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terms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_current_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commercial_interior_design_and_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_interior_design_and_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Commercial interior design and management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_interior_design_and_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_professional_interior_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_professional_interior_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Transition to professional interior design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_professional_interior_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interior_decorators_and_interior_designers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior_decorators_and_interior_designers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Interior decorators and interior designers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interior_decorators_and_interior_designers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interior decorators and interior designers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interior_decorators_and_interior_designers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interior_designer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior_designer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Interior designer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interior_designer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_in_interior_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_in_interior_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Color in interior design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_in_interior_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Specialties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specialties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specialties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specialties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Residential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Residential</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Commercial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Profession</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Profession-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Profession subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Profession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Working conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Styles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_Deco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_Deco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Art Deco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_Deco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Modern art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Arab materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_popularization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_popularization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Media popularization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_popularization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_interior_decorators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_interior_decorators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable interior decorators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_interior_decorators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Interior design</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A" title="تصميم داخلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصميم داخلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Интериорен дизайн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интериорен дизайн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interiorisme" title="Interiorisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Interiorisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interi%C3%A9rov%C3%BD_design" title="Interiérový design – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Interiérový design" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylunio_mewnol" title="Dylunio mewnol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dylunio mewnol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innenarchitektur" title="Innenarchitektur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Innenarchitektur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisekujundus" title="Sisekujundus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sisekujundus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dise%C3%B1o_interior" title="Diseño interior – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diseño interior" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interna_dekoracio" title="Interna dekoracio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Interna dekoracio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barne-diseinua" title="Barne-diseinua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Barne-diseinua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C" title="طراحی داخلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طراحی داخلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_d%27int%C3%A9rieur" title="Architecture d'intérieur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture d'intérieur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearadh_int%C3%AD" title="Dearadh intí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dearadh intí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dese%C3%B1o_interior" title="Deseño interior – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Deseño interior" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%85%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4_%EB%94%94%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%B8" title="인테리어 디자인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인테리어 디자인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Ինտերիերի դիզայն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինտերիերի դիզայն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="आंतरिक डिज़ाइन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आंतरिक डिज़ाइन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancangan_dalam_ruangan" title="Rancangan dalam ruangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rancangan dalam ruangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura_d%27interni" title="Architettura d'interni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architettura d'interni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עיצוב פנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצוב פנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usanifu_wa_ndani" title="Usanifu wa ndani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usanifu wa ndani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjera_dizains" title="Interjera dizains – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Interjera dizains" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjero_dizainas" title="Interjero dizainas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Interjero dizainas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Внатрешно уредување – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Внатрешно уредување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8" title="गृहशोभन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गृहशोभन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Интерьер дизайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Интерьер дизайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%87%E3%82%B6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="インテリアデザイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インテリアデザイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektura_wn%C4%99trz" title="Architektura wnętrz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Architektura wnętrz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_de_interiores" title="Design de interiores – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Design de interiores" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_interior" title="Design interior – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Design interior" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дизайн интерьера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дизайн интерьера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizajn_i_brendshem" title="Dizajn i brendshem – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dizajn i brendshem" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Interior design" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interi%C3%A9rov%C3%BD_dizajn" title="Interiérový dizajn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Interiérový dizajn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дизајн ентеријера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дизајн ентеријера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizajn_enterijera" title="Dizajn enterijera – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dizajn enterijera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisustus" title="Sisustus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sisustus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inredning" title="Inredning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Inredning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenyong_panloob" title="Disenyong panloob – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Disenyong panloob" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="உட்புற வடிவமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உட்புற வடிவமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇంటీరియర్ డిజైనింగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇంటీరియర్ డిజైనింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%8C" title="มัณฑนศิลป์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มัณฑนศิลป์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Тарроҳии дохилӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тарроҳии дохилӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C3%A7_tasar%C4%B1m" title="İç tasarım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İç tasarım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%27%D1%94%D1%80%D1%83" title="Дизайн інтер'єру – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дизайн інтер'єру" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="داخلی طرحبندی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="داخلی طرحبندی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%E1%BA%BFt_k%E1%BA%BF_n%E1%BB%99i_th%E1%BA%A5t" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Interior_design_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Interior design (disambiguation)">Interior design (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">the English-speaking world</a> and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interior_design&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Interior_design" title="Talk:Interior design">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:30th_Street_Station_concourse_March_2019.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/30th_Street_Station_concourse_March_2019.jpeg/220px-30th_Street_Station_concourse_March_2019.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/30th_Street_Station_concourse_March_2019.jpeg/330px-30th_Street_Station_concourse_March_2019.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/30th_Street_Station_concourse_March_2019.jpeg/440px-30th_Street_Station_concourse_March_2019.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Art_d%C3%A9co" class="mw-redirect" title="Art déco">art déco</a> interior of the <a href="/wiki/Concourse" title="Concourse">grand concourse</a> at the <a href="/wiki/30th_Street_Station" title="30th Street Station">30th Street Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobby_Hotel_Bristol_w_Warszawie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lobby_Hotel_Bristol_w_Warszawie.JPG/220px-Lobby_Hotel_Bristol_w_Warszawie.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lobby_Hotel_Bristol_w_Warszawie.JPG/330px-Lobby_Hotel_Bristol_w_Warszawie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lobby_Hotel_Bristol_w_Warszawie.JPG/440px-Lobby_Hotel_Bristol_w_Warszawie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4850" data-file-height="3211" /></a><figcaption>The lobby of <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Bristol,_Warsaw" title="Hotel Bristol, Warsaw">Hotel Bristol, Warsaw</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balliol_College_Dining_Hall,_Oxford_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Balliol_College_Dining_Hall%2C_Oxford_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Balliol_College_Dining_Hall%2C_Oxford_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Balliol_College_Dining_Hall%2C_Oxford_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-Balliol_College_Dining_Hall%2C_Oxford_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Balliol_College_Dining_Hall%2C_Oxford_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-Balliol_College_Dining_Hall%2C_Oxford_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="5502" /></a><figcaption>A historical example: <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Balliol College">Balliol College</a> Dining Hall, Oxford</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Interior design</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> of enhancing the interior of a <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">building</a> to achieve a healthier and more aesthetically pleasing environment for the people using the space. With a keen eye for detail and a <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creative</a> flair, an <b>interior designer</b> is someone who plans, researches, coordinates, and manages such enhancement projects. Interior design is a multifaceted profession that includes conceptual development, space planning, site inspections, programming, research, communicating with the stakeholders of a project, construction management, and execution of the design. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_current_terms">History and current terms</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlkol%C3%ADnec,_Slovakia_020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vlkol%C3%ADnec%2C_Slovakia_020.jpg/220px-Vlkol%C3%ADnec%2C_Slovakia_020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vlkol%C3%ADnec%2C_Slovakia_020.jpg/330px-Vlkol%C3%ADnec%2C_Slovakia_020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vlkol%C3%ADnec%2C_Slovakia_020.jpg/440px-Vlkol%C3%ADnec%2C_Slovakia_020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Typical interior of one of the houses in the Folk Architecture Reservation in <a href="/wiki/Vlkol%C3%ADnec" title="Vlkolínec">Vlkolínec</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the past, interiors were put together instinctively as a part of the process of building.