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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Middle career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weather_Underground_investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather_Underground_investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Weather Underground investigations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather_Underground_investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Hoover's_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Hoover's_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>After Hoover's death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Hoover's_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watergate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watergate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Watergate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Watergate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Watergate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Watergate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Deep_Throat"_informant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Deep_Throat"_informant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>"Deep Throat" informant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Deep_Throat"_informant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Code_for_contacting_Woodward" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code_for_contacting_Woodward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Code for contacting Woodward</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code_for_contacting_Woodward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haldeman_informs_Nixon_about_Felt's_leaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haldeman_informs_Nixon_about_Felt's_leaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Haldeman informs Nixon about Felt's leaks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haldeman_informs_Nixon_about_Felt's_leaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nixon_passes_over_Felt_again" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nixon_passes_over_Felt_again"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Nixon passes over Felt again</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nixon_passes_over_Felt_again-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clashes_with_Ruckelshaus_and_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clashes_with_Ruckelshaus_and_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Clashes with Ruckelshaus and resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clashes_with_Ruckelshaus_and_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_and_conviction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_and_conviction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Trial and conviction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial_and_conviction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pardon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pardon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pardon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pardon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memoir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Memoir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deep_Throat_speculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep_Throat_speculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Deep Throat speculation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep_Throat_speculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deep_Throat_revealed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep_Throat_revealed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Deep Throat revealed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep_Throat_revealed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark Felt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA" title="مارك ويليام فيلت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارك ويليام فيلت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mark_Felt" title="William Mark Felt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Mark_Felt" title="W. Mark Felt – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="W. Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%AA" title="مارک فلت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارک فلت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%81%AC_%ED%8E%A0%ED%8A%B8" title="마크 펠트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마크 펠트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%98" title="מארק פלט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מארק פלט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA" title="مارك ويليام فيلت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارك ويليام فيلت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="マーク・フェルト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーク・フェルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%B9" title="مارک فیلٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارک فیلٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Mark_Felt" title="W. Mark Felt – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="W. Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Фелт, Марк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фелт, Марк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Mark_Felt" title="W. Mark Felt – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="W. Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Марк Фелт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марк Фелт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%B9" title="مارک فیلٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارک فیلٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Mark_Felt" title="W. Mark Felt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="W. Mark Felt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9" title="马克·费尔特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马克·费尔特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q348122#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Mark Felt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MarkFelt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/MarkFelt.jpg/220px-MarkFelt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/MarkFelt.jpg/330px-MarkFelt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/MarkFelt.jpg/440px-MarkFelt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1567" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Associate Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 3, 1972 – June 22, 1973</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Tolson" title="Clyde Tolson">Clyde Tolson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Adams" title="James B. Adams">James B. Adams</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">William Mark Felt</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1913-08-17</span>)</span>August 17, 1913<br /><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls,_Idaho" title="Twin Falls, Idaho">Twin Falls, Idaho</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">December 18, 2008<span style="display:none">(2008-12-18)</span> (aged 95)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" title="Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa, California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Audrey Robinson</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1938; died 1984)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Idaho" title="University of Idaho">University of Idaho</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(Watergate)" title="Deep Throat (Watergate)">Deep Throat</a>"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Mark Felt Sr.</b> (August 17, 1913 – December 18, 2008) was an American law enforcement officer who worked for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) from 1942 to 1973 and was known for his role in the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>. Felt was an FBI <a href="/wiki/Special_agent" title="Special agent">special agent</a> who eventually rose to the position of <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Deputy Director</a>, the Bureau's second-highest-ranking post. Felt worked in several FBI field offices prior to his promotion to the Bureau's headquarters. In 1980, he was convicted of having violated the civil rights of people thought to be associated with members of the <a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a>, by ordering FBI agents to <a href="/wiki/Black_bag_operation" title="Black bag operation">break into their homes</a> and search the premises as part of an attempt to prevent bombings. He was ordered to pay a fine, but was <a href="/wiki/Pardon#United_States" title="Pardon">pardoned</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> during his appeal. </p><p>In 2005, at age 91, Felt revealed to <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i> magazine that during his tenure as Deputy Director of the FBI he had been the anonymous source known as "<a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(Watergate)" title="Deep Throat (Watergate)">Deep Throat</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who provided <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> reporters <a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bernstein" title="Carl Bernstein">Carl Bernstein</a> with critical information about the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, which ultimately led to the resignation of President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> in 1974. Woodward, who had long vowed not to reveal Deep Throat's identity while the source was still alive, quickly confirmed Felt's claim. Though Felt's identity as Deep Throat was suspected, including by Nixon himself,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it had generally remained a secret for 30 years. Felt finally acknowledged that he was Deep Throat after being persuaded by his daughter to reveal his identity before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-i'm_the_guy_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i'm_the_guy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Felt published two memoirs: <i><a href="/wiki/The_FBI_Pyramid" title="The FBI Pyramid">The FBI Pyramid</a></i> in 1979 (updated in 2006) and <i>A G-Man's Life</i>, written with John O'Connor in 2006. In 2012, the FBI released Felt's personnel file covering the period from 1941 to 1978. The agency also released files pertaining to an extortion threat made against Felt in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born on August 17, 1913, in <a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls,_Idaho" title="Twin Falls, Idaho">Twin Falls, Idaho</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FeltBirth_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltBirth-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Felt was the son of Rose R. Dygert and Mark Earl Felt, a carpenter and building contractor.<sup id="cite_ref-FeltContractorDad_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltContractorDad-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His paternal grandfather was a <a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptist</a> minister.<sup id="cite_ref-wasgs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wasgs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His maternal grandparents were born in Canada and Scotland. Through his maternal grandfather, Felt was collaterally descended from <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> general <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Herkimer" title="Nicholas Herkimer">Nicholas Herkimer</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wasgs_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wasgs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_High_School" title="Twin Falls High School">Twin Falls High School</a> in 1931, Felt attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Idaho" title="University of Idaho">University of Idaho</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow,_Idaho" title="Moscow, Idaho">Moscow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gom35sr_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gom35sr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member and president of the Gamma Gamma chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Beta_Theta_Pi" title="Beta Theta Pi">Beta Theta Pi</a> <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">fraternity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gom35btp_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gom35btp-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-gom35sr_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gom35sr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mfdpsect_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfdpsect-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Felt then went to Washington, D.C., to work in the office of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/James_P._Pope" title="James P. Pope">James P. Pope</a>. In 1938, Felt married Audrey Robinson of <a href="/wiki/Gooding,_Idaho" title="Gooding, Idaho">Gooding, Idaho</a>, whom he had known when they were students at the University of Idaho.<sup id="cite_ref-gom37sr_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gom37sr-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had come to Washington to work at the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Bureau of Internal Revenue</a>. Their wedding was officiated by the chaplain of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, the Rev. Sheara Montgomery.<sup id="cite_ref-FeltMarriage_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltMarriage-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audrey died by suicide on July 20, 1984; she and Felt had two children, Joan and Mark. </p><p>Felt stayed on with Pope's successor in the Senate, <a href="/wiki/David_Worth_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="David Worth Clark">David Worth Clark</a> (D-Idaho).<sup id="cite_ref-SenPopeAndClarke_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenPopeAndClarke-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University_Law_School" title="George Washington University Law School">George Washington University Law School</a> at night, earning his <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">J.D.</a> degree in 1940, and was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Bar" title="District of Columbia Bar">District of Columbia Bar</a> in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-TheoharrisGeneralBio_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheoharrisGeneralBio-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon graduation, Felt took a position at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> but did not enjoy his work. His workload was very light, and he was assigned to investigate whether a <a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">toilet paper</a> brand, called "Red Cross", was misleading consumers into thinking it was endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a>. Felt wrote in his memoir: </p> <blockquote><p>My research, which required days of travel and hundreds of interviews, produced two definite conclusions: </p><p>1. Most people <i>did</i> use toilet tissue. </p><p>2. Most people <i>did not</i> appreciate being asked about it. </p><p> That was when I started looking for other employment.<sup id="cite_ref-RedCrossToiletPaper_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedCrossToiletPaper-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He applied for a job with the FBI in November 1941 and was accepted. His first day at the Bureau was January 26, 1942. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_FBI_years">Early FBI years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early FBI years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FBI Director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> often moved Bureau agents around so they would have wide experience in the field. This was typical of other agencies and corporations of the time. Felt observed that Hoover "wanted every agent to get into any field office at any time. Since he [Hoover] had never been transferred and did not have a family, he had no idea of the financial and personal hardship involved."<sup id="cite_ref-HooverNoFamily_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HooverNoFamily-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After completing 16 weeks of training at the <a href="/wiki/FBI_Academy" title="FBI Academy">FBI Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quantico,_Virginia" title="Quantico, Virginia">Quantico, Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FBI_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI Headquarters">FBI Headquarters</a> in Washington, Felt was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, spending three months each in the field offices in <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio, Texas">San Antonio</a>. He returned to FBI Headquarters, where he was assigned to the Espionage Section of the Domestic Intelligence Division, tracking down spies and saboteurs during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. He worked on the Major Case Desk. His most notable <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counterintelligence</a> work was on the "Peasant" case. Helmut Goldschmidt, operating under the codename "Peasant", was a German agent in custody in England. Under Felt's direction, his German masters were led to believe that "Peasant" had made his way to the United States, and thus were fed <a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">disinformation</a> on Allied plans.<sup id="cite_ref-Peasant_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peasant-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Espionage Section was abolished in May 1945 after <a href="/wiki/V-E_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="V-E Day">V-E Day</a>. After the war, Felt was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle</a> field office. After two years of general work, he spent another two as a firearms instructor and was promoted from agent to supervisor. Upon passage of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act</a> and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">United States Atomic Energy Commission</a>, the Seattle office became responsible for completing background checks of workers at the <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford plutonium plant</a> near <a href="/wiki/Richland,_Washington" title="Richland, Washington">Richland, Washington</a>. Felt oversaw those investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-Espionage_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espionage-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954 Felt returned briefly to Washington as an inspector's aide. Two months later, he was sent to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> as Assistant Special Agent-in-Charge of the field office. When he was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> fifteen months later, he held the same rank there.<sup id="cite_ref-TransferNewOrleansLosAngeles_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TransferNewOrleansLosAngeles-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigates_organized_crime">Investigates organized crime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Investigates organized crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1956, Felt was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> and promoted to Special Agent-in-Charge.<sup id="cite_ref-ffthipdn_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ffthipdn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Salt Lake City office included <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> within its purview, and Felt oversaw some of the Bureau's earliest investigations into <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>, assessing <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">the Mob</a>'s operations in the <a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a> <a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">casinos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TransferNewOrleansLosAngeles_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TransferNewOrleansLosAngeles-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (It was Hoover's, and therefore the Bureau's, official position at the time that there was no such thing as the Mob.