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Égypte — Wikipédia

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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <p>L'<b>Égypte</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r216827669">.mw-parser-output .prononciation>a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg")center left no-repeat;background-size:11px 11px;padding-left:15px;font-size:smaller}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .prononciation>a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Antu_audio-volume-medium.svg/11px-Antu_audio-volume-medium.svg.png")center left no-repeat}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .prononciation>a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Antu_audio-volume-medium.svg/11px-Antu_audio-volume-medium.svg.png")center left no-repeat}}</style><sup class="prononciation noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:LL-Q150_(fra)-Poslovitch-%C3%89gypte.wav?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fichier:LL-Q150 (fra)-Poslovitch-Égypte.wav">Écouter</a></sup> (en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabe">arabe</a>&nbsp;: <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">مصر</span> / <i>miṣr</i>&nbsp;; en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabe_%C3%A9gyptien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabe égyptien">arabe égyptien</a>&nbsp;: <span class="lang-arz" lang="arz" dir="rtl">مصر</span> / <i>maṣr</i> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voyelle_ouverte_ant%C3%A9rieure_non_arrondie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voyelle ouverte antérieure non arrondie">masˤɾ</a>), en forme longue la <b>république arabe d'Égypte</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabe">arabe</a>&nbsp;: <span title="Arabe"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">جمهورية مصر العربية</span></span><span class="t_nihongo_help noprint"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .1em;"><sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Unicode/Test/arabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Unicode/Test/arabe">?</a></sup></span></span>)</span> / <i>jumhuriyat masr al arabiya</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>), est un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_du_monde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays du monde">pays</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabes">arabe</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_%C3%89tats_transcontinentaux?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des États transcontinentaux">transcontinental</a> se trouvant en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrique_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrique du Nord">Afrique du Nord</a>-Est et, pour la péninsule du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sina%C3%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinaï">Sinaï</a>, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asie_de_l%27Ouest?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asie de l'Ouest">Asie de l'Ouest</a>. Située sur la côte sud de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Méditerranée">Méditerranée</a> orientale, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bassin_Levantin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bassin Levantin">bassin Levantin</a>, le pays a des frontières terrestres avec la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libye?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libye">Libye</a> à l'ouest, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soudan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soudan">Soudan</a> au sud, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_Rouge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Rouge">mer Rouge</a> à l'est, et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israël">Israël</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bande_de_Gaza?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bande de Gaza">bande de Gaza</a> de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_de_Palestine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="État de Palestine">Palestine</a> au nord-est. La capitale, et la ville la plus peuplée du pays, est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Caire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Caire">Le Caire</a>. Avec plus de 109&nbsp;millions d'habitants en 2021, l'Égypte est le troisième <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_par_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays par population">pays le plus peuplé d’Afrique</a> derrière le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nigeria?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89thiopie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éthiopie">Éthiopie</a>. La surface du pays est largement recouverte par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sahara?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> et la population est fortement concentrée sur les rives du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nil">Nil</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berceau_de_la_civilisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berceau de la civilisation">Berceau de la civilisation</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Égypte antique">Égypte antique</a> a connu les premiers développements de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89criture_hi%C3%A9roglyphique_%C3%A9gyptienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écriture hiéroglyphique égyptienne">écriture</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agriculture_dans_l%27%C3%89gypte_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agriculture dans l'Égypte antique">agriculture</a>, le gouvernement centralisé et la religion organisée au cours de plus de trois millénaires av. J.-C.. Des monuments emblématiques tels le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sphinx_de_Gizeh?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sphinx de Gizeh">Sphinx de Gizeh</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyramides_de_Gizeh?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyramides de Gizeh">pyramides de Gizeh</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vallée des Rois">vallée des Rois</a> reflètent cet héritage et demeurent des sources importantes d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gyptologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Égyptologie">intérêt scientifique et populaire</a>. Pendant la période de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte_romaine_et_byzantine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Égypte romaine et byzantine">domination romaine</a>, l'Égypte est devenue l'un des premiers centres du christianisme avant d'être islamisée par les conquêtes arabes du <abbr class="abbr" title="7ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle. L'Égypte demeure un pays principalement musulman avec une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_en_%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme en Égypte">minorité chrétienne</a> importante.</p> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive" style="width:23em"> <div class="entete" style="background-color: #e3e3e3;"> <div> <p>République arabe d'Égypte</p> <p><small><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : arabe">(ar)</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">جمهورية مصر العربية</span></span> / <i>jumhuriyat misr al arabiya</i> </small></p> </div> </div> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="1" align="center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Egypt.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau"><img alt="Drapeau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/110px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/165px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/220px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span><br><small><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_de_l%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapeau de l'Égypte">Drapeau de l'Égypte</a> </small></td> <td colspan="1" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_(Official).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Blason"><img alt="Blason" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg/88px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%2528Official%2529.svg/132px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%2528Official%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%2528Official%2529.svg/176px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%2528Official%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="815"></a></span><br><small><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armoiries_de_l%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armoiries de l'Égypte">Armoiries de l'Égypte</a> </small></td> </tr> <tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption class="hidden" style=""> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hymne_national?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hymne national">Hymne</a></th> <td>en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabe">arabe</a>&nbsp;: بلادي بلادي بلادي (<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biladi,_Biladi,_Biladi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biladi, Biladi, Biladi">Biladi, Biladi, Biladi</a></i>, «&nbsp;Ma patrie, ma patrie, ma patrie&nbsp;»)<br> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <span> <audio 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‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ABilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg&amp;lang=pt&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ABilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg&amp;lang=vi&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ABilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg&amp;lang=zh-tw&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文(臺灣) ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ABilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg&amp;lang=zh&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr"> </audio></span> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%AAte_nationale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fête nationale">Fête nationale</a></th> <td><time class="nowrap" datetime="07-23" data-sort-value="07-23">23 juillet</time></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><small>· Événement commémoré</small></th> <td> <div style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%89tat_de_1952_en_%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coup d'État de 1952 en Égypte">Coup d'État</a> des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvement_des_officiers_libres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouvement des officiers libres">officiers libres</a> (<time>1952</time>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="hr" style="background-color:#e3e3e3; height:1px;"></div> <div class="images"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fichier:EGY_orthographic.svg&amp;lang=fr&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de l'image EGY orthographic.svg." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/EGY_orthographic.svg/langfr-220px-EGY_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/EGY_orthographic.svg/langfr-330px-EGY_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/EGY_orthographic.svg/langfr-440px-EGY_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"></a></span> </div> <div class="hr" style="background-color:#e3e3e3; height:1px;"></div> <div class="images"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Egypte_carte.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de l'image Egypte carte.png." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Egypte_carte.png/220px-Egypte_carte.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Egypte_carte.png/330px-Egypte_carte.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Egypte_carte.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="367"></a></span> </div> <table> <caption style="background-color:#e3e3e3;"> Administration </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;">Forme de l'État</th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République">République</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gime_semi-pr%C3%A9sidentiel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Régime semi-présidentiel">semi-présidentielle</a> (<i>de jure</i>)<br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dictature_militaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dictature militaire">Dictature militaire </a> (<i>de facto</i>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_arabe_d%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Président de la république arabe d'Égypte">Président de la République</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Sissi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abdel Fattah al-Sissi">Abdel Fattah al-Sissi</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_chefs_du_gouvernement_%C3%A9gyptien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des chefs du gouvernement égyptien">Premier ministre</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moustafa_Madbouli?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moustafa Madbouli">Moustafa Madbouli</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlement?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parlement">Parlement</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlement_de_l%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parlement de l'Égypte">Parlement</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chambre_haute?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chambre haute">Chambre haute</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chambre_basse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chambre basse">Chambre basse</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_(%C3%89gypte)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sénat (Égypte)">Sénat</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chambre_des_repr%C3%A9sentants_(%C3%89gypte)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chambre des représentants (Égypte)">Chambre des représentants</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langue_officielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langue officielle">Langues officielles</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabe">Arabe</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_capitales_du_monde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des capitales du monde">Capitale</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Caire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Caire">Le Caire</a><p style="font-size:89%;">30° 02′ 40″ nord, 31° 14′ 44″ est</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#e3e3e3;"> Géographie </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_de_villes_d%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste de villes d'Égypte">Plus grande ville</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Caire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Caire">Le Caire</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;">Superficie totale</th> <td>1&nbsp;001&nbsp;450&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilom%C3%A8tre_carr%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></a><br> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_et_territoires_par_superficie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays et territoires par superficie">classé <abbr class="abbr" title="Trentième">30<sup>e</sup></abbr></a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;">Superficie en eau</th> <td>0,6&nbsp;%</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuseau_horaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fuseau horaire">Fuseau horaire</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temps_universel_coordonn%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temps universel coordonné">UTC</a> +2 ou +3 selon la date</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#e3e3e3;"> Histoire </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;">Entité précédente</th> <td> <ul> <li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="arabe unie republique"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931971).