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2003_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The profession of interior design has been a consequence of the development of society and the complex <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> that has resulted from the development of industrial processes. </p><p>The pursuit of effective use of space, user well-being and functional design has contributed to the development of the contemporary interior design profession. The profession of interior design is separate and distinct from the role of <i>interior decorator</i>, a term commonly used in the US; the term is less common in the UK, where the profession of interior design is still unregulated and therefore, strictly speaking, not yet officially a profession. </p><p>In ancient India, architects would also function as interior designers. This can be seen from the references of <a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishwakarma</a> the architect—one of the gods in Indian mythology. In these architects' design of 17th-century Indian homes, sculptures depicting ancient texts and events are seen inside the palaces, while during the medieval times wall art paintings were a common feature of palace-like mansions in India commonly known as havelis. While most traditional homes have been demolished to make way to modern buildings, there are still around 2000 havelis<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Shekhawati" title="Shekhawati">Shekhawati region of Rajashtan</a> that <a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_painting" title="Shekhawati painting">display wall art paintings</a>. </p><p>In ancient Egypt, "soul houses" (or models of houses) were placed in tombs as receptacles for food offerings. From these, it is possible to discern details about the interior design of different residences throughout the different Egyptian dynasties, such as changes in ventilation, porticoes, columns, loggias, windows, and doors.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triclinium_-_Arch%C3%A4ologische_Staatssammlung_M%C3%BCnchen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Triclinium_-_Arch%C3%A4ologische_Staatssammlung_M%C3%BCnchen.JPG/220px-Triclinium_-_Arch%C3%A4ologische_Staatssammlung_M%C3%BCnchen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Triclinium_-_Arch%C3%A4ologische_Staatssammlung_M%C3%BCnchen.JPG/330px-Triclinium_-_Arch%C3%A4ologische_Staatssammlung_M%C3%BCnchen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Triclinium_-_Arch%C3%A4ologische_Staatssammlung_M%C3%BCnchen.JPG/440px-Triclinium_-_Arch%C3%A4ologische_Staatssammlung_M%C3%BCnchen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed Roman <a href="/wiki/Triclinium" title="Triclinium">triclinium</a> or dining room, with three <i><a href="/wiki/Klinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Klinai">klinai</a></i> or couches</figcaption></figure> <p>Painting interior walls has existed for at least 5,000 years, with examples found as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Ness of Brodgar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as have templated interiors, as seen in the associated <a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a> settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the Greeks, and later Romans who added co-ordinated, decorative <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> floors,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and templated <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">bath houses</a>, shops, civil offices, <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Castra (forts)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">temple</a>, interiors, in the first millennia BC. With specialised guilds dedicated to producing interior decoration, and formulaic furniture, in buildings constructed to forms defined by Roman architects, such as <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>: <a href="/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura">De architectura, libri decem</a> (The Ten Books on Architecture).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 17th and 18th century and into the early 19th century, interior decoration was the concern of the homemaker, or an employed <a href="/wiki/Upholsterer" class="mw-redirect" title="Upholsterer">upholsterer</a> or craftsman who would advise on the artistic style for an interior space. Architects would also employ craftsmen or artisans to complete interior design for their buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_interior_design_and_management">Commercial interior design and management</h3></div> <p>In the mid-to-late 19th century, interior design services expanded greatly, as the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> in <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrial</a> countries grew in size and prosperity and began to desire the domestic trappings of wealth to cement their new status. Large <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a> firms began to branch out into general interior design and management, offering full house furnishings in a variety of styles. This business model flourished from the mid-century to 1914, when this role was increasingly usurped by independent, often <a href="/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur">amateur</a>, designers. This paved the way for the emergence of the professional interior design in the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-wiley_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiley-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoolbred_catalogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Shoolbred_catalogue.jpg/220px-Shoolbred_catalogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Shoolbred_catalogue.jpg/330px-Shoolbred_catalogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Shoolbred_catalogue.jpg/440px-Shoolbred_catalogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Illustrated catalog of the <a href="/wiki/James_Shoolbred" title="James Shoolbred">James Shoolbred Company</a>, published in 1876</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1950s and 1960s, upholsterers began to expand their business remits. They framed their business more broadly and in artistic terms and began to advertise their furnishings to the public. To meet the growing demand for contract interior work on projects such as <a href="/wiki/Office" title="Office">offices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Public building">public buildings</a>, these businesses became much larger and more complex, employing builders, joiners, plasterers, textile designers, artists, and furniture designers, as well as engineers and technicians to fulfil the job. Firms began to publish and circulate <a href="/wiki/Trade_literature" title="Trade literature">catalogs</a> with prints for different lavish styles to attract the attention of expanding middle classes.<sup id="cite_ref-wiley_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiley-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As department stores increased in number and size, retail spaces within shops were furnished in different styles as examples for customers. One particularly effective advertising tool was to set up model rooms at national and international <a href="/wiki/Exhibition" title="Exhibition">exhibitions</a> in showrooms for the public to see. Some of the pioneering firms in this regard were <a href="/wiki/Waring_%26_Gillow" title="Waring & Gillow">Waring & Gillow</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Shoolbred" title="James Shoolbred">James Shoolbred</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mintons" title="Mintons">Mintons</a>, and Holland & Sons. These traditional high-quality furniture making firms began to play an important role as advisers to unsure middle class customers on taste and style, and began taking out contracts to design and furnish the interiors of many important buildings in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This type of firm emerged in America after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Herter_Brothers" title="Herter Brothers">Herter Brothers</a>, founded by two German émigré brothers, began as an <a href="/wiki/Upholstery" title="Upholstery">upholstery</a> <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehouse</a> and became one of the first firms of furniture makers and <a href="/wiki/Interior_decorator" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior decorator">interior decorators</a>. With their own design office and cabinet-making and upholstery workshops, Herter Brothers were prepared to accomplish every aspect of interior furnishing including decorative paneling and mantels, wall and ceiling decoration, patterned floors, and carpets and draperies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallpaper_group-p6m-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wallpaper_group-p6m-1.jpg/250px-Wallpaper_group-p6m-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wallpaper_group-p6m-1.jpg/375px-Wallpaper_group-p6m-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wallpaper_group-p6m-1.jpg/500px-Wallpaper_group-p6m-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from <i>The Grammar of Ornament</i> (1856), by interior designer <a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)" title="Owen Jones (architect)">Owen Jones</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A pivotal figure in popularizing theories of interior design to the middle class was the architect <a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)" title="Owen Jones (architect)">Owen Jones</a>, one of the most influential design theorists of the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jones' first project was his most important—in 1851, he was responsible for not only the decoration of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paxton" title="Joseph Paxton">Joseph Paxton</a>'s gigantic <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">Crystal Palace</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Exhibition" title="Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a> but also the arrangement of the exhibits within. He chose a controversial <a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">palette</a> of red, yellow, and blue for the interior ironwork and, despite initial negative publicity in the newspapers, was eventually unveiled by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> to much critical acclaim. His most significant publication was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grammar_of_Ornament" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grammar of Ornament">The Grammar of Ornament</a></i> (1856),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Jones formulated 37 key principles of interior design and decoration. </p><p>Jones was employed by some of the leading interior design firms of the day; in the 1860s, he worked in collaboration with the London firm Jackson & Graham to produce furniture and other fittings for high-profile clients including art collector <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Morrison" title="Alfred Morrison">Alfred Morrison</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Ismail Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a> of Egypt. </p><p>In 1882, the <a href="/wiki/Kelly%27s_Directory" title="Kelly's Directory">London Directory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Post_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Post Office">Post Office</a> listed 80 interior decorators. Some of the most distinguished companies of the period were <a href="/wiki/John_Dibblee_Crace" title="John Dibblee Crace">Crace</a>, Waring & Gillowm and Holland & Sons; famous decorators employed by these firms included <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Collcutt" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Edward Collcutt">Thomas Edward Collcutt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Godwin" title="Edward William Godwin">Edward William Godwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barry" title="Charles Barry">Charles Barry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Semper" title="Gottfried Semper">Gottfried Semper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Street" title="George Edmund Street">George Edmund Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_professional_interior_design">Transition to professional interior design</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Design_for_a_room_by_John_Dibblee_Crace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Design_for_a_room_by_John_Dibblee_Crace.jpg/300px-Design_for_a_room_by_John_Dibblee_Crace.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Design_for_a_room_by_John_Dibblee_Crace.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>This interior was designed by <a href="/wiki/John_Dibblee_Crace" title="John Dibblee Crace">John Dibblee Crace</a>, President of the Institute of British Decorators, established in 1899.</figcaption></figure><p> By the turn of the 20th century, amateur advisors and publications were increasingly challenging the monopoly that the large retail companies had on interior design. English <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> author <a href="/wiki/Mary_Haweis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Haweis">Mary Haweis</a> wrote a series of widely read essays in the 1880s in which she derided the eagerness with which aspiring middle-class people furnished their houses according to the rigid models offered to them by the retailers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She advocated the individual adoption of a particular style, tailor-made to the individual needs and preferences of the customer:</p><blockquote><p>One of my strongest convictions, and one of the first canons of good taste, is that our houses, like the fish's shell and the bird's nest, ought to represent our individual taste and habits.