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) In February 1958, Felt was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a> (which he dubbed "the Siberia of field offices" in his memoir),<sup id="cite_ref-TransferNewOrleansLosAngeles_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TransferNewOrleansLosAngeles-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he directed further investigations of organized crime. By this time, Hoover had come to believe in organized crime, in the wake of the infamous <a href="/wiki/Apalachin_meeting" title="Apalachin meeting">conclave of underworld bosses</a> in November 1957 in <a href="/wiki/Apalachin,_New_York" title="Apalachin, New York">Apalachin, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MobKansas_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MobKansas-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_career">Middle career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg/170px-Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg/255px-Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg/340px-Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="3036" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>, photographed in 1961. Hoover appointed Felt the third-ranking official in the Bureau in 1971.</figcaption></figure> <p>Felt returned to Washington, D.C., in September 1962. As assistant to the bureau's assistant director in charge of the Training Division, Felt helped oversee the FBI Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-FeltReturnToDC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltReturnToDC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1964, he was promoted to an Assistant Director of the Bureau, as Chief Inspector of the Bureau and Head of the Inspection Division.<sup id="cite_ref-FeltToInspectionDivision_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltToInspectionDivision-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This division oversaw compliance with Bureau regulations and conducted internal investigations. </p><p>On July 1, 1971, Felt was promoted by Hoover to Deputy Associate Director, assisting Deputy Director <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Tolson" title="Clyde Tolson">Clyde Tolson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FeltMadeAsstDirector_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltMadeAsstDirector-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover's right-hand man for decades, Tolson was in failing health and unable to fulfill his duties. Richard Gid Powers wrote that Hoover installed Felt to rein in <a href="/wiki/William_C._Sullivan" title="William C. Sullivan">William C. Sullivan</a>'s domestic spying operations, as Sullivan had been engaged in secret unofficial work for the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoir, Felt quoted Hoover as having said, "I need someone who can control Sullivan. I think you know he has been getting out of hand."<sup id="cite_ref-FeltMemoirControlSullivan_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltMemoirControlSullivan-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book, <i>The Bureau</i>, Ronald Kessler said that Felt "managed to please Hoover by being tactful with him and tough on agents".<sup id="cite_ref-KesslerOnFeltTactfulness_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KesslerOnFeltTactfulness-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Curt_Gentry" title="Curt Gentry">Curt Gentry</a> described Felt as "the director's latest fair-haired boy", who had "no inherent power" in his new post, the real number three being <a href="/wiki/John_P._Mohr" title="John P. Mohr">John P. Mohr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GentryOnFelt_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GentryOnFelt-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weather_Underground_investigations">Weather Underground investigations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Weather Underground investigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the criminal organizations that the FBI investigated in the early 1970s was the <a href="/wiki/Weatherman_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weatherman (organization)">Weather Underground</a>. Their case was dismissed by the court because it concluded that the FBI had conducted illegal activities, including unauthorized <a href="/wiki/Wiretap" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiretap">wiretaps</a>, break-ins, and mail interceptions. The lead federal prosecutor on the case, William C. Ibershof, claims that Felt and Attorney General <a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John Mitchell</a> initiated these illegal activities that tainted the investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_Hoover's_death"><span id="After_Hoover.27s_death"></span>After Hoover's death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After Hoover's death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrickgrey.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Patrickgrey.jpeg" decoding="async" width="158" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="211" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/L._Patrick_Gray" title="L. Patrick Gray">L. Patrick Gray</a>, acting director of the FBI from May 1972 to April 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>Hoover died in his sleep and was found on the morning of May 2, 1972. Tolson was nominally in charge until the next day, when Nixon appointed <a href="/wiki/L._Patrick_Gray" title="L. Patrick Gray">L. Patrick Gray</a> as Acting FBI Director. Tolson submitted his resignation, which Gray accepted. Felt succeeded to Tolson's post as Deputy Director, the number-two job in the Bureau.<sup id="cite_ref-TolsonResignation_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TolsonResignation-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Felt served as an honorary pallbearer at Hoover's funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-HooverPallbearer_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HooverPallbearer-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the day of Hoover's death, Hoover's secretary for five decades, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Gandy" title="Helen Gandy">Helen Gandy</a>, began destroying his files. She turned over twelve boxes of the "Official/Confidential" files to Felt on May 4, 1972. These contained 167 files and 17,750 pages, many of them containing derogatory information about individuals whom Hoover had investigated. He used this information as power over them. Felt stored the files in his office. </p><p>The existence of such files had long been rumored. Gray told the press that afternoon that "there are no dossiers or secret files. There are just general files and I took steps to preserve their integrity."<sup id="cite_ref-GandyHooversFiles_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GandyHooversFiles-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Felt earlier that day had told Gray, "Mr. Gray, the Bureau doesn't have any secret files", and later accompanied Gray to Hoover's office. They found Gandy boxing up papers. Felt said Gray "looked casually at an open file drawer and approved her work", though Gray would later deny he looked at anything. Gandy retained Hoover's "Personal File" and destroyed it.<sup id="cite_ref-GandyHooversFiles_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GandyHooversFiles-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Felt was called to testify in 1975 by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House</a> about the destruction of Hoover's papers, he said, "There's no serious problems if we lose some papers. I don't see anything wrong and I still don't."<sup id="cite_ref-FeltBeforeUSHouseOfRepsOnFileDest_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltBeforeUSHouseOfRepsOnFileDest-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same hearing, Gandy claimed that she had destroyed Hoover's personal files only after receiving Gray's approval. In a letter submitted to the committee in rebuttal of Gandy's testimony, Gray vehemently denied ever giving such permission. Both Gandy's testimony and Gray's letter were included in the committee's final report.<sup id="cite_ref-FeltBeforeUSHouseOfRepsOnFileDest_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltBeforeUSHouseOfRepsOnFileDest-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his memoir, Felt expressed ambivalence about Gray. Its second director, Gray had no background in the agency, but he had been a submarine captain in the Navy, an Assistant Attorney General in the Justice Department, and was nominated to be Deputy Attorney General, the second highest-ranking position, at the time of Hoover's death. While noting that Gray did work hard, Felt was critical of how often Gray was away from FBI headquarters. Gray lived in <a href="/wiki/Stonington,_Connecticut" title="Stonington, Connecticut">Stonington, Connecticut</a> and commuted to Washington. He also visited all of the Bureau's field offices except Honolulu. His frequent absences led to the nickname "Three-Day Gray".<sup id="cite_ref-ThreeDayGrayNickname_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThreeDayGrayNickname-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These absences, combined with Gray's hospitalization and recuperation from November 20, 1972, to January 2, 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-GrayRevealsSuspOfFeltLeak_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrayRevealsSuspOfFeltLeak-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meant that Felt was effectively in charge for much of his final year at the Bureau. Bob Woodward wrote "Gray got to be director of the FBI and Felt did the work."<sup id="cite_ref-WoodwardonGray_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoodwardonGray-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Felt wrote in his memoir: </p> <blockquote><p>The record amply demonstrates that President Nixon made Pat Gray the Acting Director of the FBI because he wanted a politician in J. Edgar Hoover's position who would convert the Bureau into an adjunct of the White House machine.<sup id="cite_ref-FeltMemoirOnGray_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltMemoirOnGray-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Gray's defenders would later argue that Gray had practiced a management system that differed from Hoover's. Gray's program of field office visits was something that Hoover had not done since his early years as director; some believed that Gray's visits helped raise the morale of the field agents. Gray's form of leadership seemed to continue what he had learned as a captain in the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a>, in which the executive officer concentrates on the basic operation of the ship while the captain concentrates on its position and heading. Felt believed Gray's methods were an unnecessary distraction from the work of the FBI and showed a lack of leadership. He asserted that he was not the only career manager at the FBI who disapproved of Gray's methods, all of whom had served only under Hoover.<sup id="cite_ref-FeltMemoirOnGray_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltMemoirOnGray-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Watergate">Watergate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Watergate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#233738;"><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Watergate scandal</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WatergateFromAir.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WatergateFromAir.JPG/250px-WatergateFromAir.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WatergateFromAir.JPG/375px-WatergateFromAir.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WatergateFromAir.JPG/500px-WatergateFromAir.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Watergate_complex" title="Watergate complex">Watergate complex</a> in 2006</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#233738;color:white;"> Events</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency of Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Watergate_scandal" title="Timeline of the Watergate scandal">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">Nixon White House tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sandwedge" title="Operation Sandwedge">Operation Sandwedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gemstone" title="Operation Gemstone">Operation Gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 presidential election</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Massacre" title="Saturday Night Massacre">Saturday Night Massacre</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">Impeachment process against Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">Resignation speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Inauguration of Gerald Ford">Inauguration of Gerald Ford</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#233738;color:white;"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">People</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Watergate burglars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Barker" title="Bernard Barker">Bernard Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Gonzalez" title="Virgilio Gonzalez">Virgilio Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Eugenio Martínez">Eugenio Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._McCord_Jr." title="James W. McCord Jr.">James W. McCord Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sturgis" title="Frank Sturgis">Frank Sturgis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_list_of_Nixon%27s_political_opponents" title="Master list of Nixon's political opponents">Master list of Nixon's political opponents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_Enemies_List" title="Nixon's Enemies List">Nixon's Enemies List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_Babies" title="Watergate Babies">Watergate Babies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_Seven" title="Watergate Seven">Watergate Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers" title="White House Plumbers">White House Plumbers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">CRP</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Re-Election_of_the_President" title="Committee for the Re-Election of the President">Committee for the Re-Election of the President</a> (CRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_LaRue" title="Fred LaRue">Fred LaRue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Stuart_Magruder" title="Jeb Stuart Magruder">Jeb Stuart Magruder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mardian" title="Robert Mardian">Robert Mardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John N. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Parkinson" title="Kenneth Parkinson">Kenneth Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_W._Sloan_Jr." title="Hugh W. Sloan Jr.">Hugh W. Sloan Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Maurice Stans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">White House</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Butterfield" title="Alexander Butterfield">Alexander Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Charles Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">John Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ehrlichman" title="John Ehrlichman">John Ehrlichman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._R._Haldeman" title="H. R. Haldeman">H. R. Haldeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt" title="E. Howard Hunt">E. Howard Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egil_Krogh" title="Egil Krogh">Egil Krogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Gordon_Liddy" title="G. Gordon Liddy">G. Gordon Liddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_C._Strachan" title="Gordon C. Strachan">Gordon C. Strachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mary_Woods" title="Rose Mary Woods">Rose Mary Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cox" title="Archibald Cox">Archibald Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Jaworski" title="Leon Jaworski">Leon Jaworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Journalists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bernstein" title="Carl Bernstein">Carl Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Sussman" title="Barry Sussman">Barry Sussman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Rosenfeld" title="Harry M. Rosenfeld">Harry M. Rosenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Simons" title="Howard Simons">Howard Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bradlee" title="Ben Bradlee">Ben Bradlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesley_Stahl" title="Lesley Stahl">Lesley Stahl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Intelligence community</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mark Felt</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(Watergate)" title="Deep Throat (Watergate)">Deep Throat</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Patrick_Gray" title="L. Patrick Gray">L. Patrick Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Congress</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ervin" title="Sam Ervin">Sam Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Rodino" title="Peter W. Rodino">Peter W. Rodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Watergate_Committee" title="United States Senate Watergate Committee">U.S. Senate Watergate Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">Impeachment process</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wills_(security_guard)" title="Frank Wills (security guard)">Frank Wills (security guard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Neal" title="James F. Neal">James F. Neal (prosecutor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men" title="All the President's Men"><i>All the President's Men</i> (book,</a> <a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men_(film)" title="All the President's Men (film)">film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days" title="The Final Days"><i>The Final Days</i> (book,</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(1989_film)" title="The Final Days (1989 film)">film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Ambition_(miniseries)" title="Blind Ambition (miniseries)"><i>Blind Ambition</i> (miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_(film)" title="Dick (film)"><i>Dick</i> (1999 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Felt:_The_Man_Who_Brought_Down_the_White_House" title="Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House"><i>Mark Felt: The Man who Brought<br />Down the White House</i> (2017 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watergate_(board_game)" title="Watergate (board game)">Watergate</a></i> (2019 board game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slow_Burn_(podcast)" title="Slow Burn (podcast)">Slow Burn</a></i> (2020 series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaslit_(TV_series)" title="Gaslit (TV series)">Gaslit</a></i> (2022 series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers_(miniseries)" title="White House Plumbers (miniseries)">White House Plumbers</a></i> (2023 miniseries)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Watergate" title="Template:Watergate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Watergate" title="Template talk:Watergate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Watergate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Watergate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As Deputy Director, Felt saw everything compiled on <a href="/wiki/Watergate" class="mw-redirect" title="Watergate">Watergate</a> before it was given to Gray. The Agent in Charge, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nuzum" title="Charles Nuzum">Charles Nuzum</a>, sent his findings to Investigative Division Head Robert Gebhardt, who passed the information on to Felt. From the day of the burglary, June 17, 1972, until the FBI investigation was mostly completed in June 1973, Felt was the key control point for FBI information. He had been among the first to learn of the investigation, being informed the morning of June 17.<sup id="cite_ref-FeltLearnsAboutWatergate_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltLearnsAboutWatergate-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Kessler" title="Ronald Kessler">Ronald Kessler</a>, who spoke to former Bureau agents, reported that throughout the investigation they "were amazed to see material in Woodward and Bernstein's stories lifted almost verbatim from their reports of interviews a few days or weeks earlier".