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la République arabe unie"><img alt="Drapeau de la République arabe unie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%25281958%25E2%2580%25931971%2529.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%25281958%25E2%2580%25931971%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%25281958%25E2%2580%25931971%2529.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%25281958%25E2%2580%25931971%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> </span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_arabe_unie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République arabe unie">République arabe unie</a></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ind%C3%A9pendance_(politique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indépendance (politique)">Indépendance</a></th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau : Royaume-Uni"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%25283-5%2529.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%25283-5%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%25283-5%2529.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%25283-5%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni_de_Grande-Bretagne_et_d%27Irlande?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande">Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;">Date</th> <td><time class="nowrap" datetime="1922-02-28" data-sort-value="1922-02-28">28 février 1922</time></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#e3e3e3;"> Démographie </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gentil%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gentilé">Gentilé</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gyptiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Égyptiens">Égyptien</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_par_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays par population">Population totale</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2020<sup id="cite_ref-UNdata_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UNdata-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>)</span></th> <td>102&nbsp;334&nbsp;000&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="habitant"><abbr class="abbr" title="habitants">hab.</abbr></abbr><br> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_par_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays par population">classé <abbr class="abbr" title="Quatorzième">14<sup>e</sup></abbr></a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Densit%C3%A9_de_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Densité de population">Densité</a></th> <td>102&nbsp;hab./km<sup>2</sup></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#e3e3e3;"> Économie </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monnaie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monnaie">Monnaie</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livre_%C3%A9gyptienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livre égyptienne">Livre égyptienne</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_4217?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 4217"><code>EGP</code></a>)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#e3e3e3;"> Développement </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indice_de_d%C3%A9veloppement_humain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indice de développement humain">IDH</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021">2021</a>)</span></th> <td><span data-sort-value=""><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="en diminution"><img alt="en diminution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span></span> 0,731<sup id="cite_ref-hdr2021-22_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hdr2021-22-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (élevé&nbsp;; <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_par_IDH?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays par IDH"><abbr class="abbr" title="Quatre-vingt-dix-septième (nonante-septième)">97<sup>e</sup></abbr></a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_par_IDH_ajust%C3%A9_selon_les_in%C3%A9galit%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays par IDH ajusté selon les inégalités">IDHI</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021">2021</a>)</span></th> <td><span data-sort-value=""><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="en diminution"><img alt="en diminution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span></span> 0,519<sup id="cite_ref-hdr2021-22_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hdr2021-22-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_par_IDH_ajust%C3%A9_selon_les_in%C3%A9galit%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays par IDH ajusté selon les inégalités"><abbr class="abbr" title="Centième">100<sup>e</sup></abbr></a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_par_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9_de_revenus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays par égalité de revenus">Coefficient de Gini</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2019?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2019">2019</a>)</span></th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/10px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/15px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/20px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 31,9&nbsp;%<sup id="cite_ref-Gini_BM_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gini_BM-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indice_d%27in%C3%A9galit%C3%A9_de_genre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indice d'inégalité de genre">Indice d'inégalité de genre</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021">2021</a>)</span></th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/10px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/15px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/20px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 0,443<sup id="cite_ref-hdr2021-22_2-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hdr2021-22-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indice_d%27in%C3%A9galit%C3%A9_de_genre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indice d'inégalité de genre"><abbr class="abbr" title="Cent-neuvième">109<sup>e</sup></abbr></a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indice_de_performance_environnementale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indice de performance environnementale">Indice de performance <span style="word-wrap:normal;">environnementale</span></a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2022?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2022">2022</a>)</span></th> <td><span data-sort-value=""><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="en augmentation"><img alt="en augmentation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span></span> 35,5<sup id="cite_ref-IPE2022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IPE2022-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indice_de_performance_environnementale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indice de performance environnementale"><abbr class="abbr" title="Cent vingt-septième">127<sup>e</sup></abbr></a>)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#e3e3e3;"> Divers </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_3166-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 3166-1">Code ISO 3166-1</a></th> <td><code>EGY, EG</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domaine_de_premier_niveau?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domaine de premier niveau">Domaine Internet</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.eg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title=".eg">.eg</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_indicatifs_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9phoniques_internationaux_par_pays?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des indicatifs téléphoniques internationaux par pays">Indicatif téléphonique</a></th> <td>+<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plan_de_num%C3%A9rotation_en_%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plan de numérotation en Égypte">20</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_internationale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation internationale">Organisations internationales</a></th> <td><br><span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des Nations unies"><img alt="Drapeau des Nations unies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></a></span></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_des_Nations_unies?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation des Nations unies">ONU</a> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Union africaine"><img alt="Drapeau de l'Union africaine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_africaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union africaine">UA</a> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BRICS%2B?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BRICS+">BRICS+</a> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/20px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/30px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/40px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_francophonie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation internationale de la francophonie">OIF</a> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groupe_des_vingt-quatre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groupe des vingt-quatre">G24</a> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_des_producteurs_africains?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation des producteurs africains">APO</a> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/March%C3%A9_commun_de_l%27Afrique_orientale_et_australe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marché commun de l'Afrique orientale et australe">COMESA</a> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banque_africaine_de_d%C3%A9veloppement?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banque africaine de développement">BAD</a> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banque_asiatique_d%27investissement_pour_les_infrastructures?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banque asiatique d'investissement pour les infrastructures">AIIB</a> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forum_des_pays_exportateurs_de_gaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forum des pays exportateurs de gaz">FPEG</a> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_des_%C3%89tats_sah%C3%A9lo-sahariens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communauté des États sahélo-sahariens">CEN-SAD</a> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commission_internationale_du_riz?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commission internationale du riz">CIR</a> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groupe_des_quinze?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groupe des quinze">G15</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="navbar bordered noprint" style="border-color:#e3e3e3;"><span class="plainlinks navigation-not-searchable"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25C3%2589gypte%26action%3Dedit">modifier</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Pays?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></p> </div> <p>L'Égypte est gouvernée en tant que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Province_ottomane_d%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Province ottomane d'Égypte">province ottomane</a> et conquise par le sultan ottoman <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9lim_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sélim Ier">Sélim&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></a>, le pays reste sous domination ottomane entre le <abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle et le <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle avant d'obtenir l'autonomie en 1806 sous le règne de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9h%C3%A9met_Ali?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méhémet Ali">Méhémet Ali</a>. Pendant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Première Guerre mondiale">Première Guerre mondiale</a>, le pays devient brièvement un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sultanat_d%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sultanat d'Égypte">protectorat britannique</a> avant d'obtenir son indépendance en 1922 en tant que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_d%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume d'Égypte">royaume</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dynastie_de_M%C3%A9h%C3%A9met_Ali?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dynastie de Méhémet Ali">dynastie de Méhémet Ali</a> est renversée par un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%89tat_de_1952_en_%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coup d'État de 1952 en Égypte">coup d'État</a> en 1952 et la république est proclamée. Depuis, le pays connaît un schéma récurrent d'instabilité politique, de conflits religieux et sociaux et de dérives dictatoriales&nbsp;; plusieurs conflits avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israël">Israël</a> ont eu lieu avant les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Accords_de_Camp_David?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Accords de Camp David">Accords de Camp David</a> en 1978.</p> <p>Le pays fait culturellement partie du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monde_arabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monde arabe">monde arabe</a>&nbsp;; la langue officielle est l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabe">arabe</a>, utilisé dans tous les documents et dans l'éducation. En revanche, la langue parlée est l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabe_%C3%A9gyptien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabe égyptien">arabe égyptien</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabe_dialectal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabe dialectal">arabe dialectal</a>). Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siwi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siwi">siwi</a>, une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_berb%C3%A8res?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues berbères">langue berbère</a> de l'ouest du pays, est parlé à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siwa_(oasis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siwa (oasis)">Siwa</a>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copte">copte</a> n'est utilisé que comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langue_liturgique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langue liturgique">langue liturgique</a> des chrétiens. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobiin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobiin">nubien</a> est parlé par les habitants de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haute-%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haute-Égypte">Haute-Égypte</a>, au sud d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assouan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assouan">Assouan</a>, qui fait partie du nord de la région de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nubie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nubie">Nubie</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#G%C3%A9ographie"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Géographie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9gions"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Régions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#G%C3%A9ologie"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Géologie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Principales_villes"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Principales villes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Climat"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Climat</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Faune_et_flore"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Faune et flore</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Histoire"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Histoire</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politique_et_administration"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Politique et administration</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Droits_de_l'homme_et_libert%C3%A9_d'expression"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Droits de l'homme et liberté d'expression</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dirigeants"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dirigeants</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Subdivisions_administratives"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Subdivisions administratives</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politique_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re_et_diplomatie"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Politique étrangère et diplomatie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9fense"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Défense</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89conomie"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Économie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Infrastructures"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Infrastructures</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Canal_de_Suez"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Canal de Suez</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transports_ferroviaires"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Transports ferroviaires</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sant%C3%A9"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Santé</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religions"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Religions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Musulmans"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Musulmans</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chr%C3%A9tiens"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Chrétiens</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Baha'is"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Baha'is</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Juifs"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Juifs</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9mographie"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Démographie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Langues"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Langues</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Principales_f%C3%AAtes"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Principales fêtes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89v%C3%A9nements_culturels"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Événements culturels</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Football"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Football</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Autres_sports"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Autres sports</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Jeux_olympiques"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Jeux olympiques</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sciences"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Sciences</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Références</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">12.3</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Géographie"><span id="G.C3.A9ographie"></span>Géographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Géographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_de_l%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géographie de l'Égypte">Géographie de l'Égypte</a>. </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Régions"><span id="R.C3.A9gions"></span>Régions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Régions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Map_of_Egypt_(fr).png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_of_Egypt_%28fr%29.png/220px-Map_of_Egypt_%28fr%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1331" data-file-height="1176"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 194px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_of_Egypt_%28fr%29.png/220px-Map_of_Egypt_%28fr%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="194" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_of_Egypt_%28fr%29.png/330px-Map_of_Egypt_%28fr%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_of_Egypt_%28fr%29.png/440px-Map_of_Egypt_%28fr%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Carte approximative des régions d’Égypte. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Egypt_2010_population_density1.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Egypt_2010_population_density1.png/220px-Egypt_2010_population_density1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 202px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Egypt_2010_population_density1.png/220px-Egypt_2010_population_density1.png" data-width="220" data-height="202" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Egypt_2010_population_density1.png/330px-Egypt_2010_population_density1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Egypt_2010_population_density1.png/440px-Egypt_2010_population_density1.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Répartition inégale de la population égyptienne. </figcaption> </figure> <p>L'Égypte est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monde_arabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monde arabe">pays arabe</a> le plus peuplé et l'un des pays d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrique">Afrique</a> les plus peuplés, mais 90&nbsp;% de sa population habite dans une bande de terre fertile qui longe le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nil">Nil</a> (24&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> dans sa plus grande largeur près du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oasis_du_Fayoum?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oasis du Fayoum">Fayoum</a>, en moyenne 10&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>, mais elle peut ne faire qu’une centaine de mètres). Au niveau du delta du Nil on trouve la plus grande zone agricole du pays, 160&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> de long, au nord du Caire, et 200&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> de large vers la mer Méditerranée. Le reste du territoire est désertique&nbsp;:</p> <ul> <li>le long du Nil, on distingue du nord au sud&nbsp;: la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basse-%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basse-Égypte">Basse-Égypte</a> (le delta du Nil), la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyenne-%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyenne-Égypte">Moyenne-Égypte</a> (du Caire à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abydos_(%C3%89gypte)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abydos (Égypte)">Abydos</a> au nord de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louxor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louxor">Louxor</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et, en amont, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haute-%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haute-Égypte">Haute-Égypte</a> (dont le nord de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nubie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nubie">Nubie</a>)&nbsp;;</li> <li>à l'est de la vallée du Nil se trouve le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9sert_Arabique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Désert Arabique">désert Arabique</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li>à l'ouest de la vallée du Nil se trouvent la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9pression_de_Qattara?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dépression de Qattara">dépression de Qattara</a> dont l’oasis de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siwa_(oasis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siwa (oasis)">Siwa</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9sert_Libyque?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Désert Libyque">désert Libyque</a>, plateau aride parsemé de quelques oasis (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Kharga?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Kharga">Al-Kharga</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ad-Dakhla?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ad-Dakhla">Ad-Dakhla</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Farafra?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Farafra">Al-Farafra</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Bahariya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Bahariya">Al-Bahariya</a>) et aussi de formations géologiques dont la roche calcaire est façonnée par l’érosion éolienne (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rocher-champignon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rocher-champignon">champignons de pierre</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9sert_blanc?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Désert blanc">Désert blanc</a>)&nbsp;;</li> <li>à l'est par delà le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canal_de_Suez?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canal de Suez">canal de Suez</a> s'étend la péninsule du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sina%C3%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinaï">Sinaï</a>, extension du désert d'Arabie, où le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Catherine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mont Sainte-Catherine">mont Sainte-Catherine</a> culmine à 2&nbsp;642&nbsp;mètres.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Géologie"><span id="G.C3.A9ologie"></span>Géologie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Géologie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orogen%C3%A8se_panafricaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orogenèse panafricaine">orogenèse panafricaine</a> apparaît comme un épisode majeur de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9ologie_de_l'%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Géologie de l'Égypte (page inexistante)">histoire géologique de l'Égypte</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Egypt" class="extiw" title="en:Geology of Egypt"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Geology of Egypt&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a>. Alors que la région était un bassin océanique actif entre 800&nbsp;et 550&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="million d'années"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Million_d%27ann%C3%A9es?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Million d'années">Ma</a></abbr>, cette orogenèse datée vers 550&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="million d'années">Ma</abbr> correspond à la mise en place de ceintures <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orogen%C3%A8se?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orogenèse">orogéniques</a> plissées, issues de la collision de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Craton?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Craton">cratons</a>. Les ceintures entourant les cratons forment la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orogen%C3%A8se_panafricaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orogenèse panafricaine">chaîne panafricaine</a> qui est aplanie vers 500&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="million d'années">Ma</abbr>&nbsp;: les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gr%C3%A8s_nubien&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Grès nubien (page inexistante)">grès nubiens</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubian_Sandstone" class="extiw" title="en:Nubian Sandstone"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Nubian Sandstone&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a> d'origine deltaïque ou littorale qui se déposent dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bassin_de_Nubie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bassin de Nubie">bassin de Nubie</a> proviennent de l'érosion massive et prolongée de cette chaîne par les eaux de ruissellement. Durant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9sozo%C3%AFque?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mésozoïque">Mésozoïque</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socle_(g%C3%A9ologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socle (géologie)">socle</a> est recouvert de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formation_g%C3%A9ologique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Formation géologique">formations</a> sédimentaires sablo-calcaires qui traduisent des cycles de transgression-régression marines (notamment au Crétacé avec des formations de calcaires qui dominent le sud-ouest du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9sert_Libyque?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Désert Libyque">désert occidental</a> et de craie qui façonnent les paysages du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9sert_blanc?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Désert blanc">désert blanc</a>). Les calcaires de l'éocène se retrouvent dans le nord-est du désert occidental<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 442px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 440px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Cratons_IT.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Carte géologique simplifiée (en italien)[N 1] représentant l'Égypte constituée par une juxtaposition de terrains localisés sur le métacraton du Sahara et le bouclier arabo-nubien."> <noscript> <img alt="Carte géologique simplifiée (en italien)[N 1] représentant l'Égypte constituée par une juxtaposition de terrains localisés sur le métacraton du Sahara et le bouclier arabo-nubien." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cratons_IT.svg/660px-Cratons_IT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1364"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 300px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cratons_IT.svg/660px-Cratons_IT.svg.png" data-alt="Carte géologique simplifiée (en italien)[N 1] représentant l'Égypte constituée par une juxtaposition de terrains localisés sur le métacraton du Sahara et le bouclier arabo-nubien." data-width="440" data-height="300" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cratons_IT.svg/990px-Cratons_IT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cratons_IT.svg/1320px-Cratons_IT.