</p></blockquote> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <p>The move toward decoration as a separate artistic profession, unrelated to the manufacturers and retailers, received an impetus with the 1899 formation of the Institute of British Decorators; with <a href="/wiki/John_Dibblee_Crace" title="John Dibblee Crace">John Dibblee Crace</a> as its president, it represented almost 200 decorators around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1915, the London Directory listed 127 individuals trading as interior decorators, of which 10 were women. <a href="/wiki/Rhoda_Garrett" title="Rhoda Garrett">Rhoda Garrett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Garrett" title="Agnes Garrett">Agnes Garrett</a> were the first women to train professionally as home decorators in 1874. The importance of their work on design was regarded at the time as on a par with that of <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>. In 1876, their work – <i>Suggestions for House Decoration in Painting, Woodwork and Furniture</i> – spread their ideas on artistic interior design to a wide middle-class audience.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> By 1900, the situation was described by <i>The Illustrated Carpenter and Builder</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Until recently when a man wanted to furnish he would visit all the dealers and select piece by piece of furniture ....Today he sends for a dealer in art furnishings and fittings who surveys all the rooms in the house and he brings his artistic mind to bear on the subject.</p></blockquote><p>In America, <a href="/wiki/Candace_Wheeler" title="Candace Wheeler">Candace Wheeler</a> was one of the first woman <a href="/wiki/Interior_designers" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior designers">interior designers</a> and helped encourage a new style of American design. She was instrumental in the development of art courses for women in a number of major American cities and was considered a national authority on home design. An important influence on the new profession was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Decoration_of_Houses" title="The Decoration of Houses">The Decoration of Houses</a></i>, a manual of interior design written by <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a> with architect <a href="/wiki/Ogden_Codman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogden Codman">Ogden Codman</a> in 1897 in America. In the book, the authors denounced Victorian-style <a href="/wiki/Interior_decoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior decoration">interior decoration</a> and interior design, especially those rooms that were decorated with heavy window curtains, <a href="/wiki/Victorian_decorative_arts" title="Victorian decorative arts">Victorian bric-a-brac</a>, and overstuffed furniture. They argued that such rooms emphasized upholstery at the expense of proper space planning and architectural design and were, therefore, uncomfortable and rarely used. The book is considered a seminal work, and its success led to the emergence of professional decorators working in the manner advocated by its authors, most notably <a href="/wiki/Elsie_de_Wolfe" title="Elsie de Wolfe">Elsie de Wolfe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elsiedewolfe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Elsiedewolfe.jpg/220px-Elsiedewolfe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Elsiedewolfe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elsie_de_Wolfe" title="Elsie de Wolfe">Elsie de Wolfe</a>, taken from <i>The House in Good Taste</i>, 1913</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Elsie_De_Wolfe" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsie De Wolfe">Elsie De Wolfe</a> was one of the first interior designers. Rejecting the Victorian style she grew up with, she chose a more vibrant scheme, along with more comfortable furniture in the home. Her designs were light, with fresh colors and delicate <a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a> furnishings, as opposed to the Victorian preference of heavy, red drapes and upholstery, dark wood and intensely patterned wallpapers. Her designs were also more practical;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she eliminated the clutter that occupied the Victorian home, enabling people to entertain more guests comfortably. In 1905, de Wolfe was commissioned for the interior design of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_Club" title="Colony Club">Colony Club</a> on <a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue" title="Madison Avenue">Madison Avenue</a>; its interiors garnered her recognition almost over night.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She compiled her ideas into her widely read 1913 book, <i>The House in Good Taste</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-professionalization1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-professionalization1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, <a href="/wiki/Syrie_Maugham" title="Syrie Maugham">Syrie Maugham</a> became a legendary interior designer credited with designing the first all-white room. Starting her career in the early 1910s, her international reputation soon grew; she later expanded her business to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Era">Victorian Era</a>, a time characterized by dark colors and small spaces, she instead designed rooms filled with light and furnished in multiple shades of white and mirrored screens. In addition to mirrored screens, her trademark pieces included: books covered in white vellum, cutlery with white porcelain handles, console tables with plaster palm-frond, shell, or dolphin bases, upholstered and fringed sleigh beds, fur carpets, dining chairs covered in white leather, and lamps of graduated glass balls, and wreaths.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3></div> <p>The interior design profession became more established after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. From the 1950s onwards, spending on the home increased. Interior design courses were established, requiring the publication of textbooks and reference sources. Historical accounts of interior designers and firms distinct from the decorative arts specialists were made available. Organisations to regulate education, qualifications, standards and practices, etc. were established for the profession.<sup id="cite_ref-professionalization1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-professionalization1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interior design was previously seen as playing a secondary role to architecture. It also has many connections to other design disciplines, involving the work of <a href="/wiki/Architects" class="mw-redirect" title="Architects">architects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_designers" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial designers">industrial designers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineers">engineers</a>, builders, craftsmen, etc. For these reasons, the government of interior design standards and qualifications was often incorporated into other professional organisations that involved design.<sup id="cite_ref-professionalization1_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-professionalization1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Society_of_Designers" title="Chartered Society of Designers">Chartered Society of Designers</a>, established in the UK in 1986, and the American Designers Institute, founded in 1938,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> governed various areas of design. </p><p>It was not until later that specific representation for the interior design profession was developed. The US National Society of Interior Designers was established in 1957, while in the UK the Interior Decorators and Designers Association was established in 1966. Across Europe, other organisations such as The Finnish Association of Interior Architects (1949) were being established and in 1994 the International Interior Design Association was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-professionalization1_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-professionalization1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ellen Mazur Thomson, author of <i>Origins of Graphic Design in America</i> (1997), determined that professional status is achieved through education, self-imposed standards and professional gate-keeping organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-professionalization1_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-professionalization1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having achieved this, interior design became an accepted profession. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interior_decorators_and_interior_designers">Interior decorators and interior designers</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelin_two-starred_Shang_Palace_main_dining_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Michelin_two-starred_Shang_Palace_main_dining_hall.jpg/280px-Michelin_two-starred_Shang_Palace_main_dining_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Michelin_two-starred_Shang_Palace_main_dining_hall.jpg/420px-Michelin_two-starred_Shang_Palace_main_dining_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Michelin_two-starred_Shang_Palace_main_dining_hall.jpg/560px-Michelin_two-starred_Shang_Palace_main_dining_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1553" /></a><figcaption>Interior design in a restaurant</figcaption></figure> <p>Interior design is the art and science of understanding people's behavior to create functional spaces, that are aesthetically pleasing, within a building. Decoration is the furnishing or adorning of a space with decorative elements, sometimes complemented by advice and practical assistance. In short, interior designers may decorate, but decorators do not design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interior_designer">Interior designer</h3></div> <p>Interior designer implies that there is more of an emphasis on planning, <a href="/wiki/Functional_design" title="Functional design">functional design</a> and the effective use of space, as compared to interior decorating. An interior designer in fine line design can undertake projects that include arranging the basic layout of spaces within a building as well as projects that require an understanding of technical issues such as window and door positioning, <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2003_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although an interior designer may create the layout of a space, they may not alter load-bearing walls without having their designs stamped for approval by a structural engineer. Interior designers often work directly with architects, engineers and contractors. </p><p>Interior designers must be highly skilled in order to create interior environments that are functional, safe, and adhere to building codes, regulations and <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">ADA requirements</a>. They go beyond the selection of color palettes and furnishings and apply their knowledge to the development of construction documents, occupancy loads, healthcare regulations and sustainable design principles, as well as the management and coordination of professional services including mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and life safety—all to ensure that people can live, learn or work in an innocuous environment that is also aesthetically pleasing. </p><p>Someone may wish to specialize and develop technical knowledge specific to one area or type of interior design, such as residential design, commercial design, hospitality design, healthcare design, universal design, exhibition design, furniture design, and spatial branding. Interior design is a creative profession that is relatively new, constantly evolving, and often confusing to the public. It is not always an artistic pursuit and can rely on research from many fields to provide a well-trained understanding of how people are often influenced by their environments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_in_interior_design">Color in interior design</h3></div> <p>Color is a powerful design tool in decoration, as well as in interior design, which is the art of composing and coordinating colors together to create a stylish scheme on the interior architecture of the space.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It can be important to interior designers to acquire a deep experience with colors, understand <a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">their psychological effects</a>, and understand the <a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">meaning of each color in different locations and situations</a> in order to create suitable combinations for each place.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Combining colors together could result in creating a state of mind as seen by the observer, and could eventually result in positive or negative effects on them. Colors can make the room feel either more calm, cheerful, comfortable, stressful, or dramatic. Color combinations can make a tiny room seem larger or smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So it is for the Interior designer to choose appropriate colors for a place towards achieving how clients would want to look at, and feel in, that space.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red-colored</a> <a href="/wiki/Home_accessories" title="Home accessories">home accessories</a> were popularized on social media and in several design magazines for claiming to enhance interior design. This was coined the <a href="/wiki/Unexpected_Red_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Unexpected Red Theory">Unexpected Red Theory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialties">Specialties</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_wire_reel_reused_in_a_furniture_ecodesign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Electric_wire_reel_reused_in_a_furniture_ecodesign.jpg/280px-Electric_wire_reel_reused_in_a_furniture_ecodesign.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Electric_wire_reel_reused_in_a_furniture_ecodesign.jpg/420px-Electric_wire_reel_reused_in_a_furniture_ecodesign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Electric_wire_reel_reused_in_a_furniture_ecodesign.jpg/560px-Electric_wire_reel_reused_in_a_furniture_ecodesign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>An electric wire reel reused as a center table at a <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> decoration <a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">fair</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residential">Residential</h3></div> <p>Residential design is the design of the interior of private residences. As this type of design is specific for individual situations, the needs and wants of the individual are paramount in this area of interior design. The interior designer may work on the project from the initial planning stage or may work on the remodeling of an existing structure. It is often a process that takes months to fine-tune and create a space with the vision of the client.