kshamavani">Kshamavani</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, forgiveness is one of the main virtues that Jains should cultivate. Kṣamāpanā, or supreme forgiveness, forms part of one of the ten characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">dharma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In the Jain prayer, (<a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">pratikramana</a>) Jains repeatedly seek forgiveness from various creatures—even from ekindriyas or single-sensed <a href="/wiki/Jain_terms_and_concepts#Classes_of_beings" title="Jain terms and concepts">beings</a> like plants and microorganisms that they may have harmed while eating and doing routine activities.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Forgiveness is asked by uttering the phrase, micchāmi dukkaḍaṃ—a <a href="/wiki/Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakrit language">Prakrit language</a> phrase literally meaning "may all the evil that has been done be fruitless."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">samvatsari</a>—the last day of Jain festival <a href="/wiki/Paryusana" class="mw-redirect" title="Paryusana">paryusana</a>—Jains utter the phrase micchāmi dukkaḍaṃ after <a href="/wiki/Pratikraman" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratikraman">pratikraman</a>. As a matter of <a href="/wiki/Jain_rituals" title="Jain rituals">ritual</a>, they personally greet their friends and relatives with micchāmi dukkaḍaṃ, seeking their forgiveness. No private quarrel or dispute may be carried beyond samvatsari, and letters and telephone calls are made to the outstation[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">jargon</a>] friends and relatives asking their forgiveness.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Pratikraman also contains the following prayer:<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <blockquote> Khāmemi savva-jīve savvë jive khamantu me / metti me savva-bhūesu, veraṃ mejjha na keṇavi // (I ask pardon of all creatures, may all creatures pardon me. May I have friendship with all beings and enmity with none.) </blockquote> In their daily prayers and <a href="/wiki/Samayika" class="mw-redirect" title="Samayika">samayika</a>, Jains recite Iryavahi sutra, seeking forgiveness from all creatures while involved in routine activities:<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <blockquote> May you, O Revered One! Voluntarily permit me. I would like to confess my sinful acts committed while walking. I honour your permission. I desire to absolve myself of the sinful acts by confessing them. I seek forgiveness from all those living beings which I may have tortured while walking, coming and going, treading on living organisms, seeds, green grass, dew drops, ant hills, moss, live water, live earth, spider webs, and others. I seek forgiveness from all these living beings, be they — one-sensed, two-sensed, three-sensed, four-sensed, or five-sensed. I may have kicked, covered with dust, rubbed with ground, collided with another, turned upside down, tormented, frightened, shifted from one place to another, or killed and deprived them of their lives. (By confessing) may I be absolved of all these sins. </blockquote> Jain texts quote <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Māhavīra</a> on forgiveness:<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">By practicing <a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">prāyaṣcitta</a> (repentance), a soul gets rid of sins, and commits no transgressions; he who correctly practices prāyaṣcitta gains the road and the reward of the road, he wins the reward of good conduct. By begging forgiveness he obtains happiness of mind; thereby he acquires a kind disposition towards all kinds of living beings; by this kind disposition he obtains purity of character and freedom from fear.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Māhavīra in <a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttarādhyayana Sūtra</a> 29:17–18</cite></div></blockquote> The code of conduct among <a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">monks</a> requires them to ask forgiveness for all transgressions:<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If among monks or nuns occurs a quarrel or dispute or dissension, the young monk should ask forgiveness of the superior, and the superior of the young monk. They should forgive and ask forgiveness, appease and be appeased, and converse without restraint. For him who is appeased, there will be success (in control); for him who is not appeased, there will be no success; therefore one should appease one's self. "Why has this been said, Sir? Peace is the essence of monasticism."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Kalpa Sūtra 8:59</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hoʻoponopono">Hoʻoponopono</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hoʻoponopono">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ho%CA%BBoponopono" title="Hoʻoponopono">Hoʻoponopono</a> is an ancient Hawaiian practice of reconciliation and forgiveness, combined with prayer. Similar forgiveness practices were performed on islands throughout the <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">South Pacific</a>, including Samoa, Tahiti, and New Zealand. Traditionally Hoʻoponopono is practiced by healing priests or <a href="/wiki/Kahuna" title="Kahuna">kahuna</a> lapaʻau among family members of a person who is physically ill. Modern versions are performed within the family by a family elder, or by the individual alone. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_recognition">Popular recognition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Popular recognition">edit</a>]</div> The need to forgive is widely recognized, but people are often at a loss for ways to accomplish it. For example, in a large representative sampling of American people on various religious topics in 1988, the Gallup Organization found that 94% said it was important to forgive, but 85% said they needed some outside help to be able to forgive. However, not even regular prayer was found to be effective. Akin to forgiveness is <a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">mercy</a>, so even if a person is not able to complete the forgiveness process they can still show mercy, especially when so many wrongs are done out of weakness rather than malice. The <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> revealed that the only effective mediator was engagement in "<a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditative prayer</a>".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Forgiveness as a tool has been extensively used in such areas as <a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">restorative justice</a> programs,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> after the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">truth and reconciliation</a> process, among victims and perpetrators of <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>, in response to the violence in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland conflict">Northern Ireland conflict</a>. This has been documented in the film <a href="/wiki/Beyond_Right_and_Wrong:_Stories_of_Justice_and_Forgiveness" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyond Right and Wrong: Stories of Justice and Forgiveness">Beyond Right and Wrong: Stories of Justice and Forgiveness</a> (2012).<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Forgiveness is associated with the theory of <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a> because it draws from a person's emotional connection with the situation. Forgiveness is something that most people are taught to understand and practice at a young age. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_relationships">In relationships</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In relationships">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marriage_Forgiveness.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Marriage_Forgiveness.jpg/220px-Marriage_Forgiveness.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Marriage_Forgiveness.jpg/330px-Marriage_Forgiveness.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Marriage_Forgiveness.jpg/440px-Marriage_Forgiveness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2629" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>Forgiveness in marriage</figcaption></figure> Forgiveness in marriage is important.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> When two people can forgive each other this contributes to a <a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">happy</a> marriage. Forgiveness can help prevent problems from growing and aid in conflict resolution.<a href="#cite_note-Fincham_Hall_Beach_2006-97">[97]</a> In a dating relationship as opposed to a married relationship, couples are less likely to acknowledge transgressions surrounding the relationship and more likely to forgive each other without conditions, as well as being more understanding towards their partners.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Depending on the severity of the transgression, partners may engage in different communication behaviors to seek or grant forgiveness. <a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Merolla distinguished two types of forgiveness, conditional and indirect forgiveness, and direct forgiveness. <a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Direct and conditional forgiveness involve discussion about the incident, where the forgiving person is straightforward and clear in telling the offender that they forgive them, usually saying something like “I forgive you”, or “You are forgiven”. Indirect forgiveness reflects on minimizing the conflict. With this type of forgiveness, forgivers do not make it explicitly clear to their offender that they are forgiven, rather it is just ‘understood’. This could come from tactics like humor, eye contact, hugging, or reverting back to acting normal, or how things were before the transgression. Therefore indirect forgiveness is less appropriate following a more severe incident that is usually followed by great hurt and anger, and more appropriate for smaller transgressions like minor disagreements or fights. <a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> There is also conditional forgiveness, in which people forgive their offender, but with conditions. The offender is forgiven in this case, but there are stipulations surrounding the forgivers' forgiveness. This could be something where the offender makes a deal not to do something again that might have led to the transgression, like drinking. In a 2005 study, researchers investigated whether forgiveness is important in a marriage. When does forgiveness usually accrue—before an argument or after an argument? Does forgiveness take a role when a person breaks a promise? etc.