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<li id="toc-Antiquarianism_in_ancient_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquarianism_in_ancient_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antiquarianism in ancient China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquarianism_in_ancient_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquarianism_in_ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquarianism_in_ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Antiquarianism in ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquarianism_in_ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_early_modern_antiquarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_early_modern_antiquarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Medieval and early modern antiquarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_early_modern_antiquarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th–21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th–21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>19th–21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th–21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminological_distinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminological_distinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terminological distinctions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminological_distinctions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminological distinctions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminological_distinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquaries_and_antiquarians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquaries_and_antiquarians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antiquaries and antiquarians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquaries_and_antiquarians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquaries_and_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquaries_and_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Antiquaries and historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquaries_and_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquarians,_antiquarian_books_and_antiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquarians,_antiquarian_books_and_antiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Antiquarians, antiquarian books and antiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquarians,_antiquarian_books_and_antiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pejorative_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pejorative_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pejorative associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pejorative_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquarian_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquarian_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Antiquarian societies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Antiquarian_societies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Antiquarian societies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Antiquarian_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-London_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>London societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_notable_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_notable_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Other notable societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_notable_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_antiquarians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_antiquarians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable antiquarians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_antiquarians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%B5_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="متخصص بالأثريات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متخصص بالأثريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Антыквар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антыквар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Антиквар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антиквар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquari" title="Antiquari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antiquari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikvar" title="Antikvar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antikvar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altertumsforscher" title="Altertumsforscher – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altertumsforscher" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticuario_(estudioso)" title="Anticuario (estudioso) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anticuario (estudioso)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikva%C4%B5isto" title="Antikvaĵisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antikvaĵisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="عتیقه‌شناس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عتیقه‌شناس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_antiquaires" title="Société des antiquaires – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Société des antiquaires" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquaria" title="Antiquaria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antiquaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8" title="אנטיקוואר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטיקוואר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%B6" title="好古家 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="好古家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikvar" title="Antikvar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antikvar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiqu%C3%A1rio" title="Antiquário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antiquário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Антиквар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антиквар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikuarizmi" title="Antikuarizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antikuarizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antiquarian" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Антиквар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антиквар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikvarie" title="Antikvarie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antikvarie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikac%C4%B1" title="Antikacı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antikacı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Антиквар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антиквар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_nghi%C3%AAn_c%E1%BB%A9u_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_c%E1%BB%95" title="Nhà nghiên cứu đồ cổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà nghiên cứu đồ cổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5697103#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Specialist or aficionado of antiquities or things of the past</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about practitioners of the scholarly pursuit of antiquarianism. For the trade in old books, see <a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">Bookselling</a>. For trading or collecting old objects, see <a href="/wiki/Antique" title="Antique">Antique</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1655_-_Frontispiece_of_Museum_Wormiani_Historia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1655_-_Frontispiece_of_Museum_Wormiani_Historia.jpg/350px-1655_-_Frontispiece_of_Museum_Wormiani_Historia.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1655_-_Frontispiece_of_Museum_Wormiani_Historia.jpg/525px-1655_-_Frontispiece_of_Museum_Wormiani_Historia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1655_-_Frontispiece_of_Museum_Wormiani_Historia.jpg/700px-1655_-_Frontispiece_of_Museum_Wormiani_Historia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4748" data-file-height="3670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ole_Worm" title="Ole Worm">Ole Worm</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">cabinet of curiosities</a>, from <i>Museum Wormianum,</i> 1655</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>antiquarian</b> or <b>antiquary</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antiquarius#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:antiquarius">antiquarius</a></i></i> 'pertaining to ancient times') is an <a href="/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">aficionado</a> or student of <a href="/wiki/Antiquities" title="Antiquities">antiquities</a> or things of the past. More specifically, the term is used for those who study <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> with particular attention to ancient <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artefacts</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_archaeology" title="History of archaeology">archaeological</a> and historic <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">sites</a>, or historic <a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">archives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a>. The essence of <b>antiquarianism</b> is a focus on the <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a> of the past, and is perhaps best encapsulated in the motto adopted by the 18th-century antiquary <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Hoare,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Hoare, 2nd Baronet">Sir Richard Colt Hoare</a>, "We speak from facts, not theory." </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> first cites "<a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologist</a>" from 1824; this soon took over as the usual term for one major branch of antiquarian activity. "Archaeology", from 1607 onwards, initially meant what is now seen as "<a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a>" generally, with the narrower modern sense first seen in 1837. </p><p>Today the term "antiquarian" is often used in a pejorative sense, to refer to an excessively narrow focus on factual historical trivia, to the exclusion of a sense of historical context or process. Few today would describe themselves as "antiquaries", but some institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" title="Society of Antiquaries of London">Society of Antiquaries of London</a> (founded in 1707) retain their historic names. The term "antiquarian bookseller" remains current for dealers in more expensive old books. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiquarian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquarianism_in_ancient_China">Antiquarianism in ancient China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiquarian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquarianism in ancient China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">History of Chinese archaeology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279), the scholar <a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a> (1007–1072) analyzed alleged ancient artefacts bearing archaic <a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">inscriptions in bronze and stone</a>, which he preserved in a collection of some 400 <a href="/wiki/Rubbing_(art)" title="Rubbing (art)">rubbings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clunas_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clunas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Buckley_Ebrey" title="Patricia Buckley Ebrey">Patricia Ebrey</a> writes that Ouyang pioneered early ideas in <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Kaogutu</i></span> (<span lang="zh">考古圖</span>) or "Illustrated Catalogue of Examined Antiquity" (preface dated 1092) compiled by Lü Dalin (<span lang="zh">呂大臨</span>) (1046–1092) is one of the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Collection_catalog" title="Collection catalog">catalogues</a> to systematically describe and classify ancient artefacts which were unearthed.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another catalogue was the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Chong xiu Xuanhe bogutu</i></span> (<span lang="zh">重修宣和博古圖</span>) or "Revised Illustrated Catalogue of Xuanhe Profoundly Learned Antiquity" (compiled from 1111 to 1125), commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Huizong of Song">Emperor Huizong of Song</a> (r. 1100–1125), and also featured illustrations of some 840 vessels and rubbings.<sup id="cite_ref-clunas_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clunas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hist_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interests in antiquarian studies of ancient inscriptions and artefacts waned after the Song dynasty, but were revived by early <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1912) scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Gu_Yanwu" title="Gu Yanwu">Gu Yanwu</a> (1613–1682) and <a href="/wiki/Yan_Ruoju" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan Ruoju">Yan Ruoju</a> (1636–1704).<sup id="cite_ref-hist_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquarianism_in_ancient_Rome">Antiquarianism in ancient Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiquarian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquarianism in ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, a strong <a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">sense of traditionalism</a> motivated an interest in studying and recording the "monuments" of the past; the <a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature_(ancient_Rome)" title="Augustan literature (ancient Rome)">Augustan</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> uses the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">monumenta</i></span> in the sense of "antiquarian matters."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Books on antiquarian topics covered such subjects as the origin of customs, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">religious rituals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman constitution">political institutions</a>; <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> and landmarks; and <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annals" title="Annals">Annals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">histories</a> might also include sections pertaining to these subjects, but annals are chronological in structure, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Roman histories</a>, such as those of Livy and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, are both chronological and offer an overarching narrative and interpretation of events. By contrast, antiquarian works as a literary form are organised by topic, and any narrative is short and illustrative, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">anecdotes</a>. </p><p>Major antiquarian <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin writers</a> with surviving works include <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a>. The Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> published antiquarian works, none of which is extant. Some of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s treatises, particularly <a href="/wiki/De_Divinatione" title="De Divinatione">his work on divination</a>, show strong antiquarian interests, but their primary purpose is the exploration of philosophical questions. Roman-era <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek writers</a> also dealt with antiquarian material, such as <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Roman Questions</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophistae</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>. The aim of Latin antiquarian works is to collect a great number of possible explanations, with less emphasis on arriving at a truth than in compiling the evidence. The antiquarians are often used as sources by the ancient historians, and many antiquarian writers are known only through these citations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiquaries;_twenty_portraits_of_historians._Engraving_by_J._Wellcome_V0006811.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Antiquaries%3B_twenty_portraits_of_historians._Engraving_by_J._Wellcome_V0006811.jpg/240px-Antiquaries%3B_twenty_portraits_of_historians._Engraving_by_J._Wellcome_V0006811.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Antiquaries%3B_twenty_portraits_of_historians._Engraving_by_J._Wellcome_V0006811.jpg/360px-Antiquaries%3B_twenty_portraits_of_historians._Engraving_by_J._Wellcome_V0006811.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Antiquaries%3B_twenty_portraits_of_historians._Engraving_by_J._Wellcome_V0006811.jpg/480px-Antiquaries%3B_twenty_portraits_of_historians._Engraving_by_J._Wellcome_V0006811.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="3192" /></a><figcaption>"Antiquaries": portraits of 20 influential antiquaries and historians published in <a href="/wiki/George_Crabb_(writer)" title="George Crabb (writer)">Crabb</a>'s <i>Universal Historical Dictionary</i> (1825). Featured are: <a href="/wiki/Giraldus_Cambrensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giraldus Cambrensis">Giraldus Cambrensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(antiquary)" title="John Leland (antiquary)">John Leland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guido_Panciroli" title="Guido Panciroli">Guido Panciroli</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stow" title="John Stow">John Stow</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">William Camden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justus_Lipsius" title="Justus Lipsius">Justus Lipsius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Justus_Scaliger" title="Joseph Justus Scaliger">Joseph Justus Scaliger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Meursius" title="Johannes Meursius">Johannes Meursius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Goltzius" title="Hubert Goltzius">Hubert Goltzius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Spelman" title="Henry Spelman">Henry Spelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Patin" title="Charles Patin">Charles Patin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Cl%C3%BCver" title="Philipp Clüver">Philipp Clüver</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Dugdale" title="William Dugdale">William Dugdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Salmasius" title="Claudius Salmasius">Claudius Salmasius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Spanheim" title="Friedrich Spanheim">Friedrich Spanheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Graevius" title="Johann Georg Graevius">Johann Georg Graevius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Gronovius" title="Jakob Gronovius">Jakob Gronovius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hearne_(antiquarian)" title="Thomas Hearne (antiquarian)">Thomas Hearne</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Strype" title="John Strype">John Strype</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elias_Ashmole" title="Elias Ashmole">Elias Ashmole</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_early_modern_antiquarianism">Medieval and early modern antiquarianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiquarian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval and early modern antiquarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_archaeology" title="History of archaeology">History of archaeology</a></div> <p>Despite the importance of antiquarian writing in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">literature of ancient Rome</a>, some scholars view antiquarianism as emerging only in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daly-35_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daly-35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval antiquarians sometimes made collections of inscriptions or records of monuments, but the Varro-inspired concept of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">antiquitates</i></span> among the Romans as the "systematic collections of all the <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> of the past" faded.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antiquarianism's wider flowering is more generally associated with the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, and with the critical assessment and questioning of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> texts undertaken in that period by <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist</a> scholars. <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a> soon broadened into an awareness of the supplementary perspectives on the past which could be offered by the study of <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">coins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscriptions</a> and other archaeological remains, as well as documents from medieval periods. Antiquaries often formed collections of these and other objects; <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">cabinet of curiosities</a> is a general term for early collections, which often encompassed antiquities and more recent art, items of natural history, <a href="/wiki/Memorabilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorabilia">memorabilia</a> and items from far-away lands. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Camden_Clarenceux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/William_Camden_Clarenceux.jpg/170px-William_Camden_Clarenceux.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/William_Camden_Clarenceux.jpg/255px-William_Camden_Clarenceux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/William_Camden_Clarenceux.jpg/340px-William_Camden_Clarenceux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">William Camden</a> (1551–1623), author of the <i>Britannia</i>, wearing the <a href="/wiki/Tabard" title="Tabard">tabard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of office">chain of office</a> of <a href="/wiki/Clarenceux_King_of_Arms" title="Clarenceux King of Arms">Clarenceux King of Arms</a>. Originally published in the 1695 edition of <i>Britannia</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The importance placed on <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">lineage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a> Europe meant that antiquarianism was often closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a>, and a number of prominent antiquaries (including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Glover_(officer_of_arms)" title="Robert Glover (officer of arms)">Robert Glover</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">William Camden</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Dugdale" title="William Dugdale">William Dugdale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elias_Ashmole" title="Elias Ashmole">Elias Ashmole</a>) held office as professional <a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">heralds</a>. The development of genealogy as a "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific</a>" discipline (i.e. one that rejected unsubstantiated legends, and demanded high standards of proof for its claims) went hand-in-hand with the development of antiquarianism. Genealogical antiquaries recognised the evidential value for their researches of non-textual sources, including <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_monuments" class="mw-redirect" title="Church monuments">church monuments</a>. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a> antiquaries were also <a href="/wiki/Chorography" title="Chorography">chorographers</a>: that is to say, they recorded landscapes and monuments within regional or national descriptions. In England, some of the most important of these took the form of <a href="/wiki/English_county_histories" title="English county histories">county histories</a>. </p><p>In the context of the 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific revolution">scientific revolution</a>, and more specifically that of the "<a href="/wiki/Quarrel_of_the_Ancients_and_the_Moderns" title="Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns">Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns</a>" in England and France, the antiquaries were firmly on the side of the "Moderns".<sup id="cite_ref-Levine,_Battle_of_the_Books_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine,_Battle_of_the_Books-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They increasingly argued that empirical <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary</a> evidence could be used to refine and challenge the received interpretations of history handed down from literary authorities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th–21st_centuries"><span id="19th.E2.80.9321st_centuries"></span>19th–21st centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiquarian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th–21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pit_Mead_Roman_villa_mosaic,_illustration_by_Catherine_Downes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pit_Mead_Roman_villa_mosaic%2C_illustration_by_Catherine_Downes.jpg/220px-Pit_Mead_Roman_villa_mosaic%2C_illustration_by_Catherine_Downes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pit_Mead_Roman_villa_mosaic%2C_illustration_by_Catherine_Downes.jpg/330px-Pit_Mead_Roman_villa_mosaic%2C_illustration_by_Catherine_Downes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pit_Mead_Roman_villa_mosaic%2C_illustration_by_Catherine_Downes.jpg/440px-Pit_Mead_Roman_villa_mosaic%2C_illustration_by_Catherine_Downes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Pit Mead Roman villa mosaic, illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Downes" title="Catherine Downes">Catherine Downes</a>, engraved by <a href="/wiki/James_Basire" title="James Basire">James Basire</a> and presented to the SAL by <a href="/wiki/Daines_Barrington" title="Daines Barrington">Daines Barrington</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the 19th century, antiquarianism had diverged into a number of more specialised academic disciplines including <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">sigillography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diplomatics" title="Diplomatics">diplomatics</a>. Antiquaries had always attracted a degree of ridicule (see <a href="#Pejorative_associations">below</a>), and since the mid-19th century the term has tended to be used most commonly in negative or derogatory contexts. Nevertheless, many practising antiquaries continue to claim the title with pride. In recent years, in a scholarly environment in which <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinarity</a> is increasingly encouraged, many of the established antiquarian societies (see <a href="#Antiquarian_societies">below</a>) have found new roles as facilitators for collaboration between specialists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminological_distinctions">Terminological distinctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiquarian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Terminological distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquaries_and_antiquarians">Antiquaries and antiquarians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiquarian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Antiquaries and antiquarians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Antiquary" was the usual term in English from the 16th to the mid-18th centuries to describe a person interested in antiquities (the word "antiquarian" being generally found only in an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectival</a> sense).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the second half of the 18th century, however, "antiquarian" began to be used more widely as a noun,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and today both forms are equally acceptable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquaries_and_historians">Antiquaries and historians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiquarian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Antiquaries and historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 16th to the 19th centuries, a clear distinction was perceived to exist between the interests and activities of the antiquary and the <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine,_Battle_of_the_Books_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine,_Battle_of_the_Books-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The antiquary was concerned with the relics of the past (whether <a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">documents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artefacts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">monuments</a>), whereas the historian was concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Narrative_history" title="Narrative history">narrative</a> of the past, and its political or moral lessons for the present. The skills of the antiquary tended to be those of the critical examination and interrogation of his sources, whereas those of the historian were those of the philosophical and literary reinterpretation of received narratives. Jan Broadway defines an antiquary as "someone who studied the past on a thematic rather than a chronological basis".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> in 1605 described readings of the past based on antiquities (which he defined as "Monuments, Names, Wordes, Proverbes, Traditions, Private Recordes, and Evidences, Fragments of stories, Passages of Bookes, that concerne not storie, and the like") as "unperfect Histories".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such distinctions began to be eroded in the second half of the 19th century as the school of <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a> source-based history championed by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Leopold von Ranke</a> began to find widespread acceptance, and today's historians employ the full range of techniques pioneered by the early antiquaries. Rosemary Sweet suggests that 18th-century antiquaries </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... probably had more in common with the professional historian of the twenty-first century, in terms of methodology, approach to sources and the struggle to reconcile erudition with style, than did the authors of the grand narratives of national history.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquarians,_antiquarian_books_and_antiques"><span id="Antiquarians.2C_antiquarian_books_and_antiques"></span>Antiquarians, antiquarian books and antiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiquarian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Antiquarians, antiquarian books and antiques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many European languages, the word antiquarian (or its equivalent) has shifted in modern times to refer to a person who either trades in or collects rare and ancient <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian_bookseller" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquarian bookseller">antiquarian books</a>; or who trades in or collects <a href="/wiki/Antique" title="Antique">antique objects</a> more generally. In English, however, although the terms "antiquarian book" and "antiquarian bookseller" are widely used, the nouns "antiquarian" and "antiquary" very rarely carry this sense. An antiquarian is primarily a <i>student</i> of ancient books, documents, artefacts or monuments. Many antiquarians have also built up extensive personal <a href="/wiki/Collecting" title="Collecting">collections</a> in order to inform their studies, but a far greater number have not; and conversely many collectors of books or antiques would not regard themselves (or be regarded) as antiquarians. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Puzzle_(Gravestone_to_Claud_Coster_and_Jane_Coster_with_4_unknown_antiquaries)_by_John_Bowles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Puzzle_%28Gravestone_to_Claud_Coster_and_Jane_Coster_with_4_unknown_antiquaries%29_by_John_Bowles.jpg/220px-The_Puzzle_%28Gravestone_to_Claud_Coster_and_Jane_Coster_with_4_unknown_antiquaries%29_by_John_Bowles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Puzzle_%28Gravestone_to_Claud_Coster_and_Jane_Coster_with_4_unknown_antiquaries%29_by_John_Bowles.jpg/330px-The_Puzzle_%28Gravestone_to_Claud_Coster_and_Jane_Coster_with_4_unknown_antiquaries%29_by_John_Bowles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Puzzle_%28Gravestone_to_Claud_Coster_and_Jane_Coster_with_4_unknown_antiquaries%29_by_John_Bowles.jpg/440px-The_Puzzle_%28Gravestone_to_Claud_Coster_and_Jane_Coster_with_4_unknown_antiquaries%29_by_John_Bowles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2123" /></a><figcaption><i>The Puzzle</i> (1756): etching by John Bowles. In one variation on a recurrent joke, four antiquaries struggle to decipher what seems to be an ancient inscription, but which is in fact a crude memorial in English to Claud Coster, <a href="/wiki/Tripe" title="Tripe">tripe</a>-seller, and his wife. The print is ironically dedicated to "the Penetrating Genius's of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" title="Society of Antiquaries of London">Learned Society of Antiquarians</a>".</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pejorative_associations">Pejorative associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiquarian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pejorative associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chardin,_la_scimmia_antiquaria,_1726_ca._02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chardin%2C_la_scimmia_antiquaria%2C_1726_ca._02.JPG/170px-Chardin%2C_la_scimmia_antiquaria%2C_1726_ca._02.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chardin%2C_la_scimmia_antiquaria%2C_1726_ca._02.JPG/255px-Chardin%2C_la_scimmia_antiquaria%2C_1726_ca._02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chardin%2C_la_scimmia_antiquaria%2C_1726_ca._02.JPG/340px-Chardin%2C_la_scimmia_antiquaria%2C_1726_ca._02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><i>Le Singe Antiquaire</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1726</span>) by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Siméon Chardin">Jean-Siméon Chardin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Antiquaries often appeared to possess an unwholesome interest in death, decay, and the unfashionable, while their focus on obscure and arcane details meant that they seemed to lack an awareness both of the realities and practicalities of modern life, and of the wider currents of history. For all these reasons they frequently became objects of ridicule.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The antiquary was satirised in <a href="/wiki/John_Earle_(bishop)" title="John Earle (bishop)">John Earle</a>'s <i>Micro-cosmographie</i> of 1628 ("Hee is one that hath that unnaturall disease to bee enamour'd of old age, and wrinkles, and loves all things (as Dutchmen doe Cheese) the better for being mouldy and worme-eaten"),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Jean-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Siméon Chardin">Jean-Siméon Chardin</a>'s painting <i>Le Singe Antiquaire</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1726</span>), in Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Antiquary" title="The Antiquary">The Antiquary</a></i> (1816), in the caricatures of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson" title="Thomas Rowlandson">Thomas Rowlandson</a>, and in many other places. The <i><a href="/wiki/A_New_Dictionary_of_the_Terms_Ancient_and_Modern_of_the_Canting_Crew" title="A New Dictionary of the Terms Ancient and Modern of the Canting Crew">New Dictionary of the Terms Ancient and Modern of the Canting Crew</a></i> of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1698</span> defines an antiquary as "A curious critic in old Coins, Stones and Inscriptions, in Worm-eaten Records and ancient Manuscripts, also one that affects and blindly dotes, on Relics, Ruins, old Customs Phrases and Fashions".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his "Epigrams", <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a> wrote of The Antiquary: "If in his study he hath so much care To hang all old strange things Let his wife beware." The word's resonances were close to those of modern terms for individuals with obsessive interests in technical minutiae, such as <a href="/wiki/Nerd" title="Nerd">nerd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trainspotters_in_the_United_Kingdom#In_popular_culture" title="Trainspotters in the United Kingdom">trainspotter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anorak_(slang)" title="Anorak (slang)">anorak</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rowlandson_Death_%26_Antiquaries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rowlandson_Death_%26_Antiquaries.jpg/220px-Rowlandson_Death_%26_Antiquaries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Rowlandson_Death_%26_Antiquaries.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson" title="Thomas Rowlandson">Thomas Rowlandson</a>'s caricature, <i>Death and the Antiquaries</i>, 1816. A group of antiquaries cluster eagerly around the exhumed corpse of a king, oblivious to the jealous figure of Death aiming his dart at one of them. The image was inspired by the opening of the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey_Burials_and_Memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Abbey Burials and Memorials">Westminster Abbey</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" title="Society of Antiquaries of London">Society of Antiquaries</a> in 1774.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Connoisseur" title="Connoisseur">connoisseur</a> <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a>, who shared many of the antiquaries' interests, was nonetheless emphatic in his insistence that the study of cultural relics should be selective and informed by <a href="/wiki/Taste_(aesthetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (aesthetics)">taste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>. He deplored the more comprehensive and eclectic approach of the Society of Antiquaries, and their interest in the primitive past. In 1778 he wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The antiquaries will be as ridiculous as they used to be; and since it is impossible to infuse taste into them, they will be as dry and dull as their predecessors. One may revive what perished, but it will perish again, if more life is not breathed into it than it enjoyed originally. Facts, dates and names will never please the multitude, unless there is some style and manner to recommend them, and unless some novelty is struck out from their appearance. The best merit of the Society lies in their prints; for their volumes, no mortal will ever touch them but an antiquary. Their Saxon and Danish discoveries are not worth more than monuments of the <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Hottentots</a>; and for Roman remains in Britain, they are upon a foot with what ideas we should get of <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a>, if somebody was to publish views of huts and houses that our officers run up at <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gor%C3%A9e" title="Gorée">Goree</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyttelton_(bishop)" title="Charles Lyttelton (bishop)">Bishop Lyttelton</a> used to torment me with barrows and Roman camps, and I would as soon have attended to the turf graves in our churchyards. I have no curiosity to know how awkward and clumsy men have been in the dawn of arts or in their decay.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In his essay "On the Uses and Abuses of History for Life" from his <i>Untimely Meditations</i>, <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> examines three forms of <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>. One of these is "antiquarian history", an objectivising historicism which forges little or no creative connection between past and present. Nietzsche's <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">philosophy of history</a> had a significant impact on <a href="/wiki/Critical_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical history">critical history</a> in the 20th century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/C._R._Cheney" title="C. R. Cheney">C. R. Cheney</a>, writing in 1956, observed that "[a]t the present day we have reached such a pass that the word 'antiquary' is not always held in high esteem, while 'antiquarianism' is almost a term of abuse".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Momigliano" title="Arnaldo Momigliano">Arnaldo Momigliano</a> in 1990 defined an antiquarian as "the type of man who is interested in historical facts without being interested in history".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professional historians still often use the term "antiquarian" in a pejorative sense, to refer to historical studies which seem concerned only to place on record trivial or inconsequential facts, and which fail to consider the wider implications of these, or to formulate any kind of argument. The term is also sometimes applied to the activities of amateur historians such as <a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">historical reenactors</a>, who may have a meticulous approach to reconstructing the costumes or <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a> of past eras, but who are perceived to lack much understanding of the cultural values and historical contexts of the periods in question. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiquarian_societies">Antiquarian societies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiquarian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Antiquarian societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London_societies">London societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiquarian&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: London societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/College_of_Antiquaries" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Antiquaries">College (or Society) of Antiquaries</a> was founded in London in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1586</span>, to debate matters of antiquarian interest. Members included <a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">William Camden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bruce Cotton">Sir Robert Cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stow" title="John Stow">John Stow</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lambarde" title="William Lambarde">William Lambarde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Carew_(antiquary)" title="Richard Carew (antiquary)">Richard Carew</a> and others. This body existed until 1604, when it fell under suspicion of being political in its aims, and was abolished by King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a>. Papers read at their meetings are preserved in <a href="/wiki/Cottonian_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottonian library">Cotton's collections</a>, and were printed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hearne_(antiquarian)" title="Thomas Hearne (antiquarian)">Thomas Hearne</a> in 1720 under the title <i>A Collection of Curious Discourses</i>, a second edition appearing in 1771.