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2004_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2004-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial">Commercial</h3></div> <p>Commercial design encompasses a wide range of subspecialties. </p> <ul><li>Retail: includes malls and shopping centers, department stores, specialty stores, visual merchandising, and showrooms.</li> <li>Visual and spatial branding: The use of space as a medium to express a corporate brand.</li> <li>Corporate: office design for any kind of business such as banks.</li> <li>Healthcare: the design of hospitals, assisted living facilities, medical offices, dentist offices, psychiatric facilities, laboratories, medical specialist facilities.</li> <li>Hospitality and recreation: includes hotels, motels, resorts, cruise ships, cafes, bars, casinos, nightclubs, theaters, music and concert halls, opera houses, sports venues, restaurants, gyms, health clubs and spas, etc.</li> <li>Institutional: government offices, financial institutions (banks and credit unions), schools and universities, religious facilities, etc.</li> <li>Industrial facilities: manufacturing and training facilities as well as import and export facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2004_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2004-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Exhibition: includes museums, gallery, exhibition hall, specially the design for showroom and exhibition gallery.</li> <li>Traffic building: includes bus station, subway station, airports, pier, etc.</li> <li>Sports: includes gyms, stadiums, swimming rooms, basketball halls, etc.</li> <li>Teaching in a private institute that offer classes of interior design.</li> <li>Self-employment.</li> <li>Employment in private sector firms.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <p>Other areas of specialization include amusement and theme park design, museum and exhibition design, <a href="/wiki/Exhibit_design" title="Exhibit design">exhibit design</a>, event design (including ceremonies, weddings, baby and bridal showers, parties, conventions, and concerts), interior and prop styling, craft styling, food styling, product styling, <a href="/wiki/Tablescaping" class="mw-redirect" title="Tablescaping">tablescape</a> design, theatre and performance design, stage and set design, <a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">scenic design</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">production design</a> for film and television. Beyond those, interior designers, particularly those with graduate education, can specialize in healthcare design, <a href="/wiki/Gerontological_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerontological design">gerontological design</a>, educational facility design, and other areas that require specialized knowledge. Some university programs offer graduate studies in theses and other areas. For example, both <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> offer interior design graduate programs in environment and behavior studies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Profession">Profession</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_(Bolzano,_1957)_-_BEIC_6356404.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Bolzano%2C_1957%29_-_BEIC_6356404.jpg/220px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Bolzano%2C_1957%29_-_BEIC_6356404.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Bolzano%2C_1957%29_-_BEIC_6356404.jpg/330px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Bolzano%2C_1957%29_-_BEIC_6356404.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Bolzano%2C_1957%29_-_BEIC_6356404.jpg/440px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Bolzano%2C_1957%29_-_BEIC_6356404.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Installment by L. Gargantini for the Bolzano fair, 1957. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Monti" title="Paolo Monti">Paolo Monti</a> (Fondo Paolo Monti, <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_europea_di_informazione_e_cultura" title="Biblioteca europea di informazione e cultura">BEIC</a>).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interior_design_education" title="Interior design education">Interior design education</a></div> <p>There are various paths that one can take to become a professional interior designer. All of these paths involve some form of training. Working with a successful professional designer is an informal method of training and has previously been the most common method of education. In many states, however, this path alone cannot lead to licensing as a professional interior designer. Training through an institution such as a college, art or design school or university is a more formal route to professional practice. </p><p>In many countries, several university degree courses are now available, including those on interior architecture, taking three or four years to complete. </p><p>A formal education program, particularly one accredited by or developed with a professional organization of interior designers, can provide training that meets a minimum standard of excellence and therefore gives a student an education of a high standard. There are also university graduate and Ph.D. programs available for those seeking further training in a specific design specialization (i.e. gerontological or healthcare design) or those wishing to teach interior design at the university level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_conditions">Working conditions</h3></div> <p>There are a wide range of working conditions and employment opportunities within interior design. Large and tiny corporations often hire interior designers as employees on regular working hours. Designers for smaller firms and online renovation platforms usually work on a contract or per-job basis. Self-employed designers, who made up 32% of interior designers in 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually work the most hours. Interior designers often work under stress to meet deadlines, stay on budget, and meet clients' needs and wishes. </p><p>In some cases, licensed professionals review the work and sign it before submitting the design for approval by clients or construction permitting. The need for licensed review and signature varies by locality, relevant legislation, and scope of work. Their work can involve significant travel to visit different locations. However, with technology development, the process of contacting clients and communicating design alternatives has become easier and requires less travel.<sup id="cite_ref-IBIS_World_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBIS_World-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles">Styles</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_Deco">Art Deco</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Columbia_Building_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Eastern_Columbia_Building_entrance.jpg/170px-Eastern_Columbia_Building_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Eastern_Columbia_Building_entrance.jpg/255px-Eastern_Columbia_Building_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Eastern_Columbia_Building_entrance.jpg/340px-Eastern_Columbia_Building_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a> <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunburst" title="Sunburst">sunburst design</a> above front doors of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Columbia_Building" title="Eastern Columbia Building">Eastern Columbia Building</a> in Los Angeles; built 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> style began in Europe in the early years of the 20th century, with the waning of <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>. The term "Art Deco" was taken from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes, a world's fair held in Paris in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2002_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2002-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art Deco rejected many traditional classical influences in favour of more streamlined geometric forms and metallic color. The Art Deco style influenced all areas of design, especially interior design, because it was the first style of interior decoration to spotlight new technologies and materials.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1990_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1990-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Art Deco style is mainly based on geometric shapes, streamlining, and clean lines.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1996_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1996-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style offered a sharp, cool look of mechanized living utterly at odds with anything that came before.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Art Deco rejected traditional materials of decoration and interior design, opting instead to use more unusual materials such as <a href="/wiki/Chrome_plating" title="Chrome plating">chrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, shiny fabrics, <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inlay" title="Inlay">inlaid wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharkskin" title="Sharkskin">sharkskin</a>, and zebra skin.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1990_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1990-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of harder, metallic materials was chosen to celebrate the machine age. These materials reflected the dawning modern age that was ushered in after the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. The innovative combinations of these materials created contrasts that were very popular at the time – for example the mixing together of highly polished wood and black lacquer with satin and furs.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The barber shop in the Austin Reed store in London was designed by P. J. Westwood. It was soon regarded as the trendiest barber shop in Britain due to its use of metallic materials.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The color themes of Art Deco consisted of metallic color, neutral color, bright color, and black and white. In interior design, cool metallic colors including silver, gold, metallic blue, charcoal grey, and platinum tended to predominate.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1996_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1996-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Serge_Chermayeff" title="Serge Chermayeff">Serge Chermayeff</a>, a Russian-born British designer made extensive use of cool metallic colors and luxurious surfaces in his room schemes. His 1930 showroom design for a British dressmaking firm had a silver-grey background and black mirrored-glass wall panels.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black and white was also a very popular color scheme during the 1920s and 1930s. Black and white checkerboard tiles, floors and wallpapers were very trendy at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the style developed, bright vibrant colors became popular as well.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Art Deco furnishings and lighting fixtures had a glossy, luxurious appearance with the use of inlaid wood and reflective finishes. The furniture pieces often had curved edges, geometric shapes, and clean lines.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2002_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2002-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art Deco lighting fixtures tended to make use of stacked geometric patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_art">Modern art</h3></div> <p>Modern design grew out of the decorative arts, mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a>, in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first to introduce this <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist</a> style was <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>, who had not become hugely popularized until completing the house called <a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> in the 1930s. Modern art reached its peak during the 1950s and '60s, which is why designers and decorators today may refer to modern design as being "mid-century".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern art does not refer to the era or age of design and is not the same as contemporary design, a term used by interior designers for a shifting group of recent styles and trends.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_materials">Arab materials</h3></div> <p>"Majlis painting", also called <a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">nagash painting</a>, is the decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Majlis" title="Majlis">majlis</a>, or front parlor of traditional Arabic homes, in the <a href="/wiki/Asir" title="Asir">Asir</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and adjoining parts of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. These wall paintings, an <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">arabesque</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">mural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a>, show various geometric designs in bright colors: "Called 'nagash' in Arabic, the wall paintings were a mark of pride for a woman in her house."<sup id="cite_ref-Yunis,_Alia,_The_Majlis_Painters,_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yunis,_Alia,_The_Majlis_Painters,-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geometric designs and heavy lines seem to be adapted from the area's textile and weaving patterns. "In contrast with the sobriety of architecture and decoration in the rest of Arabia, exuberant color and ornamentation characterize those of Asir. The painting extends into the house over the walls and doors, up the staircases, and onto the furniture itself. When a house is being painted, women from the community help each other finish the job. The building then displays their shared taste and knowledge. Mothers pass these on to their daughters. This artwork is based on a <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> of straight lines and suggests the patterns common to textile <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>, with solid bands of different colors. Certain motifs reappear, such as the triangular <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> or 'niche' and the <a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">palmette</a>. In the past, paint was produced from mineral and vegetable <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Cloves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a> yielded green. Blue came from the <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a> plant. Red came from <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a> and a certain mud. <a href="/wiki/Paintbrush" title="Paintbrush">Paintbrushes</a> were created from the tough hair found in a goat's tail. Today, however, women use modern manufactured paint to create new looks, which have become an indicator of social and economic change."