<sup id="cite_ref-KesslerAmazed_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KesslerAmazed-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Deep_Throat"_informant"><span id=".22Deep_Throat.22_informant"></span>"Deep Throat" informant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: "Deep Throat" informant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(Watergate)" title="Deep Throat (Watergate)">Deep Throat (Watergate)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a> first describes his source, nicknamed "Deep Throat", in <i><a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men" title="All the President's Men">All the President's Men</a></i>, as a "source in the Executive Branch who had access to information at CRP (the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Re-elect_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee to Re-elect the President">Committee to Re-elect the President</a>, Nixon's 1972 campaign organization), as well as at the White House."<sup id="cite_ref-BernsteinSourceInExecutive_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BernsteinSourceInExecutive-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the book, Deep Throat is described as an "incorrigible gossip" who was "in a unique position to observe the Executive Branch", a man "whose fight had been worn out in too many battles".<sup id="cite_ref-BernsteinOnFelt_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BernsteinOnFelt-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woodward had known the source before Watergate and had discussed politics and government with him. </p><p>In 2005 Woodward wrote that he first met Felt at the White House in 1969 or 1970. Woodward was working as an aide to Admiral <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hinman_Moorer" title="Thomas Hinman Moorer">Thomas Hinman Moorer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, and was delivering papers to the White House Situation Room. In his book <i>The Secret Man</i>, Woodward described Felt as a "tall man with perfectly combed gray hair ... distinguished looking" with a "studied air of confidence, even what might be called a command presence".<sup id="cite_ref-HowWoodwardMetFelt_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowWoodwardMetFelt-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They stayed in contact and spoke on the telephone several times. When Woodward started working at the <i>Washington Post</i>, he phoned Felt on several occasions to ask for information for articles in the paper. Felt's information, taken on a promise that Woodward would never reveal its origin, was a source for a few stories, notably for an article on May 18, 1972, about <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bremer" title="Arthur Bremer">Arthur Bremer</a>, who shot <a href="/wiki/George_C._Wallace" class="mw-redirect" title="George C. Wallace">George Wallace</a>. </p><p>When the Watergate story broke, Woodward called on Felt. Felt told Woodward on June 19 that <a href="/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt" title="E. Howard Hunt">E. Howard Hunt</a>, who had connections to Nixon, was involved: the telephone number of his White House office had been listed in the address book of one of the burglars. Initially, Woodward's source was known at the <i>Post</i> as "My Friend". <i>Post</i> editor <a href="/wiki/Howard_Simons" title="Howard Simons">Howard Simons</a> tagged him as "Deep Throat", after the widely known pornographic film <a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(film)" title="Deep Throat (film)"><i>Deep Throat</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Woodward, Simons thought of the term because Felt had been providing information on a <a href="/wiki/Deep_background" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep background">deep background</a> basis. </p><p>When Felt revealed his role in 2005, it was noted that "My Friend" has the same initial letters as "Mark Felt". Woodward's notes from interviewing Felt were marked "M.F.", which Woodward says was "not very good tradecraft".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_for_contacting_Woodward">Code for contacting Woodward</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Code for contacting Woodward"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watergate_complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Watergate_complex.jpg/220px-Watergate_complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Watergate_complex.jpg/330px-Watergate_complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Watergate_complex.jpg/440px-Watergate_complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Felt saw all files on the FBI's investigation of the burglary at the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_complex" title="Watergate complex">Watergate complex</a> in 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>Woodward explained that when he wanted to meet Deep Throat, he would move a flowerpot with a red flag on his apartment balcony; he lived at number 617, Webster House, 1718 P Street, Northwest. On occasions when Deep Throat wanted a meeting, he would circle the page number on page twenty of Woodward's copy of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (delivered to his building) and draw clock hands to signal the hour.<sup id="cite_ref-DeepThroatSignal_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeepThroatSignal-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Havill" title="Adrian Havill">Adrian Havill</a> questioned these claims in his 1993 biography of Woodward and Bernstein. He said Woodward's balcony faced an interior courtyard and was not visible from the street. Woodward said that the courtyard had been bricked in since he lived there. Havill also said <i>The Times</i> was not delivered in copies marked by apartment, but Woodward and a former neighbor disputed this claim.<sup id="cite_ref-HavillOnSignalStory_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HavillOnSignalStory-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Woodward said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>How [Felt] could have made a daily observation of my balcony is still a mystery to me. At the time, the back of my building was not enclosed so anyone could have driven in the back alley to observe my balcony. In addition, my balcony and the back of the apartment complex faced onto a courtyard or back area that was shared with a number of other apartment or office buildings in the area. My balcony could have been seen from dozens of apartments or offices. There were several embassies in the area. The Iraqi embassy was down the street, and I thought it possible that the FBI had surveillance or listening posts nearby. Could Felt have had the counterintelligence agents regularly report on the status of my flag and flowerpot? That seems unlikely, but not impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-WoodwardSurveillanceSpeculation_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoodwardSurveillanceSpeculation-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haldeman_informs_Nixon_about_Felt's_leaks"><span id="Haldeman_informs_Nixon_about_Felt.27s_leaks"></span>Haldeman informs Nixon about Felt's leaks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Haldeman informs Nixon about Felt's leaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon-depart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nixon-depart.png/170px-Nixon-depart.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nixon-depart.png/255px-Nixon-depart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nixon-depart.png/340px-Nixon-depart.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4760" /></a><figcaption>Felt's leaks to Woodward spurred investigations that led to Nixon's resignation</figcaption></figure> <p>Days after the burglary, Nixon and <a href="/wiki/White_House_chief_of_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="White House chief of staff">White House chief of staff</a> <a href="/wiki/H._R._Haldeman" title="H. R. Haldeman">H. R. Haldeman</a> talked about putting pressure on the FBI to slow down the investigation. The District of Columbia police had summoned the FBI because they found the burglars had <a href="/wiki/Wiretapping" title="Wiretapping">wiretapping</a> equipment. Wiretapping is a crime investigated by the FBI. Haldeman told President Nixon on June 23, 1972, that Felt would "want to cooperate because he's ambitious".<sup id="cite_ref-HadlemanOnFeltCooperation_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HadlemanOnFeltCooperation-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tapes were not declassified and revealed for some time. </p><p>Haldeman later initially suspected lower-level FBI agents, including <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Lano" title="Angelo Lano">Angelo Lano</a>, of speaking to the <i>Post</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-the_two_lives_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_two_lives-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in a taped conversation on October 19, 1972, Haldeman told the president that sources had said that Felt was speaking to the press. </p> <blockquote><p>You can't say anything about this because it will screw up our source and there's a real concern. <a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> is the only one who knows about this and he feels strongly that we better not do anything because ... if we move on him, he'll go out and unload everything. He knows everything that's to be known in the FBI. He has access to absolutely everything.<sup id="cite_ref-HaldemanOnFeltUnloading_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaldemanOnFeltUnloading-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Haldeman also said that he had spoken to White House counsel <a href="/wiki/John_W._Dean" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Dean">John W. Dean</a> about punishing Felt, but Dean said Felt had committed no crime and could not be prosecuted. </p><p>When Acting FBI Director Gray returned from his sick leave in January 1973, he confronted Felt about being the source for Woodward and Bernstein. Gray said he had defended Felt to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Kleindienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard G. Kleindienst">Richard G. Kleindienst</a>: "You know, Mark, Dick Kleindienst told me I ought to get rid of you. He says White House staff members are concerned that you are the FBI source of leaks to Woodward and Bernstein".<sup id="cite_ref-GrayRevealsSuspOfFeltLeak_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrayRevealsSuspOfFeltLeak-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Felt replied, "Pat, I haven't leaked anything to anybody."<sup id="cite_ref-GrayRevealsSuspOfFeltLeak_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrayRevealsSuspOfFeltLeak-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gray told Felt: </p> <blockquote><p>I told Kleindienst that you've worked with me in a very competent manner and I'm convinced that you are completely loyal. I told him I was not going to move you out. Kleindienst told me, "Pat, I love you for that."<sup id="cite_ref-GrayRevealsSuspOfFeltLeak_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrayRevealsSuspOfFeltLeak-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nixon_passes_over_Felt_again">Nixon passes over Felt again</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nixon passes over Felt again"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 17, 1973, Nixon nominated Gray as Hoover's permanent replacement as Director.<sup id="cite_ref-GrayNominated_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrayNominated-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until then, Gray had been in limbo as Acting Director. In another taped conversation on February 28, Nixon spoke to Dean about Felt's acting as an informant and mentioned that he had never met Felt. Gray was forced to resign on April 27 after it was revealed that he had destroyed a file that had been in the White House safe of E. Howard Hunt.<sup id="cite_ref-GrayResigns_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrayResigns-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gray recommended Felt as his successor. </p><p>The day Gray resigned, Kleindienst spoke to Nixon, urging him to appoint Felt as Director of the FBI. Nixon instead appointed <a href="/wiki/William_Ruckelshaus" title="William Ruckelshaus">William Ruckelshaus</a> as Acting Director. Stanley Kutler reported that Nixon said, "I don't want him. I can't have him. I just talked to Bill Ruckelshaus and Bill is a Mr. Clean and I want a fellow in there who is not part of the old guard and who is not part of that infighting in there."<sup id="cite_ref-MrClean_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MrClean-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On another White House tape, from May 11, 1973, Nixon and White House Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a> spoke of Felt leaking material to <i>The New York Times</i>. Nixon said, "he's a bad guy, you see." He said that William Sullivan had told him of Felt's ambition to be Director of the Bureau.<sup id="cite_ref-FeltNixonsBadGuy_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltNixonsBadGuy-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clashes_with_Ruckelshaus_and_resignation">Clashes with Ruckelshaus and resignation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Clashes with Ruckelshaus and resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Felt called his relationship with Ruckelshaus "stormy".<sup id="cite_ref-FeltOnRuckelshausRelStormy_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltOnRuckelshausRelStormy-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoir, Felt describes Ruckelshaus as a "security guard sent to see that the FBI did nothing which would displease Mr. Nixon".<sup id="cite_ref-FeltOnRuckelshausAsSecurityGuard_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltOnRuckelshausAsSecurityGuard-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-1973, <i>The New York Times</i> published a series of articles about wiretaps that had been ordered by Hoover during his tenure at the FBI. Ruckelshaus believed that the information must have come from someone at the FBI. </p><p>In June 1973, Ruckelshaus received a call from someone claiming to be a <i>New York Times</i> reporter, telling him that Felt was the source of this information.<sup id="cite_ref-princeton_alumni_news_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-princeton_alumni_news-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 21, Ruckelshaus met privately with Felt and accused him of leaking information to <i>The New York Times</i>, a charge that Felt adamantly denied.<sup id="cite_ref-the_two_lives_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_two_lives-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruckelshaus told Felt to "sleep on it" and let him know the next day what he wanted to do. Felt resigned from the Bureau the next day, June 22, 1973, ending his 31-year career. </p><p>In a 2013 interview, Ruckelshaus noted the possibility that the original caller was a hoax. He said that he considered Felt's resignation "an admission of guilt" anyway.<sup id="cite_ref-princeton_alumni_news_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-princeton_alumni_news-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruckelshaus, who had served only as Acting Director, was replaced several weeks later by <a href="/wiki/Clarence_M._Kelley" title="Clarence M. Kelley">Clarence M. Kelley</a>, who had been nominated by Nixon as FBI Director and confirmed by the Senate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trial_and_conviction">Trial and conviction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Trial and conviction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1970s, Felt had supervised Operation <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a>, initiated by Hoover in the 1950s. This period of FBI history has generated great controversy for its abuses of private citizens' rights. The FBI was spying on, infiltrating, and disrupting the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Anti-War Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Panthers">Black Panthers</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> movements. By 1972, Felt was heading the investigation into the <a href="/wiki/Weatherman_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weatherman (organization)">Weather Underground</a>, which had planted bombs at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Building" title="Harry S Truman Building">State Department building</a>. Felt, along with <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Miller" title="Edward S. Miller">Edward S. Miller</a>, ordered FBI agents to break into homes secretly in 1972 and 1973, without a <a href="/wiki/Search_warrant" title="Search warrant">search warrant</a>, on nine separate occasions. These kinds of FBI operations were known as "<a href="/wiki/Black_bag_jobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Black bag jobs">black bag jobs</a>". The break-ins occurred at five addresses in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, at the homes of relatives and acquaintances of Weather Underground members. They did not contribute to the capture of any fugitives. The use of "black bag jobs" by the FBI was declared unconstitutional by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_(Pun)_Plamondon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence (Pun) Plamondon">Plamondon</a></i> case, 407 U.S. 297 (1972).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many agents were investigated after the <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Commission_to_Investigate_the_FBI" title="Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI">Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a> of Congress revealed the FBI's illegal activities. In 1976, Felt publicly stated he had ordered break-ins and recommended against punishment of individual agents who had followed orders. Felt also stated that Gray had also authorized the break-ins, but Gray denied this. Felt said on the CBS television program <i><a href="/wiki/Face_the_Nation" title="Face the Nation">Face the Nation</a></i> he would probably be a "scapegoat" for the Bureau's work.<sup id="cite_ref-Scapegoat_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scapegoat-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I think this is justified and I'd do it again tomorrow," he said on the program. While admitting the break-ins were "extralegal", he justified them as protecting the "greater good". Felt said: </p> <blockquote><p>To not take action against these people and know of a bombing in advance would simply be to stick your fingers in your ears and protect your eardrums when the explosion went off and then start the investigation.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Griffin_Bell" title="Griffin Bell">Griffin Bell</a>, the Attorney General in the <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> administration, directed investigation of these cases. On April 10, 1978, a federal grand jury charged Felt, Miller, and Gray with conspiracy to violate the constitutional rights of U.S. citizens by searching their homes without warrants. </p><p>The indictment charged violations of Title 18, Section 241 of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> and stated Felt and the others: </p> <blockquote><p>Did unlawfully, willfully, and knowingly combine, conspire, confederate, and agree together and with each other to injure and oppress citizens of the United States who were relatives and acquaintances of the Weatherman fugitives, in the free exercise and enjoyments of certain rights and privileges secured to them by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-FeltIndictmentText_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltIndictmentText-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Felt told his biographer Ronald Kessler: "I was shocked that I was indicted. You would be too if you did what you thought was in the best interests of the country and someone on technical grounds indicted you."<sup id="cite_ref-FeltIndictmentShock_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltIndictmentShock-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Felt, Gray, and Miller were arraigned in Washington, D.C., on April 20. Seven hundred current and former FBI agents were outside the courthouse applauding the "Washington Three", as Felt referred to himself and his colleagues in his memoir.