<a href="#cite_note-Fincham_Hall_Beach_2006-97">[97]</a> Researchers found six components that were related to forgiveness in marriage: satisfaction, ambivalence, conflict, attributions, empathy, and commitment.<a href="#cite_note-Fincham_Hall_Beach_2006-97">[97]</a> Sheldon et al. conducted a study in which they surveyed both married and dating couples on past relational transgressions, the communication strategies used to grant forgiveness, the degree of forgiveness within a specific relationship, and the ratings of relationship satisfaction. <a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The severity of the transgression was measured by three different items, and rated on a scale of severity. Of the forgiving strategies, five emerged and were rated on the frequency of their use. Forgiveness tendency (how likely couples were to forgive) was measured in five terms and rated on how likely couples were to agree to forgive, and relationship satisfaction was measured using Hendrick’s Relationship Assessment Scale, which aimed to help understand how satisfied couples were with their relationship after having gone through some sort of transgression and then the forgiveness process. Interestingly, the results of this study showed in married partners, the tendency to forgive was positively related to the use of minimizing and nonverbal forgiveness strategies. <a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> But, when it came to the severity of the transgression, the tendency or likelihood of forgiveness had no relation to any use of any given forgiveness strategy. On the other hand, in dating relationships, the tendency to forgive was positively correlated with the use of nonverbal and explicit strategy, as was the transgression severity. Overall, this study showed that both married and dating couples who experienced similar amounts of transgressions did not differ largely in their satisfaction in the relationship after the forgiveness had occurred. While forgiveness is massively important for married couples, it is also incredibly important for those in dating relationships. People in a relationship believe that forgiveness means you must forget what had happened.<a href="#cite_note-Fincham_Hall_Beach_2006-97">[97]</a> When couples forgive their spouses they sometimes need help from professionals to overcome the pain that might remain.<a href="#cite_note-Fincham_Hall_Beach_2006-97">[97]</a> Researchers described differences between how each individual perceives the situation based on who is in pain and who caused the pain.<a href="#cite_note-Fincham_Hall_Beach_2006-97">[97]</a> The act and effects of forgiveness can vary depending on the relationship status between people. Whether you are married, friends, or acquaintances, the process of forgiving is similar but not completely the same.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_model_of_forgiveness">The model of forgiveness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The model of forgiveness">edit</a>]</div> "Enright's model of forgiveness has received empirical support and sees forgiveness as a journey through four phases":<a href="#cite_note-Fincham_Hall_Beach_2006-97">[97]</a> <dl><dt>Uncovering phase</dt> <dd>Emphases exploring the pain that the person has experienced.</dd> <dt>Decision phase</dt> <dd>The nature of forgiveness is discussed. The person commits that they will try to forgive the transgressor.</dd> <dt>Work phase</dt> <dd>The focus shifts to the transgressor to gain insight and understanding.</dd> <dt>Deepening phase</dt> <dd>The victim moves toward resolution, becoming aware that he/she is not alone, having been the recipient of others' forgiveness, and finds meaning and purpose in the forgiveness process.<a href="#cite_note-Fincham_Hall_Beach_2006-97">[97]</a></dd></dl> When married couples argue they tend to focus on who is right and who is wrong.<a href="#cite_note-Fincham_Hall_Beach_2006-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recommendation_and_interventions">Recommendation and interventions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Recommendation and interventions">edit</a>]</div> The researchers also came up with recommendations for practitioners and interventions to help married individuals communicate with each other, to resolve problems, and to forgive each other more easily.<a href="#cite_note-Fincham_Hall_Beach_2006-97">[97]</a> For example, people should explore and understand what forgiveness means before starting any intervention because preconceived ideas of forgiveness can cause problems with couples being open to forgiving.<a href="#cite_note-Fincham_Hall_Beach_2006-97">[97]</a> For example, a person not forgiving their spouse out of fear that the spouse might think that they are weak can cause a conflict. In 2001, Charlotte vanOyen-Witvliet asked people to think about someone who had hurt, wronged, or offended them. As they thought to answer, she observed their reaction. She observed their blood pressure, heart rate, facial muscle tension, and sweat gland activity. Recalling the grudge increased the candidates’ blood pressure and heart rate, and they sweated more. The rumination was stressful and unpleasant. When they adopted forgiveness, they showed no more of an anxiety reaction than normal wakefulness produces.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interventions">Interventions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Interventions">edit</a>]</div> Psychology researchers agree that the purpose of forgiveness interventions is to decrease the overall negative effect associated with the stimulus[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] and increase the individual's positive affect.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_concerns-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wade_Bailey_Schaffer_2005-107">[107]</a> The incorporation of forgiveness into therapy has been lacking,<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_concerns-106">[106]</a> but has gained popularity.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_concerns-106">[106]</a> The growth of forgiveness in psychology has given rise to the study of forgiveness interventions.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_concerns-106">[106]</a> A meta-analysis of group-based forgiveness interventions examined how well they increase self-reported forgiveness (or decrease "unforgiveness"). It concluded that "The data appear to speak clearly: Forgiveness interventions are effective."<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Different_types">Different types</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Different types">edit</a>]</div> There are various forms of forgiveness interventions.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_concerns-106">[106]</a> One is where patients are forced to confront the entity[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] that prevents them from forgiving by using introspective techniques and expressing this to the therapist.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_concerns-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wade_Bailey_Schaffer_2005-107">[107]</a> Another is getting the person to try to see things from the offender's point of view, so that they may understand the reasoning behind the offender's actions.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_concerns-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wade_Bailey_Schaffer_2005-107">[107]</a> If they can do this, they might be able to forgive the offender more easily.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_concerns-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wade_Bailey_Schaffer_2005-107">[107]</a> Researchers have studied forgiveness interventions in relationships and whether or not prayer increases forgiveness. One study found that praying for a friend or thinking positive thoughts about that person every day for four weeks positively boosts the chances of forgiving that friend or partner, which leads to a better relationship.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contrary_evidence">Contrary evidence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Contrary evidence">edit</a>]</div> There is, however, conflicting evidence on the effectiveness of forgiveness interventions, and some researchers have taken a critical approach to the forgiveness intervention approach to therapy.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_concerns-106">[106]</a> Critics argued that forgiveness interventions may cause an increase in negative affect because they try to inhibit the person's feelings towards the offender. This can result in the person feeling negatively towards themself.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_concerns-106">[106]</a> This approach implies that the negative emotions the person is feeling are unacceptable and feelings of forgiveness are correct and acceptable. This might inadvertently promote feelings of shame and contrition in the person.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_concerns-106">[106]</a> Wanda Malcolm, a registered psychologist, states: "It is not a good idea to make forgiveness an a-priori goal of therapy".<a href="#cite_note-Wanda-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Stosny" title="Steven Stosny">Steven Stosny</a> asserts that you must heal first and then forgive (not forgive then heal);<a href="#cite_note-Stosny-23">[23]</a> that fully acknowledging the grievance (both what actions were harmful, and naming the emotions the victim felt as a response to the offender's actions) is an essential first step before forgiveness can occur.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Some researchers worry that forgiveness interventions promote unhealthy relationships.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_concerns-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stover_2005-111">[111]</a> They worry that individuals with toxic relationships will continue to forgive those who continuously commit wrong acts towards them, when in fact they should be distancing themselves from those sorts of people.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_concerns-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stover_2005-111">[111]</a> Several studies showcase high effectiveness rates of forgiveness interventions when done continuously over a long period.