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Bachelor of Business Administration - Wikipedia

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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بكالوريوس إدارة الأعمال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بكالوريوس إدارة الأعمال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95" title="ব্যবসায় প্রশাসনে স্নাতক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যবসায় প্রশাসনে স্নাতক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration" title="Bachelor of Business Administration – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bachelor of Business Administration" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration" title="Bachelor of Business Administration – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bachelor of Business Administration" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBA" title="BBA – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="BBA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کارشناسی مدیریت کسب‌وکار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارشناسی مدیریت کسب‌وکار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_business_administration" title="Bachelor of business administration – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bachelor of business administration" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%98%81%ED%95%99_%ED%95%99%EC%82%AC" title="경영학 학사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="경영학 학사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="बैचलर ऑफ बिजनेस एडमिनिस्ट्रेशन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बैचलर ऑफ बिजनेस एडमिनिस्ट्रेशन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verslo_administravimo_bakalauras" title="Verslo administravimo bakalauras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Verslo administravimo bakalauras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration" title="Bachelor of Business Administration – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bachelor of Business Administration" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB%EF%BC%88%E7%B5%8C%E5%96%B6%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%89" title="学士(経営学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="学士(経営学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_business_administration" title="Bachelor of business administration – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bachelor of business administration" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacharelado_em_administra%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Bacharelado em administração – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bacharelado em administração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бакалавр делового администрирования – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бакалавр делового администрирования" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradenomi" title="Tradenomi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tradenomi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradenom" title="Tradenom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tradenom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இளங்கலை வணிக நிர்வாகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இளங்கலை வணிக நிர்வாகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="بی بی اے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بی بی اے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%AD_nh%C3%A2n_qu%E1%BA%A3n_tr%E1%BB%8B_kinh_doanh" title="Cử nhân quản trị kinh doanh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cử nhân quản trị kinh doanh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB" title="工商管理學士 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="工商管理學士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB" title="工商管理學學士 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="工商管理學學士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q798129#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Academic degree</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"BBA" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/BBA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="BBA (disambiguation)">BBA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Bachelor of Business Administration</b> (<b>BBA</b>), <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> in Business Administration, or <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> in Business Administration is a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor&#39;s degree">bachelor's degree</a> in <a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business administration</a> awarded by colleges and universities after completion of four years and typically 120 credits of undergraduate study in the fundamentals of <a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business administration</a>, usually including advanced courses in <a href="/wiki/Business_analytics" title="Business analytics">business analytics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_communication" title="Business communication">business communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">corporate finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_accounting" title="Financial accounting">financial accounting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Management_accounting" title="Management accounting">management accounting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">microeconomics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">strategic management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">supply chain management</a>, and other key academic subjects associated with the academic discipline of business management.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Curriculum_structure">Curriculum structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Business_Administration&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Curriculum structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The degree is designed to give a broad knowledge of the functional aspects of a company and their interconnection, while also allowing specialization in a particular <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>-related academic discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> BBA programs expose students to a range of core subjects and generally allow students to specialize in a specific business-related academic discipline or disciplines. </p><p>The BBA degree also develops a student's practical, managerial, and communication skills, and business decision-making capabilities that prepare them for the management of a business entity. Many programs incorporate training and practical experience in the form of <a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">case projects</a>, presentations, <a href="/wiki/Internship" title="Internship">internships</a>, industrial visits, and interaction with established industry experts.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>General educational requirements emphasize <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>, including <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>. Core <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> curriculum are usually required and business-related, including quantitative mathematics <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, and related courses. <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Calculus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Business statistics">business statistics</a> are usually required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BSBA">BSBA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Business_Administration&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: BSBA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Bachelor of Science in Business Administration</b> (<b>BSBA</b>), is a quantitative variant of the BBA. General educational requirements are even more mathematics-oriented; furthermore, the general focus within business may also be more analytic, often allowing additional quantitative optional coursework. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accreditation">Accreditation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Business_Administration&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Accreditation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Particularly in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">undergraduate</a> business administration programs are almost always <a href="/wiki/Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">accredited</a>, which represents that the college or university's BBA program meets curriculum quality standards.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rankings">Rankings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Business_Administration&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most business schools operate as schools of business within universities and colleges. In its 2024 rankings, <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News &amp; World Report">U.S. News &amp; World Report</a></i> ranked the following undergraduate business administration programs as the ten best globally:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.)</li> <li>2: <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.)</li> <li>3: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago, Illinois</a>, U.S.)</li> <li>4: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford, California</a>, U.S.)</li> <li>5: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, U.S.)</li> <li>6: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.)</li> <li>7: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.)</li> <li>8: <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, UK)</li> <li>9: <a href="/wiki/Monash_University" title="Monash University">Monash University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clayton,_Victoria" title="Clayton, Victoria">Clayton, Victoria</a>, Australia)</li> <li>10: <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_University_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus University Rotterdam">Erasmus University Rotterdam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, Netherlands)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Business_Administration&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Information_Systems" title="Bachelor of Business Information Systems">Bachelor of Business Information Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Commerce" title="Bachelor of Commerce">Bachelor of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Economics" title="Bachelor of Economics">Bachelor of Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Finance">Bachelor of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Business_Administration&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.org/articles/what_is_a_bachelors_degree_in_business_administration.html">"Learn.org -"</a>. <i>learn.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=learn.org&amp;rft.atitle=Learn.org+-&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.org%2Farticles%2Fwhat_is_a_bachelors_degree_in_business_administration.