<sup id="cite_ref-ArraignmentFBIAgentApplause_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArraignmentFBIAgentApplause-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gray's case did not go to trial and was dropped by the government for lack of evidence on December 11, 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-ergclbinch_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ergclbinch-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jdgrayco_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdgrayco-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dchagry_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dchagry-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Felt and Miller attempted to plea bargain with the government, willing to agree to a misdemeanor guilty plea to conducting searches without warrants—a violation of <a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2236">§ 2236</a>. The government rejected the offer in 1979. After eight postponements, the case against Felt and Miller went to trial in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">United States District Court for the District of Columbia</a> on September 18, 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-EightPostponements_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EightPostponements-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 29, former President Nixon appeared as a rebuttal witness for the defense.<sup id="cite_ref-nxntestf_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nxntestf-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ndfbins_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ndfbins-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He testified that in authorizing the Bureau to conduct break-ins to gather foreign intelligence information "he was acting on precedents established by a number of Presidential directives dating to 1939." It was Nixon's first courtroom appearance since before Watergate. He had avoided appearing in any legal proceedings during it and had been pardoned by President Gerald Ford after his resignation. Nixon also contributed money to Felt's defense fund, since Felt's legal expenses were running over $600,000 by then. Also testifying were former Attorneys General Mitchell, Kleindienst, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Herbert Brownell Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Nicholas Katzenbach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a>, all of whom said warrantless searches in national security matters were commonplace and understood not to be illegal. Mitchell and Kleindienst denied they had authorized any of the break-ins at issue in the trial. The Bureau used a national security justification for the searches because it alleged the Weather Underground was in the employ of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NixonTestimony_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NixonTestimony-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The jury returned guilty verdicts on November 6, 1980, two days after the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jconytm_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jconytm-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tbfrmeroff_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbfrmeroff-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xffdgui_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xffdgui-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charge carried a maximum sentence of ten years in prison and a $10,000 fine; on December 15, Judge <a href="/wiki/William_B._Bryant" title="William B. Bryant">William B. Bryant</a> fined Felt $5,000 and Miller $3,500, but imposed no jail time for either.<sup id="cite_ref-FeltIndictmentShock_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltIndictmentShock-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbupnojl_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbupnojl-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-srjlnofin_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srjlnofin-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing an OpEd piece in <i>The New York Times</i> a week after the conviction, attorney <a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Roy Cohn</a> claimed that Felt and Miller were being used as scapegoats by the <a href="/wiki/Carter_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter administration">Carter administration</a> and it was an unfair prosecution. Cohn wrote the break-ins were the "final dirty trick" of the Nixon administration, and there had been no "personal motive" to their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The New York Times</i> praised the convictions, saying "the case has established that zeal is no excuse for violating the Constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-NYTEditorialOnConvictions_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTEditorialOnConvictions-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Felt and Miller appealed their verdicts.<sup id="cite_ref-bbupnojl_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbupnojl-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-srjlnofin_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srjlnofin-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PardonReaction_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PardonReaction-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pardon">Pardon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pardon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg/220px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg/330px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg/440px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> pardoned Felt and Miller.</figcaption></figure> <p>In a phone call on January 30, 1981, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Edwin Meese</a> encouraged President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> to issue a pardon. After further encouragement from Felt's former colleagues, President Reagan pardoned Felt and Miller. The pardon was signed on March 26, but due to the <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan">assassination attempt</a> on March 30, was not announced to the public until April 15, 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-srprdn_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srprdn-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tbprdnap_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbprdnap-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbrtjeupi_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbrtjeupi-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the pardon, Reagan wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>During their long careers, Mark Felt and Edward Miller served the Federal Bureau of Investigation and our nation with great distinction. To punish them further—after 3 years of criminal prosecution proceedings—would not serve the ends of justice. Their convictions in the U.S. District Court, on appeal at the time I signed the pardons, grew out of their good-faith belief that their actions were necessary to preserve the security interests of our country. The record demonstrates that they acted not with criminal intent, but in the belief that they had grants of authority reaching to the highest levels of government.<sup id="cite_ref-ReaganStatement_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReaganStatement-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Nixon sent Felt and Miller bottles of <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne (wine)">champagne</a> with the note "Justice ultimately prevails."<sup id="cite_ref-NixonChampagneCongrats_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NixonChampagneCongrats-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The New York Times</i> disapproved in an editorial, saying that the United States "deserved better than a gratuitous revision of the record by the President".<sup id="cite_ref-NYTDisapprovesPardon_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTDisapprovesPardon-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Felt and Miller said they would seek repayment of their legal fees from the government. </p><p>The prosecutor at the trial, <a href="/wiki/John_W._Nields_Jr." title="John W. Nields Jr.">John W. Nields Jr.</a>, said, "I would warrant that whoever is responsible for the pardons did not read the record of the trial and did not know the facts of the case." Nields also complained that the White House did not consult with the prosecutors in the case, which was contrary to the usual practice when a pardon was under consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-PardonReaction_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PardonReaction-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Felt said, </p> <blockquote><p>I feel very excited and just so pleased that I can hardly contain myself. I am most grateful to the President. I don't know how I'm ever going to be able to thank him. It's just like having a heavy burden lifted off your back. This case has been dragging on for five years.</p></blockquote> <p>At a press conference the day of the announcement, Miller said, "I certainly owe the Gipper one."<sup id="cite_ref-tbprdnap_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbprdnap-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carter Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Griffin_Bell" title="Griffin Bell">Griffin Bell</a> said he did not object to the pardons, as the convictions had upheld constitutional principles. </p><p>Despite their pardons, Felt and Miller won permission from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> to appeal their convictions so as to remove it from their record and to prevent it from being used in civil suits by victims of the break-ins they had ordered.<sup id="cite_ref-FeltMillerAppeal_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltMillerAppeal-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the court restored Felt's law license in 1982, based on Reagan's pardon. In June 1982, Felt and Miller testified before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a>'s security and terrorism subcommittee. They said that the restrictions placed on the FBI by Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Levi" title="Edward H. Levi">Edward H. Levi</a> were threatening the country's safety.<sup id="cite_ref-FeltMillerDenouncePrivacyAndFOIAActcs_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltMillerDenouncePrivacyAndFOIAActcs-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His daughter, Joan, graduated from high school in 1961 in Kansas City during his assignment there, then attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a> for two years, before transferring to <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a> in California to study drama.<sup id="cite_ref-FamilyMan_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FamilyMan-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Felt settled in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a> while she was an undergraduate, for his post at the FBI Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-Deep_Throat's_Daughter_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deep_Throat's_Daughter-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the Watergate scandal, Felt had become estranged from Joan. They had been close during her childhood, but after she graduated from Stanford, she had gone to Chile under a <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright scholarship</a> to continue her studies. While there, she became friends with <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pascal_Allende" title="Andrés Pascal Allende">Andrés Pascal Allende</a>, nephew of future president <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a>. When she returned home, her political views had shifted to the extreme left, putting her in conflict with her conservative father.<sup id="cite_ref-FamilyMan_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FamilyMan-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She earned her <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> at Stanford,<sup id="cite_ref-Deep_Throat's_Daughter_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deep_Throat's_Daughter-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then joined a <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> community in the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains" title="Santa Cruz Mountains">Santa Cruz Mountains</a>. Felt and his wife went to visit her once and were appalled at her <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture</a> lifestyle and use of drugs; he was reminded of members of the militant <a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a> that the FBI had been prosecuting. Joan's friends were equally shocked that her father was an FBI agent. Following their visit, Joan terminated most contact with her parents. As a result, and combined with the fact that she did not follow the news, she was unaware of her father's legal problems arising from the Watergate scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-FamilyMan_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FamilyMan-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stress of following her husband's career as well as the separation of her daughter resulted in Audrey suffering a <a href="/wiki/Nervous_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervous breakdown">nervous breakdown</a> in 1954, while Felt was in Seattle. She had developed a dependence on alcohol, had been taking <a href="/wiki/Antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidepressants">antidepressants</a> for years, and had been hospitalized several times for various ailments. When Felt was put on trial in 1980, she attended the first day, but did not return, as she was unable to bear it. On July 20, 1984, she committed suicide using Felt's <a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">revolver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FamilyMan_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FamilyMan-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Felt and his son Mark Jr., an officer in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>, decided to keep this a secret and told Joan that her mother had died of a heart attack.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joan did not learn the truth about her mother's suicide until 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-FamilyMan_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FamilyMan-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Joan had become an adherent of <a href="/wiki/Adi_Da" title="Adi Da">Adi Da</a>, who had founded a <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> in San Francisco called Adidam, and she was living in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" title="Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa</a>. She had borne three sons– Ludi (later Will), Rob, and Nick, the latter two from another Adidam devotee whom she never married –but her parents had only met Ludi during their visit in 1974. After Audrey's death, Felt began making yearly visits to see Joan and his grandsons, and they also came to visit him and his new girlfriend, who lived in the same apartment complex.<sup id="cite_ref-FamilyMan_88-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FamilyMan-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990 Felt permanently moved to Santa Rosa, leaving Alexandria. He bought a house where he lived with Joan, and took care of the boys while she worked, teaching at <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_State_University" title="Sonoma State University">Sonoma State University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_Junior_College" title="Santa Rosa Junior College">Santa Rosa Junior College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FamilyMan_88-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FamilyMan-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suffered a stroke before 1999, as reported by Kessler in his book, <i>The Bureau.</i> According to Kessler's book, in the summer of 1999, Woodward showed up unexpectedly at the Santa Rosa home and took Felt to lunch.<sup id="cite_ref-Kessler_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kessler-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joan, who was caring for her father, told Kessler that her father had greeted Woodward like an old friend. Their meeting appeared to be more of a celebration than an interview. "Woodward just showed up at the door and said he was in the area," Joan Felt was quoted as saying in Kessler's 2002 book: "He came in a white limousine, which parked at a schoolyard about ten blocks away. He walked to the house. He asked if it was okay to have a martini with my father at lunch, and I said it would be fine."<sup id="cite_ref-Kessler_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kessler-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memoir">Memoir</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Memoir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Felt published his memoir <i><a href="/wiki/The_FBI_Pyramid" title="The FBI Pyramid">The FBI Pyramid: From the Inside</a></i> in 1979. It was co-written with Hoover biographer <a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Toledano" title="Ralph de Toledano">Ralph de Toledano</a>, though the latter's name appears only in the copyright notice. Toledano in 2005 wrote that the volume was "largely written by me since his original manuscript read like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Autocrat_of_the_Breakfast-Table" title="The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table">The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table</a></i>". Toledano said: "Felt swore to me that he was not Deep Throat, and that he had never leaked information to the Woodward-Bernstein team or anyone else. The book was published and bombed."<sup id="cite_ref-Toledano_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toledano-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his memoir, Felt strongly defended Hoover and his tenure as Director; he condemned the criticisms of the Bureau made in the 1970s by the <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a> and civil libertarians. He also denounced the treatment of Bureau agents as criminals and said the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privacy_Act_of_1974" title="Privacy Act of 1974">Privacy Act of 1974</a> served only to interfere with government work and helped criminals. (He opens the book with the sentence, "<a href="/wiki/The_Bill_of_Rights_is_not_a_suicide_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bill of Rights is not a suicide pact">The Bill of Rights is not a suicide pact</a>", Justice <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a>'s comment in his dissent to <i><a href="/wiki/Terminiello_v._City_of_Chicago" title="Terminiello v. City of Chicago">Terminiello v. City of Chicago</a></i>, 337 U.S. 1 (1949)).<sup id="cite_ref-FeltContractorDad_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeltContractorDad-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Library_Journal" title="Library Journal">Library Journal</a></i> wrote in its 1980 review that "at one time Felt was assumed to be Watergate's 'Deep Throat'; in this interesting but hardly sensational memoir, he makes it clear that that honor, if honor it be, lies elsewhere."<sup id="cite_ref-LibraryJournalReview_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LibraryJournalReview-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a></i> was highly critical of the book in 1980, saying Felt "seeks to perpetuate a view of Hoover and the FBI that is no longer seriously peddled even on the backs of cereal boxes". It said the book contained "a disturbing number of factual errors".<sup id="cite_ref-NYTBR_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTBR-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Curt_Gentry" title="Curt Gentry">Curt Gentry</a> said in 1991 that Felt was "the keeper of the Hoover flame".<sup id="cite_ref-KeeperHooverFlame_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KeeperHooverFlame-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Kessler" title="Ronald Kessler">Ronald Kessler</a> (a journalist who had worked in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> alongside Woodward and Bernstein) had thought of Felt as Deep Throat when conducting interviews and research for his 2002 book <i>The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI</i>, namely due to the measures Woodward took to conceal a meeting with Felt in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deep_Throat_speculation">Deep Throat speculation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Deep Throat speculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a detailed overview of speculation prior to May 31, 2005, see <a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(Watergate)" title="Deep Throat (Watergate)">Deep Throat (Watergate)</a>.