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Carte géologique simplifiée (en italien)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>N 1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> représentant l'Égypte constituée par une juxtaposition de terrains localisés sur le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9tacraton_du_Sahara?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Métacraton du Sahara">métacraton du Sahara</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bouclier_arabo-nubien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bouclier arabo-nubien">bouclier arabo-nubien</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Geological_map_of_Egypt.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Carte géologique (en anglais) de l'Égypte."> <noscript> <img alt="Carte géologique (en anglais) de l'Égypte." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Geological_map_of_Egypt.png/357px-Geological_map_of_Egypt.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="2589"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 238px;height: 300px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Geological_map_of_Egypt.png/357px-Geological_map_of_Egypt.png" data-alt="Carte géologique (en anglais) de l'Égypte." data-width="238" data-height="300" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Geological_map_of_Egypt.png/536px-Geological_map_of_Egypt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Geological_map_of_Egypt.png/714px-Geological_map_of_Egypt.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Carte géologique (en anglais) de l'Égypte. </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Principales_villes">Principales villes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Principales villes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Outre la capitale, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Caire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Caire">Le Caire</a> qui comprend également <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gizeh?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gizeh">Gizeh</a>, les grandes villes égyptiennes sont&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandrie">Alexandrie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saqqarah?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saqqarah">Saqqarah</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assouan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assouan">Assouan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assiout?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assiout">Assiout</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benha?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benha">Benha</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dahab?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dahab">Dahab</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/El-Arich?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="El-Arich">El-Arich</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/El-Mahalla_el-Koubra?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="El-Mahalla el-Koubra">El-Mahalla el-Koubra</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hurghada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mansourah_(%C3%89gypte)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mansourah (Égypte)">Mansourah</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marsa_Matruh?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marsa Matruh">Marsa Matruh</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louxor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louxor">Louxor</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karnak?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karnak">Karnak</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C3%B4m_Ombo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kôm Ombo">Kôm Ombo</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port_Safaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Port Safaga">Port Safaga</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port-Sa%C3%AFd?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Port-Saïd">Port-Saïd</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charm_el-Cheikh?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charm el-Cheikh">Charm el-Cheikh</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suez_(ville)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suez (ville)">Suez</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tanta?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tanta">Tanta</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zagazig?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zagazig">Zagazig</a>, etc.</p> <p>En 2015, un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouvelle_capitale_administrative_%C3%A9gyptienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouvelle capitale administrative égyptienne">projet de nouvelle capitale</a> propose de déplacer la capitale politique de l'Égypte à l'est du Caire<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Climat">Climat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Climat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-modere"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <figure class="mw-halign-center noviewer" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/25px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/25px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="25" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/38px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/50px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <b>Cette section <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources</a></b><small>&nbsp;(septembre 2021)</small>.&nbsp; <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> Pour l'améliorer, ajoutez <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Identifier_des_sources_fiables?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Identifier des sources fiables">des références de qualité et vérifiables</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_(%C3%89diteur_visuel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Insérer une référence (Éditeur visuel)">comment faire&nbsp;?</a>) ou le modèle <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modèle:Référence nécessaire">{{Référence nécessaire}}</a> sur les passages nécessitant une source. </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>L’air y est particulièrement sec et salubre, et seul le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nil">Nil</a> fait qu’on n’y retrouve pas totalement le climat saharien. En hiver, la température est douce et les gelées nocturnes sont exceptionnelles. Mis à part les mois de janvier, février et mars, parfois assez froids dans le nord, les températures moyennes avoisinent <span title="68 °F ou 293,2 K">20&nbsp;</span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> sur la côte méditerranéenne (maximales <span title="87,8 °F ou 304,2 K">31&nbsp;</span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>) et <span title="82,4 °F ou 301,2 K">28&nbsp;</span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assouan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assouan">Assouan</a> (maximales <span title="122 °F ou 323,2 K">50&nbsp;</span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>). Dans le désert, les températures extrêmes sont de rigueur —&nbsp;chaleur brûlante le jour, froid glacial la nuit.</p> <p>Devenue sensiblement plus humide depuis la construction du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_barrage_d%27Assouan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haut barrage d'Assouan">haut barrage</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haute-%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haute-Égypte">Haute-Égypte</a> ignorait pratiquement la pluie dans l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiquité">Antiquité</a>, au point que celle-ci apparaissait comme un présage, en général funeste, aux yeux de ses habitants.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Crop_limit,_Nile_Valley-2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Crop_limit%2C_Nile_Valley-2.jpg/220px-Crop_limit%2C_Nile_Valley-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5799" data-file-height="3866"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Crop_limit%2C_Nile_Valley-2.jpg/220px-Crop_limit%2C_Nile_Valley-2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Crop_limit%2C_Nile_Valley-2.jpg/330px-Crop_limit%2C_Nile_Valley-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Crop_limit%2C_Nile_Valley-2.jpg/440px-Crop_limit%2C_Nile_Valley-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nil">Nil</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delta_du_Nil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delta du Nil">delta du Nil</a> et surtout le cordon littoral connaissent une moins grande sécheresse. Pendant l’hiver, de violentes ondées transforment la région en marécages, mais ces précipitations restent encore assez rares (la moyenne au Caire est de six jours de pluie par an). Alexandrie est la ville égyptienne qui reçoit le plus de précipitations, environ 19&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="centimètre par an">cm/an</abbr>, tandis qu'Assouan ne reçoit qu'environ 10&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="millimètre">mm</abbr> tous les cinq ans.</p> <p>Au printemps, sévit assez souvent le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khamsin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khamsin">khamsin</a>, un vent sec, chaud et très poussiéreux, souffle brûlant des déserts du sud-est. À la vitesse de <span title="41,666&nbsp;7 m/s" style="cursor:help">150</span>&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre par heure">km/h</abbr>, il arrache les feuilles des arbres et donne au ciel une teinte orange foncé&nbsp;; l'air se charge de poussière ce qui rend la respiration oppressante. Pendant ces cinquante jours (d'où le nom de cette saison du calendrier copte période entre Pâques et la Pentecôte), l’Égypte connait quelques violents orages, autrefois symbolisés par le dieu <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seth?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seth">Seth</a>.</p> <p>En été, la température est élevée, mais le soir une brise régulière du nord rafraîchit l’atmosphère&nbsp;; cette chaleur sèche est en fait plus supportable qu’une chaleur humide.</p> <p>Ce grand soleil, cette chaleur sèche n’ont pas été sans influer sur les mœurs des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Égypte antique">anciens Égyptiens</a>&nbsp;: le besoin de vêtements ne se faisait guère sentir, mais la perruque était utile pour se protéger des rayons du soleil&nbsp;; les bains et les soins de la toilette rafraîchissante l’épiderme, tandis que les fards, les cosmétiques, les parfums protégeaient la peau et les yeux de la réverbération solaire, et masquaient l’odeur de la transpiration.</p> <p>C’est aussi pour recueillir quelque fraîcheur que l’on construisait en briques épaisses, que l’on travaillait sous les vérandas et que les gens aisés édifiaient leurs demeures dans la verdure des jardins.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Faune_et_flore">Faune et flore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Faune et flore" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_esp%C3%A8ces_d%27oiseaux_d%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des espèces d'oiseaux d'Égypte">Liste des espèces d'oiseaux d'Égypte</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Chameau.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chameau.jpg/220px-Chameau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chameau.jpg/220px-Chameau.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chameau.jpg/330px-Chameau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chameau.jpg/440px-Chameau.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dromadaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dromadaire">dromadaire</a> sur une plage de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_Rouge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Rouge">mer Rouge</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Photos_flore.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Photos_flore.jpg/220px-Photos_flore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Photos_flore.jpg/220px-Photos_flore.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Photos_flore.jpg/330px-Photos_flore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Photos_flore.jpg/440px-Photos_flore.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Végétation sur une île du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nil">Nil</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Si l'Égypte est à 94&nbsp;% <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9sert?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Désert">désertique</a>, elle n'en abrite pas moins diverses <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esp%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espèce">espèces</a> d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Animal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Animal">animaux</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plante?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plante">plantes</a> qui se sont adaptés à des conditions particulièrement hostiles, notamment pour les plantes des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lotus_(plante)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lotus (plante)">lotus</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyperus_papyrus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyperus papyrus">papyrus</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arecaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arecaceae">palmiers</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tamarix?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tamarix">tamaris</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acacia_(genre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acacia (genre)">acacias</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacaranda?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacaranda">jacarandas</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caesalpinia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caesalpinia">poincianas</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mangrove?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a>,&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr> De nombreuses espèces <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Animal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Animal">animales</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%A9g%C3%A9tal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Végétal">végétales</a> rencontrées en Égypte ont reçu l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89pith%C3%A8te_sp%C3%A9cifique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Épithète spécifique">épithète spécifique</a> <span class="page_h" title="Ce lien renvoie vers une page d'homonymie"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aegyptiacus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Aegyptiacus"><i>aegyptiacus</i>, <i>aegyptiaca</i> ou <i>aegyptiacum</i></a></span><small>&nbsp;<span style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aegyptiacus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aegyptiacus"> <noscript> <img alt="Ce lien renvoie vers une page d'homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/15px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/15px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" data-alt="Ce lien renvoie vers une page d'homonymie" data-width="15" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/23px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span></small>.