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soc_Antiq_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soc_Antiq_2010.JPG/170px-Soc_Antiq_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soc_Antiq_2010.JPG/255px-Soc_Antiq_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soc_Antiq_2010.JPG/340px-Soc_Antiq_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The entrance to the premises of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" title="Society of Antiquaries of London">Society of Antiquaries of London</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Burlington_House" title="Burlington House">Burlington House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1707 a number of English antiquaries began to hold regular meetings for the discussion of their hobby and in 1717 the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" title="Society of Antiquaries of London">Society of Antiquaries</a> was formally reconstituted, finally receiving a charter from King <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> in 1751. In 1780 King <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Great Britain">George III</a> granted the society apartments in <a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a>, and in 1874 it moved into its present accommodation in <a href="/wiki/Burlington_House" title="Burlington House">Burlington House</a>, Piccadilly. The society was governed by a council of twenty and a president who is <i>ex officio</i> a trustee of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_notable_societies">Other notable societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiquarian&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other notable societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_Scotland" title="Society of Antiquaries of Scotland">Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</a> was founded in 1780 and had the management of a large national antiquarian museum in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne">Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, the oldest provincial antiquarian society in England, was founded in 1813.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> a society was founded in 1849 called the Kilkenny Archaeological Society, holding its meetings at <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny" title="Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a>. In 1869 its name was changed to the Royal Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland, and in 1890 to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Antiquaries_of_Ireland" title="Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland">Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland</a>, its office being transferred to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> the <i><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Antiquaires_de_France" title="Société des Antiquaires de France">Société des Antiquaires de France</a></i> was formed in 1813 by the reconstruction of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Acadêmie Celtique</i></span>, which had existed since 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a> was founded in 1812, with its headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, its library has grown to over 4 million items,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as an institution it is internationally recognised as a repository and research library for early (pre-1876) American printed materials.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, the <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab</i></span> (also known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Société Royale des Antiquaires du Nord</i></span> or the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries) was founded at <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> in 1825.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gesamtverein der Deutschen Geschichts- und Altertumsvereine</i></span> was founded in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In addition, a number of local historical and archaeological societies have adopted the word "antiquarian" in their titles. These have included the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Antiquarian_Society" title="Cambridge Antiquarian Society">Cambridge Antiquarian Society</a>, founded in 1840; the <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_and_Cheshire_Antiquarian_Society" title="Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society">Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society</a>, founded in 1883; the <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Antiquarian_Club" title="Clifton Antiquarian Club">Clifton Antiquarian Club</a>, founded in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> in 1884; the <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Antiquarian_Society" title="Orkney Antiquarian Society">Orkney Antiquarian Society</a>, founded in 1922; and the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Antiquarian_Society" title="Plymouth Antiquarian Society">Plymouth Antiquarian Society</a>, founded in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth, Massachusetts</a> in 1919. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_antiquarians">Notable antiquarians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiquarian&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable antiquarians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Abercromby" title="Patrick Abercromby">Patrick Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Agarde" title="Arthur Agarde">Arthur Agarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Amati" title="Pasquale Amati">Pasquale Amati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Anastasi_(merchant)" title="Giovanni Anastasi (merchant)">Giovanni Anastasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Ashmole" title="Elias Ashmole">Elias Ashmole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">John Aubrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi_(medieval_writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)">Abd-al Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Balfour_of_Denmyine" class="mw-redirect" title="James Balfour of Denmyine">Sir James Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baker_(antiquarian)" title="Thomas Baker (antiquarian)">Thomas Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bale" title="John Bale">John Bale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daines_Barrington" title="Daines Barrington">Daines Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bateman_(antiquary)" title="Thomas Bateman (antiquary)">Thomas Bateman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Battely" title="John Battely">John Battely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavio_Biondo" title="Flavio Biondo">Flavio Biondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Borlase" title="William Borlase">William Borlase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bragge" title="William Bragge">William Bragge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Buck" title="George Buck">George Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">William Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bruce Cotton">Robert Bruce Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crowley_(printer)" title="Robert Crowley (printer)">Robert Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_de_la_Pryme" title="Abraham de la Pryme">Abraham de la Pryme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Downes" title="Catherine Downes">Catherine Downes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dugdale" title="William Dugdale">Sir William Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Duncan_(1774%E2%80%931846)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Duncan (1774–1846)">Rev. Dr. Henry Duncan</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Foxe" title="John Foxe">John Foxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Grafton" title="Richard Grafton">Richard Grafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd-el-Hakem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Abd-el-Hakem">Ibn Abd-el-Hakem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Charles_Harris" title="Anthony Charles Harris">Anthony Charles Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephen_Hawker" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Stephen Hawker">Robert Stephen Hawker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Hoare,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Hoare, 2nd Baronet">Sir Richard Colt Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague_Rhodes_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Montague Rhodes James">Montague Rhodes James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Johnson_(antiquary)" title="Maurice Johnson (antiquary)">Maurice Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Crawford_Lamb" title="Alexander Crawford Lamb">Alexander Crawford Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lambarde" title="William Lambarde">William Lambarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(antiquary)" title="John Leland (antiquary)">John Leland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Edward Lhuyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Collings_Lukis" title="William Collings Lukis">William Collings Lukis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Edward Lawrence">Thomas Edward Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_H._J._Lynge" title="Herman H. J. Lynge">Herman H. J. Lynge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lysons_(antiquarian)" title="Daniel Lysons (antiquarian)">Daniel Lysons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lysons" title="Samuel Lysons">Samuel Lysons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubhaltach_MacFhirbhisigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh">Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">Al-Maqrizi</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Norman_(artist)" title="Philip Norman (artist)">Philip Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_O%27Duignan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peregrine