CINXE.COM
{"title":"Electrochemical Response Transductions of Graphenated-Polyaniline Nanosensor for Environmental Anthracene","authors":"O. Tovide, N. Jahed, N. Mohammed, C. E. Sunday, H. R. Makelane, R. F. Ajayi, K. M. Molapo, A. Tsegaye, M. Masikini, S. Mailu, A. Baleg, T. Waryo, P. G. Baker, E. I. Iwuoha","volume":155,"journal":"International Journal of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering","pagesStart":531,"pagesEnd":539,"ISSN":"1307-6892","URL":"https:\/\/publications.waset.org\/pdf\/10010894","abstract":"A graphenated–polyaniline (GR-PANI) nanocomposite sensor was constructed and used for the determination of anthracene. The direct electro-oxidation behavior of anthracene on the GR-PANI modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was used as the sensing principle. The results indicate thatthe response profile of the oxidation of anthracene on GR-PANI-modified GCE provides for the construction of sensor systems based onamperometric and potentiometric signal transductions. A dynamic linear range of 0.12- 100 µM anthracene and a detection limit of 0.044 µM anthracene were established for the sensor system.","references":"[1]\tV. Vestreng, H. Klein, Emission data reported to UNECE\/EMEP: Quality assurance and trend analysis and presentation of WebDab, MSC-W Status Report, 2002.\r\n[2]\tS. Xu, W. Liu, S. Tao, Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China,Environ. Sci. Technol, vol. 40, pp. 702-708, 2006.\r\n[3]\tA. Mastral, T. Garc\u00eda, M. Call\u00e9n, M. Navarro, J. Galb\u00e1n, Removal of naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene by sorbents from hot gas, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol. 35, pp. 2395-2400, 2001.\r\n[4]\tJ. C. Fetzer, Large (C= 24) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Wiley-Interscience: New York 2000.\r\n[5]\tP. Plaza-Bola\u00f1os, A. G. Frenich, J. L. M. Vidal, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food and beverages. Analytical methods and trends, J. Chromatogr. A, vol. 1217, pp. 6303-6326, 2010.\r\n[6]\tC.-E. Bostr\u00f6m, P. Gerde, A. Hanberg, B. Jernstr\u00f6m, C. Johansson, T. Kyrklund, A. Rannug, M. T\u00f6rnqvist, K. Victorin, R. Westerholm, Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air, Environ. Health Perspect., vol. 110, pp. 451-488, 2002.\r\n[7]\tR. E. Bain, S. W. Gundry, J. A. Wright, H. Yang, S. Pedley, J. K. Bartram, Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the millennium development goals: lessons from five countries, Bull. WHO, vol. 90, pp. 228-235, 2012.\r\n[8]\tS. Bhadra, D. Khastgir, N. K. Singha, J. H. Lee, Progress in preparation, processing and applications of polyaniline, Prog. Polym. Sci, vol. 34, pp. 783-810, 2009.\r\n[9]\tM. Pumera, R. Scipioni, H. Iwai, T. Ohno, Y. Miyahara, M. Boero, A mechanism of adsorption of \u03b2\u2010nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide on graphene sheets: Experiment and theory, Chem. Eur. J., vol. 15, pp. 10851-10856, 2009.\r\n[10]\tL. Tang, Y. Wang, Y. Li, H. Feng, J. Lu, J. Li, Preparation, structure, and electrochemical properties of reduced graphene sheet films, Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 19, pp. 2782-2789, 2009.\r\n[11]\tA. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, The rise of graphene, Nature Mater., vol. 6, pp. 183-191, 2007.\r\n[12]\tC. Shan, H. Yang, D. Han, Q. Zhang, A. Ivaska, L. Niu, Graphene\/AuNPs\/chitosan nanocomposites film for glucose biosensing,Biosens. Bioelectron., vol. 25, pp. 1070-1074, 2010.\r\n[13]\tD. S. Patil, J. Shaikh, S. Pawar, R. Devan, Y. Ma, A. Moholkar, J. Kim, R. Kalubarme, C. Park, P. Patil, Investigations on silver\/polyaniline electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 14, pp. 11886-11895, 2012.\r\n[14]\tS. Virji, J. Huang, R. B. Kaner, B. H. Weiller, Polyaniline nanofiber gas sensors: examination of response mechanisms, Nano Lett., vol. 4, pp. 491-496, 2004.\r\n[15]\tD.-W. Wang, F. Li, J. Zhao, W. Ren, Z.-G. Chen, J. Tan, Z.-S. Wu, I. Gentle, G. Q. Lu, H.-M. Cheng, Fabrication of graphene\/polyaniline composite paper via in situ anodic electropolymerization for high-performance flexible electrode, ACS Nano, vol. 3, pp. 1745-1752, 2009.\r\n[16]\tK. Zhang, L. L. Zhang, X. Zhao, J. Wu, Graphene\/polyaniline nanofiber composites as supercapacitor electrodes, Chem.Mater., vol. 22, pp. 1392-1401, 2010.\r\n[17]\tJ. Yan, T. Wei, B. Shao, Z. Fan, W. Qian, M. Zhang, F. Wei, Preparation of a graphene nanosheet\/polyaniline composite with high specific capacitance, Carbon, vol. 48, pp. 487-493, 2010.\r\n[18]\tC. Valle\u0301s, P. Jime\u0301nez, E. Mun\u0303oz, A. M. Benito, W. K. Maser, Simultaneous reduction of graphene oxide and polyaniline: doping-assisted formation of a solid-state charge-transfer complex, J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 115, pp. 10468-10474, 2011.