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women in the Asir province often complete the decoration and painting of the house interior. "You could tell a family's wealth by the paintings," <a href="/w/index.php?title=Um_Abdullah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Um Abdullah (page does not exist)">Um Abdullah</a> says: "If they didn't have much money, the wife could only paint the motholath, the basic straight, simple lines, in patterns of three to six repetitions in red, green, yellow and brown." When women did not want to paint the walls themselves, they could <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a> with other women who would do the work. Several Saudi women have become famous as majlis painters, such as <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Abou_Gahas" title="Fatima Abou Gahas">Fatima Abou Gahas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yunis,_Alia,_The_Majlis_Painters,_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yunis,_Alia,_The_Majlis_Painters,-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interior walls of the home are brightly painted by the women, who work in defined patterns with lines, triangles, squares, diagonals and tree-like patterns. "Some of the large triangles represent mountains. Zigzag lines stand for water and also for lightning. Small triangles, especially when the widest area is at the top, are found in pre-Islamic representations of female figures. That the small triangles found in the wall paintings in 'Asir are called banat may be a cultural remnant of a long-forgotten past."<sup id="cite_ref-Yunis,_Alia,_The_Majlis_Painters,_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yunis,_Alia,_The_Majlis_Painters,-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">Courtyards</a> and upper pillared <a href="/wiki/Porticoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Porticoes">porticoes</a> are principal features of the best Nadjdi architecture, in addition to the fine incised plaster wood (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiss (page does not exist)">jiss</a>) and painted window shutters, which decorate the reception rooms. Good examples of plasterwork can often be seen in the gaping ruins of torn-down buildings- the effect is light, delicate and airy. It is usually around the <a href="/wiki/Majlis" title="Majlis">majlis</a>, around the coffee hearth and along the walls above where guests sat on rugs, against cushions. Doughty wondered if this "<a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">parquetting</a> of jis", this "<a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> fretwork... all adorning and unenclosed" originated from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. However, the Najd fretwork seems very different from that seen in the Eastern Province and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, which are linked to Indian traditions, and rather resembles the <a href="/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)" title="Motif (visual arts)">motifs</a> and patterns found in ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. The rosette, the star, the triangle and the stepped pinnacle pattern of dadoes are all ancient patterns, and can be found all over the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> of antiquity. <a href="/wiki/Al-Qassim_Province" title="Al-Qassim Province">Al-Qassim Province</a> seems to be the home of this art, and there it is normally worked in hard white <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> (though what you see is usually begrimed by the smoke of the coffee hearth). In <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, examples can be seen in unadorned <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_popularization">Media popularization</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interior_design_magazine" title="Interior design magazine">Interior design magazine</a></div> <p>Interior design has become the subject of <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> shows. In the United Kingdom, popular interior design and decorating programs include <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minute_Makeover" title="60 Minute Makeover">60 Minute Makeover</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Changing_Rooms" title="Changing Rooms">Changing Rooms</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>), and <i>Selling Houses</i> (<a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>). Famous interior designers whose work is featured in these programs include <a href="/wiki/Linda_Barker" title="Linda Barker">Linda Barker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Llewelyn-Bowen" title="Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen">Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/TLC_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="TLC Network">TLC Network</a> aired a popular program called <i><a href="/wiki/Trading_Spaces" title="Trading Spaces">Trading Spaces</a></i>, a show based on the UK program <i>Changing Rooms</i>. In addition, both <a href="/wiki/HGTV" title="HGTV">HGTV</a> and the <a href="/wiki/DIY_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY Network">DIY Network</a> also televise many programs about interior design and decorating, featuring the works of a variety of interior designers, decorators, and home improvement experts in a myriad of projects. </p><p>Fictional interior decorators include the Sugarbaker sisters on <i><a href="/wiki/Designing_Women" title="Designing Women">Designing Women</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Grace_Adler" title="Grace Adler">Grace Adler</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Will_%26_Grace" title="Will & Grace">Will & Grace</a></i>. There is also another show called <i>Home MADE</i>. There are two teams and two houses and whoever has the designed and made the worst room, according to the judges, is eliminated. Another show on the <a href="/wiki/Style_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Style Network">Style Network</a>, hosted by <a href="/wiki/Niecy_Nash" title="Niecy Nash">Niecy Nash</a>, is <i><a href="/wiki/Clean_House" title="Clean House">Clean House</a></i> where they re-do messy homes into themed rooms that the clients would like. Other shows include <i><a href="/wiki/Design_on_a_Dime" title="Design on a Dime">Design on a Dime</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Designed_to_Sell" title="Designed to Sell">Designed to Sell</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Decorating_Adventures_of_Ambrose_Price" title="The Decorating Adventures of Ambrose Price">The Decorating Adventures of Ambrose Price</a></i>. The show called <i><a href="/wiki/HGTV_Design_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="HGTV Design Star">Design Star</a></i> has become more popular through the five seasons that have already aired. The winners of this show end up getting their own TV shows, of which are <i><a href="/wiki/Color_Splash" title="Color Splash">Color Splash</a></i> hosted by <a href="/wiki/David_Bromstad" title="David Bromstad">David Bromstad</a>, <i>Myles of Style</i> hosted by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Myles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Myles">Kim Myles</a>, <i>Paint-Over!</i> hosted by <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Bertrand" title="Jennifer Bertrand">Jennifer Bertrand</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Antonio_Treatment" title="The Antonio Treatment">The Antonio Treatment</a></i> hosted by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ballatore" title="Antonio Ballatore">Antonio Ballatore</a>, and finally <i>Secrets from a Stylist</i> hosted by Emily Henderson. <a href="/wiki/Bravo_(U.S._TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bravo (U.S. TV network)">Bravo</a> also has a variety of shows that explore the lives of interior designers. These include <i><a href="/wiki/Flipping_Out" title="Flipping Out">Flipping Out</a></i>, which explores the life of <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Lewis_(real_estate_speculator)" title="Jeff Lewis (real estate speculator)">Jeff Lewis</a> and his team of designers; <i><a href="/wiki/Million_Dollar_Decorators" title="Million Dollar Decorators">Million Dollar Decorators</a></i> explores the lives of interior designers <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Turner" title="Nathan Turner">Nathan Turner</a>, Jeffrey Alan Marks, Mary McDonald, Kathryn Ireland, and <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Lawrence_Bullard" title="Martyn Lawrence Bullard">Martyn Lawrence Bullard</a>. </p><p>Interior design has also become the subject of <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> shows. In the U.S., popular interior design & lifestyle shows include <i><a href="/wiki/Martha_Stewart_Living" title="Martha Stewart Living">Martha Stewart Living</a></i> and <i>Living Large</i> featuring Karen Mills. Famous interior designers whose work is featured on these programs include Bunny Williams, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Barry" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Barry">Barbara Barry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Ireland" title="Kathy Ireland">Kathy Ireland</a>, among others. </p><p>Many interior design magazines exist to offer advice regarding color palette, furniture, art, and other elements that fall under the umbrella of interior design. These magazine often focus on related subjects to draw a more specific audience. For instance, architecture as a primary aspect of <i><a href="/wiki/Dwell_(magazine)" title="Dwell (magazine)">Dwell</a></i>, while <i><a href="/wiki/Veranda_(magazine)" title="Veranda (magazine)">Veranda</a></i> is well known as a luxury living magazine. <i><a href="/wiki/Lonny_(magazine)" title="Lonny (magazine)">Lonny Magazine</a></i> and the newly relaunched, <i><a href="/wiki/Domino_(magazine)" title="Domino (magazine)">Domino Magazine</a></i>, cater to a young, hip, metropolitan audience, and emphasize accessibility and a do-it-yourself (<a href="/wiki/DIY" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY">DIY</a>) approach to interior design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1215px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GCT_in_Blizzard_of_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Central Terminal in Midtown Manhattan"><img alt="Grand Central Terminal in Midtown Manhattan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GCT_in_Blizzard_of_2015.jpg/200px-GCT_in_Blizzard_of_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GCT_in_Blizzard_of_2015.jpg/300px-GCT_in_Blizzard_of_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GCT_in_Blizzard_of_2015.jpg/400px-GCT_in_Blizzard_of_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="1261" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_San_Domenico-Taormina-Sicilia-Italy_-_Creative_Commons_by_gnuckx_(3667442268).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hotel San Domenico in Taormina"><img alt="Hotel San Domenico in Taormina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hotel_San_Domenico-Taormina-Sicilia-Italy_-_Creative_Commons_by_gnuckx_%283667442268%29.jpg/200px-Hotel_San_Domenico-Taormina-Sicilia-Italy_-_Creative_Commons_by_gnuckx_%283667442268%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hotel_San_Domenico-Taormina-Sicilia-Italy_-_Creative_Commons_by_gnuckx_%283667442268%29.jpg/300px-Hotel_San_Domenico-Taormina-Sicilia-Italy_-_Creative_Commons_by_gnuckx_%283667442268%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hotel_San_Domenico-Taormina-Sicilia-Italy_-_Creative_Commons_by_gnuckx_%283667442268%29.jpg/400px-Hotel_San_Domenico-Taormina-Sicilia-Italy_-_Creative_Commons_by_gnuckx_%283667442268%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1379" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hotel San Domenico in Taormina</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apothecary_room_-_Arppeanum_-_DSC05136.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Apothecary room"><img alt="Apothecary room" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Apothecary_room_-_Arppeanum_-_DSC05136.JPG/200px-Apothecary_room_-_Arppeanum_-_DSC05136.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Apothecary_room_-_Arppeanum_-_DSC05136.JPG/300px-Apothecary_room_-_Arppeanum_-_DSC05136.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Apothecary_room_-_Arppeanum_-_DSC05136.JPG/400px-Apothecary_room_-_Arppeanum_-_DSC05136.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apothecary room </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenno_Villa_Balbianello_wnetrze_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Villa del Balbianello"><img alt="Villa del Balbianello" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lenno_Villa_Balbianello_wnetrze_3.jpg/200px-Lenno_Villa_Balbianello_wnetrze_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lenno_Villa_Balbianello_wnetrze_3.jpg/300px-Lenno_Villa_Balbianello_wnetrze_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lenno_Villa_Balbianello_wnetrze_3.jpg/400px-Lenno_Villa_Balbianello_wnetrze_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Villa_del_Balbianello" title="Villa del Balbianello">Villa del Balbianello</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johan_Zacharias_Blackstadius,_Interi%C3%B6r,_salong_med_l%C3%A4sande_flicka,_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lounge (1850)"><img alt="Lounge (1850)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Johan_Zacharias_Blackstadius%2C_Interi%C3%B6r%2C_salong_med_l%C3%A4sande_flicka%2C_1850.jpg/200px-Johan_Zacharias_Blackstadius%2C_Interi%C3%B6r%2C_salong_med_l%C3%A4sande_flicka%2C_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Johan_Zacharias_Blackstadius%2C_Interi%C3%B6r%2C_salong_med_l%C3%A4sande_flicka%2C_1850.jpg/300px-Johan_Zacharias_Blackstadius%2C_Interi%C3%B6r%2C_salong_med_l%C3%A4sande_flicka%2C_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Johan_Zacharias_Blackstadius%2C_Interi%C3%B6r%2C_salong_med_l%C3%A4sande_flicka%2C_1850.jpg/400px-Johan_Zacharias_Blackstadius%2C_Interi%C3%B6r%2C_salong_med_l%C3%A4sande_flicka%2C_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lounge (1850)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar_in_de_Rotterdamzaal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bar in Rotterdam"><img alt="Bar in Rotterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bar_in_de_Rotterdamzaal.jpg/150px-Bar_in_de_Rotterdamzaal.