O'Duignan">Peregrine O'Duignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruaidhri_O_Flaithbheartaigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruaidhri O Flaithbheartaigh">Ruaidhri O Flaithbheartaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Owen_(Welsh_cleric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elias Owen (Welsh cleric)">Elias Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Claude_Fabri_de_Peiresc" title="Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc">Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorning_Rasbotham" title="Dorning Rasbotham">Dorning Rasbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce_Rice" title="Franklin Pierce Rice">Franklin Pierce Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Rosenstock" title="Fred Rosenstock">Fred Rosenstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Rubio_y_Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Joaquín Rubio y Muñoz">Joaquín Rubio y Muñoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Forbes_Skene" title="William Forbes Skene">William Forbes Skene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Seligmann" title="Jacques Seligmann">Jacques Seligmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dudley_Seymour" title="George Dudley Seymour">George Dudley Seymour</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stow" title="John Stow">John Stow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stukeley" title="William Stukeley">William Stukeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Thoresby" title="Ralph Thoresby">Ralph Thoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thoroton" title="Robert Thoroton">Robert Thoroton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Vertue" title="George Vertue">George Vertue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Wahshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Worm" title="Ole Worm">Olaus Wormius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wright_(antiquarian)" title="Thomas Wright (antiquarian)">Thomas Wright</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiquarian&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collecting" title="Collecting">Collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connoisseur" title="Connoisseur">Connoisseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typology_(archaeology)" title="Typology (archaeology)">Typology (archaeology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_county_histories" title="English county histories">English county histories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">Auxiliary sciences of history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Antiquary" title="The Antiquary">The Antiquary</a></i> by Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">Cabinet of curiosities</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiquarian&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-clunas-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clunas_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clunas_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Clunas" title="Craig Clunas">Clunas, Craig</a>. (2004). <i>Superfluous Things: Material Culture and Social Status in Early Modern China</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2820-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2820-8">0-8248-2820-8</a>. p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). <i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66991-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-66991-X">0-521-66991-X</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hist-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trigger, Bruce G. (2006). <i>A History of Archaeological Thought: Second Edition</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84076-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84076-7">0-521-84076-7</a>. p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <i>Ab Urbe Condita</i> 7.3.7: cited also in the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Latin_Dictionary" title="Oxford Latin Dictionary">Oxford Latin Dictionary</a></i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), p. 1132, entry on <i>monumentum</i>, as an example of meaning 4b, "recorded tradition."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At <a href="/wiki/LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a>, Bill Thayer presents an edition of the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Roman_Questions*/home.html">Roman Questions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108172941/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Roman_Questions%2A/home.html">Archived</a> 8 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> based on the <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> translation. Thayer's edition can be browsed question-by-question in tabulated form, with direct links to individual topics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This overview of Roman antiquarianism is based on <a href="/wiki/T.P._Wiseman" class="mw-redirect" title="T.P. Wiseman">T.P. Wiseman</a>, <i>Clio's Cosmetics</i> (Bristol: Phoenix Press, 2003, originally published 1979 by Leicester University Press), pp. 15–15, 45 <i>et passim</i>; and <i>A Companion to Latin Literature</i>, edited by Stephen Harrison (Blackwell, 2005), pp. 37–38, 64, 77, 229, 242–244 <i>et passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daly-35-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daly-35_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Daly2004" class="citation book cs1">El Daly, Okasha (2004). <i>Egyptology: The Missing Millennium : Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84472-063-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84472-063-2"><bdi>1-84472-063-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptology%3A+The+Missing+Millennium+%3A+Ancient+Egypt+in+Medieval+Arabic+Writings&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84472-063-2&rft.aulast=El+Daly&rft.aufirst=Okasha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Momigliano" title="Arnaldo Momigliano">Arnaldo Momigliano</a>, "Ancient History and the Antiquarian," <i>Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</i> 13 (1950), p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levine,_Battle_of_the_Books-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levine,_Battle_of_the_Books_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levine,_Battle_of_the_Books_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, <i>Battle of the Books</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">First <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> uses of "Antiquary. 3" 1586 and 1602.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> "Antiquarian" as noun, first uses 1610, then 1778</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, "Erudition and the Idea of History".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, <i>Humanism and History</i>, pp. 54–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, <i>Amateur and Professional</i>, pp. 28–30, 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broadway, <i>"No Historie So Meete"</i>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon, Francis</a> (2000) [1605]. Kiernan, Michael (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Advancement_of_Learning" title="The Advancement of Learning">The Advancement of Learning</a></i>. Oxford Francis Bacon. Vol. 4. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-812348-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-812348-5"><bdi>0-19-812348-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Advancement+of+Learning&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Francis+Bacon&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-812348-5&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sweet, <i>Antiquaries</i>, p. xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B.S. Allen, <i>Tides in English Taste (1619–1800)</i>, 2 vols (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1937), vol. 2, pp. 87–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Hobby-Horsical Antiquary</i>, esp. pp. 13–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sweet, <i>Antiquaries</i>, pp. xiii, 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Earle, "An Antiquarie", in <i>Micro-cosmographie</i> (London, 1628), sigs [B8]v-C3v.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB.E.1699" class="citation book cs1">B.E. (1699). <i>A New Dictionary of the Terms Ancient and Modern of the Canting Crew</i>. London. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Dictionary+of+the+Terms+Ancient+and+Modern+of+the+Canting+Crew&rft.place=London&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1699&rft.au=B.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Martin Myrone, "The Society and Antiquaries and the graphic arts: George Vertue and his legacy", in Pearce 2007, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.R. Cheney, "Introduction", in Levi Fox (ed.), <i>English Historical Scholarship in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries</i> (London, 1956), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Momigliano 1990, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Antiquary" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Antiquary">Antiquary</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antiquary&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=134&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017204828/http://worcestermag.com/2014/01/30/worcesters-best-kept-secret-american-antiquarian-society-belongs-everyone/20529">"Worcester's best kept secret: The American Antiquarian Society belongs to everyone | Worcester MagWorcester Mag"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worcestermag.com/2014/01/30/worcesters-best-kept-secret-american-antiquarian-society-belongs-everyone/20529">the original</a> on 17 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worcester%27s+best+kept+secret%3A+The+American+Antiquarian+Society+belongs+to+everyone+%26%23124%3B+Worcester+MagWorcester+Mag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworcestermag.com%2F2014%2F01%2F30%2Fworcesters-best-kept-secret-american-antiquarian-society-belongs-everyone%2F20529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span> Goslow, B. (2014, January 30). Worcester’s best kept secret: The American Antiquarian Society belongs to everyone. Worcester Magazine.