</div> <p>The identity of Deep Throat was debated for more than three decades, and though Felt was not prominently mentioned as Watergate unfolded, his name was subsequently mentioned often as a possibility. An October 1990 <i><a href="/wiki/Washingtonian_(magazine)" title="Washingtonian (magazine)">Washingtonian</a></i> magazine article about "Washington secrets" listed the 15 most prominent Deep Throat candidates, including Felt. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jack_Limpert" title="Jack Limpert">Jack Limpert</a> published evidence as early as 1974 that Felt was the informant.<sup id="cite_ref-Limpert_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Limpert-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 25 of that year, a few weeks after <i><a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men" title="All the President's Men">All the President's Men</a></i> was published, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> ran an editorial, "If You Drink Scotch, Smoke, Read, Maybe You're Deep Throat". It began "W. Mark Felt says he isn't now, nor has he ever been Deep Throat." The <i>Journal</i> quoted Felt saying the character was a "composite" and "I'm just not that kind of person."<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975 <a href="/wiki/George_V._Higgins" title="George V. Higgins">George V. Higgins</a> wrote: "Mark Felt knows more reporters than most reporters do, and there are some who think he had a <i>Washington Post</i> alias borrowed from a dirty movie."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> investigation in 1976, Felt was called to testify. The prosecutor, <a href="/wiki/John_Stanley_Pottinger" title="John Stanley Pottinger">J. Stanley Pottinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Civil_Rights_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division">Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights</a>, discovered that Felt was "Deep Throat", but the secrecy of the proceedings protected the information from being public.<sup id="cite_ref-GrandJury_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrandJury-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992 <a href="/wiki/James_Mann_(writer)" title="James Mann (writer)">James Mann</a>, who had been a reporter at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> in 1972 and worked with Woodward, wrote a piece for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic Monthly</a></i>, saying the source had to have been within the FBI. He noted Felt as a possibility, but said he could not confirm this.<sup id="cite_ref-MannAtlanticMonthly_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MannAtlanticMonthly-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_P._Butterfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander P. Butterfield">Alexander P. Butterfield</a>, the White House aide best known for revealing Nixon's taping system, told the <i><a href="/wiki/Hartford_Courant" title="Hartford Courant">Hartford Courant</a></i> in 1995, "I think it was a guy named Mark Felt."<sup id="cite_ref-Butterfield_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterfield-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1999, Felt was identified as Deep Throat by the <i>Hartford Courant</i>, citing Chase Culeman-Beckman, a nineteen-year-old from <a href="/wiki/Port_Chester,_New_York" title="Port Chester, New York">Port Chester, New York</a>. Culeman-Beckman said Jacob Bernstein, the son of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bernstein" title="Carl Bernstein">Carl Bernstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nora_Ephron" title="Nora Ephron">Nora Ephron</a>, had told him the name at summer camp in 1988, and that Jacob claimed he had been told by his father. Felt said to the <i>Courant</i>, "No, it's not me. I would have done better. I would have been more effective. Deep Throat didn't exactly bring the White House crashing down, did he?" Bernstein said his son didn't know. "Bob and I have been wise enough never to tell our wives, and we've certainly never told our children."<sup id="cite_ref-Campmate_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campmate-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Bernstein reiterated on June 2, 2005, on the <i>Today Show</i> that his wife had never known.) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Garment" title="Leonard Garment">Leonard Garment</a>, President Nixon's former law partner who became White House counsel after John W. Dean's resignation, ruled Felt out as Deep Throat in his 2000 book <i>In Search of Deep Throat</i>. Garment wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>The Felt theory was a strong one ... Felt had a personal motive for acting. After the death of J. Edgar Hoover ... Felt thought he was a leading candidate to succeed Hoover ... The characteristics were a good fit. The trouble with Felt's candidacy was that Deep Throat in <i>All the President's Men</i> simply did not sound to me like a career FBI man.<sup id="cite_ref-GarmentFeltTheoryStrong_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarmentFeltTheoryStrong-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Garment said the information leaked to Woodward was inside White House information to which Felt would not have had access. "Felt did not fit."<sup id="cite_ref-GarmentNotFelt_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarmentNotFelt-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002 the <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i> profiled Felt. Noting his denial in <i>The FBI Pyramid</i>, the paper wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>Curiously, his son—American Airlines pilot Mark Felt—now says that shouldn't be read as a definitive denial, and that he plans to answer the question once-and-for-all in a second memoir. The excerpt of the working draft obtained by the <i>Chronicle</i> has Felt still denying he's Throat but providing a rationale for why Throat did the right thing.<sup id="cite_ref-SFChronicleFeltsSon_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFChronicleFeltsSon-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In February 2005 reports surfaced that Woodward had prepared Deep Throat's <a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">obituary</a> because he was near death. Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> was battling cancer at the time (he would die in September 2005), and there was speculation that Rehnquist might have been Deep Throat. Rehnquist was <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Attorney_General" title="United States Assistant Attorney General">Assistant Attorney General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Office of Legal Counsel">Office of Legal Counsel</a>, from 1969 to 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-cornell-bio_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-bio-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then served on the Supreme Court until his death in 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deep_Throat_revealed">Deep Throat revealed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Deep Throat revealed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i> magazine revealed that Felt was Deep Throat on May 31, 2005, when it published an article (eventually appearing in the July issue of the magazine) on its website by John D. O'Connor, an attorney acting in Felt's behalf. Felt said, "I'm the guy they used to call Deep Throat." After the <i>Vanity Fair</i> story broke, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_C._Bradlee" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin C. Bradlee">Benjamin C. Bradlee</a> on June 1, 2005, the editor of the <i>Washington Post</i> during Watergate, confirmed that Felt was Deep Throat.<sup id="cite_ref-WPwatergateStory2005DeepThroat_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPwatergateStory2005DeepThroat-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Vanity Fair</i> article, Felt was persuaded to come out by his family. They hoped to capitalize on the book deals and other lucrative opportunities which Felt would be offered in order to help pay for his grandchildren's education.<sup id="cite_ref-i'm_the_guy_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i'm_the_guy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family was unaware that he was Deep Throat for many years. Although Felt was suffering from dementia and had previously denied he was Deep Throat, both Woodward and Bernstein confirmed the attorney's claim. Felt's family realized the truth after his retirement, when they became aware of his close friendship with Bob Woodward. </p><p>Nixon's Chief Counsel <a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Charles Colson</a>, who served <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a> time for his actions in the Nixon White House, said Felt had violated "his oath to keep this nation's secrets".<sup id="cite_ref-CharlesColston_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CharlesColston-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>Los Angeles Times</i> editorial argued that this argument was specious, "as if there's no difference between nuclear strategy and rounding up <a href="/wiki/Hush_money" title="Hush money">hush money</a> to silence your hired burglars".<sup id="cite_ref-LATimesEditorial_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimesEditorial-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Toledano" title="Ralph de Toledano">Ralph de Toledano</a>, who co-wrote Felt's 1979 memoir, said Mark Felt Jr. had approached him in 2004 to buy Toledano's half of the copyright. Toledano agreed to sell but was never paid. He attempted to rescind the deal, threatening legal action. A few days before the <i>Vanity Fair</i> article was released, Toledano finally received a check. He later said: "I had been gloriously and illegally deceived, and Deep Throat was, in characteristic style, back in business—which given his history of betrayal, was par for the course."<sup id="cite_ref-Toledano_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toledano-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the revelation, publishers were interested in signing Felt to a book deal. Weeks later, PublicAffairs Books announced that it signed a deal with Felt. Its <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> was a <i>Washington Post</i> reporter and editor during the Watergate era. The new book was to include material from Felt's 1979 <a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">memoir</a>, plus an update. The new volume was scheduled for publication in early 2006. Felt sold the movie rights to his story to <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> for development by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a>'s production company, <a href="/wiki/Playtone" title="Playtone">Playtone</a>. The book and movie deals were valued at US$1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-DealWithHanks_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DealWithHanks-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A film based on those rights, <i><a href="/wiki/Mark_Felt:_The_Man_Who_Brought_Down_the_White_House" title="Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House">Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House</a></i>, in which Felt is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Liam_Neeson" title="Liam Neeson">Liam Neeson</a>, was released in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-2005 Woodward published an account of his contacts with Felt, <i>The Secret Man: The Story of Watergate's Deep Throat</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-8715-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-8715-0">0-7432-8715-0</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Felt died at home, in his sleep, on December 18, 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-wp12182008_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp12182008-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was 95 years old and his death was attributed to <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States">List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John D. O'Connor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/politics/2005/07/deepthroat200507">"I'm the Guy They Called Deep Throat"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624223040/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/politics/2005/07/deepthroat200507">Archived</a> June 24, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Vanity Fair</i>, July 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2018" class="citation web cs1">McDermott, Annette (May 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206192942/https://www.history.com/news/watergate-deep-throat-fbi-informant-nixon">"How 'Deep Throat' Took Down Nixon From Inside the FBI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/watergate-deep-throat-fbi-informant-nixon">the original</a> on December 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+%27Deep+Throat%27+Took+Down+Nixon+From+Inside+the+FBI&rft.pub=History.com&rft.date=2018-05-10&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fwatergate-deep-throat-fbi-informant-nixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_YoonStephen_Bach2005" class="citation web cs1">Robert Yoon; Stephen Bach (June 3, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/06/02/felt.nixon/index.html">"Tapes: Nixon suspected Felt"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212238/http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/06/02/felt.nixon/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tapes%3A+Nixon+suspected+Felt&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2005-06-03&rft.au=Robert+Yoon&rft.au=Stephen+Bach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2005%2FPOLITICS%2F06%2F02%2Ffelt.nixon%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i'm_the_guy-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-i'm_the_guy_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-i'm_the_guy_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2005/07/deepthroat200507">"I'm the Guy They Called Deep Throat"</a>. <i>Vanity Fair</i>. July 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113094519/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2005/07/deepthroat200507">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=I%27m+the+Guy+They+Called+Deep+Throat&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fpolitics%2Ffeatures%2F2005%2F07%2Fdeepthroat200507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2012/06/15/politics/watergate-anniversary-felt/index.html">"40 years later, remembering Watergate scandal's 'Deep Throat'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. CNN. 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Mark Felt, <i>The FBI Pyramid: From the Inside</i> (New York: Putnam, 1979) p. 11; & Ronald Kessler, <i>The F.B.I.: Inside the World's Most Powerful Law Enforcement Agency</i> (New York: Pocket Books, 1994), p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeltContractorDad-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FeltContractorDad_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FeltContractorDad_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Felt, <i>FBI Pyramid</i>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wasgs-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wasgs_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wasgs_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wargs.com/other/felt.html">"Ancestry of Mark Felt"</a>. <i>www.wargs.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423191930/http://www.wargs.com/other/felt.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wargs.com&rft.atitle=Ancestry+of+Mark+Felt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wargs.com%2Fother%2Ffelt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gom35sr-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gom35sr_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gom35sr_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/uidahodigital/docs/gem1935/45">"Seniors"</a>. Gem of the Mountains, University of Idaho yearbook. 1935. p. 41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324132941/https://issuu.com/uidahodigital/docs/gem1935/45">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seniors&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Gem+of+the+Mountains%2C+University+of+Idaho+yearbook&rft.date=1935&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fuidahodigital%2Fdocs%2Fgem1935%2F45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gom35btp-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gom35btp_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/uidahodigital/docs/gem1935/267">"Beta Theta Pi"</a>. Gem of the Mountains, University of Idaho yearbook. 1935. p. 263. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092456/http://issuu.com/uidahodigital/docs/gem1935/267">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beta+Theta+Pi&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Gem+of+the+Mountains%2C+University+of+Idaho+yearbook&rft.date=1935&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fuidahodigital%2Fdocs%2Fgem1935%2F267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mfdpsect-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mfdpsect_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYenserYenser2005" class="citation web cs1">Yenser, Pamela; Yenser, Kelly (Fall 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/uidaho/docs/2005_fall/6">"Mark Felt's deep secret"</a>. <i>Here We Have Idaho</i>. University of Idaho. (Alumni magazine). p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407065728/https://issuu.com/uidaho/docs/2005_fall/6">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Here+We+Have+Idaho&rft.atitle=Mark+Felt%27s+deep+secret&rft.ssn=fall&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Yenser&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft.au=Yenser%2C+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fuidaho%2Fdocs%2F2005_fall%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gom37sr-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gom37sr_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/uidahodigital/docs/gem1937/204">"Seniors"</a>. Gem of the Mountains, University of Idaho yearbook. 1937. p. 200. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161231074614/https://issuu.com/uidahodigital/docs/gem1937/204">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seniors&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Gem+of+the+Mountains%2C+University+of+Idaho+yearbook&rft.date=1937&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fuidahodigital%2Fdocs%2Fgem1937%2F204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeltMarriage-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FeltMarriage_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felt, <i>FBI Pyramid</i>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SenPopeAndClarke-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SenPopeAndClarke_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felt, <i>FBI Pyramid</i>, p. 18; & Anthony Theoharis, Tony G. Poveda, Susan Rosenfeld, and Richard Powers eds., <i>The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide</i> (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), pp. 324–325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheoharrisGeneralBio-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheoharrisGeneralBio_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theoharis et al., <i>FBI: Reference Guide</i>, pp. 324–325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RedCrossToiletPaper-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RedCrossToiletPaper_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felt, <i>FBI Pyramid</i>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HooverNoFamily-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HooverNoFamily_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Mark Felt, <i>The FBI Pyramid: From the Inside</i> (New York: Putnam, 1979) p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peasant-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peasant_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thaddeus Holt. <i>The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War</i>. New York: Scribner, 2004. 