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bar_in_de_Rotterdamzaal.jpg/225px-Bar_in_de_Rotterdamzaal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bar_in_de_Rotterdamzaal.jpg/300px-Bar_in_de_Rotterdamzaal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bar in <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balboa_Bay_Club_9_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balboa Bay Club"><img alt="Balboa Bay Club" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Balboa_Bay_Club_9_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/200px-Balboa_Bay_Club_9_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Balboa_Bay_Club_9_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/300px-Balboa_Bay_Club_9_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Balboa_Bay_Club_9_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/400px-Balboa_Bay_Club_9_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4277" data-file-height="2676" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balboa Bay Club</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:12-03-01-axel-springer-by-RalfR-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Axel Springer Tower [de], Berlin"><img alt="Axel Springer Tower [de], Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/12-03-01-axel-springer-by-RalfR-28.jpg/200px-12-03-01-axel-springer-by-RalfR-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/12-03-01-axel-springer-by-RalfR-28.jpg/300px-12-03-01-axel-springer-by-RalfR-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/12-03-01-axel-springer-by-RalfR-28.jpg/400px-12-03-01-axel-springer-by-RalfR-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer_Tower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axel Springer Tower (page does not exist)">Axel Springer Tower</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel-Springer-Hochhaus" class="extiw" title="de:Axel-Springer-Hochhaus">de</a>]</span>, Berlin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NerviChiesaLuteranaI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lutheran church in Nervi"><img alt="Lutheran church in Nervi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NerviChiesaLuteranaI.jpg/150px-NerviChiesaLuteranaI.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NerviChiesaLuteranaI.jpg/225px-NerviChiesaLuteranaI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NerviChiesaLuteranaI.jpg/300px-NerviChiesaLuteranaI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nervi" title="Nervi">Nervi</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_interior_decorators">Notable interior decorators</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Category:Interior_designers" title="Category:Interior designers">Category:Interior designers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Interior_design_firms" title="Category:Interior design firms">Category:Interior design firms</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Interior_designers_by_nationality" title="Category:Interior designers by nationality">Category:Interior designers by nationality</a></div> <p>Other early interior decorators: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sibyl_Colefax" title="Sibyl Colefax">Sibyl Colefax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Draper" title="Dorothy Draper">Dorothy Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_L%C3%A9onard_Fontaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre François Léonard Fontaine">Pierre François Léonard Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrie_Maugham" title="Syrie Maugham">Syrie Maugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margery_Hoffman_Smith" title="Margery Hoffman Smith">Margery Hoffman Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_de_Wolfe" title="Elsie de Wolfe">Elsie de Wolfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stannard_Vernay" title="Arthur Stannard Vernay">Arthur Stannard Vernay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a></li></ul> <p>Many of the most famous designers and decorators during the 20th century had no formal training. Some examples include <a href="/wiki/Sister_Parish" title="Sister Parish">Sister Parish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Denning" title="Robert Denning">Robert Denning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Fourcade" title="Vincent Fourcade">Vincent Fourcade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Joyce" title="Kerry Joyce">Kerry Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Wearstler" title="Kelly Wearstler">Kelly Wearstler</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Boudin" title="Stéphane Boudin">Stéphane Boudin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Geffroy" title="Georges Geffroy">Georges Geffroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Terry" title="Emilio Terry">Emilio Terry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_de_Beistegui" title="Carlos de Beistegui">Carlos de Beistegui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nina_Petronzio" title="Nina Petronzio">Nina Petronzio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Mongiardino" title="Lorenzo Mongiardino">Lorenzo Mongiardino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jean_Thompson" title="Mary Jean Thompson">Mary Jean Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Nightingale_Hicks" class="mw-redirect" title="David Nightingale Hicks">David Nightingale Hicks</a>. </p><p>Notable interior designers in the world today include <a href="/wiki/Scott_Salvator" title="Scott Salvator">Scott Salvator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troy_Adams" title="Troy Adams">Troy Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Adler" title="Jonathan Adler">Jonathan Adler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Smith_(interior_designer)" title="Michael S. Smith (interior designer)">Michael S. Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Brudnizki" title="Martin Brudnizki">Martin Brudnizki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Douglas_Drysdale" title="Mary Douglas Drysdale">Mary Douglas Drysdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Hoppen" title="Kelly Hoppen">Kelly Hoppen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Wearstler" title="Kelly Wearstler">Kelly Wearstler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nina_Campbell" title="Nina Campbell">Nina Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Collins_(interior_designer)" title="David Collins (interior designer)">David Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nate_Berkus" title="Nate Berkus">Nate Berkus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Espinet" title="Sandra Espinet">Sandra Espinet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo_Hamilton_(interior_designer)" title="Jo Hamilton (interior designer)">Jo Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Haslam" title="Nicky Haslam">Nicky Haslam</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960s_decor" title="1960s decor">1960s decor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Interior_Designers" title="American Society of Interior Designers">American Society of Interior Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">Blueprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Institute_of_Interior_Design" title="British Institute of Interior Design">British Institute of Interior Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Society_of_Designers" title="Chartered Society of Designers">Chartered Society of Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_psychology" title="Environmental psychology">Environmental psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_interior_design" title="Experiential interior design">Experiential interior design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_architectural_spatial_analysis" title="Fuzzy architectural spatial analysis">Fuzzy architectural spatial analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design_psychology" title="Interior design psychology">Interior design psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design_regulation_in_the_United_States" title="Interior design regulation in the United States">Interior design regulation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture#Japanese_interior_design" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese interior design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_decorating" title="Primitive decorating">Primitive decorating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_decals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall decals">Wall decals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_treatment" title="Window treatment">Window treatment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2003-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2003_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2003_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pile, J., 2003, Interior Design, 3rd edn, Pearson, New Jersey, USA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Pages 257–258.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Interior_design" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Interior design">Interior design</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/48949">Candace Wheeler: The Art and Enterprise of American Design, 1875–1900</a>, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which includes a great deal of content about early interior design</li></ul> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Design" title="Template:Design"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Design" title="Template talk:Design"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Design" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Design"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_design" title="Outline of design">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer" title="Designer">Designer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Disciplines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disciplines</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Brand design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibit_design" title="Exhibit design">Exhibit design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_title_design" title="Film title design">Film title design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_graphic_design" title="Motion graphic design">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp_design" title="Postage stamp design">Postage stamp design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_design" title="Print design">Print design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_design" title="News design">News design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_design" title="Retail design">Retail design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signage" title="Signage">Signage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign_design" title="Traffic sign design">Traffic sign design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a> / <a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_design" title="Video design">Video design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_merchandising" title="Visual merchandising">Visual merchandising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_lighting_design" title="Architectural lighting design">Architectural lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_design" title="Building design">Building design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">Computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_design" title="Hotel design">Hotel design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interior design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_interior_design" title="Experiential interior design">EID</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyline_design" title="Keyline design">Keyline design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_design" title="Landscape design">Landscape design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_design" title="Spatial design">Spatial design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">Industrial<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_suspension_design_process" title="Automotive suspension design process">Automotive suspension design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMF_design" title="CMF design">CMF design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar_design" title="Electric guitar design">Electric guitar design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_furniture_design" title="Sustainable furniture design">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_design" title="Motorcycle design">Motorcycle design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">Packaging and labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_lens_design" title="Photographic lens design">Photographic lens design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">Product design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">Production design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_design" title="Sensory design">Sensory design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_design" title="Service design">Service design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experience_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience design">Experience design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employee_experience_design" title="Employee experience design">EED</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_design" title="Game design">Game design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">Level design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">Video game design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon_design" title="Icon design">Icon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_design" title="Immersive design">Immersive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_interaction_design" title="Sonic interaction design">Sonic interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">Web design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /><a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">glass design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_art_design" title="Game art design">Game art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Property designer">Property design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Scenic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_design" title="Lighting design">Stage/set lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Textile design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />design<br />& <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">Behavioural design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_design" title="Boiler design">Boiler design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_design" title="Database design">Database design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_design" title="Drug design">Drug design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_system_design" title="Electrical system design">Electrical system design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Experimental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_design" title="Filter design">Filter design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_design" title="Geometric design">Geometric design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_design" title="Work design">Work design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_design" title="Integrated circuit design">Integrated circuit design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_design" title="Circuit design">Circuit design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_design_(electronics)" title="Physical design (electronics)">Physical design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_network_design_(IC)" title="Power network design (IC)">Power network design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Nuclear weapon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_design" title="Nucleic acid design">Nucleic acid design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Organization design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_design" title="Process design">Process design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_design" title="Protein design">Protein design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_design" title="Social design">Social design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_design" title="Spacecraft design">Spacecraft design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_design" title="Strategic design">Strategic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Approaches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Approaches</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity-centered_design" title="Activity-centered design">Activity-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_web_design" title="Adaptive web design">Adaptive web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_design" title="Affective design">Affective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">Brainstorming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_committee" title="Design by committee">By committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">By contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-K_theory" title="C-K theory">C-K theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_closure" title="Design closure">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Co-design</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concept-oriented_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concept-oriented design (page does not exist)">Concept-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_design" title="Configuration design">Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextual_design" title="Contextual design">Contextual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_design" title="Continuous design">Continuous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">Cradle-to-cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_problem-solving" title="Creative problem-solving">Creative problem-solving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_techniques" title="Creativity techniques">Creativity techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_design" title="Critical design">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_fiction" title="Design fiction">Design fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_design" title="Defensive design">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect-led_design%E2%80%93build" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect-led design–build">architect-led</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_design" title="Diffuse design">Diffuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">Domain-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_neutral_design" title="Energy neutral design">Energy neutral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">Engineering design process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_design" title="Probabilistic design">Probabilistic design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error-tolerant_design" title="Error-tolerant design">Error-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault-tolerant_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant design">Fault-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework-oriented_design" title="Framework-oriented design">Framework-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_assembly" title="Design for assembly">For assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">For behaviour change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_manufacturability" title="Design for manufacturability">For manufacturability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_Six_Sigma" title="Design for Six Sigma">For Six Sigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_testing" title="Design for testing">For testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_X" title="Design for X">For X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_design" title="Functional design">Functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_design" title="Generative design">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-centered_design" title="Human-centered design">HCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_design" title="Inclusive design">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_design" title="Integrated design">Integrated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_topside_design" title="Integrated topside design">Integrated topside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence-based_design" title="Intelligence-based design">Intelligence-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_design" title="Iterative design">Iterative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KISS_principle" title="KISS principle">KISS principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-level_design" title="Low-level design">Low-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadesign" title="Metadesign">Metadesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_map" title="Mind map">Mind mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">Modular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(design)" title="New Wave (design)">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented design">Object-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_design" title="Parametric design">Parametric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform-based_design" title="Platform-based design">Platform-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy-based_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy-based design">Policy-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process-centered_design" title="Process-centered design">Process-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_design" title="Rational design">Rational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_design" title="Regenerative design">Regenerative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research-based_design" title="Research-based design">Research-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility-driven_design" title="Responsibility-driven design">Responsibility-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design" title="Responsive web design">RWD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe-life_design" title="Safe-life design">Safe-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_design" title="Systemic design">Systemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems-oriented_design" title="Systems-oriented design">SOD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableless_web_design" title="Tableless web design">Tableless web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constraints" title="Theory of constraints">Theory of constraints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">Top-down and bottom-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_design" title="Transformation design">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIZ" title="TRIZ">TRIZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_All_(in_ICT)" title="Design for All (in ICT)">Design for All</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-centered_design" title="Usage-centered design">Usage-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use-centered_design" title="Use-centered design">Use-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">User-centered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empathic_design" title="Empathic design">Empathic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_innovation" title="User innovation">User innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-driven_design" title="Value-driven design">Value-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_sensitive_design" title="Value sensitive design">Value sensitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_by_design" title="Privacy by design">Privacy by</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/Design_choice" title="Design choice">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_computing" title="Design computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_controls" title="Design controls">controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_culture" title="Design culture">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_flow_(EDA)" title="Design flow (EDA)">flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_leadership" title="Design leadership">leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_management" title="Design management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_marker" title="Design marker">marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_methods" title="Design methods">methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_pattern" title="Design pattern">pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_research" title="Design research">research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_science" title="Design science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_sprint" title="Design sprint">sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Design strategy">strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_theory" title="Design theory">theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_thinking" title="Design thinking">thinking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="ToolsIntellectual_propertyOrganizationsAwards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Intellectual property</li><li>Organizations</li><li>Awards</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Design_tool" title="Design tool">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithms-Aided_Design" title="Algorithms-Aided Design">AAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_model" title="Architectural model">Architectural model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">Blueprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_layout" title="Comprehensive layout">Comprehensive layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_industrial_design" title="Computer-aided industrial design">CAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_home_design_software" title="Virtual home design software">Virtual home design software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-automated_design" title="Computer-automated design">CAutoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_quality_indicator" title="Design quality indicator">Design quality indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">Flowchart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockup" title="Mockup">Mockup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_specification" title="Design specification">Design specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">Storyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_wireframe" title="Website wireframe">Website wireframe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual<br />property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_design" title="Community design">Community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_around" title="Design around">Design around</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_infringement" title="Design infringement">Design infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_patent" title="Design patent">Design patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright" title="Fashion design copyright">Fashion design copyright</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geschmacksmuster" title="Geschmacksmuster">Geschmacksmuster</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_rights_in_the_European_Union" title="Industrial design rights in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts" title="American Institute of Graphic Arts">American Institute of Graphic Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Society_of_Designers" title="Chartered Society of Designers">Chartered Society of Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_and_Industries_Association" title="Design and Industries Association">Design and Industries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Council" title="Design Council">Design Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Forum_Design" title="International Forum Design">International Forum Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Research_Society" title="Design Research Society">Design Research Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Design_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="European Design Award">European Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Design_Award" title="German Design Award">German Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Museum_of_Modern_Art)" title="Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)">Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Chicago_Athenaeum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)">Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphex" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphex">Graphex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IF_Product_Design_Award" title="IF Product Design Award">IF