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlant1932" class="citation journal cs1">Plant, Arnold (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2548975">"Trends in Business Administration"</a>. <i>Economica</i> (35): 45–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2548975">10.2307/2548975</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0427">0013-0427</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2548975">2548975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Economica&amp;rft.atitle=Trends+in+Business+Administration&amp;rft.issue=35&amp;rft.pages=45-62&amp;rft.date=1932&amp;rft.issn=0013-0427&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2548975%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2548975&amp;rft.aulast=Plant&amp;rft.aufirst=Arnold&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2548975&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirandaGramaniAndrade2012" class="citation journal cs1">Miranda, Rodrigo; Gramani, Maria Cristina; Andrade, Eduardo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-3995.2012.00857.x">"Technical efficiency of business administration courses: a simultaneous analysis using DEA and SFA"</a>. <i>International Transactions in Operational Research</i>. <b>19</b> (6): 847–862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-3995.2012.00857.x">10.1111/j.1475-3995.2012.00857.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-3995">1475-3995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Transactions+in+Operational+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Technical+efficiency+of+business+administration+courses%3A+a+simultaneous+analysis+using+DEA+and+SFA&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=847-862&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-3995.2012.00857.x&amp;rft.issn=1475-3995&amp;rft.aulast=Miranda&amp;rft.aufirst=Rodrigo&amp;rft.au=Gramani%2C+Maria+Cristina&amp;rft.au=Andrade%2C+Eduardo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-3995.2012.00857.x&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910083931/http://www.aacsb.edu/accreditation/AccreditedMembers.asp">"AACSB accredited schools"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=AACSB+accredited+schools&amp;rft.pub=AACSB&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aacsb.edu%2Faccreditation%2FAccreditedMembers.asp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/economics-business">"Best global universities for economics and business</a>, <i>U.S. News &amp; World Report</i>, 2024</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Management" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Management" title="Template:Management"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Management" title="Template talk:Management"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Management" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Management"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Management" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_management" title="Outline of management">Outline of management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_management_articles" title="Index of management articles">Index of management articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">By type<br />of organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_administration" title="Academic administration">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_management" title="Association management">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant_management" title="Restaurant management">Restaurant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Court management">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_administration" title="Health administration">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_cycle_management" title="Intelligence cycle management">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">By focus,<br />within an<br />organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic</a><br />(top-level)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capability_management" title="Capability management">Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_management" title="Capital management">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_management" title="Change management">Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_management" title="Communications management">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_legal_management" title="Enterprise legal management">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance management">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_management" title="Systems management">Systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On component</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facility_management" title="Facility management">Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_management" title="Product management">Product</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Product_lifecycle" title="Product lifecycle">Product lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_management" title="Program management">Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On activity or<br />department<br />managed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Line_management" title="Line management">Line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">Operations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_process_management" title="Manufacturing process management">production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_management" title="Sales management">Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Staff_management" title="Staff management">Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Accounting management">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_management" title="Office management">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_management" title="Records management">Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On aspect or<br />relationship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">Customer relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception_management" title="Perception management">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On problem</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_management" title="Stress management">Stress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">On resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_inventory_management" title="Field inventory management">Field inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">Human resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_management" title="Information technology management">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_management" title="Materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skills_management" title="Skills management">Skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interim_management" title="Interim management">Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_management" title="Middle management">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_management" title="Senior management">Senior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Methods,<br />approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_method" title="Collaborative method">Collaborative method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_management" title="Distributed management">Distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earned_value_management" title="Earned value management">Earned value management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_management" title="Evidence-based management">Evidence-based management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_range_leadership_model" title="Full range leadership model">Full range leadership model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_by_objectives" title="Management by objectives">Management by objectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_style" title="Management style">Management style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macromanagement" title="Macromanagement">Macromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromanagement" title="Micromanagement">Micromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship" title="Social entrepreneurship">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_building" title="Team building">Team building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_management" title="Virtual management">Virtual management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Skills,<br />activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">Forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">Leadership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Pioneers,<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Drucker" title="Peter Drucker">Peter Drucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_M._Goldratt" title="Eliyahu M. Goldratt">Eliyahu M. Goldratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Technology,_Management,_and_Applied_Engineering" title="Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering">Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">Business school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_Business_Manager" title="Certified Business Manager">Certified Business Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Management_Institute" title="Chartered Management Institute">Chartered Management Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_management_studies" title="Critical management studies">Critical management studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Degrees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bachelor of Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhD_in_management" title="PhD in management">PhD in management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administration" title="Doctor of Business Administration">Doctor of Business Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_compensation" title="Executive compensation">Executive compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_consulting" title="Management consulting">Management consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_(management)" title="Control (management)">Management control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_development" title="Management development">Management development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_fad" title="Management fad">Management fad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_system" title="Management system">Management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_psychology" title="Managerial psychology">Managerial psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerialism" title="Managerialism">Managerialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_development" title="Organization development">Organization development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior_management" title="Organizational behavior management">Organizational behavior management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointy-haired_Boss" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointy-haired Boss">Pointy-haired Boss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Systems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Systems science portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐67nx9 Cached time: 20241122140743 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.329 seconds Real time usage: 0.437 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 684/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 49628/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 376/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 24479/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.219/10.000 seconds Lua memory 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