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_concerns-106">[106]</a> But some researchers have found these interventions ineffective when done over short periods.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_concerns-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Children">edit</a>]</div> Some studies looked at the effectiveness of forgiveness interventions on young children, including several cross-cultural studies.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_concerns-106">[106]</a> One looked at forgiveness interventions and Chinese children who were less likely to forgive those who had wronged them, finding an effect[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>] of such interventions on the children.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_concerns-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Older_adults">Older adults</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Older adults">edit</a>]</div> Older adults who receive forgiveness interventions report higher levels of forgiveness than those who did not receive treatment. Forgiveness treatments resulted in lower depression, stress, and anger than no-treatment conditions. Forgiveness interventions also enhance positive psychological aspects[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>]. This was regardless of the specific intervention model or format (group or individual).<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mental health">edit</a>]</div> Survey data from 2000 showed that 61% of those participants who were part of a small religious group reported that the group helped them be more forgiving.<a href="#cite_note-How_Religious_Groups_Promote_Forgiving-113">[113]</a> People who reported that their religious groups promoted forgiveness also related success in overcoming addictions, guilt, and perceiving encouragement when feeling discouraged.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-How_Religious_Groups_Promote_Forgiving-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> may play a role as a mediator in the relationship between forgiveness and health outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-Forgiveness,_Mindfulness,_and_Health-114">[114]</a> When combined with mindfulness, forgiveness has a beneficial impact on physical health. However, the effects of forgiveness on health are contingent upon the presence and practice of mindfulness.<a href="#cite_note-Forgiveness,_Mindfulness,_and_Health-114">[114]</a> Self-forgiveness is an important part of self-acceptance and mental health in stages of life.<a href="#cite_note-Self-Forgiveness_A_Component-115">[115]</a> Failing to achieve self-forgiveness can have negative effects on mental health.<a href="#cite_note-Self-Forgiveness_A_Component-115">[115]</a> Among the elderly, self-forgiveness often involves introspection about past wrongdoings, aiming to prevent their recurrence; this process contributes to enhancing their authentic self-concept.<a href="#cite_note-Self-Forgiveness_A_Component-115">[115]</a> When people successfully learn from transgressions, they may experience improved mental health.<a href="#cite_note-Self-Forgiveness_A_Component-115">[115]</a> Self-forgiveness can reduce feelings of guilt and shame associated with <a href="/wiki/Hypersexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersexual">hypersexual</a> behavior.<a href="#cite_note-Self-Forgiveness_and_Hypersexual_Behavior-116">[116]</a> Hypersexual behaviour can cause <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">distress</a> and life problems.<a href="#cite_note-Self-Forgiveness_and_Hypersexual_Behavior-116">[116]</a> Self-forgiveness may help individuals reduce hypersexual negative behaviours that cause problems.<a href="#cite_note-Self-Forgiveness_and_Hypersexual_Behavior-116">[116]</a> Self-forgiveness may be associated with procrastination; self-forgiveness allows a person to overcome the negative effects linked to earlier behaviour and adopt proactive approaches toward similar tasks.<a href="#cite_note-I_forgive_myself-117">[117]</a> Embracing self-forgiveness in the context of procrastination can enhance self-esteem and mental well-being, potentially leading to a reduction in procrastination tendencies.<a href="#cite_note-I_forgive_myself-117">[117]</a> The self-help book Forgiveness and Health: Scientific Evidence and Theories Relating Forgiveness to Better Health details the benefits and the mental, physical, and psychological results of forgiveness. Stress relief may be the chief factor that connects forgiveness and well-being. Levels of stress go down when levels of forgiveness rise, resulting in a decrease in mental health symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Forgiveness lifts a burden, as the forgiver no longer feels anger or hatred toward the transgressor, and may better understand the transgressor. This improves their health and outlook.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> A meta-analysis of several controlled studies of forgiveness-oriented psychological interventions tried to determine whether certain classes of intervention helped people to forgive, and also whether this helped their emotional health in general.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> It found strong support for forgiveness interventions that helped people go through a multi-step process of forgiveness, but no support for forgiveness interventions that were designed merely to help people decide to forgive. Another meta-analysis examined how forgiveness interventions affected depression, anxiety, and hopelessness, and concluded that "interventions designed to promote forgiveness are more effective at helping participants achieve forgiveness and hope and reduce depression and anxiety than either no treatment or alternative treatments."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_health">Physical health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Physical health">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Army_Reserve_2010_Best_Warrior_Competition_Army_Physical_Fitness_Test.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Army_Reserve_2010_Best_Warrior_Competition_Army_Physical_Fitness_Test.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Army_Reserve_2010_Best_Warrior_Competition_Army_Physical_Fitness_Test.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Army_Reserve_2010_Best_Warrior_Competition_Army_Physical_Fitness_Test.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Army_Reserve_2010_Best_Warrior_Competition_Army_Physical_Fitness_Test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Army_Reserve_2010_Best_Warrior_Competition_Army_Physical_Fitness_Test.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Army_Reserve_2010_Best_Warrior_Competition_Army_Physical_Fitness_Test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1993" /></a><figcaption>Physical fitness</figcaption></figure> Some studies claim that there is no correlation, either positive or negative between forgiveness and physical health, and others show a positive correlation.<a href="#cite_note-McCullough,_Michael_2002-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evidence_supporting_a_correlation">Evidence supporting a correlation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Evidence supporting a correlation">edit</a>]</div> People characterized by the personality trait of forgiveness tend to experience better physical health. A study focusing on relationships revealed that the level of forgiveness exhibited by individuals had a discernible impact on their physical well-being, regardless of whether they were in positive or negative relationships.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> People who decide to genuinely forgive someone also have better physical health. This is due to the relationship between forgiveness and stress reduction. Forgiveness prevents poor physical health and manages good physical health.<a href="#cite_note-Worthington,_Everett_L._2004-124">[124]</a> People who choose to forgive another have lower <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> and lower <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> levels than those who do not. This is theorized to be due to forgiveness and suggests forgiveness is an evolutionarily-selected trait.<a href="#cite_note-Worthington,_Everett_L._2004-124">[124]</a> Direct influences of forgiveness include: Reducing hostility (which is inversely correlated with physical health), and that unforgiveness may degrade the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> because it puts stress on the individual. Indirect influences are more related to forgiveness as a personality trait and include: people who are forgiving may have more <a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">social support</a> and less stressful marriages, and forgiveness may be related to other personality traits that correlate with physical health.<a href="#cite_note-Worthington,_Everett_L._2004-124">[124]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Broaden-and-build" title="Broaden-and-build">Broaden-and-build</a></div> Forgiveness may also correlate with physical health because hostility is associated with poor coronary performance. Unforgiveness is a sort of hostility, and forgiveness is letting go of hostility. Heart patients who are treated with therapy that includes forgiveness to reduce hostility have improved cardiac health compared to those who are treated with medicine alone.<a href="#cite_note-McCullough,_Michael_2002-122">[122]</a> Forgiveness may also lead to an improvement in an individual's perception of their own physical health. This correlation applies to both self-forgiveness and other-forgiveness but is especially true of self-forgiveness. Individuals who are more capable of forgiving themselves have better perceived physical health.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> People who forgive can have healthier hearts, fewer depression symptoms, and less anxiety. Forgiveness can help mental health, especially with people who have mental disorders. Forgiveness can also improve the immune system.