</p> <p>L'Égypte compte environ quatre-cent-trente espèces d'oiseaux et une centaine de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mammifère">mammifères</a>, au nombre desquels les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dromadaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dromadaire">dromadaires</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>N 2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%82ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Âne">ânes</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gazelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gazelle">gazelles</a>, etc. On comptait autrefois une grande variété de grands mammifères (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A9opard?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Léopard">léopards</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oryx?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oryx">oryx</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hyaenidae?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hyaenidae">hyènes</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caracal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caracal">lynx du désert</a>, etc.), aujourd'hui anéantis par la chasse. Très à leur aise, en revanche, trente-quatre espèces de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serpentes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serpentes">serpents</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scorpiones?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scorpiones">scorpions</a> et quelques <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crocodile?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a> vivent près d'Assouan.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire de l'Égypte">Histoire de l'Égypte</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Égypte antique">Égypte antique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte_romaine_et_byzantine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Égypte romaine et byzantine">Égypte romaine et byzantine</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_islamique_de_l%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Période islamique de l'Égypte">Période islamique de l'Égypte</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chronologie_de_l%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chronologie de l'Égypte">Chronologie de l'Égypte</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Occupation_britannique_de_l%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Occupation britannique de l'Égypte">Occupation britannique de l'Égypte</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_%C3%A9gyptienne_de_1919?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution égyptienne de 1919">Révolution égyptienne de 1919</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_d%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume d'Égypte">Royaume d'Égypte</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27%C3%89gypte_depuis_1952?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire de l'Égypte depuis 1952">Histoire de l'Égypte depuis 1952</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_%C3%A9gyptienne_de_2011?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution égyptienne de 2011">Révolution égyptienne de 2011</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%89tat_de_2013_en_%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coup d'État de 2013 en Égypte">Coup d'État de 2013 en Égypte</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg/220px-Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg/220px-Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg/330px-Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg/440px-Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sphinx_de_Gizeh?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sphinx de Gizeh">sphinx</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyramide_de_Kh%C3%A9phren?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyramide de Khéphren">pyramide de Khéphren</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gizeh?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gizeh">Gizeh</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Durant près de trois <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mill%C3%A9naire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Millénaire">millénaires</a>, la vallée du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nil">Nil</a> voit prospérer une des civilisations les plus brillantes de l'Histoire. L'invention d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89criture?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écriture">écriture</a> originale sous forme d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Id%C3%A9ogramme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idéogramme">idéogrammes</a> syllabiques, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89criture_hi%C3%A9roglyphique_%C3%A9gyptienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écriture hiéroglyphique égyptienne">hiéroglyphes</a>, peu de temps après l'apparition du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cun%C3%A9iforme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cunéiforme">cunéiforme</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9sopotamie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mésopotamie">Mésopotamie</a> vers -3300, contribue à sortir l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esp%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espèce">espèce</a> humaine de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9histoire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Préhistoire">Préhistoire</a>. L’Égypte des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pharaon">pharaons</a> peut ainsi largement s'épanouir pour atteindre son apogée au <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle avant Jésus-Christ"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle avant notre ère, laissant une œuvre monumentale au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrimoine_mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrimoine mondial">patrimoine mondial</a>.</p> <p>Après de nombreuses invasions et occupations diverses (essentiellement <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persans?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persans">Perses</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grecs?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grecs">Grecs</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome antique">Romains</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_byzantin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire byzantin">Byzantins</a>), au <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle s'est formée la communauté chrétienne, convertie par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marc_(%C3%A9vang%C3%A9liste)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marc (évangéliste)">saint Marc</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coptes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coptes">Coptes</a> (déformation <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabe">arabe</a> du mot <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grec?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grec">grec</a> <i>Aiguptios</i>&nbsp;: Égyptien). Ils sont aujourd'hui plusieurs millions. Le pays passa ensuite sous domination <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabe">arabe</a> au <abbr class="abbr" title="7ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, puis ottomane avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9lim_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sélim Ier">Sélim&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></a>.</p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9h%C3%A9met_Ali?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méhémet Ali">Méhémet Ali</a>, qui règne jusqu'en 1848, apparaît comme un grand réformateur du pays. Il en modernise les structures, utilisant l’État pour mettre en œuvre une révolution industrielle. Il constitue des monopoles d’État, achète des machines textiles modernes en Europe, fait construire des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_fourneau?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haut fourneau">hauts fourneaux</a> et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aci%C3%A9rie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aciérie">aciéries</a>, confisque les terres des propriétaires mamelouks et y fait cultiver des denrées destinées à l'exportation. En 1830, l'Égypte occupe le cinquième rang mondial pour les broches à filer le coton par têtes d’habitant. Certaines puissances européennes (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni_de_Grande-Bretagne_et_d%27Irlande?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande">Grande-Bretagne</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prusse">Prusse</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russie">Russie</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autriche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autriche">Autriche</a>) s'inquiètent de son influence et décident de lui faire la guerre. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">Grande-Bretagne</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autriche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autriche">Autriche</a> envoient des troupes pour aider le sultan ottoman à rétablir son autorité sur certains territoires, bombardant les ports libanais contrôlés par les Égyptiens et faisant débarquer des troupes en Syrie. En 1840, Méhémet Ali doit ainsi céder le contrôle de la Syrie lors du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Londres_(1840)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de Londres (1840)">traité de Londres</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L’Égypte fut également contrainte de licencier son armée, de démanteler ses monopoles et d'accepter une politique de libre-échange imposée par les Britanniques et qui provoqua sa désindustrialisation. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_John_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry John Temple">Lord Palmerston</a> admettait avec un certain cynisme&nbsp;: <span class="citation">«&nbsp;La soumission de Mohammed Ali à l'Angleterre […] pourrait paraitre injuste et partiale, mais nous sommes partiaux&nbsp;; et les intérêts supérieures de l'Europe requièrent que nous le soyons<sup id="cite_ref-Hourani1993363_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hourani1993363-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.&nbsp;»</span></p> <p>Les successeurs de Méhémet Ali, dont la semi-indépendance est reconnue en 1867 avec le titre de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kh%C3%A9dive?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khédive">khédive</a>, tombent sous la dépendance des institutions financières européennes et, après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_%CA%BBUrabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolte ʻUrabi">révolte nationaliste</a> du colonel <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahmed_Urabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahmed Urabi">Ahmed Urabi</a>, l'Égypte est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Occupation_britannique_de_l%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Occupation britannique de l'Égypte">conquise par l'Empire britannique</a> après une courte <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_anglo-%C3%A9gyptienne_(1882)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre anglo-égyptienne (1882)">guerre en 1882</a> tout en restant nominalement ottomane. Lors de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_des_mahdistes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre des mahdistes">guerre des mahdistes</a> entre 1881 et 1899, les troupes anglo-égyptiennes affrontent les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahdisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahdisme">Mahdistes</a> qui se sont emparés du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soudan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soudan">Soudan</a>&nbsp;: leur victoire fait naître un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soudan_anglo-%C3%A9gyptien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soudan anglo-égyptien">Soudan anglo-égyptien</a> dominé de fait par les Britanniques<sup id="cite_ref-Jolly200891_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jolly200891-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Entre 1914 et 1919, la Grande-Bretagne va tenter de faire de l'Égypte une colonie, considérant que le simple protectorat pourrait à terme remettre en cause les intérêts britanniques si les nationalistes arabes arrivaient à faire changer le statut du pays sous tutelle<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence ; voir l'aide.">[réf.&nbsp;nécessaire]</span></a></sup>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg/330px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1298"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg/330px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg/495px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg/660px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Napoléon Bonaparte bat les Mamelouks de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mourad_Bey?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mourad Bey">Mourad Bey</a> en Égypte à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataille_des_Pyramides?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bataille des Pyramides">bataille des Pyramides</a> (1798). </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_d%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume d'Égypte">royaume d'Égypte</a> accède à l'indépendance en 1922. En dépit d'une longue tutelle <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte_ottomane?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Égypte ottomane">ottomane</a> puis <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sultanat_d%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sultanat d'Égypte">britannique</a>, sa culture reste encore fortement marquée par l'identité arabe, dont le président <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> fut l'un des plus célèbres pionniers. Un acte fort du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nass%C3%A9risme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nassérisme">nassérisme</a>, une idéologie <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panarabisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panarabisme">panarabe</a> révolutionnaire, est ainsi l'union entre 1958 et 1961 de l'Égypte et de la Syrie sous l'entité <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_arabe_unie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République arabe unie">République arabe unie</a>. Le gouvernement de Nasser entreprend de moderniser les infrastructures et de doter l’Égypte d'une industrie. Des nationalisations sont effectuées et le secteur public devient prépondérant. De nombreuses politiques sociales sont impulsées (réforme agraire, gratuité de l'enseignement, salaire minimum, réduction du temps de travail des ouvriers,&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anouar_el-Sadate?