\r\n[19]\tD. Li, M. B. Mueller, S. Gilje, R. B. Kaner, G. G. Wallace, Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets, Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 3, pp. 101-105, 2008.\r\n[20]\tH. J. Shin, K. K. Kim, A. Benayad, S. M. Yoon, H. K. Park, I. S. Jung, M. H. Jin, H. K. Jeong, J. M. Kim, J. Y. Choi, Efficient reduction of graphite oxide by sodium borohydride and its effect on electrical conductance, Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 19, pp. 1987-1992, 2009.\r\n[21]\tY. G. Wang, H. Q. Li, Y. Y. Xia, Ordered whisker-like polyaniline grown on the surface of mesoporous carbon and its electrochemical capacitance performance, Adv. Mater., vol. 18, pp. 2619-2623, 2006.\r\n[22]\tS. Stankovich, D. A. Dikin, R. D. Piner, K. A. Kohlhaas, A. Kleinhammes, Y. Jia, Y. Wu, S. T. Nguyen, R. S. Ruoff, Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide, Carbon, vol. 45, pp. 1558-1565, 2007.\r\n[23]\tG. Wang, S. Zhuo, W. Xing, Graphene\/polyaniline nanocomposite as counter electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells, Adv. Mater., vol. 69, pp. 27-29, 2012.\r\n[24]\tA. A. Shah, R. Holze, Spectroelectrochemistry of two-layered composites of polyaniline and poly(o-aminophenol), Electrochim. Acta, vol. 53, pp. 4642-4653, 2008.\r\n[25]\tE. I. Iwuoha, D. Saenz de Villaverde, N. P. Garcia, M. R. Smyth, J. M. Pingarron, Reactivities of organic phase biosensors. 2. The amperometric behavior of horseradish peroxidase immobilised on a platinum electrode modified with an electrosynthetic polyaniline film, Biosens. Bioelectron., vol. 12, pp. 749-761, 1997.\r\n[26]\tA. J. Bard, L. R. Faulkner, Electrochemical methods: fundamentals and applications. Wiley New York, 1980.\r\n[27]\tE. I. Iwuoha, S. E. Mavundla, V. S. Somerset, L. F. Petrik, M. J. Klink, M. Sekota, P. Bakers, Electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of fly ash\u2013polyaniline matrix nanorod composites, Microchim. Acta, vol. 155, pp. 453-458, 2006.\r\n[28]\tR. Ehret, W. Baumann, M. Brischwein, A. Schwinde, K. Stegbauer, B. Wolf, Monitoring of cellular behavior by impedance measurements on interdigitated electrode structures, Biosens. Bioelectron., vol. 12, pp. 29-41, 1997.\r\n[29]\tX. Kang, Z. Mai, X. Zou, P. Cai, J. Mo, A novel glucose biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in chitosan on a glassy carbon electrode modified with gold\u2013platinum alloy nanoparticles\/multiwall carbon nanotubes, Anal. Biochem., vol. 369, pp. 71-79, 2007.\r\n[30]\tL. Wang, E. Wang, Direct electron transfer between cytochrome c and a gold nanoparticles modified electrode, Electrochem. Commun., vol. 6, pp. 49-54, 2004.\r\n[31]\tW. Chen, L. Yan, P. R. Bangal, Preparation of graphene by the rapid and mild thermal reduction of graphene oxide induced by microwaves, Carbon, vol. 48, pp. 1146-1152, 2010.\r\n[32]\tJ. Yin, X. Zhao, X. Xia, L. Xiang, Y. Qiao, Electrorheological fluids based on nano-fibrous polyaniline, Polym. J., vol. 49, pp. 4413-4419, 2008.\r\n[33]\tC. M. Willemse, K. Tlhomelang, N. Jahed, P. G. Baker, E. I. Iwuoha, Metallo-graphene nanocomposite electrocatalytic platform for the determination of toxic metal ions, Sensors, vol. 11, pp. 3970-3987, 2011.\r\n[34]\tK. Subrahmanyam, S. Vivekchand, A. Govindaraj, C. Rao, A study of graphenes prepared by different methods: characterization, properties and solubilization, J. Mater. Chem., vol. 18, pp. 1517-1523, 2008.\r\n[35]\tP. Bouvrette, S. Hrapovic, K. B. Male, J. H. Luong, Analysis of the 16 Environmental Protection Agency priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by high performance liquid chromatography-oxidized diamond film electrodes, J. Chromatogr. A, vol. 1103, pp. 248-256, 2006.\r\n[36]\tJ. Costa, A. Sant'Ana, P. Corio, M. Temperini, Chemical analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Talanta, vol. 70, pp. 1011-1016, 2006.\r\n[37]\tC. A. Paddon, C. E. Banks, I. G. Davies, R. G. Compton, Oxidation of anthracene on platinum macro-and micro-electrodes: Sonoelectrochemical, cryoelectrochemical and sonocryoelectrochemical studies, Ultrason. Sonochem., vol. 13, pp. 126-132, 2006.\r\n[38]\tD. S. Cordeiro, P. Corio, Electrochemical and photocatalytic reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons investigated by raman spectroscopy, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., vol. 20, pp. 80-87, 2009.\r\n[39]\tS. N. Mailu, T. T. Waryo, P. M. Ndangili, F. R. Ngece, A. A. Baleg, P. G. Baker, E. I. Iwuoha, Determination of anthracene on Ag-Au alloy nanoparticles\/overoxidized-polypyrrole composite modified glassy carbon electrodes, Sensors, vol. 10, pp. 9449-9465, 2010.\r\n[40]\tN. G. Mathebe, A. Morrin, E. I. Iwuoha, Electrochemistry and scanning electron microscopy of polyaniline\/peroxidase-based biosensor, Talanta, vol. 64, pp. 115-120, 2004.","publisher":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology","index":"Open Science Index 155, 2019"}