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Criticisms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2016)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Forgiveness studies have been refuted by critics who claim that there is no direct correlation between forgiveness and physical health. Forgiveness, due to the reduction of directed anger, contributes to mental health, and mental health contributes to physical health, but there is no evidence that forgiveness itself directly improves physical health. Most of the studies on forgiveness cannot isolate it as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent variable">independent variable</a> in an individual's well-being, so it is difficult to prove <a href="/wiki/Causation_(sociology)" title="Causation (sociology)">causation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McCullough,_Michael_E._2000-127">[127]</a> Although there is limited research directly linking forgiveness to physical health, there are certain factors[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] that suggest[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>] a potential connection. This is particularly relevant to physiological indicators[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>] and how the process of forgiveness may affect the body's responses in various situations throughout daily life.<a href="#cite_note-:1-128">[128]</a> Research into the correlation between physical health and forgiveness has been criticized for being too focused on unforgiveness. Research shows more about what hostility and unforgiveness contribute to poor health than it shows about what forgiveness contributes to good health.<a href="#cite_note-McCullough,_Michael_E._2000-127">[127]</a> Unforgiving or holding grudges can contribute to adverse health outcomes by perpetuating anger and heightening SNS[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Acronyms_and_abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">expand initialism</a>] arousal and cardiovascular reactivity. Expression of anger has been strongly associated with chronically elevated blood pressure and with the aggregation of platelets, which may increase vulnerability to heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-:1-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Self-forgiveness">Self-forgiveness</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Self-forgiveness">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Self_Forgiveness.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Self_Forgiveness.jpg/220px-Self_Forgiveness.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Self_Forgiveness.jpg/330px-Self_Forgiveness.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Self_Forgiveness.jpg/440px-Self_Forgiveness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2455" /></a><figcaption>Self-forgiveness is commonly associated with reflection.</figcaption></figure> Self-forgiveness happens in response to situations in which someone has done something they perceive to be morally wrong and that they consider themselves to be responsible for.<a href="#cite_note-Ethical_aspects_of_self-forgiveness-129">[129]</a> Self-forgiveness is the overcoming of negative emotions that the wrongdoer associates with the wrongful action, which can include guilt, regret, remorse, blame, shame, self-hatred and/or self-contempt.<a href="#cite_note-Ethical_aspects_of_self-forgiveness-129">[129]</a> Major life events that include <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">trauma</a> can cause individuals to experience feelings of guilt or self-hatred.<a href="#cite_note-Self-forgiveness_and_forgiveness-130">[130]</a> People can reflect on their behaviours to determine if their actions are moral.<a href="#cite_note-Self-forgiveness_and_forgiveness-130">[130]</a> In situations of trauma, people may self-forgive by allowing themselves to change and live a moral life.<a href="#cite_note-Self-forgiveness_and_forgiveness-130">[130]</a> Self-forgiveness may be required in situations where the individual hurt themselves or in situations where they hurt others.<a href="#cite_note-Self-forgiveness_and_forgiveness-130">[130]</a> Self-forgiveness has a moderating effect between depression and suicidality. this suggests that self-forgiveness (up to a point) is protective against suicide, hinting at possible prevention strategies.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Therapeutic_model">Therapeutic model</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Therapeutic model">edit</a>]</div> People can unintentionally cause harm or offence to one another. It is important that individuals recognize when this happens, and, in the process of making amends, to self-forgive.<a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[132]</a> The ability to forgive oneself can benefit a person's emotional and mental well-being.<a href="#cite_note-Cornish_Wade_2015-133">[133]</a> The ability to forgive oneself for past offences can lessen negative emotions such as shame and guilt, and can increase positive practices such as self-kindness and <a href="/wiki/Self-compassion" title="Self-compassion">self-compassion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cornish_Wade_2015-133">[133]</a> However, the process of self-forgiveness may be misinterpreted and therefore not accurately completed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[132]</a> This could lead to increased feelings of regret or self-blame.<a href="#cite_note-Cornish_Wade_2015-133">[133]</a> To avoid this, and to increase the positive benefits associated with genuine self-forgiveness, a specific therapeutic model of self-forgiveness can be used to encourage genuine self-forgiveness. The proposed model has four key elements: responsibility, remorse, restoration, and renewal:<a href="#cite_note-Cornish_Wade_2015-133">[133]</a> <ol><li>Responsibility is the first necessary step towards genuine self-forgiveness.<a href="#cite_note-Cornish_Wade_2015-133">[133]</a> To avoid the negative effect associated with emotions such as overwhelming guilt or regret, offenders must first recognize that they have hurt another person, and accept responsibility for their actions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cornish_Wade_2015-133">[133]</a></li> <li>Once the person accepts responsibility, it is natural for them to experience feelings of remorse or guilt. However, these feelings can be genuinely processed and expressed.<a href="#cite_note-Cornish_Wade_2015-133">[133]</a></li> <li>Restoration allows the offending person to make the necessary amends to the person(s) they have hurt.</li> <li>Is renewal, the offending person can genuinely forgive himself/herself for their past transgressions and can engage in more positive and meaningful behaviors such as self-compassion and self-kindness.<a href="#cite_note-Cornish_Wade_2015-133">[133]</a></li></ol> The process of self-forgiveness is not always applicable for every person.<a href="#cite_note-Cornish_Wade_2015-133">[133]</a> For example, people who have not caused others any harm or wrongdoing, but instead suffer from negative emotions such as self-hatred or self-pity—such as victims of assault—might attempt self-forgiveness for their perceived offences. However, this would not be the process necessary for them to make their amends.<a href="#cite_note-Cornish_Wade_2015-133">[133]</a> Additionally, offenders who continue to offend while attempting to forgive themselves for past offences demonstrate a reluctance to genuinely complete the four stages necessary for self-forgiveness.<a href="#cite_note-Cornish_Wade_2015-133">[133]</a> It is important to first gather[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] exterior[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] information about the persons's perceived offences as well as their needs and motivation for self-forgiveness.<a href="#cite_note-Cornish_Wade_2015-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unapologetic_forgiveness">Unapologetic forgiveness</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Unapologetic forgiveness">edit</a>]</div> To be unapologetic is to refuse to apologize for or even recognize wrongdoings. "[T]he relationship between apologies and the adjectives 'apologetic' and 'unapologetic' is not quite so straightforward."<a href="#cite_note-Glen._2012-134">[134]</a> Choosing to forgive someone or not correlates with whether or not that person is truly sorry for their actions.<a href="#cite_note-Pettigrove2004-135">[135]</a> Forgiving a person who does not seem remorseful for their actions can be difficult, but may loosen the grip the person has over you. <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_thought" title="Intrusive thought">Intrusive thoughts</a> can cause the person who wants to forgive to have feelings of low self-worth and to endure a traumatic phase due to that person's actions.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Going through a negative experience can cause long term trauma. A person may benefit from letting go and accepting what has happened.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Letting go does not erase what the person did, but forgiveness can lead to inner-peace from the lack of negative emotion within. Despite the other person not apologizing sincerely, forgiving them may be the solution to problems and result in loving one's self.<a href="#cite_note-Pettigrove2004-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Hampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Hampton">Jean Hampton</a> sees the decision to forgive the unrepentant wrongdoer as expressing a commitment "to see a wrongdoer in a new, more favorable light" as one who is not completely rotten or morally dead.<a href="#cite_note-Glen._2012-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character_retributivism">Character retributivism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Character retributivism">edit</a>]</div>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PCR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PCR">needs context</a>] <ol><li>Forgiveness could be offered only at a significant temporal removal from the wrongdoing.</li> <li>The enforcement of justice, at least concerning punishing or rewarding, falls outside the purview of personal forgiveness.</li> <li>Forgiveness operates at a different level than justice.