452–456</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Espionage-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Espionage_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felt, p. 29ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TransferNewOrleansLosAngeles-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TransferNewOrleansLosAngeles_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TransferNewOrleansLosAngeles_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TransferNewOrleansLosAngeles_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Felt, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ffthipdn-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ffthipdn_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadsworth1958" class="citation news cs1">Wadsworth, Nelson (January 22, 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZYlaAAAAIBAJ&pg=5143%2C3913313">"Firing from th' hip easy for FBI agents"</a>. <i>Deseret News</i>. (Salt Lake City, Utah). p. B9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410100809/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZYlaAAAAIBAJ&pg=5143%2C3913313">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Firing+from+th%27+hip+easy+for+FBI+agents&rft.pages=B9&rft.date=1958-01-22&rft.aulast=Wadsworth&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DZYlaAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5143%252C3913313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>J. Edgar Hoover: The Man And The Secrets</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Curt_Gentry" title="Curt Gentry">Curt Gentry</a>, 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MobKansas-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MobKansas_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John O'Connor, "'I'm the Guy They Called Deep Throat'", <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050602015155/http://www.vanityfair.com/commentary/content/articles/050530roco02">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeltReturnToDC-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FeltReturnToDC_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felt, <i>FBI Pyramid</i>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeltToInspectionDivision-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FeltToInspectionDivision_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felt, <i>FBI Pyramid</i>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeltMadeAsstDirector-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FeltMadeAsstDirector_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theoharis et al., <i>FBI: Reference Guide</i>, p. 315, p. 470; & Curt Gentry, <i>J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets</i> (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1991), p. 624</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers2004" class="citation book cs1">Powers, Richard Gid (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/broken00rich/page/289"><i>Broken: The Troubled Past and Uncertain Future of the FBI</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/broken00rich/page/289">289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684833712" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684833712"><bdi>978-0684833712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broken%3A+The+Troubled+Past+and+Uncertain+Future+of+the+FBI&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0684833712&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Richard+Gid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbroken00rich%2Fpage%2F289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeltMemoirControlSullivan-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FeltMemoirControlSullivan_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felt, <i>FBI Pyramid</i>, <i>page number not given</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KesslerOnFeltTactfulness-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KesslerOnFeltTactfulness_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kessler, <i>F.B.I.: Inside the Agency</i>, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GentryOnFelt-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GentryOnFelt_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gentry, <i>J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets</i>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_C._Ibershof2008" class="citation news cs1">William C. Ibershof (October 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/10/opinion/l10ayers.html">"Letter to the Editor: Prosecuting Weathermen"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223200303/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/10/opinion/l10ayers.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+Editor%3A+Prosecuting+Weathermen&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft.au=William+C.+Ibershof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F10%2F10%2Fopinion%2Fl10ayers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TolsonResignation-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TolsonResignation_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gentry, <i>J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets</i>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HooverPallbearer-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HooverPallbearer_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gentry, <i>J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets</i>, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GandyHooversFiles-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GandyHooversFiles_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GandyHooversFiles_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gentry, <i>J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets</i>, p. 50; & <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, House of Representatives, "Inquiry Into the Destruction of Former FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover's Files and FBI Recordkeeping: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeltBeforeUSHouseOfRepsOnFileDest-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FeltBeforeUSHouseOfRepsOnFileDest_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FeltBeforeUSHouseOfRepsOnFileDest_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, House of Representatives, "Inquiry Into the Destruction of Former FBI Director J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Story+behind+%27Deep+Throat%27&rft.date=2005-07-06&rft.aulast=Brokaw&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna8486700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeepThroatSignal-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeepThroatSignal_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernstein and Woodward, <i>All the President's Men</i>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HavillOnSignalStory-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HavillOnSignalStory_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrian Havill, <i>Deep Truth: The Lives of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein</i> (New York: Carol Publishing, 1993), pp. 78–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WoodwardSurveillanceSpeculation-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WoodwardSurveillanceSpeculation_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Voice from the shadows", <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HadlemanOnFeltCooperation-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HadlemanOnFeltCooperation_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Kutler, <i>Abuse of Power: The New Nixon Tapes</i> (New York: Touchstone, 1998), p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_two_lives-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-the_two_lives_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_two_lives_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbs2005" class="citation news cs1">Dobbs, Michael (June 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/19/AR2005061900699_pf.html">"Watergate and the Two Lives of Mark Felt: Roles as FBI Official, 'Deep Throat' Clashed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>. p. A01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206141740/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/19/AR2005061900699_pf.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Watergate+and+the+Two+Lives+of+Mark+Felt%3A+Roles+as+FBI+Official%2C+%27Deep+Throat%27+Clashed&rft.pages=A01&rft.date=2005-06-20&rft.aulast=Dobbs&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F06%2F19%2FAR2005061900699_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaldemanOnFeltUnloading-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HaldemanOnFeltUnloading_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felt, <i>FBI Pyramid</i>, p. 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrayNominated-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GrayNominated_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felt, <i>FBI Pyramid</i>, p. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrayResigns-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GrayResigns_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felt, <i>FBI Pyramid</i>, p. 293; Kessler, <i>F.B.I.: Inside the Agency</i>, p. 181; & Kutler, <i>Abuse of Power</i>, p. 347</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MrClean-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MrClean_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kutler, <i>Abuse of Power</i>, p. 347</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeltNixonsBadGuy-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FeltNixonsBadGuy_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kutler, <i>Abuse of Power</i>, p. 454</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeltOnRuckelshausRelStormy-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FeltOnRuckelshausRelStormy_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felt, <i>FBI Pyramid</i>, p. 300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeltOnRuckelshausAsSecurityGuard-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FeltOnRuckelshausAsSecurityGuard_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felt, <i>FBI Pyramid</i>, p. 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-princeton_alumni_news-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-princeton_alumni_news_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-princeton_alumni_news_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_F.2013" class="citation web cs1">Mark F., Bernstein (October 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paw.princeton.edu/article/qa-william-ruckelshaus-55-watergate-scandal">"Q&A: William Ruckelshaus '55 on the Watergate Scandal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Alumni_Weekly" title="Princeton Alumni Weekly">Princeton Alumni Weekly</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006034402/https://paw.princeton.edu/article/qa-william-ruckelshaus-55-watergate-scandal">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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December 11, 1980. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410100809/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=evtXAAAAIBAJ&pg=2456%2C1190842">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Judge+drops+Gray+counts&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1980-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DevtXAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2456%252C1190842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dchagry-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dchagry_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8E1OAAAAIBAJ&pg=7050%2C2950719">"Justice drops charges against Gray"</a>. <i>Wilmington Morning Star</i>. (North Carolina). (New York Times). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Nixon+testifies+for+ex-FBI+officials&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1980-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DZ_hLAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7117%252C6464599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ndfbins-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ndfbins_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mNZYAAAAIBAJ&pg=2626%2C4425">"Nixon defends break-ins"</a>. <i>The Bulletin</i>. (Bend, Oregon). UPI. October 30, 1980. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410100809/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mNZYAAAAIBAJ&pg=2626%2C4425">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Nixon+defends+break-ins&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1980-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DmNZYAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2626%252C4425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NixonTestimony-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NixonTestimony_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Pear, "Testimony by Nixon Heard in F.B.I. Trial", <i>The New York Times</i>, October 30, 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jconytm-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jconytm_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B09OAAAAIBAJ&pg=7175%2C3093088">"Jury convicts 2 ex-FBI officials"</a>. <i>Spokesman-Review</i>. (Spokane, Washington). (New York Times). November 7, 1980. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410100824/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B09OAAAAIBAJ&pg=7175%2C3093088">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Jury+convicts+2+ex-FBI+officials&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1980-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DB09OAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7175%252C3093088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tbfrmeroff-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tbfrmeroff_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nTBPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6151%2C7750743">"2 former FBI officials found guilty in 1970s home break=in cases"</a>. <i>Toledo Blade</i>. (Ohio). Associated Press. November 7, 1980. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410100810/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nTBPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6151%2C7750743">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toledo+Blade&rft.atitle=2+former+FBI+officials+found+guilty+in+1970s+home+break%3Din+cases&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1980-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DnTBPAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6151%252C7750743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xffdgui-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xffdgui_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ntZYAAAAIBAJ&pg=5400%2C1483930">"Ex-FBI chiefs found guilty"</a>. <i>The Bulletin</i>. (Bend, Oregon). UPI. November 6, 1980. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410100809/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ntZYAAAAIBAJ&pg=5400%2C1483930">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Ex-FBI+chiefs+found+guilty&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1980-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DntZYAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5400%252C1483930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbupnojl-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbupnojl_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbupnojl_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fftXAAAAIBAJ&pg=2008%2C1932923">"Ex-FBI officials draw fines, no jail terms"</a>. <i>The Bulletin</i>. (Bend, Oregon). UPI. December 15, 1980. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410100809/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fftXAAAAIBAJ&pg=2008%2C1932923">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Ex-FBI+officials+draw+fines%2C+no+jail+terms&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1980-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DfftXAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2008%252C1932923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-srjlnofin-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-srjlnofin_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-srjlnofin_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=O8opAAAAIBAJ&pg=5964%2C248984">"Ex-FBI pair facing fines but not jail"</a>. <i>Spokesman-Review</i>. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. December 16, 1980. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410100809/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=O8opAAAAIBAJ&pg=5964%2C248984">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Ex-FBI+pair+facing+fines+but+not+jail&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1980-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DO8opAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5964%252C248984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohn-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cohn_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Cohn, "Stabbing the F.B.I.", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, November 15, 1980, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTEditorialOnConvictions-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTEditorialOnConvictions_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Right Punishment for F.B.I. Crimes". (Editorial), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, December 18, 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PardonReaction-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PardonReaction_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PardonReaction_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Pear, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/16/us/president-reagan-pardons-2-ex-fbi-officials-in-1970-s-break-ins.html">"President Pardons 2 Ex-F.B.I. Officials in 1970's Break-ins"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227042031/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/16/us/president-reagan-pardons-2-ex-fbi-officials-in-1970-s-break-ins.html">Archived</a> February 27, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>; & Lou Cannon and Laura A. Kiernan, "President Pardons 2 Ex-FBI Officials Guilty in Break-Ins", <i>The Washington Post</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-srprdn-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-srprdn_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPear1981" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pear" title="Robert Pear">Pear, Robert</a> (April 16, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ifhLAAAAIBAJ&pg=6072%2C33647">"Ex-FBI officials granted pardons"</a>. <i>Spokesman-Review</i>. (Spokane, Washington). (New York Times). p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410100819/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ifhLAAAAIBAJ&pg=6072%2C33647">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Ex-FBI+officials+granted+pardons&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1981-04-16&rft.aulast=Pear&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DifhLAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6072%252C33647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tbprdnap-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tbprdnap_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tbprdnap_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mT1PAAAAIBAJ&pg=5998%2C11135">"Former FBI officials, convicted in break-ins, are pardoned by Reagan"</a>. <i>Toledo Blade</i>. (Ohio). Associated Press. April 16, 1981. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410100823/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mT1PAAAAIBAJ&pg=5998%2C11135">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toledo+Blade&rft.atitle=Former+FBI+officials%2C+convicted+in+break-ins%2C+are+pardoned+by+Reagan&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1981-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DmT1PAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5998%252C11135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbrtjeupi-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbrtjeupi_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rl0zAAAAIBAJ&pg=4542%2C3396626">"Reagan thought jury erred on FBI"</a>. <i>The Bulletin</i>. (Bend, Oregon). UPI. April 16, 1981. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410100823/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rl0zAAAAIBAJ&pg=4542%2C3396626">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Reagan+thought+jury+erred+on+FBI&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1981-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Drl0zAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4542%252C3396626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReaganStatement-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReaganStatement_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1981/41581d.htm">Statement on Granting Pardons to W. Mark Felt and Edward S. Miller</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085227/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1981/41581d.htm">Archived</a> September 24, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ronald Reagan. April 15, 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NixonChampagneCongrats-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NixonChampagneCongrats_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gentry, <i>J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets</i>, p. 595; Robert Sam Anson, <i>Exile: The Unquiet Oblivion of Richard M. Nixon</i>, p. 233; Laurie Johnston and Robert McG. Thomas, "Congratulations and Champagne from Nixon".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTDisapprovesPardon-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTDisapprovesPardon_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pardoning the F.B.I's Past." (Editorial), <i>The New York Times</i>, April 16, 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Watergate Ghosts Rise Again". <i>Time</i>. Vol. 117, no. 2. 1981. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Watergate+Ghosts+Rise+Again&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=62&rft.date=1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeltMillerAppeal-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FeltMillerAppeal_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joe Pichirallo, "Judge Allows Appeals by Ex-Officials Of FBI Despite Pardons by Reagan", <i>The Washington Post</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeltMillerDenouncePrivacyAndFOIAActcs-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FeltMillerDenouncePrivacyAndFOIAActcs_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felt, <i>FBI Pyramid</i>, p. 349</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FamilyMan-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FamilyMan_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FamilyMan_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FamilyMan_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FamilyMan_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FamilyMan_88-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FamilyMan_88-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FamilyMan_88-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2006" class="citation news cs1">Ryan, Joan (May 28, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/FAMILY-MAN-For-former-G-man-Mark-Felt-life-is-2518170.php">"Family Man"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054242/https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/FAMILY-MAN-For-former-G-man-Mark-Felt-life-is-2518170.php">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Family+Man&rft.date=2006-05-28&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2FFAMILY-MAN-For-former-G-man-Mark-Felt-life-is-2518170.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deep_Throat's_Daughter-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deep_Throat's_Daughter_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deep_Throat's_Daughter_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuke2005" class="citation news cs1">Duke, Lynne (June 12, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/11/AR2005061100724.html">"Deep Throat's Daughter, The Kindred Free Spirit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718234434/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/11/AR2005061100724.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Deep+Throat%27s+Daughter%2C+The+Kindred+Free+Spirit&rft.date=2005-06-12&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Duke&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F06%2F11%2FAR2005061100724.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuke2006" class="citation news cs1">Duke, Lynne (April 22, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/21/AR2006042101858.html">"Deep Throat's Other Secret"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180531023017/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/21/AR2006042101858.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Deep+Throat%27s+Other+Secret&rft.date=2006-04-22&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Duke&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F04%2F21%2FAR2006042101858.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kessler-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kessler_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kessler_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler2016" class="citation book cs1">Kessler, Ronald (2016). <i>The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI</i>. St. Martin's Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250111265" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250111265"><bdi>978-1250111265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bureau%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+FBI&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1250111265&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toledano-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toledano_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toledano_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph de Toledano, "Deep Throat's Ghost". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i>. July 4, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LibraryJournalReview-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LibraryJournalReview_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Steck, "Review of The FBI Pyramid", <i>Library Journal</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTBR-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTBR_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Wise, "Apologia by No. 2", <i>The New York Times Book Review</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KeeperHooverFlame-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KeeperHooverFlame_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gentry, <i>J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets</i>, p. 728</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Review Online, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2005/06/going-deeper-interview/amp/">"Going Deeper"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240614032240/https://www.nationalreview.com/2005/06/going-deeper-interview/amp/">Archived</a> June 14, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>National Review</i>, June 1, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Limpert-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Limpert_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Limpert, "Deeper Into Deep Throat", <i><a href="/wiki/Washingtonian_(magazine)" title="Washingtonian (magazine)">Washingtonian</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward, <i>Secret Man</i>, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_V._Higgins" title="George V. Higgins">George V. Higgins</a> (1975), <i>The Friends of Richard Nixon</i>, 1976 reprint, New York: Ballantine, Ch. 14, p. 147, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-25226-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-25226-5">978-0-345-25226-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrandJury-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GrandJury_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward, <i>Secret Man</i>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MannAtlanticMonthly-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MannAtlanticMonthly_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Mann, "Deep Throat: An Institutional Analysis", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic Monthly</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butterfield-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Butterfield_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Rizzo, "Nixon one role will remain nameless", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hartford_Courant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hartford Courant">The Hartford Courant</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campmate-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campmate_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Daley, "Deep Throat: 2 boys talking politics at summer camp may have revealed a Watergate secret", <i>The Hartford Courant</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarmentFeltTheoryStrong-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GarmentFeltTheoryStrong_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard Garment, <i>In Search of Deep Throat: The Greatest Political Mystery of Our Time</i>, pp. 146–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarmentNotFelt-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GarmentNotFelt_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard Garment, <i>In Search of Deep Throat: The Greatest Political Mystery of Our Time</i>, pp. 170–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFChronicleFeltsSon-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SFChronicleFeltsSon_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vicki Haddock, "The Bay Area's 'Deep Throat' candidate", <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cornell-bio-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cornell-bio_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/justices/rehnquist.bio.html">"LII: US Supreme Court: Justice Rehnquist"</a>. Supct.law.cornell.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080926095132/http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/justices/rehnquist.bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LII%3A+US+Supreme+Court%3A+Justice+Rehnquist&rft.pub=Supct.law.cornell.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupct.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fjustices%2Frehnquist.bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPwatergateStory2005DeepThroat-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WPwatergateStory2005DeepThroat_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Woodward, Bob</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061109112747/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/linkset/2005/05/31/LI2005053100696.html">"The Watergate Story: Deep Throat Revealed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> (updated June 2005)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/linkset/2005/05/31/LI2005053100696.html">the original</a> on November 9, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post+%28updated+June+2005%29&rft.atitle=The+Watergate+Story%3A+Deep+Throat+Revealed&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Flinkset%2F2005%2F05%2F31%2FLI2005053100696.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050912123438/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/watergate/splash.html">This website 'Watergate Revisited'</a> contains numerous <i>Washington Post</i> articles about Watergate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CharlesColston-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CharlesColston_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Raum. "Turncoat or U.S. hero? Deep Throat casts divide". <i>Journal–Gazette</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ft._Wayne,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ft. Wayne, Indiana">Ft. Wayne, Indiana</a>). June 2, 2005. 1A</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LATimesEditorial-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LATimesEditorial_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Deep Thoughts" (editorial). <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. June 2, 2005. B10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DealWithHanks-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DealWithHanks_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bob Thompson. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/16/AR2005061600012.html">Deep Throat Family Cuts Publishing, Film Pacts; Tom Hanks to Develop Movie About Secret Watergate Source</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221133400/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/16/AR2005061600012.html">Archived</a> February 21, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i>The Washington Post</i>. June 16, 2005. C1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the film adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men_(film)" title="All the President's Men (film)">All the President's Men</a></i>, "Deep Throat" was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Hal_Holbrook" title="Hal Holbrook">Hal Holbrook</a>, retroactively making him the first actor to portray Felt.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wp12182008-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wp12182008_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan,_Patricia2008" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Patricia (December 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/19/AR2008121900056.html">"Lawman's Unwavering Compass Led Him to White House Showdown"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412131027/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/19/AR2008121900056.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Lawman%27s+Unwavering+Compass+Led+Him+to+White+House+Showdown&rft.date=2008-12-20&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F12%2F19%2FAR2008121900056.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuman,_Johanna2016" class="citation news cs1">Neuman, Johanna (December 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-felt19-2008dec19-story.html">"W. Mark Felt, Watergate source 'Deep Throat,' dies at 95"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617003758/http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-felt19-2008dec19-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=W.+Mark+Felt%2C+Watergate+source+%27Deep+Throat%2C%27+dies+at+95&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.au=Neuman%2C+Johanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fla-me-felt19-2008dec19-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Anson, Robert Sam. <i>Exile: The Unquiet Oblivion of Richard M. Nixon</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-44021-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-44021-7">0-671-44021-7</a></li> <li>Benfell, Carol. "A Family Secret: Joan Felt Explains Why Family Members Urged Her Father, Watergate's 'Deep Throat' to Reveal His Identity". <i>The Press Democrat</i> (<a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" title="Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa, California</a>). June 5, 2005. A1</li> <li>Bernstein, Carl and Bob Woodward. <i>All the President's Men</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-21781-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-21781-X">0-671-21781-X</a></li> <li>Cannon, Lou and Laura A. Kiernan. "President Pardons 2 Ex-FBI Officials Guilty in Break-Ins". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. April 16, 1981. A1.</li> <li>Cohn, Roy. "Stabbing the F.B.I." <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. November 15, 1980. 20</li> <li>Crewdson, John. "Ex-Aide Approved F.B.I. Burglaries". <i>The New York Times</i>. August 18, 1976. A1</li> <li>Crewdson, John. "Ex-F.B.I. Aide Sees 'Scapegoat' Role". <i>The New York Times</i>. August 30, 1976. 21</li> <li>Daley, David. "Deep Throat: 2 boys talking politics at summer camp may have revealed a Watergate secret". <i><a href="/wiki/Hartford_Courant" title="Hartford Courant">Hartford Courant</a></i>. July 28, 1999. A1</li> <li>"Deep Thoughts" (editorial). <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. June 2, 2005. B10</li> <li>Duke, Lynne. "Deep Throat's Daughter, The Kindred Free Spirit" <i>The Washington Post</i>. June 12, 2005. A1</li> <li>Felt, W. Mark. <i>The FBI Pyramid: From the Inside</i>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-11904-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-399-11904-3">0-399-11904-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelt,_MarkO'Connor,_John2017" class="citation book cs1">Felt, Mark; O'Connor, John (2017). <i>Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House</i>. Public Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-8835-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-8835-0"><bdi>978-1-5417-8835-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark+Felt%3A+The+Man+Who+Brought+Down+the+White+House&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5417-8835-0&rft.au=Felt%2C+Mark&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Felt" class="Z3988"></span> (First published in 2006 as <i>A G-Man's Life: The FBI, Being 'Deep Throat,' And the Struggle for Honor in Washington</i>.)</li> <li>Garment, Leonard. <i>In Search of Deep Throat: The Greatest Political Mystery of Our Time</i>. New York: Basic Books, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02613-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02613-3">0-465-02613-3</a></li> <li>Gentry, Curt. <i>J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets</i>. New York: W.W. Norton, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02404-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02404-0">0-393-02404-0</a></li> <li>Haddock, Vicki. "The Bay Area's 'Deep Throat' candidate". <i><a href="/wiki/The_San_Francisco_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="The San Francisco Chronicle">The San Francisco Chronicle</a></i>. June 16, 2002. D1</li> <li>Havill, Adrian. <i>Deep Truth: The Lives of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein</i>. New York: Birch Lane Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55972-172-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55972-172-3">1-55972-172-3</a></li> <li>Higgins, George V. <i>The Friends of Richard Nixon</i>. New York: Ballantine, 1976 reprint [1975]. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-25226-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-25226-5">978-0-345-25226-5</a></li> <li>Holland, Max. <i>Leak: Why Mark Felt Became Deep Throat</i>. Lawrence, Kansas, University Press of Kansas, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1829-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1829-3">978-0-7006-1829-3</a></li> <li>Holt, Thaddeus, "The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War". New York: Scribner, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5042-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5042-7">0-7432-5042-7</a></li> <li>Horrock, Nicholas M. "Gray and 2 Ex-F.B.I Aides Indicted on Conspiracy in Search for Radicals". <i>The New York Times</i>. April 11, 1978. A1</li> <li>Johnston, David, "Behind Deep Throat's Clandestine Ways, a Cloak-and-Dagger Past". The New York Times. June 4, 2005</li> <li>Johnston, Laurie and Robert McG. Thomas. "Congratulations and Champagne from Nixon". <i>The New York Times</i>. April 30, 1981. C18</li> <li>Kamen, Al and Laura A. Kiernan. "Lawyers". <i>The Washington Post</i>. June 28, 1982. B3</li> <li>Kessler, Ronald. <i>The F.B.I.: Inside the World's Most Powerful Law Enforcement Agency</i>. New York: Pocket Books, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-78657-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-78657-1">0-671-78657-1</a></li> <li>Kutler, Stanley I., editor. <i>Abuse of Power: The New Nixon Tapes</i>. New York: The Free Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84127-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-84127-4">0-684-84127-4</a></li> <li>Lardner, George. "Attorney General Backs FBI Pardons but Ex-Prosecutor Disagrees". <i>The Washington Post</i>. April 17, 1981. A9</li> <li>Limpert, Jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020605075028/http://washingtonian.com/people/deepthroat.html">"Deeper Into Deep Throat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washingtonian_(magazine)" title="Washingtonian (magazine)">Washingtonian</a></i>. August 1974</li> <li>Mann, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199205/mann">"Deep Throat: An Institutional Analysis"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090930153528/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199205/mann">Archived</a> September 30, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic Monthly</a></i>. May 1992</li> <li>Marro, Anthony. "Gray and 2 Ex-F.B.I. Aides Deny Guilt as 700 at Court Applaud Them". <i>The New York Times</i>. April 21, 1978. A13</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1980/12/18/archives/the-right-punishment-for-fbi-crimes.html">"The Right Punishment for F.B.I. Crimes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531111148/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/12/18/archives/the-right-punishment-for-fbi-crimes.html">Archived</a> May 31, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Editorial). <i>The New York Times</i>. December 18, 1980. A30</li> <li>O'Connor, John D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2005/07/deepthroat200507">"'I'm the Guy They Called 'Deep Throat<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113094519/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2005/07/deepthroat200507">Archived</a> January 13, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>. July 2005. 