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anouar el-Sadate">Anouar el-Sadate</a> lui succède et lance la politique de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infitah?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infitah">Infitah</a> (ouverture) qui vise, en réduisant le rôle de l’État, à attirer les investissements étrangers. Une classe de nouveaux riches se développe rapidement. En 1975, on compte plus de cinq-cents millionnaires en Égypte mais plus de 40&nbsp;% de la population vit sous le seuil de pauvreté et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bidonville?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bidonville">bidonvilles</a> se développent autour de la capitale<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Par ailleurs, le pays accumule une dette monumentale durant les années de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infitah?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infitah">Infitah</a>. Pour la restructurer, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fonds_mon%C3%A9taire_international?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fonds monétaire international">FMI</a> exige la suppression de toutes les subventions aux produits de base, ce qui provoque en janvier 1977 des émeutes contre lesquelles le gouvernement fait intervenir l'armée (le nombre des victimes de cette répression est inconnu). Dans les campagnes, Sadate cherche à obtenir le soutien des élites rurales traditionnelles, dont l'influence avait décliné sous le nassérisme. Des paysans sont expulsés des terres contestées<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Après l'assassinat de Sadate (1981), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hosni_Moubarak?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hosni Moubarak">Hosni Moubarak</a> est président de la République jusqu'en février 2011, date de sa démission contrainte à la suite de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_%C3%A9gyptienne_de_2011?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution égyptienne de 2011">Révolution égyptienne de 2011</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hosni_Moubarak?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hosni Moubarak">Hosni Moubarak</a> poursuit la politique de libéralisation de l’économie, notamment par la réduction des subventions à l'agriculture et à la consommation, et par la libéralisation des prix. En 1992, il fait annuler les dispositions régissant la location des terres. Généralement appelée «&nbsp;loi pour chasser les paysans de leurs terres&nbsp;», cette loi, combinée aux autres mesures de désengagement de l’État dans l’économie, accroît le mécontentement des populations rurales pauvres en particulier en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haute-%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haute-Égypte">Haute-Égypte</a>. Hosni Moubarak devient un pilier de la stratégie régionale des États-Unis<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et la Constitution qu'il met en place reconnait les «&nbsp;principes de la charia&nbsp;» comme source principale de la législation<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En janvier et février 2011, une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_%C3%A9gyptienne_de_2011?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution égyptienne de 2011">série de manifestations</a> d'ampleur inégalée se déroulent à travers le pays et mènent à la démission d'Hosni Moubarak le 11 février. Les nouvelles <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lections_l%C3%A9gislatives_%C3%A9gyptiennes_de_2011-2012?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élections législatives égyptiennes de 2011-2012">élections législatives</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lection_pr%C3%A9sidentielle_%C3%A9gyptienne_de_2012?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élection présidentielle égyptienne de 2012">présidentielle</a> sont remportées par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_de_la_libert%C3%A9_et_de_la_justice_(%C3%89gypte)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti de la liberté et de la justice (Égypte)">Parti de la liberté et de la justice</a>, le bras politique des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%A8res_musulmans?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frères musulmans">Frères musulmans</a>.</p> <p>Le pouvoir n'est cependant resté que peu de temps entre leurs mains car d'importantes manifestations contre le président élu, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a>, critiquant des dérives dictatoriales, et le retournement de l'armée contre celui-ci le destitue en faveur d'un gouvernement transitoire un an seulement après son élection. L'Égypte connait depuis une période de troubles causée par l'instabilité et les tensions politiques, notamment entre les opposants à l'ex-président et ceux qui continuent à le soutenir et n'acceptent pas ce qu'ils voient comme un coup d'État illégal. En mai 2014, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Sissi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abdel Fattah al-Sissi">Abdel Fattah al-Sissi</a>, déjà considéré comme le dirigeant de fait de l'Égypte, remporte l'élection présidentielle. Il est réélu pour un deuxième mandat en 2018<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Par une révision constitutionnelle validée par un référendum en avril 2019, il se donne la possibilité de rester au pouvoir jusqu'en 2030<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il impose un régime autoritaire, réprime toute opposition et toute voix critique, et met sous contrôle les médias et la justice<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Outre ses ouvrages monumentaux tels que le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canal_de_Suez?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canal de Suez">canal de Suez</a> ou le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_barrage_d%27Assouan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haut barrage d'Assouan">haut barrage d'Assouan</a>, l'Égypte demeure mondialement connue pour ses richesses <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arch%C3%A9ologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archéologie">archéologiques</a> présentes dans de prestigieux musées internationaux. La disparition de nombreuses archives fait cependant que son histoire reste fragmentaire, bien que l'évolution des technologies permette de mieux en saisir la grandeur et la portée.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Politique_et_administration">Politique et administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Politique et administration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politique_en_%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politique en Égypte">Politique en Égypte</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droit_%C3%A9gyptien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droit égyptien">Droit égyptien</a>. </div> </div> <p>Le pouvoir exécutif est détenu par le président de la République. Depuis 1981, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hosni_Moubarak?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hosni Moubarak">Hosni Moubarak</a> occupait le poste de président, réélu lors d'un référendum tous les six ans. En 2005, l'élection pour la présidence est pour la première fois ouverte à d'autres candidats. Le pouvoir législatif appartient à l'assemblée du Peuple (membres élus pour une durée de cinq ans au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suffrage_universel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suffrage universel">suffrage universel</a>). Enfin, une assemblée consultative, appelée la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conseil_consultatif_(%C3%89gypte)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conseil consultatif (Égypte)">Choura</a>, est consultée par le président de la République et l'Assemblée du Peuple sur les décisions politiques. Cette assemblée est composée de 265&nbsp;membres dont deux tiers sont élus, et un tiers nommé par le président de la République. Le président <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hosni_Moubarak?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hosni Moubarak">Hosni Moubarak</a> démissionne de son poste le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-02-11" data-sort-value="2011-02-11">11 février 2011</time> à la suite des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_%C3%A9gyptienne_de_2011?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution égyptienne de 2011">protestations du peuple égyptien</a>. Après l’élection d'un candidat des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%A8res_musulmans?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frères musulmans">Frères musulmans</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a>, à la tête de l'État égyptien pendant un an, le maréchal <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Sissi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abdel Fattah al-Sissi">Al-Sissi</a> exerce la fonction suprême depuis 2014 à la suite d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%89tat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coup d'État">coup d'État</a> le 3 juillet 2013.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Droits_de_l'homme_et_liberté_d'expression"><span id="Droits_de_l.27homme_et_libert.C3.A9_d.27expression"></span>Droits de l'homme et liberté d'expression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Droits de l'homme et liberté d'expression" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Depuis l'indépendance du pays se succèdent au pouvoir des militaires autoritaires. Les faux procès, les élections truquées, et les détentions arbitraires sont monnaie courante. Sous <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hosni_Moubarak?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hosni Moubarak">Hosni Moubarak</a>, de nombreuses organisations dénoncent des atteintes massives aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droits_de_l%27homme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droits de l'homme">droits de l'homme</a> (torture, censure, détentions arbitraires, procès inéquitables, etc.)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La fréquence de ces actes diminue à partir de 2011, mais après le coup d'État de juillet 2013, la situation des droits humains revient à son niveau antérieur<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Sous la présidence de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Sissi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abdel Fattah al-Sissi">Abdel Fattah al-Sissi</a>, les opposants politiques ainsi que des journalistes sont régulièrement emprisonnés —&nbsp;quand ils ne disparaissent pas&nbsp;— et leurs conditions de détention (par exemple dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prison_de_Tora?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prison de Tora">prison de Tora</a>) sont dénoncées comme contraires aux droits humains par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_non_gouvernementale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation non gouvernementale">ONG</a> de défense des droits de l'homme&nbsp;; des cas de torture et des décès sont notamment rapportés<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Des centaines d'atteintes à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libert%C3%A9_de_la_presse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberté de la presse">liberté de la presse</a> sont en outre recensées par l'ONG <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_Commission_for_Rights_and_Freedoms?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms">Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms</a></i> dans un rapport publié en 2015<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Excision?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Excision">excision</a> est interdite depuis un décret de 1996 confirmé par la cour de cassation en 1997. Jusqu'à 96&nbsp;% des femmes égyptiennes mariées seraient toutefois excisées<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Selon l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fonds_des_Nations_unies_pour_l%27enfance?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fonds des Nations unies pour l'enfance">Unicef</a> en 2012, 91&nbsp;% des femmes adultes seraient excisées, mais seulement 16&nbsp;% des jeunes filles auraient subi cette mutilation depuis l'interdiction<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:1.6em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"> Arrestations et détentions </div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p>En mai 2017, les sites de plusieurs médias sont bloqués par l’Égypte après des critiques envers le régime. C'est le cas notamment d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_Jazeera?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a> que le pouvoir accuse de soutenir les frères musulmans<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Des blogueurs enfin sont arrêtés tels que le militant laïc <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sherif_Gaber?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sherif Gaber">Sherif Gaber</a> ou le militant des droits de l'homme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wael_Abbas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wael Abbas">Wael Abbas</a> en mai 2018<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-06-25" data-sort-value="2019-06-25">25 juin 2019</time>, Zyad al-Elaimy faisait partie d'une campagne d'arrestation arbitraire répandue qui a débuté fin juin 2019 et ciblant des militants coordonnant une alliance d'opposition à participer aux élections législatives. Il a été arrêté au secret pendant quatorze jours. Les allégations contre lui sont d'«&nbsp;engager un groupe terroriste pour aider à atteindre ses objectifs&nbsp;». Le 10 mars 2020, Zyad a été condamné à un an de prison et une amende de <span title="9&nbsp;071,847&nbsp;4 Kg" style="cursor:help">20&nbsp;000</span>&nbsp;livres égyptiennes. Récemment, il est accusé dans trois cas distincts. Al-Elaimy a passé 731&nbsp;jours en détention provisoire à la prison de la Tora, ce qui correspond à la limite légale selon la loi égyptienne. Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-06-25" data-sort-value="2021-06-25">25 juin 2021</time> (deuxième anniversaire de la détention arbitraire de Zyad al-Elaimy), la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_internationale_pour_les_droits_humains?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fédération internationale pour les droits humains">FIDH</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_mondiale_contre_la_torture?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation mondiale contre la torture">OMCT</a> ont appelé à sa libération immédiate et inconditionnelle et exhortent les autorités à mettre fin immédiatement à tous les actes de harcèlement aux défenseurs des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droits_de_l%27homme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droits de l'homme">droits de l'homme</a> en Égypte<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Des manifestations viennent contester le régime du maréchal al-Sissi en octobre 2019&nbsp;; 4&nbsp;000&nbsp;personnes sont arrêtées<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-08-26" data-sort-value="2020-08-26">26 août 2020</time>, les forces de sécurité ont arrêté Greisha, rédactrice en chef du site d'information privé <i>Youm7</i>. Elle a été accusé d'avoir diffusé de fausses nouvelles, abusé des médias sociaux et rejoint une organisation terroriste. Le 30 août, les forces de sécurité ont arrêté Shehta, rédacteur en chef adjoint du site<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-09-04" data-sort-value="2020-09-04">4 septembre 2020</time>, le Comité pour la protection des journalistes (CPJ) a appelé l'Égypte a libérer d'urgence les deux journalistes de ses prisons en raison de la pandémie de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maladie_%C3%A0_coronavirus_2019?