<a href="#cite_note-Glen._2012-134">[134]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a> – 1976 book by Helen Schucman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantarika-karma" title="Anantarika-karma">Anantarika-karma</a> – Heinous offenses in Buddhism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementia" title="Clementia">Clementia</a> – Roman goddess of clemency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a> – Moved or motivated to help others</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrition" title="Contrition">Contrition</a> – Christian concept of repentance for sins</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleos" title="Eleos">Eleos</a> – Greek deity of mercy and compassion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%27oponopono" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho'oponopono">Ho'oponopono</a> – Ancient Hawaiian practice of reconciliation and forgivenessPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Reconciliation_of_the_Polish_Bishops_to_the_German_Bishops" title="Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops">Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops</a> – 1965 pastoral letter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">Pardon</a> – Forgiveness of a crime by the government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a> – Negative conscious and emotional reaction to personal past acts and behaviours</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational transgressions">Relational transgressions</a> – Violation of an implicit or explicit relational rulesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a> – Distressing emotion experienced by a person who regrets actions they have done in the past</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a> – Reviewing one's actions and feeling contrition or regret</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a> – Emotion consisting of a mixture of disappointment, disgust and anger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_reconciliation_commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Truth and reconciliation commission">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a> – Commission tasked with discovering and revealing past wrongdoingPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a> – Concept of love without conditions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=555">the original</a> on 2013-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OECD%2C+Glossary+of+Statistical+Terms&rft.atitle=Debt+Forgiveness&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2Fglossary%2Fdetail.asp%3FID%3D555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113023609/http://studentaid.ed.gov/repay-loans/forgiveness-cancellation/charts/public-service">"Loan Forgiveness"</a>. Glossary, U.S. Department of Education. 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Brunner-Routledge. pp. 10–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58391-182-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58391-182-0"><bdi>1-58391-182-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgiveness%3A+Themes+and+issues.+Forgiveness+and+the+healing+process%3A+A+central+therapeutic+concern&rft.pages=10-32&rft.pub=Brunner-Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-58391-182-0&rft.aulast=Ransley&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> See Manusamhita, 11.55, Mahabharata Vol. II, 1022:8 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohapatra2008" class="citation book cs1">Mohapatra, Prafulla (2008). Ethics and Society. Concept Publishing. pp. 22–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8180695230" title="Special:BookSources/978-8180695230"><bdi>978-8180695230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+and+Society&rft.pages=22-25&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8180695230&rft.aulast=Mohapatra&rft.aufirst=Prafulla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemoshokChandra2001" class="citation book cs1">Temoshok, Lydia R.; Chandra, Prabha S. (28 August 2001). "The Meaning of Forgiveness in a Specific Situational and Cultural Context". In McCullough, Michael E.; Pargament, Kenneth I.; Thoresen, Carl E. (eds.). Forgiveness: Theory, Research, and Practice. The Guildford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1572307117" title="Special:BookSources/978-1572307117"><bdi>978-1572307117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+Forgiveness+in+a+Specific+Situational+and+Cultural+Context&rft.btitle=Forgiveness%3A+Theory%2C+Research%2C+and+Practice&rft.pub=The+Guildford+Press&rft.date=2001-08-28&rft.isbn=978-1572307117&rft.aulast=Temoshok&rft.aufirst=Lydia+R.&rft.au=Chandra%2C+Prabha+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan1995" class="citation book cs1">Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli (1995). Religion and Society. Indus: Harper Collins India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Society&rft.place=Indus&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+India&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Sarvepalli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sinha, Jadunath (1985). Indian psychology. Vol. 2 (Emotion and Will). New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+psychology&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidas&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Jadunath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna-Dwaipayana_Vyasa1896" class="citation book cs1">Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130327231954/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15474/15474-h/15474-h.htm">"Vana Parva"</a>. Mahabharata. Vol. I. Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli. Section XXIX. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15474/15474-h/15474-h.htm#link2H_4_0322">the original</a> on 2013-03-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vana+Parva&rft.btitle=Mahabharata&rft.pages=Section+XXIX&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Krishna-Dwaipayana+Vyasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F15474%2F15474-h%2F15474-h.htm%23link2H_4_0322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012081817/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05033.htm">"Udyoga Parva, chapter XXXIII"</a>. Mahabharata. Translated by Sri Kisari Mohan Ganguli. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05033.htm">the original</a> on 2013-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Udyoga+Parva%2C+chapter+XXXIII&rft.btitle=Mahabharata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fm05%2Fm05033.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029002436/http://www.osho.com/library/online-library-janak-ashtavakra-statements-b14e68d3-99b.aspx">"Ashtavakra Gita, Chapter 1, Verse 2"</a>. Osho – Transform Yourself Through the Science of Meditation. Translated by OSHO. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osho.com/osho-online-library/osho-talks/krishna-yoga-janak-2a36cc7b-0cd?p=9dcf65d6ecc65c6bb95af1370350e875">the original</a> on 2013-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Osho+%E2%80%93+Transform+Yourself+Through+the+Science+of+Meditation&rft.atitle=Ashtavakra+Gita%2C+Chapter+1%2C+Verse+2&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osho.com%2Fosho-online-library%2Fosho-talks%2Fkrishna-yoga-janak-2a36cc7b-0cd%3Fp%3D9dcf65d6ecc65c6bb95af1370350e875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Original: मुक्तिं इच्छसि चेत्तात विषयान् विषवत्त्यज । क्षमार्जवदयातोषसत्यं पीयूषवद् भज || 2 ||</li> <li>Ashtavakra Gita has over 10 translations, each different; the above is closest consensus version</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukerjee1971" class="citation book cs1">Mukerjee, Radhakamal (1971). Aṣṭāvakragītā (the Song of the Self Supreme): The Classical Text of Ātmādvaita by Aṣṭāvakra. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1367-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1367-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1367-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81vakrag%C4%ABt%C4%81+%28the+Song+of+the+Self+Supreme%29%3A+The+Classical+Text+of+%C4%80tm%C4%81dvaita+by+A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81vakra&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1367-0&rft.aulast=Mukerjee&rft.aufirst=Radhakamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarni1993" class="citation book cs1">Varni, Jinendra (1993). Tukol, T.K.; Dixit, K.K. (eds.). Translated Justice. New Delhi: Bhagwan Mahavir memorial Samiti. verse 84; Samaṇ Suttaṁ; Ed. Prof. Sagarmal Jain</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translated+Justice&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=verse+84&rft.pub=Bhagwan+Mahavir+memorial+Samiti&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Varni&rft.aufirst=Jinendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini2000" class="citation book cs1">Jaini, Padmanabh (2000). Collected Papers on Jaina Studies. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1691-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1691-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1691-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+on+Jaina+Studies&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1691-6&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapple2006" class="citation book cs1">Chapple, Christopher Key (2006). Jainism and Ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2045-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2045-6"><bdi>978-81-208-2045-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism+and+Ecology%3A+Nonviolence+in+the+Web+of+Life&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2045-6&rft.aulast=Chapple&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Key&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2003" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, James (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 10. Kessinger Publishing. p. 876. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3682-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3682-3"><bdi>978-0-7661-3682-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Ethics&rft.pages=876&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-3682-3&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini2000" class="citation book cs1">Jaini, Padmanabh (2000). Collected Papers on Jaina Studies. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 18 and 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1691-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1691-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1691-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+on+Jaina+Studies&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=18+and+224&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1691-6&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Concept of Pratikramana. Translated by Shah, Nagin J.; Sen, Madhu. Ahmedabad: Gujarat Vidyapith. 