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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bayer_transformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayer_transformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bayer transformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayer_transformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demosaicing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demosaicing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Demosaicing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demosaicing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noise_reduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noise_reduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Noise reduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noise_reduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_sharpening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_sharpening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Image sharpening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_sharpening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Models</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Processor_brand_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processor_brand_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Processor brand names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processor_brand_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nikon_D90_-_board_0_-_Nikon_Expeed_EI-149-1769.jpg/220px-Nikon_D90_-_board_0_-_Nikon_Expeed_EI-149-1769.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nikon_D90_-_board_0_-_Nikon_Expeed_EI-149-1769.jpg/330px-Nikon_D90_-_board_0_-_Nikon_Expeed_EI-149-1769.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nikon_D90_-_board_0_-_Nikon_Expeed_EI-149-1769.jpg/440px-Nikon_D90_-_board_0_-_Nikon_Expeed_EI-149-1769.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="3420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/EXPEED" class="mw-redirect" title="EXPEED">Nikon EXPEED</a>, a <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">system on a chip</a> including an <a href="/wiki/Color_image_pipeline" title="Color image pipeline">image processor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_scaler#Video_processor" title="Video scaler">video processor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processor</a> (DSP) and a <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a> controlling the chip</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>image processor</b>, also known as an <b>image processing engine</b>, <b>image processing unit</b> (<b>IPU</b>), or <b>image signal processor</b> (<b>ISP</b>), is a type of <a href="/wiki/Media_processor" title="Media processor">media processor</a> or specialized <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processor</a> (DSP) used for <a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> or other devices.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Image processors often employ <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel computing</a> even with <a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> or <a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Multiple instruction, multiple data">MIMD</a> technologies to increase speed and efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital image</a> processing engine can perform a range of tasks. To increase the system integration on <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded devices</a>, often it is a <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">system on a chip</a> with <a href="/wiki/Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">multi-core processor</a> architecture. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_processor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Image_processor" title="Special:EditPage/Image processor">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bayer_transformation">Bayer transformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_processor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bayer transformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">photodiodes</a> employed in an <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a> are color-blind by nature: they can only record <a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">shades of grey</a>. To get <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> into the picture, they are covered with different color filters: <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> (<a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a>) according to the pattern designated by the <a href="/wiki/Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">Bayer filter</a> - named after its inventor. As each photodiode records the color information for exactly one <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> of the image, without an image processor there would be a green pixel next to each red and blue pixel. </p><p>This process, however, is quite complex, and involves a number of different operations. Its quality depends largely on the effectiveness of the <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> applied to the raw data coming from the sensor. The mathematically manipulated data becomes the photo file recorded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demosaicing">Demosaicing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_processor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demosaicing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As stated above, the image processor evaluates the color and <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">brightness</a> data of a given pixel, compares them with the data from neighboring pixels, and then uses a <a href="/wiki/Demosaicing" title="Demosaicing">demosaicing</a> algorithm to produce an appropriate color and brightness value for the pixel. The image processor also assesses the whole picture to guess at the correct distribution of <a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">contrast</a>. By adjusting the <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma</a> value (heightening or lowering the contrast range of an image's mid-tones), subtle tonal gradations, such as in <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">human skin</a> or the blue of the <a href="/wiki/Sky" title="Sky">sky</a>, become much more realistic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noise_reduction">Noise reduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_processor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Noise reduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Image_noise" title="Image noise">Noise</a> is a phenomenon found in any <a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">electronic circuitry</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">digital photography</a> its effect is often visible as random spots of obviously wrong color in an otherwise smoothly-colored area. Noise increases with temperature and <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposure</a> times. When higher <a href="/wiki/ISO_5800:1987#Digital_camera_ISO_speed_and_exposure_index" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 5800:1987">ISO</a> settings are chosen the electronic signal in the image sensor is amplified, which at the same time increases the noise level, leading to a lower <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a>. The image processor attempts to separate the noise from the image information and to remove it. This can be quite a challenge, as the image may contain areas with fine textures which, if treated as noise, may lose some of their definition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_sharpening">Image sharpening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_processor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Image sharpening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the color and brightness values for each pixel are <a href="/wiki/Interpolated" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpolated">interpolated</a> some <a href="/wiki/Image_sharpening" class="mw-redirect" title="Image sharpening">image sharpening</a> is applied to even out any fuzziness that has occurred. To preserve the impression of <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth</a>, clarity and fine details, the image processor must sharpen edges and contours. It therefore must <a href="/wiki/Edge_detection" title="Edge detection">detect edges</a> correctly and reproduce them smoothly and without over-sharpening. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models">Models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_processor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Image processor users are using industry standard products, application-specific standard products (ASSP) or even <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">application-specific integrated circuits</a> (ASIC) with trade names: Canon's is called <a href="/wiki/DIGIC" title="DIGIC">DIGIC</a>, Nikon's <a href="/wiki/Expeed" title="Expeed">Expeed</a>, Olympus' TruePic, Panasonic's <a href="/wiki/Venus_Engine" title="Venus Engine">Venus Engine</a> and Sony's <a href="/wiki/Bionz" title="Bionz">Bionz</a>. Some are known to be based on the <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a> <a href="/wiki/Milbeaut" title="Milbeaut">Milbeaut</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> <a href="/wiki/OMAP" title="OMAP">OMAP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> <a href="/wiki/MN103" title="MN103">MN103</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Corporation" title="Zoran Corporation">Zoran</a> Coach, Altek Sunny or <a href="/wiki/Sanyo" title="Sanyo">Sanyo</a> image/video processors. </p><p><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM architecture</a> processors with its <a href="/wiki/ARM_NEON" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM NEON">NEON SIMD</a> <a href="/wiki/Media_Processing_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Processing Engine">Media Processing Engines</a> (MPE) are often used in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processor_brand_names">Processor brand names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_processor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Processor brand names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ATI - <a href="/wiki/Imageon" title="Imageon">Imageon</a> (graphics co-processor used in many early mobile photos to offer camera image signal processing<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>Canon - <a href="/wiki/DIGIC" title="DIGIC">DIGIC</a> (based on Texas Instruments <a href="/wiki/OMAP" title="OMAP">OMAP</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Casio - EXILIM engine</li> <li>Epson - EDiART</li> <li>Fujifilm - EXR III or X Processor Pro</li> <li>Google - <a href="/wiki/Pixel_Visual_Core" title="Pixel Visual Core">Pixel Visual Core</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>HTC - ImageSense</li> <li>Intel - IPU<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>MediaTek - Imagiq</li> <li>Minolta / Konica Minolta - <a href="/wiki/SUPHEED" class="mw-redirect" title="SUPHEED">SUPHEED</a> with CxProcess</li> <li>Leica - MAESTRO (based on Fujitsu <a href="/wiki/Milbeaut" title="Milbeaut">Milbeaut</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nikon - <a href="/wiki/Expeed" title="Expeed">Expeed</a> (based on Fujitsu <a href="/wiki/Milbeaut" title="Milbeaut">Milbeaut</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Olympus - TruePic (based on Panasonic <a href="/wiki/MN103" title="MN103">MN103</a>/MN103S)</li> <li>OPPO - MariSilicon X</li> <li>Panasonic - <a href="/wiki/Venus_Engine" title="Venus Engine">Venus Engine</a> (based on Panasonic <a href="/wiki/MN103" title="MN103">MN103</a>/MN103S)</li> <li>Pentax - PRIME (Pentax Real IMage Engine) (newer variants based on Fujitsu <a href="/wiki/Milbeaut" title="Milbeaut">Milbeaut</a>)</li> <li>Qualcomm - <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_Spectra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualcomm Spectra">Qualcomm Spectra</a> (based on <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_Snapdragon" title="Qualcomm Snapdragon">Qualcomm Snapdragon</a>)</li> <li>Ricoh - GR engine (GR digital), Smooth Imaging Engine</li> <li>Samsung - DRIMe (based on <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a> <a href="/wiki/Exynos" title="Exynos">Exynos</a>)</li> <li>Sanyo - Platinum engine</li> <li>Sigma - True</li> <li>Sharp - ProPix</li> <li>Socionext - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socionextus.com/products/image-processors-milbeaut/">Milbeaut</a> Family of ISPs - SC2000 (M-10V), SC2002 (M-11S)</li> <li>Sony - <a href="/wiki/Bionz" title="Bionz">Bionz</a></li> <li>THine - THP series <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.thine.co.jp/en/products/camera_processor/Image-Signal-Processor/">[1]</a> with compatible SDK Kit for developing firmware <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.thinesolutions.com/camera-development-kit-cdk">[2]</a></li> <li>UNISOC - Vivimagic</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed">Speed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_processor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the ever-higher pixel count in image sensors, the image processor's speed becomes more critical: <a href="/wiki/Photographer" title="Photographer">photographers</a> don't want to wait for the camera's image processor to complete its job before they can carry on shooting - they don't even want to notice some processing is going on inside the camera. Therefore, image processors must be optimised to cope with more data in the same or even a shorter period of time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_processor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Libcamera" title="Libcamera">libcamera</a> is a software library that supports using image signal processors for the capture of pictures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_processor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_image_pipeline" title="Color image pipeline">Color image pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">Image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_editing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital image editing">Digital image editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demosaicing" title="Demosaicing">Demosaicing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_processor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~sjrob/Teaching/B4_SP/b4_sp.pdf">DIGITAL SIGNAL & IMAGE PROCESSING</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/BOOKS/VERNON/Chap004.pdf">Fundamentals of digital image processing</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docs.kernel.org&rft.atitle=7.8.+Intel+Image+Processing+Unit+6+%28IPU6%29+Input+System+driver+%E2%80%94+The+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.kernel.org%2Fadmin-guide%2Fmedia%2Fipu6-isys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImage+processor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fujitsu.com/hk/news/pr/20080926.html">Fujitsu Microelectronics-Leica's Image Processing System Solution For High-End DSLR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007190028/http://www.fujitsu.com/hk/news/pr/20080926.html">Archived</a> 2008-10-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback 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href="/wiki/Template:System_on_a_chip" title="Template:System on a chip"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:System_on_a_chip" title="Template talk:System on a chip"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:System_on_a_chip" title="Special:EditPage/Template:System on a chip"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="System_on_a_chip_(SoC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">cores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">controllers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Image processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_processor" title="Media processor">Media processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_accelerator" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a> (NoC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessor_system_on_a_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor system on a chip">Multiprocessor SoC</a> (MPSoC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_system_on_a_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmable system on a chip">Programmable SoC</a> (PSoC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a> (MCU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-chip_module" title="Multi-chip module">Multi-chip module</a> (MCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_in_a_package" title="System in a package">System in a package</a> (SiP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_on_a_package" title="Package on a package">Package on a package</a> (PoP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device" title="Complex programmable logic device">CPLD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processor</a> (DSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_system_on_a_chip_suppliers" title="List of system on a chip suppliers">List of SoC suppliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_memory" class="mw-redirect" 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