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maladie à coronavirus 2019">COVID-19</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-08" data-sort-value="2020-08">août 2020</time>, les forces de sécurité égyptiennes ont arrêté un homme et trois femmes témoins d'une affaire de viol collectif datant de 2014. Deux connaissances de témoins ont également été arrêtées. Rothna Begum, chercheuse principale à la Division des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droits_des_femmes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droits des femmes">droits des femmes</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, a déclaré qu'il était scandaleux que les autorités égyptiennes arrêtent des témoins de viol collectif après les avoir encouragés à se manifester, au lieu de les protéger et de poursuivre les violeurs présumés<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Entre le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-08-31" data-sort-value="2020-08-31">31 août 2020</time> et le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-09-02" data-sort-value="2020-09-02">2 septembre 2020</time>, quatre prisonniers sont morts dans les prisons égyptiennes. L'organisation <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> a dénoncé la négligence inacceptable des autorités pénitentiaires. De plus, depuis le début de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pand%C3%A9mie_de_Covid-19?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pandémie de Covid-19">pandémie de Covid-19</a>, certaines ONG ont révélé que les infections et les décès avaient augmenté en raison d'un état de blocage, d'une mauvaise hygiène et d'une négligence médicale dans la prison<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-09-07" data-sort-value="2020-09-07">7 septembre 2020</time>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amnesty_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> a rapporté que les forces de sécurité égyptiennes avaient enlevé la militante politique <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sanaa_Seif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sanaa Seif (page inexistante)">Sanaa Seif</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa_Seif" class="extiw" title="en:Sanaa Seif"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Sanaa Seif&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> devant le bureau du procureur général du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouveau_Caire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouveau Caire">Nouveau Caire</a>. L'organisation de défense des droits a déclaré qu'elle s'était rendue au bureau pour porter plainte contre une agression violente qu'elle et sa famille avaient subie à l'extérieur du complexe pénitentiaire de Tora, un jour plus tôt. Le rapport indiquait que Sanaa avait été emmenée au bureau du Procureur suprême de la sûreté de l’État au Caire, où les procureurs l’ont interrogée sur les accusations de «&nbsp;diffusion de fausses nouvelles&nbsp;», «&nbsp;d’incitation à des crimes terroristes&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;d’utilisation abusive des médias sociaux&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amnesty_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></i> a rapporté que Sanaa Seif avait été détenue pour la troisième fois<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-05" data-sort-value="2020-10-05">5 octobre 2020</time>, une journaliste égyptienne a été libérée après avoir été arrêtée le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-03" data-sort-value="2020-10-03">3 octobre 2020</time> alors qu'elle enquêtait sur les suites de récentes petites manifestations dans un village près de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louxor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louxor">Louxor</a>. La journaliste était accusée d'avoir utilisé son compte personnel sur un réseau social pour publier de fausses nouvelles susceptibles de perturber la sécurité publique. La journaliste était intéressé par la mort d'un homme qui aurait été tué par la police lors des manifestations dans la région en septembre<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-22" data-sort-value="2020-10-22">22 octobre 2020</time>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> a rapporté que les autorités égyptiennes ont exécuté quarante-neuf personnes entre le 3 et le 13 octobre. Selon le rapport<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, quinze hommes ont été exécutés pour leur implication présumée dans des affaires de violence politique, et les trente-deux autres hommes ainsi que deux femmes ont été condamnés dans des affaires pénales. Treize des quinze hommes accusés de violence politique avaient été détenus à la prison Scorpion du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Caire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Caire">Caire</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> Hussein Baoumi, chercheur à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amnesty_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> pour l’Afrique du Nord, souligne en 2020 que <blockquote> <p>«&nbsp;La crise des droits de l’homme en Égypte est patente. La torture est devenue systématique, les forces de sécurité utilisent les lois antiterroristes pour réprimer les opposants politiques, les voix critiques ou même les militants des droits de l’homme. Des milliers de personnes subissent cette répression et se retrouvent en détention, parfois torturés puis jugés&nbsp;: des journalistes qui ne font que leur travail, des avocats, des gens qui ont eu le seul tort de critiquer la gestion de la pandémie de Covid-19, etc. Les atteintes à la liberté d’expression deviennent la règle, notamment en ligne&nbsp;; des gens se retrouvent par exemple en état d’arrestation pour «&nbsp;fausse information&nbsp;» pour avoir donné leur avis sur les réseaux sociaux. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lesbiennes,_gays,_bisexuels_et_transgenres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lesbiennes, gays, bisexuels et transgenres">LGBT</a> risquent également la prison. Il y a aussi les disparitions forcées et les exécutions de condamnés continuent<sup id="cite_ref-pietine_43-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pietine-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>41<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.&nbsp;»</p> </blockquote> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-11-19" data-sort-value="2020-11-19">19 novembre 2020</time>, les forces de sécurité égyptiennes ont arrêté deux membres de l'organisation indépendante de défense des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droits_de_l%27homme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droits de l'homme">droits de l'homme</a>, l'«&nbsp;Initiative égyptienne pour les droits personnels&nbsp;» (EIPR). <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amnesty_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> a qualifié ces arrestations d’«&nbsp;escalade effrayante&nbsp;» de la répression gouvernementale. D'autres groupes de défense des droits humains ont déclaré que des dizaines d'activistes ont été la cible d'arrestations, d'interdictions de voyager et de gels d'avoirs, sous la présidence d'al-Sissi<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>42<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-12-02" data-sort-value="2020-12-02">2 décembre 2020</time>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amnesty_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>43<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> a condamné une frénésie d'exécutions en Égypte avec le meurtre d'au moins cinquante-sept personnes en octobre et novembre, reflétant une «&nbsp;crise profonde des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droits_de_l%27homme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droits de l'homme">droits humains</a>&nbsp;» dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays">pays</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-12-05" data-sort-value="2020-12-05">5 décembre 2020</time>, une cour d'appel égyptienne a ordonné la clôture d'une ancienne affaire dans laquelle vingt <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_non_gouvernementale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation non gouvernementale">ONG</a> étaient accusées d'avoir reçu des financements étrangers illégaux et d'ingérence dans les affaires politiques de l'Égypte<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>45<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Ce même mois, deux nouvelles personnes sont détenues&nbsp;: Amer Abdel Moneim, rédacteur en chef du quotidien Al-Shaab, accusé d'avoir diffusé de fausses nouvelles et de participer à des activités terroristes&nbsp;; Shady Abou Zeid, blogueur, accusé de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diffamation?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diffamation">diffamation</a> contre le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_de_l%27Int%C3%A9rieur_(%C3%89gypte)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministère de l'Intérieur (Égypte)">ministère de l'Intérieur</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-10" data-sort-value="2021-10">octobre 2021</time>, onze organisations de défense des droits de l'homme ont appelé les autorités égyptiennes à libérer le journaliste de <span class="nowrap">66 ans</span> Tawfik Ghanem dès que possible et à lui fournir des soins médicaux suffisants après sa détention arbitraire pendant 150&nbsp;jours en raison de son travail dans les médias. Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-05-02" data-sort-value="2021-05-02">2 mai 2021</time>, Tawfik Ghanem a été détenu pendant cinq jours par des responsables égyptiens, au cours de laquelle il a été interrogé sur son emploi passé à l'agence d'Anadolu. Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-05-26" data-sort-value="2021-05-26">26 mai 2021</time>, il a de nouveau été arrêté et envoyé au service de la sécurité de l'État au Caire, où les procureurs ont ordonné quinze jours d'attente pendant les enquêtes sur des accusations de «&nbsp;diffusions de fausses nouvelles&nbsp;», «&nbsp;abus des médias sociaux&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;infractions liées au terrorisme&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>47<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> a révélé que le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-03-28" data-sort-value="2022-03-28">28 mars 2022</time>, un tribunal égyptien a condamné deux chanteurs, Hamo Beeka et Omar Kamal, à un an de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prison?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prison">prison</a> et à des amendes de <span title="4&nbsp;535,923&nbsp;7 Kg" style="cursor:help">10&nbsp;000</span>&nbsp;livres égyptiennes sur de vagues accusations de violer les valeurs familiales dans la société égyptienne et de profiter d'une vidéo comprenant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danse">danse</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chant?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chant">chant</a>. Les condamnations de Beeka et Kamal font partie d'une attaque plus large contre les chanteurs «&nbsp;Mahraganat&nbsp;» et la production artistique jugée antagoniste aux principes égyptiens<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>48<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le 6 novembre 2022, selon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, afin que le succès de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_de_Charm_el-Cheikh_de_2022_sur_les_changements_climatiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conférence de Charm el-Cheikh de 2022 sur les changements climatiques">COP 27</a> ne soit pas menacé, les autorités égyptiennes ont restreint le droit de protester pendant les jours qui précédaient la conférence et arrêté des dizaines de personnes. En complément, elles ont aussi installé des caméras de surveillance, reliées à un service géré par le ministère de l’Intérieur égyptien, dans tous les taxis de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charm_el-Cheikh?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charm el-Cheikh">Charm el-Cheikh</a> et imposé des restrictions à la participation du public<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </div> <div class="NavEnd"> &nbsp; </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Dirigeants">Dirigeants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Dirigeants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r201232385">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti>.thumbinner{width:100%!important;max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:none!important;width:100%!important;text-align:center}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"> <div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:152px;max-width:152px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Mohamed_Morsi-05-2013.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mohamed_Morsi-05-2013.jpg/150px-Mohamed_Morsi-05-2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="896"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mohamed_Morsi-05-2013.jpg/150px-Mohamed_Morsi-05-2013.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="150" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mohamed_Morsi-05-2013.jpg/225px-Mohamed_Morsi-05-2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mohamed_Morsi-05-2013.jpg/300px-Mohamed_Morsi-05-2013.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a> devient en 2012 le premier président égyptien élu au suffrage universel. </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:152px;max-width:152px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:General_Al_Sisi.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/General_Al_Sisi.jpg/150px-General_Al_Sisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1170"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 198px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/General_Al_Sisi.jpg/150px-General_Al_Sisi.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="150" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/General_Al_Sisi.jpg/225px-General_Al_Sisi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/General_Al_Sisi.jpg/300px-General_Al_Sisi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"> Le maréchal <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Sissi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abdel Fattah al-Sissi">Abdel Fattah al-Sissi</a> annonce la destitution de Mohamed Morsi en 2013 puis devient président en 2014. </div> </div> <div style="clear:left"></div> </div> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_dirigeants_d%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des dirigeants d'Égypte">Liste des dirigeants d'Égypte</a>. </div> </div> <p>Présidents de la République d’Égypte&nbsp;:</p> <ul> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="1953-06-18" data-sort-value="1953-06-18">18 juin 1953</time> - <time class="nowrap" datetime="1954-11-14" data-sort-value="1954-11-14">14 novembre 1954</time>&nbsp;: général <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohammed_Naguib?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohammed Naguib">Mohammed Naguib</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="1954-11-14" data-sort-value="1954-11-14">14 novembre 1954</time> - <time class="nowrap" datetime="1970-09-28" data-sort-value="1970-09-28">28 septembre 1970</time>&nbsp;: lieutenant-colonel <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="1970-09-28" data-sort-value="1970-09-28">28 septembre 1970</time> - <time class="nowrap" datetime="1981-10-06" data-sort-value="1981-10-06">6 octobre 1981</time>&nbsp;: lieutenant-colonel <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anouar_el-Sadate?