1993. pp. 25–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concept+of+Pratikramana&rft.place=Ahmedabad&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Gujarat+Vidyapith&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._Max_Müller1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">F. Max Müller</a>, ed. (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/index.htm">The Uttarādhyayana Sūtra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East" title="Sacred Books of the East">Sacred Books of the East vol.45, Part 2</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Jacobi, Hermann</a>. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1538-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1538-1"><bdi>978-0-7007-1538-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090704214930/http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-07-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uttar%C4%81dhyayana+S%C5%ABtra&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Sacred+Books+of+the+East+vol.45%2C+Part+2&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1895&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1538-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fjai%2Fsbe45%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"> Note: ISBN refers to the UK:Routledge (2001) reprint. URL is the scanned version of the original 1895 reprint. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobi1884" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Jacobi, Hermann</a> (1884). <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">F. Max Müller</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2200.htm">The Kalpa Sūtra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East" title="Sacred Books of the East">Sacred Books of the East</a>. Vol. 22, Part 1. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1538-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1538-1"><bdi>978-0-7007-1538-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929151006/http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2200.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-09-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kalpa+S%C5%ABtra&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Sacred+Books+of+the+East&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1884&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1538-1&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fjai%2Fsbe22%2Fsbe2200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"> Note: ISBN refers to the UK:Routledge (2001) reprint. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70351-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70351-2"><bdi>978-0-521-70351-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgiveness%3A+a+Philosophical+Exploration&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-70351-2&rft.aulast=Griswold&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstan2010" class="citation book cs1">Konstan, David (2010). Before Forgiveness: The Origins of a Moral Idea. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Forgiveness%3A+The+Origins+of+a+Moral+Idea&rft.place=Cambridge%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Konstan&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramerAlstad1993" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Joel; Alstad, Diana (1993). The Guru Papers: Masks of Authoritarian Power. Frog Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-883319-00-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-883319-00-5"><bdi>1-883319-00-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guru+Papers%3A+Masks+of+Authoritarian+Power&rft.pub=Frog+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-883319-00-5&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft.au=Alstad%2C+Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLampert2005" class="citation book cs1">Lampert, Khen (2005). Traditions of Compassion: From Religious Duty to Social Activism. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-8527-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-8527-8"><bdi>1-4039-8527-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+of+Compassion%3A+From+Religious+Duty+to+Social+Activism&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4039-8527-8&rft.aulast=Lampert&rft.aufirst=Khen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomax" class="citation book cs1">Lomax, Eric. The Railway Man: A POW's Searing Account of War, Brutality, and Forgiveness.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Railway+Man%3A+A+POW%27s+Searing+Account+of+War%2C+Brutality%2C+and+Forgiveness&rft.aulast=Lomax&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuskin2002" class="citation book cs1">Luskin, Fred (2002). Forgive for Good: A Proven Prescription for Health and Happiness. Harper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgive+for+Good%3A+A+Proven+Prescription+for+Health+and+Happiness&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Luskin&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2011" class="citation cs2">Marcus, G. (2011), The Power of Forgiveness, Sapients.Net</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Forgiveness&rft.pub=Sapients.Net&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyHampton1988" class="citation cs2">Murphy, J.; Hampton, J. (1988), Forgiveness and Mercy, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgiveness+and+Mercy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Hampton%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorlock2009" class="citation book cs1">Norlock, K. (2009). Forgiveness from a Feminist Perspective. Lexington Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgiveness+from+a+Feminist+Perspective&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Norlock&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettigrove2012" class="citation book cs1">Pettigrove, G. (2012). Forgiveness and Love. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgiveness+and+Love&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Pettigrove&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafer2000" class="citation book cs1">Safer, Jeanne (2000). Forgiving and Not Forgiving: Why Sometimes It's Better Not to Forgive. HarpPeren. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-79471-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-380-79471-3"><bdi>0-380-79471-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgiving+and+Not+Forgiving%3A+Why+Sometimes+It%27s+Better+Not+to+Forgive&rft.pub=HarpPeren&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-380-79471-3&rft.aulast=Safer&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2003" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Doug (2003). The Prayer of Revenge: Forgiveness in the Face of Injustice. David C Cook. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7814-3942-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7814-3942-6"><bdi>0-7814-3942-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prayer+of+Revenge%3A+Forgiveness+in+the+Face+of+Injustice&rft.pub=David+C+Cook&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7814-3942-6&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTipping1997" class="citation book cs1">Tipping, Colin C. (1997). Radical Forgiveness: Making Room for the Miracle. Quest Publishing & Distribution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9704814-1-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9704814-1-1"><bdi>0-9704814-1-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Forgiveness%3A+Making+Room+for+the+Miracle&rft.pub=Quest+Publishing+%26+Distribution&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-9704814-1-1&rft.aulast=Tipping&rft.aufirst=Colin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgiveness&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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class="extiw" title="v:Forgiving">Forgiving</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forgiveness" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/forgiveness" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/forgiveness">forgiveness</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Forgiveness" class="extiw" title="q:Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesWarmke" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hughes, Paul; Warmke, Brandon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/forgiveness/">"Forgiveness"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forgiveness&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Warmke%2C+Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fforgiveness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForgiveness" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">extra Ecclesiam nulla salus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">Irresistible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">Imputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo_salutis" title="Ordo salutis">Ordo salutis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption in Christianity">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">Regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">Union with Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emotions_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_navbox" title="Template talk:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emotions_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration" title="Adoration">Adoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Agony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty" title="Cruelty">Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_embarrassment" title="Vicarious embarrassment">vicarious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Enthrallment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">Excitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joie_de_vivre" title="Joie de vivre">Joie de vivre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiraeth" title="Hiraeth">Hiraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">Homesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygge" title="Hygge">Hygge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">Hysteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikigai" title="Ikigai">Ikigai (sense of purpose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Indulgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infatuation" title="Infatuation">Infatuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecurity_(emotion)" title="Insecurity (emotion)">Insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">Irritation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(psychology)" title="Isolation (psychology)">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">at