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiquarian&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonRojas2017" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Benjamin; Rojas, Felipe, eds. (2017). <i>Antiquarianisms: contact, conflict, comparison</i>. Joukowsky Institute publication. Vol. 8. Oxford: Oxford Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785706844" title="Special:BookSources/9781785706844"><bdi>9781785706844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquarianisms%3A+contact%2C+conflict%2C+comparison&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Joukowsky+Institute+publication&rft.pub=Oxford+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781785706844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadway2006" class="citation book cs1">Broadway, Jan (2006). <i>"No Historie So Meete": gentry culture and the development of local history in Elizabethan and early Stuart England</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7294-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7294-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-7294-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22No+Historie+So+Meete%22%3A+gentry+culture+and+the+development+of+local+history+in+Elizabethan+and+early+Stuart+England&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-7294-9&rft.aulast=Broadway&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1980" class="citation book cs1">Brown, I. G. (1980). <i>The Hobby-Horsical Antiquary: a Scottish character, 1640–1830</i>. Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902220-38-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-902220-38-1"><bdi>0-902220-38-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hobby-Horsical+Antiquary%3A+a+Scottish+character%2C+1640%E2%80%931830&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Scotland&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-902220-38-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=I.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Levi_Fox" title="Levi Fox">Fox, Levi</a>, ed. (1956). <i>English Historical Scholarship in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries</i>. London: Dugdale Society and Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Historical+Scholarship+in+the+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dugdale+Society+and+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGransden1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Gransden" title="Antonia Gransden">Gransden, Antonia</a> (1980). "Antiquarian Studies in Fifteenth-Century England". <i>Antiquaries Journal</i>. <b>60</b>: 75–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003581500035988">10.1017/S0003581500035988</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162807608">162807608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquaries+Journal&rft.atitle=Antiquarian+Studies+in+Fifteenth-Century+England&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=75-97&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003581500035988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162807608%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gransden&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendrick1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._D._Kendrick" title="T. D. Kendrick">Kendrick, T. D.</a> (1950). <i>British Antiquity</i>. London: Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Antiquity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Kendrick&rft.aufirst=T.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1987" class="citation book cs1">Levine, J. M. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanismhistoryo00levi"><i>Humanism and History: origins of modern English historiography</i></a></span>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801418853" title="Special:BookSources/9780801418853"><bdi>9780801418853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanism+and+History%3A+origins+of+modern+English+historiography&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780801418853&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanismhistoryo00levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1991" class="citation book cs1">Levine, J. M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofbookshis00levi"><i>The Battle of the Books: history and literature in the Augustan age</i></a>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801425379" title="Special:BookSources/0801425379"><bdi>0801425379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Books%3A+history+and+literature+in+the+Augustan+age&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0801425379&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofbookshis00levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1986" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Philippa (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amateurprofessio0000levi"><i>The Amateur and the Professional: antiquarians, historians and archaeologists in Victorian England, 1838–1886</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30635-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30635-3"><bdi>0-521-30635-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amateur+and+the+Professional%3A+antiquarians%2C+historians+and+archaeologists+in+Victorian+England%2C+1838%E2%80%931886&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-521-30635-3&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Philippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famateurprofessio0000levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendyk1989" class="citation book cs1">Mendyk, S. A. E. (1989). <i>"Speculum Britanniae": regional study, antiquarianism and science in Britain to 1700</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Speculum+Britanniae%22%3A+regional+study%2C+antiquarianism+and+science+in+Britain+to+1700&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Mendyk&rft.aufirst=S.+A.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_N._Miller" title="Peter N. Miller">Miller, Peter N.</a> (2000). <i>Peiresc's Europe: learning and virtue in the seventeenth century</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08252-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08252-5"><bdi>0-300-08252-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peiresc%27s+Europe%3A+learning+and+virtue+in+the+seventeenth+century&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-300-08252-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Peter+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_N._Miller" title="Peter N. Miller">Miller, Peter N.</a> (2017). <i>History and Its Objects: antiquarianism and material culture since 1500</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801453700" title="Special:BookSources/9780801453700"><bdi>9780801453700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Its+Objects%3A+antiquarianism+and+material+culture+since+1500&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780801453700&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Peter+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomigliano1950" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Momigliano" title="Arnaldo Momigliano">Momigliano, Arnaldo</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seer.ufrgs.br/anos90/article/view/43194">"Ancient History and the Antiquarian"</a>. <i>Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</i>. <b>13</b> (3/4): 285–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F750215">10.2307/750215</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/750215">750215</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164918925">164918925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Warburg+and+Courtauld+Institutes&rft.atitle=Ancient+History+and+the+Antiquarian&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=285-315&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164918925%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F750215%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F750215&rft.aulast=Momigliano&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseer.ufrgs.br%2Fanos90%2Farticle%2Fview%2F43194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomigliano1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Momigliano" title="Arnaldo Momigliano">Momigliano, Arnaldo</a> (1990). "The Rise of Antiquarian Research". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520078703"><i>The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520078703/page/54">54–79</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520068904" title="Special:BookSources/0520068904"><bdi>0520068904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Antiquarian+Research&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Foundations+of+Modern+Historiography&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=54-79&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0520068904&rft.aulast=Momigliano&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780520078703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1995" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Graham (1995). <i>The Trophies of Time: English antiquarians of the seventeenth century</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198129629" title="Special:BookSources/0198129629"><bdi>0198129629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trophies+of+Time%3A+English+antiquarians+of+the+seventeenth+century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0198129629&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2007" class="citation book cs1">Pearce, Susan, ed. (2007). <i>Visions of Antiquity: The Society of Antiquaries of London 1707–2007</i>. London: Society of Antiquaries.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Antiquity%3A+The+Society+of+Antiquaries+of+London+1707%E2%80%932007&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Society+of+Antiquaries&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiggott1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Piggott" title="Stuart Piggott">Piggott, Stuart</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ruinsinlandscape00pigg"><i>Ruins in a Landscape: essays in antiquarianism</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852243030" title="Special:BookSources/0852243030"><bdi>0852243030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruins+in+a+Landscape%3A+essays+in+antiquarianism&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0852243030&rft.aulast=Piggott&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fruinsinlandscape00pigg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenhouse2005" class="citation book cs1">Stenhouse, William (2005). <i>Reading Inscriptions and Writing Ancient History: historical scholarship in the late Renaissance</i>. London: Institute of Classical Studies, University of London School of Advanced Study. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900587-98-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-900587-98-9"><bdi>0-900587-98-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Inscriptions+and+Writing+Ancient+History%3A+historical+scholarship+in+the+late+Renaissance&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Institute+of+Classical+Studies%2C+University+of+London+School+of+Advanced+Study&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-900587-98-9&rft.aulast=Stenhouse&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki2022" class="citation book cs1">Suzuki, Hiroyuki (2022). Fukuoka, Maki (ed.). <i>Antiquarians of Nineteenth-Century Japan: the archaeology of things in the late Tokugawa and early Meiji periods</i>. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606067420" title="Special:BookSources/9781606067420"><bdi>9781606067420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquarians+of+Nineteenth-Century+Japan%3A+the+archaeology+of+things+in+the+late+Tokugawa+and+early+Meiji+periods&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Getty+Research+Institute&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781606067420&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.aufirst=Hiroyuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweet2004" class="citation book cs1">Sweet, Rosemary (2004). <i>Antiquaries: the discovery of the past in eighteenth-century Britain</i>. London: Hambledon & London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-309-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-309-3"><bdi>1-85285-309-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquaries%3A+the+discovery+of+the+past+in+eighteenth-century+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+%26+London&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85285-309-3&rft.aulast=Sweet&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVine2010" class="citation book cs1">Vine, Angus (2010). <i>In Defiance of Time: antiquarian writing in early modern England</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956619-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956619-8"><bdi>978-0-19-956619-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defiance+of+Time%3A+antiquarian+writing+in+early+modern+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956619-8&rft.aulast=Vine&rft.aufirst=Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Weiss" title="Roberto Weiss">Weiss, Roberto</a> (1988). <i>The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597403771" title="Special:BookSources/9781597403771"><bdi>9781597403771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance+Discovery+of+Classical+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9781597403771&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Woolf" title="Daniel Woolf">Woolf, D. R.</a> (1987). "Erudition and the Idea of History in Renaissance England". <i>Renaissance Quarterly</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 11–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2861833">10.2307/2861833</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2861833">2861833</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164042832">164042832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Erudition+and+the+Idea+of+History+in+Renaissance+England&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-48&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164042832%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2861833%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2861833&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Woolf" title="Daniel Woolf">Woolf, Daniel</a> (2003). <i>The Social Circulation of the Past: English historical culture, 1500–1730</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925778-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925778-7"><bdi>0-19-925778-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Circulation+of+the+Past%3A+English+historical+culture%2C+1500%E2%80%931730&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-925778-7&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiquarian" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Archaeology" title="Template:Archaeology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archaeology" title="Template talk:Archaeology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archaeology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_archaeology" title="History of archaeology">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antiquarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Hoare,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Hoare, 2nd Baronet">Richard Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens">John Lloyd Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Holmes" title="William Henry Holmes">William Henry Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pitt_Rivers" title="Augustus Pitt Rivers">Augustus Pitt Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler" title="Mortimer Wheeler">Mortimer Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Garrod" title="Dorothy Garrod">Dorothy Garrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Uhle" title="Max Uhle">Max Uhle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_V._Kidder" title="Alfred V. Kidder">Alfred V. Kidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Method and theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_theory" title="Archaeological theory">Archaeological theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_archaeology" title="Philosophy of archaeology">Philosophy of archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_diving" title="Archaeological diving">Archaeological diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_ethics" title="Archaeological ethics">Archaeological ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_archaeological_sites" title="Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites">Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(archaeology)" title="Survey (archaeology)">Survey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_survey_(archaeology)" title="Geophysical survey (archaeology)">geophysical survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_survey" title="Electrical resistance survey">electrical resistance survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondage" title="Sondage">Sondage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_layer" title="Burnt layer">Burnt layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_excavation" title="Archaeological excavation">Excavation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">Lithic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-excavation_analysis" title="Post-excavation analysis">Post-excavation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subfields_of_archaeology" title="Subfields of archaeology">Sub-disciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_archaeology" title="Prehistoric archaeology">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_archaeology" title="Classical archaeology">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_archaeology" title="Medieval archaeology">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-medieval_archaeology" title="Post-medieval archaeology">Post-Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_archaeology" title="Historical archaeology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_archaeology" title="Contemporary archaeology">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_in_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian archaeology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Oceania" title="Archaeology in Oceania">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubiology" title="Nubiology">Nubian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_archaeology" title="Aerial archaeology">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">Archaeogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_bioarchaeology" title="Medieval bioarchaeology">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_bioarchaeology" title="Near Eastern bioarchaeology">Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleopathology" title="Paleopathology">Paleopathology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calceology" title="Calceology">Calceology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_archaeology" title="Digital archaeology">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogaming" title="Archaeogaming">Archaeogaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_archaeology" title="Computational archaeology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_archaeology" title="Virtual archaeology">Virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_archaeology" title="Environmental archaeology">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoarchaeology" title="Geoarchaeology">Geoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoethnobotany" title="Paleoethnobotany">Paleoethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooarchaeology" title="Zooarchaeology">Zooarchaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_science" title="Archaeological science">Archaeometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_archaeology" title="Battlefield archaeology">Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_archaeology" title="Conflict archaeology">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_archaeology" title="Funerary archaeology">Funerary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_archaeology" title="Gender archaeology">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_archaeology" title="Indigenous archaeology">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_archaeology" title="Industrial archaeology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_archaeology" title="Landscape archaeology">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_archaeology" title="Mortuary archaeology">Mortuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(archaeology)" title="Phenomenology (archaeology)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_archaeology" title="Queer archaeology">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_archaeology" title="Transgender archaeology">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeological sites by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">Periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeologists" title="List of archaeologists">Archaeologists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptologists" title="List of Egyptologists">Egyptologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitologists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeology_journals" title="List of archaeology journals">Journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5697103#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5697103#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5697103#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/810687/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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