86–89, 129–133. Retrieved on November 21, 2008</li> <li>"Pardoning the F.B.I's Past". (Editorial). <i>The New York Times</i>. April 16, 1980. A30</li> <li>Pear, Robert. "Conspiracy Trial for 2 Ex-F.B.I. Officials Accused in Break-ins". <i>The New York Times</i>. September 19, 1980. A14</li> <li>Pear, Robert. "Long Delayed Trial Over F.B.I. Break-ins to Start in Capital Tomorrow". <i>The New York Times</i>. September 14, 1980. 30</li> <li>Pear, Robert. "President Pardons 2 Ex-F.B.I. Officials in 1970's Break-ins". <i>The New York Times</i>. April 16, 1981. A1</li> <li>Pear, Robert. "Prosecutors Rejected Offer of Plea to F.B.I. Break-ins". <i>The New York Times</i>. January 11, 1981. 24</li> <li>Pear, Robert. "Testimony by Nixon Heard in F.B.I. Trial". <i>The New York Times</i>. October 30, 1980. A17</li> <li>Pear, Robert. "2 Ex-F.B.I. Agents Get Light Fines for Authorizing Break-ins in 70's". <i>The New York Times</i>. December 16, 1980. A1</li> <li>Pear, Robert. "2 Pardoned Ex-F.B.I. Officials to Seek U.S. Payment of Some Legal Fees". <i>The New York Times</i>. May 1, 1981. A14</li> <li>Pichirallo, Joe. "Judge Allows Appeals by Ex-Officials Of FBI Despite Pardons by Reagan". <i>The Washington Post</i>. July 24, 1981. C5</li> <li>Raum, Tom. "Turncoat or U.S. hero? Deep Throat casts divide". <i>The Journal–Gazette</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ft._Wayne,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ft. Wayne, Indiana">Ft. Wayne, Indiana</a>). June 2, 2005. 1A</li> <li>Rizzo, Frank. "Nixon one role will remain nameless". <i>Hartford Courant</i>. December 17, 1995. G1</li> <li>Schram, Martin. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsday.com/opinion/nixon-s-henchmen-lecture-us-on-ethics-1.669549">Nixon's henchmen lecture us on ethics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422133021/http://www.newsday.com/opinion/nixon-s-henchmen-lecture-us-on-ethics-1.669549">Archived</a> April 22, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a></i>. June 6, 2005. A32</li> <li>Steck, Henry. Review of The FBI Pyramid. <i>Library Journal</i>. April 1, 1980. 850</li> <li>Summers, Anthony. <i>Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover</i>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-13800-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-399-13800-5">0-399-13800-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Theoharis, Athan G.</a>, Tony G. Poveda, Susan Rosefeld, and Richard Gid Powers. <i>The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide</i>. New York: Checkmark Books, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4228-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4228-4">0-8160-4228-4</a></li> <li>Thompson, Bob. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/16/AR2005061600012.html">Dee Throat Family Cuts Publishing, Film Pacts; Tom Hanks to Develop Movie About Secret Watergate Source</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221133400/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/16/AR2005061600012.html">Archived</a> February 21, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i>The Washington Post</i>. June 16, 2005. C1.</li> <li>Toledano, Ralph de. "Deep Throat's Ghost". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i>. July 4, 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. "2 Ex-FBI Aides Urge Relation of Spying Rules". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miami Herald">The Miami Herald</a></i>. June 27, 1982. 24A</li> <li>United States Congress. <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. Committee on Government Operations. Subcommittee on Government Information and Individual Rights. <i>Inquiry Into the Destruction of Former FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover's Files and FBI Recordkeeping: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, <a href="/wiki/Ninety-fourth_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninety-fourth United States Congress">94th Congress</a>, December 1, 1975</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>, 1975.</li> <li>United States. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. Office of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a>. <i>Public Papers of the President: Ronald Reagan, 1981</i>. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1982. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/publicpapers.html">Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Records Administration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219143818/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/publicpapers.html">Archived</a> February 19, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Wise, David. "Apologia by No. 2". <i>The New York Times Book Review</i>. January 27, 1980. 12</li> <li>Woodward, Bob. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-mark-felt-became-deep-throat/2012/06/04/gJQAlpARIV_story.html">How Mark Felt Became 'Deep Throat'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329162910/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-mark-felt-became-deep-throat/2012/06/04/gJQAlpARIV_story.html">Archived</a> March 29, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. June 2, 2005. A1.</li> <li>Woodward, Bob. <i>The Secret Man: The Story of Watergate's Deep Throat</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-8715-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-8715-0">0-7432-8715-0</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Felt&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mark_Felt" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Mark Felt">Mark Felt</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Dohrn, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050608214652/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F06%2F02%2F1445253">"I Was The Target Of Illegal FBI Break-Ins Ordered by Mark Felt aka 'Deep Throat'"</a> (June 2, 2005). <i>Democracy Now!</i></li> <li>Dean, John W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050605023807/http://writ.news.findlaw.com/dean/20050603.html">Why The Revelation of the Identity Of Deep Throat Has Only Created Another Mystery</a> (June 3, 2005). <i>Findlaw</i> (also see the extensive <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050605235014/http://writ.news.findlaw.com/dean/20050603.appendix.html">appendix, containing all of Woodward's references to "Deep Throat" in <i>All The President's Men</i></a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legacy.com/SFGate/DeathNotices.asp?Page=Lifestory&PersonID=121576532">AP Obituary in the <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1014782">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FBI" title="Template:FBI"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FBI" title="Template talk:FBI"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FBI" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FBI"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_FBI_field_offices" title="List of FBI field offices">Field offices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Atlanta_Field_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI Atlanta Field Office">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Buffalo_Field_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI Buffalo Field Office">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Cincinnati_Field_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI Cincinnati Field Office">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Cleveland_Field_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI Cleveland Field Office">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Tampa_Field_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI Tampa Field Office">Tampa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/125px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/188px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/250px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FBI_Criminal,_Cyber,_Response,_and_Services_Branch" title="FBI Criminal, Cyber, Response, and Services Branch">Criminal, Cyber, Response,<br />and Services Branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Criminal_Investigative_Division" title="FBI Criminal Investigative Division">Criminal Investigative Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Critical_Incident_Response_Group" title="FBI Critical Incident Response Group">Critical Incident Response Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_the_Analysis_of_Violent_Crime" title="National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime">National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Analysis_Unit" title="Behavioral Analysis Unit">Behavioral Analysis Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Abduction_and_Serial_Murder_Investigative_Resources_Center" title="Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center">Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_Criminal_Apprehension_Program" title="Violent Criminal Apprehension Program">Violent Criminal Apprehension Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage_Rescue_Team" title="Hostage Rescue Team">Hostage Rescue Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Crisis_Negotiation_Unit" title="FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit">Crisis Negotiation Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Special_Weapons_and_Tactics_Teams" title="FBI Special Weapons and Tactics Teams">Special Weapons and Tactics Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Hazardous_Devices_School" title="FBI Hazardous Devices School">Hazardous Devices School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Cyber_Division" title="FBI Cyber Division">Cyber Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FBI_Human_Resources_Branch" title="FBI Human Resources Branch">Human Resources Branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Academy" title="FBI Academy">Academy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Science_Unit" title="Behavioral Science Unit">Behavioral Science Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_National_Academy" title="FBI National Academy">National Academy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Police" title="FBI Police">FBI Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FBI_National_Security_Branch" title="FBI National Security Branch">National Security Branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Counterintelligence_Division" title="FBI Counterintelligence Division">Counterintelligence Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Counterterrorism_Division" title="FBI Counterterrorism Division">Counterterrorism Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Exploitation_Section" title="Communications Exploitation Section">Communications Exploitation Section</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Value_Detainee_Interrogation_Group" title="High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group">High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Screening_Center" title="Terrorist Screening Center">Terrorist Screening Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction_Directorate" title="FBI Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate">Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FBI_Science_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Science and Technology Branch">Science and Technology Branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Criminal_Justice_Information_Services_Division" title="FBI Criminal Justice Information Services Division">Criminal Justice Information Services Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Information_Center" title="National Crime Information Center">National Crime Information Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Laboratory" title="FBI Laboratory">Laboratory Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Information_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Information and Technology Branch">Information and Technology Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Intelligence_Branch" title="FBI Intelligence Branch">Intelligence Branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airtel_(FBI)" title="Airtel (FBI)">Airtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaupedia" title="Bureaupedia">Bureaupedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_(software)" title="Carnivore (software)">Carnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_DNA_Index_System" title="Combined DNA Index System">Combined DNA Index System</a> (CODIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_Internet_Protocol_Address_Verifier" title="Computer and Internet Protocol Address Verifier">Computer and Internet Protocol Address Verifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Automated_Fingerprint_Identification_System" title="Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System">Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System</a> (IAFIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_National_Data_Exchange" title="Law Enforcement National Data Exchange">Law Enforcement National Data Exchange</a> (N-DEx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Incident-Based_Reporting_System" title="National Incident-Based Reporting System">National Incident-Based Reporting System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation#Rank_structure" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Ranks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Deputy Director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_agent" title="Special agent">Special agent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Methods and<br />activities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abscam" title="Abscam">Abscam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Bridgman_Convention" title="1922 Bridgman Convention">Bridgman Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_method_of_profiling" title="FBI method of profiling">FBI method of profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Blagojevich_corruption_charges" title="Rod Blagojevich corruption charges">Rod Blagojevich corruption charges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_files_on_Michael_Jackson" title="FBI files on Michael Jackson">FBI files on Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_files_on_Elvis_Presley" title="FBI files on Elvis Presley">FBI files on Elvis Presley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_FBI_Miami_shootout" title="1986 FBI Miami shootout">FBI Miami shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_search_of_Mar-a-Lago" title="FBI search of Mar-a-Lago">FBI search of Mar-a-Lago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Silvermaster_File" title="FBI Silvermaster File">FBI Silvermaster File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Special_Advisor_Program" title="FBI Special Advisor Program">FBI Special Advisor Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Victims_Identification_Project" title="FBI Victims Identification Project">FBI Victims Identification Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian (database)">Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Value_Interrogation_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Value Interrogation Group">High-Value Interrogation Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Terrorism_Task_Force" title="Joint Terrorism Task Force">Joint Terrorism Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindbergh_kidnapping" title="Lindbergh kidnapping">Lindbergh kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Ridge_standoff" title="Ruby Ridge standoff">Ruby Ridge standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Intelligence_Service" title="Special Intelligence Service">Special Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Scheinberg" title="United States v. Scheinberg"><i>U.S. v. Scheinberg et al.</i> (10 Cr. 336)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_%22Skip%22_Brandon" title="Harry "Skip" Brandon">Harry "Skip" Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Aldolphus_Bryce" title="Jacob Aldolphus Bryce">Delf A. 'Jelly' Bryce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibel_Edmonds" title="Sibel Edmonds">Sibel Edmonds</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mark Felt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(Watergate)" title="Deep Throat (Watergate)">"Deep Throat"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Gandy" title="Helen Gandy">Helen Gandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Gormley" title="Joseph L. Gormley">Joseph L. Gormley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Grapp" title="Wesley Grapp">Wesley Grapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icove" title="David Icove">David Icove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Strzok" title="Peter Strzok">Peter Strzok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Tolson" title="Clyde Tolson">Clyde Tolson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Pistone" title="Joseph D. Pistone">Joseph D. Pistone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover_Building" title="J. Edgar Hoover Building">FBI Headquarters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation_portrayal_in_media" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation portrayal in media">FBI portrayal in media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Man_(slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="G-Man (slang)">G-Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_G-Men" title="Junior G-Men">Junior G-Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93Apple_encryption_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI–Apple encryption dispute">FBI–Apple encryption dispute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FBI_Law_Enforcement_Bulletin" title="FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin">FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hogan%27s_Alley_(FBI)" title="Hogan's Alley (FBI)">Hogan's Alley</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deputy_Directors_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FBI_Deputy_Directors_navbox" title="Template:FBI Deputy Directors navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FBI_Deputy_Directors_navbox" title="Template talk:FBI Deputy Directors navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FBI_Deputy_Directors_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FBI Deputy Directors navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deputy_Directors_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Deputy Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Tolson" title="Clyde Tolson">Clyde Tolson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mark Felt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Adams" title="James B. Adams">James B. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_I._Clarke" title="Floyd I. Clarke">Floyd I. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_G._Binney" title="David G. Binney">David G. Binney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_A._Potts" title="Larry A. Potts">Larry A. Potts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weldon_L._Kennedy" title="Weldon L. Kennedy">Weldon L. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Esposito" title="William J. Esposito">William J. Esposito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Pickard" title="Thomas J. Pickard">Thomas J. Pickard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_J._Gebhardt" title="Bruce J. Gebhardt">Bruce J. Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Pistole" title="John S. Pistole">John S. Pistole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_P._Murphy" title="Timothy P. Murphy">Timothy P. Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_M._Joyce" title="Sean M. Joyce">Sean M. Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_F._Giuliano" title="Mark F. Giuliano">Mark F. 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