first sight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware">Mono no aware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">self-pity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity" title="Vanity">vanity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehnsucht" title="Sehnsucht">Sehnsucht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimentality" title="Sentimentality">Sentimentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spite_(sentiment)" title="Spite (sentiment)">Spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">sense of wonder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/90px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/135px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/180px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Affect <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_consciousness" title="Affect consciousness">consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(education)" title="Affect (education)">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_measures" title="Affect measures">measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">in psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affective <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_spectrum" title="Affective spectrum">spectrum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affectivity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positive_affectivity" title="Positive affectivity">positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala_hijack" title="Amygdala hijack">Amygdala hijack</a></li> <li>Emotion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_emotion" title="Art and emotion">and art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">and memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_emotions" title="Sleep and emotions">and sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressed_emotion" title="Expressed emotion">expressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_accounts_of_emotion" title="Functional accounts of emotion">functional accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostatic_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeostatic emotion">homeostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_perception" title="Emotion perception">perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">in conversation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">interpersonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">work</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_aperture" title="Emotional aperture">aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_competence" title="Emotional competence">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_conflict" title="Emotional conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_eating" title="Emotional eating">eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_exhaustion" title="Emotional exhaustion">exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_emotional_expression" title="Gender and emotional expression">and gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">and bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy_quotient" title="Empathy quotient">Empathy quotient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">lability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lateralization" title="Emotional lateralization">lateralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_literacy" title="Emotional literacy">literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_reasoning" title="Emotional reasoning">reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_responsivity" title="Emotional responsivity">responsivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional security">security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_symbiosis" title="Emotional symbiosis">symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_thought_method" title="Emotional thought method">thought method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional well-being">well-being</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotionality" title="Emotionality">Emotionality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_emotionality" title="Bounded emotionality">bounded</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_emotions" title="History of emotions">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making" title="Emotions in decision-making">in decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_virtual_communication" title="Emotions in virtual communication">in virtual communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_emotions" title="Moral emotions">moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-conscious_emotions" title="Self-conscious emotions">self-conscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions" title="Social sharing of emotions">social sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_affective_tone" title="Group affective tone">Group affective tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_between_the_emotional_and_executive_brain_systems" title="Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems">Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy_in_art" title="Jealousy in art">Jealousy in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-emotion" title="Meta-emotion">Meta-emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathognomy" title="Pathognomy">Pathognomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoic_passions" title="Stoic passions">Stoic passions</a></li> <li>Theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_theory" title="Affect theory">affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appraisal_theory" title="Appraisal theory">appraisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constructed_emotion" title="Theory of constructed emotion">constructed emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_emotion_theory" title="Discrete emotion theory">discrete emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis" title="Somatic marker hypothesis">somatic marker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics indicate emotion names in foreign languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px_Jainism_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F5DEB3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism_topics" title="Template:Jainism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism_topics" title="Template talk:Jainism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Vows" title="Five Vows">Five Vows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_epistemology" title="Jain epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jñāna</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jaina logic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekāntavāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddhashila" title="Siddhashila">Siddhashila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">Naraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Jainism)" title="Deva (Jainism)">Heavenly beings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Karma_(Jainism)" title="Types of Karma (Jainism)">Types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_karma_in_Jainism" title="Causes of karma in Jainism">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajiva" title="Ajiva">Ajiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudgala" title="Pudgala">Pudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asrava" title="Asrava">Asrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Jainism)" title="Bandha (Jainism)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvara" title="Samvara">Samvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjara" title="Nirjara">Nirjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Jainism" title="Death in Jainism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnatraya" title="Ratnatraya">Ratnatraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_(Jainism)" title="Kashaya (Jainism)">Kashaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mula_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Sangha">Mula Sangha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balatkara_Gana" title="Balatkara Gana">Balatkara Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtha_Sangha" title="Kashtha Sangha">Kashtha Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_Panth" title="Taran Panth">Taran Panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bispanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bispanthi">Bispanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_Terapanth" title="Digambara Terapanth">Terapanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yapaniya">Yapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanji Panth">Kanji Panth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murtipujaka" title="Murtipujaka">Murtipujaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaccha" title="Gaccha">Gaccha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharatara_Gaccha" title="Kharatara Gaccha">Kharatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Gaccha" title="Tapa Gaccha">Tapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristutik_Gaccha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristutik Gaccha">Tristutik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sth%C4%81nakav%C4%81s%C4%AB" title="Sthānakavāsī">Sthānakavāsī</a></li> <li>Terapanth</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_rituals" title="Jain rituals">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_festivals" title="Jain festivals">Festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshamavani" title="Kshamavani">Kshamavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamastakabhisheka" title="Mahamastakabhisheka">Mahamastakabhisheka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadhan" title="Upadhan">Upadhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">Pratikramana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Scriptures">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkhandagama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatkhandagama">Shatkhandagama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasayapahuda" title="Kasayapahuda">Kasayapahuda</a></li> <li>Mantra <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptamimamsa" title="Aptamimamsa">Aptamimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhachakra" title="Siddhachakra">Siddhachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandavarta" title="Nandavarta">Nandavarta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_dreams_in_Jainism" title="Auspicious