Product Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dyson_Award" title="James Dyson Award">James Dyson Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip_Designers_Prize" title="Prince Philip Designers Prize">Prince Philip Designers Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_art" title="Concept art">Concept art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_design" title="Conceptual design">Conceptual design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">Creative industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.design" title=".design">.design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futures studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_startup" title="Lean startup">Lean startup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_product_development" title="New product development">New product development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OODA_loop" title="OODA loop">OODA loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_simulation" title="Process simulation">Process simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow design">Slow design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEAM_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="STEAM fields">STEAM fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Unintelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problem</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/Design_brief" title="Design brief">brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_change" title="Design change">change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_classic" title="Design classic">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_competition" title="Design competition">competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_competition" title="Architectural design competition">architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_design_competition" title="Student design competition">student</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_director" title="Design director">director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_education" title="Design education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_elements" title="Design elements">elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Design firm">firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_history" title="Design history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_knowledge" title="Design knowledge">knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_language" title="Design language">language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_life" title="Design life">life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_load" title="Design load">load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_museum" title="Design museum">museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_paradigm" title="Design paradigm">paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_principles" title="Design principles">principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_rationale" title="Design rationale">rationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_review" title="Design review">review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_specification" title="Design specification">specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_studies" title="Design studies">studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Design studio">studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_technology" title="Design technology">technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Design" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Commons</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Design" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Wikibooks</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Design" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Wikinews</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Design" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Wikiquote</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Design" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Wikisource</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Design" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Wiktionary</span> </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Construction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Construction_overview" title="Template:Construction overview"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Construction_overview" title="Template talk:Construction overview"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Construction_overview" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Construction overview"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Construction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_construction" title="Home construction">Home construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">Underground construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_structural_engineering" title="History of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architecture" title="Timeline of architecture">Timeline of architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_engineer" title="Building engineer">Building engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_estimator" title="Building estimator">Building estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_officials" title="Building officials">Building officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Building_Surveyor" title="Chartered Building Surveyor">Chartered Building Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">Civil engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_estimator" title="Civil estimator">Civil estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_works" title="Clerk of works">Clerk of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_manager" title="Project manager">Project manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_surveyor" title="Quantity surveyor">Quantity surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_manager" title="Site manager">Site manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">Structural engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(construction)" title="Superintendent (construction)">Superintendent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trades workers<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_trades" title="List of construction trades">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banksman" title="Banksman">Banksman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boilermaker" title="Boilermaker">Boilermaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">Bricklayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_finisher" title="Concrete finisher">Concrete finisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_foreman" title="Construction foreman">Construction foreman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">Construction worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">Electrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazier" title="Glazier">Glazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironworker" title="Ironworker">Ironworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwright" title="Millwright">Millwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterer" title="Plasterer">Plasterer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roofer" title="Roofer">Roofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_fixer" title="Steel fixer">Steel fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welder" title="Welder">Welder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Constructors" title="American Institute of Constructors">American Institute of Constructors</a> (AIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> (ASCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos_Testing_and_Consultancy_Association" title="Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association">Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association</a> (ATAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_General_Contractors_of_America" title="Associated General Contractors of America">Associated General Contractors of America</a> (AGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Contractors" title="Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors">Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors</a> (APHC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_UK" title="Build UK">Build UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_History_Society" title="Construction History Society">Construction History Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Civil_Engineering_Surveyors" title="Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors">Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors</a> (CICES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Engineering" title="Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering">Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering</a> (CIPHE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Engineering_Contractors_Association" title="Civil Engineering Contractors Association">Civil Engineering Contractors Association</a> (CECA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concrete_Society" title="The Concrete Society">The Concrete Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Management_Association_of_America" title="Construction Management Association of America">Construction Management Association of America</a> (CMAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Specifications_Institute" title="Construction Specifications Institute">Construction Specifications Institute</a> (CSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDIC">FIDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Builders_Federation" title="Home Builders Federation">Home Builders Federation</a> (HBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_Association" title="Lighting Association">Lighting Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Home_Builders" title="National Association of Home Builders">National Association of Home Builders</a> (NAHB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Women_in_Construction" title="National Association of Women in Construction">National Association of Women in Construction</a> (NAWIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> (NFPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Kitchen_%26_Bath_Association" title="National Kitchen & Bath Association">National Kitchen & Bath Association</a> (NKBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Railroad_Construction_and_Maintenance_Association" title="National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association">National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association</a> (NRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tile_Contractors_Association" title="National Tile Contractors Association">National Tile Contractors Association</a> (NTCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Tie_Association" title="Railway Tie Association">Railway Tie Association</a> (RTA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors" title="Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors">Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors</a> (RICS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Building_Federation" title="Scottish Building Federation">Scottish Building Federation</a> (SBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Construction_Arbitrators" title="Society of Construction Arbitrators">Society of Construction Arbitrators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Japan" title="Construction industry of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Construction industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">Building code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_site_safety" title="Construction site safety">Site safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Indigenous architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_methods" title="List of construction methods">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthbag_construction" title="Earthbag construction">Earthbag construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_methods_of_construction" title="Modern methods of construction">Modern methods of construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocrete_construction" title="Monocrete construction">Monocrete construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_forming" title="Slip forming">Slip forming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Building material</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_materials" title="List of building materials">List of building materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork_(building_material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millwork (building material)">Millwork</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_bidding" title="Construction bidding">Construction bidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_delay" title="Construction delay">Construction delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_equipment_theft" title="Construction equipment theft">Construction equipment theft</a></li> <li>Construction loan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFMA" title="DFMA">DfMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy equipment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interior design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_buildings_and_structures" title="Lists of buildings and structures">Lists of buildings and structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest buildings and structures">List of tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaproject" title="Megaproject">Megaproject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megastructure" title="Megastructure">Megastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">Plasterwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_(structural)" title="Damp (structural)">Damp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_proofing" title="Damp proofing">Proofing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parge_coat" title="Parge coat">Parge coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roughcast" title="Roughcast">Roughcast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harling_(wall_finish)" title="Harling (wall finish)">Harling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Sustainability in construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_building" title="Unfinished building">Unfinished building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" 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