dreams in Jainism">Auspicious dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Ascetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_monk" title="Digambara monk">Digambara monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryika" title="Aryika">Aryika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshullak" title="Kshullak">Kshullak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattavali" title="Pattavali">Pattavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">Acharya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nalini_Balbir" title="Nalini Balbir">Nalini Balbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colette_Caillat" title="Colette Caillat">Colette Caillat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandabai" title="Chandabai">Chandabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">John E. Cort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Hermann Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Champat Rai Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Padmanabh Jaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampan%C4%81" title="Hampanā">Hampa Nagarajaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Patil" title="Bal Patil">Bal Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinendra_Varni" title="Jinendra Varni">Jinendra Varni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_communities" title="Jain communities">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">Śrāvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarak" title="Sarak">Sarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Tamil</a></li> <li>Organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambar_Jain_Mahasabha" title="Digambar Jain Mahasabha">Digambar Jain Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Jain_Sangathan" title="Vishwa Jain Sangathan">Vishwa Jain Sangathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAINA" title="JAINA">JAINA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Bundelkhand" title="Jainism in Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Delhi" title="Jainism in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Goa" title="Jainism in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Gujarat" title="Jainism in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Haryana" title="Jainism in Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Karnataka" title="Jainism in Karnataka">Karnataka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_North_Karnataka" title="Jainism in North Karnataka">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Mumbai" title="Jainism in Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Rajasthan" title="Jainism in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Jainism in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jainism in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Overseas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Africa" title="Jainism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Australia" title="Jainism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Belgium" title="Jainism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Canada" title="Jainism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Europe" title="Jainism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Jainism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Japan" title="Jainism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Pakistan" title="Jainism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Singapore" title="Jainism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Jainism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Non-creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Dynasties and empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santara_dynasty" title="Santara dynasty">Santara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1ca-Parame%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhi" title="Pañca-Parameṣṭhi">Pañca-Parameṣṭhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratima_(Jainism)" title="Pratima (Jainism)">Pratima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakapurusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salakapurusa">Śalākāpuruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavasarana" title="Samavasarana">Samavasarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka" title="Panch Kalyanaka">Panch Kalyanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ahimsa" title="Statue of Ahimsa">Statue of Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_stupa" title="Jain stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_sculpture" title="Jain sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigoda" title="Nigoda">Nigoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_terms_and_concepts" title="Jain terms and concepts">Jain terms and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differences_in_Jainism" title="Sexual differences in Jainism">Sexual differences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">List of Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_temples" title="List of Jain temples">List of Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_monks" title="List of Jain monks">List of Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Digambar_Jain_ascetics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Digambar Jain ascetics">List of Digambar Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics List (index)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Navboxes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gods" title="Template:Jain Gods">Gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Agamas" title="Template:Jain Agamas">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gurus" title="Template:Jain Gurus">Monks & nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Jain_writers" title="Template:Modern Jain writers">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_temples" title="Template:Jain temples">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_temples_in_North_America" title="Template:Jain temples in North America">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_centres_in_West_Bengal" title="Template:Jain centres in West Bengal">Bengal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F5DEB3;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virtues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virtues" title="Template:Virtues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virtues" title="Template talk:Virtues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virtues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(philosophy)" title="Endowment (philosophy)">Endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">Trait theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtue families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihārās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushidō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues" title="Catalogue of Vices and Virtues">Catalogue of Vices and Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso" title="Emi Omo Eso">Emi Omo Eso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_virtues" title="Five virtues">Five virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues" title="Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues">Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Intellectual_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Intellectual virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Moral_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Moral virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues" title="Nine Noble Virtues">Nine Noble Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omoluwabi" title="Omoluwabi">Omoluwabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramīs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_Law" title="Scout Law">Scout Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_in_Action_Inventory_of_Strengths" title="Values in Action Inventory of Strengths">Values in Action Inventory of Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">Alertness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_courage" title="Civil courage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">Equanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithfulness" title="Faithfulness">Faithfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">Generosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(honor)" title="Glory (honor)">Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">Good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocence" title="Innocence">Innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_intelligence" title="Social intelligence">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meekness" title="Meekness">Meekness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">Moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonattachment_(philosophy)" title="Nonattachment (philosophy)">Nonattachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspicacity" title="Perspicacity">Perspicacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeness" title="Politeness">Politeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_(virtue)" title="Religion (virtue)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_indignation" title="Righteous indignation">Righteous indignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">Self-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">Self-transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sincerity" title="Sincerity">Sincerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillity" title="Tranquillity">Tranquillity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workmanship" title="Workmanship">Workmanship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">Ren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrapelia" title="Eutrapelia">Eutrapelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotimo" title="Philotimo">Philotimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Ārjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">Hrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshama" title="Kshama">Kshama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshanti" title="Kshanti">Kshanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Muditā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Śraddhā</a>/<a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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