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anouar el-Sadate">Anouar el-Sadate</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="1981-10-14" data-sort-value="1981-10-14">14 octobre 1981</time> - <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-02-11" data-sort-value="2011-02-11">11 février 2011</time>&nbsp;: général <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hosni_Moubarak?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hosni Moubarak">Hosni Moubarak</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-02-11" data-sort-value="2011-02-11">11 février 2011</time> - <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-06-30" data-sort-value="2012-06-30">30 juin 2012</time>&nbsp;: maréchal <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawi">Mohamed Hussein Tantawi</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-06-30" data-sort-value="2012-06-30">30 juin 2012</time> - <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-07-03" data-sort-value="2013-07-03">3 juillet 2013</time>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-07-04" data-sort-value="2013-07-04">4 juillet 2013</time> - <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-06-08" data-sort-value="2014-06-08">8 juin 2014</time>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adli_Mansour?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adli Mansour">Adli Mansour</a>, <small>président de la Haute Cour constitutionnelle</small>&nbsp;;</li> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-06-08" data-sort-value="2014-06-08">8 juin 2014</time>&nbsp;: maréchal <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Sissi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abdel Fattah al-Sissi">Abdel Fattah al-Sissi</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Subdivisions_administratives">Subdivisions administratives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Subdivisions administratives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>L'Égypte est divisée en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorats_de_l%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorats de l'Égypte">vingt-sept gouvernorats</a>&nbsp;:</p> <div style="column-width:30em;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ol> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Dakhleya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de Dakhleya">Dakahleya</a> (<i>ad Daqahlīya</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">الدقهلية</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_la_Mer-Rouge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de la Mer-Rouge">Mer-Rouge</a> (<i>al Baḥr al Aḥmar</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">البحر الأحمر</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Beheira?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de Beheira">Beheira</a> (<i>al Buḥayra</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">البحيرة</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_du_Fayoum?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat du Fayoum">Fayoum</a> (<i>al Fayyūm</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">الفيوم</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Gharbeya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de Gharbeya">Gharbeya</a> (<i>al Gharbīya</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">الغربية</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_d%27Alexandrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat d'Alexandrie">Alexandrie</a> (<i>al Iskandarīya</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">الإسكندرية</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_d%27Isma%C3%AFlia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat d'Ismaïlia">Ismaïlia</a> (<i>al Isma'iliya</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">الإسماعيلية</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Gizeh?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de Gizeh">Gizeh</a> (<i>al Jizah</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجيزة</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Menufeya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de Menufeya">Menufeya</a> (<i>al Minufiya</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">المنوفية</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Minya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de Minya">Minya</a> (<i>al Minya</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">المنيا</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_du_Caire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat du Caire">Le Caire</a> (<i>al Qahira</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">القاهرة</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Qalyubiya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de Qalyubiya">Qalyubiya</a> (<i>al Qalyubiya</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">القليوبية</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Louxor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de Louxor">Louxor</a> (<i>al-Uqṣur</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">الأقصر</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_la_Nouvelle-Vall%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de la Nouvelle-Vallée">Nouvelle-Vallée</a> (<i>al-Wādī l-Ǧadīd</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">الوادي الجديد</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ach-Charqiya_(%C3%89gypte)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ach-Charqiya (Égypte)">Ach-Charqiya</a> (<i>aš-Šarqiyya</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">الشرقية</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Suez?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de Suez">Suez</a> (<i>As Suways</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">السويس</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_d%27Assouan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat d'Assouan">Assouan</a> (<i>Aswān</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">أسوان</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_d%27Assiout?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat d'Assiout">Assiout</a> (<i>Asyūṭ</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">أسيوط</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Beni_Souef?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de Beni Souef">Beni Souef</a> (<i>Banī Suwayf</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">بني سويف</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Port-Sa%C3%AFd?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de Port-Saïd">Port-Saïd</a> (<i>Borsaʿīd</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">پورسعيد</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Damiette?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de Damiette">Damiette</a> (<i>Dumyāṭ </i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">دمياط</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_du_Sina%C3%AF_Sud?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat du Sinaï Sud">Sinaï Sud</a> (<i>Ǧanūb Sīnāʾ</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">جنوب سيناء</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Kafr_el-Cheik?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de Kafr el-Cheik">Kafr el-Cheik</a> (<i>Kafr aš Šayḫ</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">كفر الشيخ</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Marsa-Matruh?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de Marsa-Matruh">Marsa-Matruh</a> (<i>Maṭrūḥ</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">مطروح</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Qena?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de Qena">Qena</a> (<i>Qinā</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">قنا</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_du_Sina%C3%AF_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat du Sinaï Nord">Sinaï Nord</a> (<i>Shimāl Sīnāʾ</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">شمال سيناء</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Sohag?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de Sohag">Sohag</a> (<i>Sūhāǧ</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">سوهاج</span>).</li> </ol> </div> <p>De 2008 à 2011, il existait deux autres gouvernorats&nbsp;:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_du_6_Octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat du 6 Octobre">6 octobre</a> (<i>as-Sādis min ʾoktōbir</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">السادس من أكتوبر</span>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Helwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernorat de Helwan">Helwan</a> (<i>Ḥelwān</i> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">حلوان</span>).</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Politique_étrangère_et_diplomatie"><span id="Politique_.C3.A9trang.C3.A8re_et_diplomatie"></span>Politique étrangère et diplomatie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Politique étrangère et diplomatie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politique_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re_de_l%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politique étrangère de l'Égypte">Politique étrangère de l'Égypte</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:President_Trump%27s_Trip_Abroad_globe_cropped.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/President_Trump%27s_Trip_Abroad_globe_cropped.jpg/220px-President_Trump%27s_Trip_Abroad_globe_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="585"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/President_Trump%27s_Trip_Abroad_globe_cropped.jpg/220px-President_Trump%27s_Trip_Abroad_globe_cropped.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/President_Trump%27s_Trip_Abroad_globe_cropped.jpg/330px-President_Trump%27s_Trip_Abroad_globe_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/President_Trump%27s_Trip_Abroad_globe_cropped.jpg/440px-President_Trump%27s_Trip_Abroad_globe_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donald_Trump?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> en mai 2017, en compagnie du président égyptien <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Sissi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abdel Fattah al-Sissi">Abdel Fattah al-Sissi</a> et du roi <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salmane_ben_Abdelaziz_Al_Saoud?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salmane ben Abdelaziz Al Saoud">Salman</a> d'Arabie saoudite. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Depuis 2014, le ministre égyptien des Affaires étrangères est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sameh_Choukri?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sameh Choukri">Sameh Choukri</a>, ancien ambassadeur aux États-Unis<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En 2016, l'Égypte accepte de céder deux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Ele?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Île">îles</a> stratégiques de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_Rouge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Rouge">mer Rouge</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanafir?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sanafir">Sanafir</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_Tiran?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Île de Tiran">Tiran</a>) à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabie_saoudite?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabie saoudite">Arabie saoudite</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>51<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'Égypte commence la rétrocession le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-06-11" data-sort-value="2017-06-11">11 juin 2017</time>. Il se passe trois jours de débats mouvementés pour accepter ou non la rétrocession, pendant lesquels des députés de l’opposition interrompent les séances en scandant des slogans dénonçant la rétrocession des deux îlots et appellent aussi à manifester, ce qui entraîne plusieurs dizaines d'arrestations<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>52<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La rétrocession est interrompue par la Haute cour constitutionnelle le 21 juin, pour avoir le temps de choisir la juridiction habilitée à juger ce dossier. Le 24 juin, les deux îlots sont rétrocédés à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabie_saoudite?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabie saoudite">Arabie saoudite</a> mais la rétrocession n'est pas acceptée par une grande partie du peuple égyptien<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>53<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-07-27" data-sort-value="2020-07-27">27 juillet 2020</time>, le président égyptien <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Sissi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abdel Fattah al-Sissi">Abdel Fattah al-Sissi</a> a juré que sa nation résiste fermement à toute intervention étrangère en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libye?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libye">Libye</a>. Ces remarques ont été marquées lors de la rencontre d’Al-Sissi avec le ministre saoudien des Affaires étrangères Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud, a confirmé le porte-parole de la présidence égyptienne Bassam Rady dans un communiqué<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>54<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le régime d'Abdel Fattah al-Sissi entretient de bonnes relations avec les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabie_saoudite?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabie saoudite">Arabie saoudite</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mirats_arabes_unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émirats arabes unis">Émirats arabes unis</a> ou encore <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israël">Israël</a>. L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union européenne">Union européenne</a> marque pour sa part une certaine indifférence concernant les atteintes aux droits de l'homme, se contentant de formuler quelques remarques et conseils. Le régime égyptien collabore avec elle en matière de lutte contre l'immigration en Europe, comme le souligne la déclaration du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-09-20" data-sort-value="2018-09-20">20 septembre 2018</time> du chancelier autrichien <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sebastian Kurz">Sebastian Kurz</a>, dont le pays assumait la présidence tournante de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union européenne">UE</a>, louant l’Égypte, «&nbsp;seul pays d’Afrique du Nord qui a réussi depuis 2016 à empêcher tout départ de migrants&nbsp;» par voie de mer<sup id="cite_ref-pietine_43-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pietine-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>41<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Défense"><span id="D.C3.A9fense"></span>Défense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Défense" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forces_arm%C3%A9es_%C3%A9gyptiennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forces armées égyptiennes">Forces armées égyptiennes</a>. </div> </div> <p>Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forces_arm%C3%A9es_%C3%A9gyptiennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forces armées égyptiennes">forces armées égyptiennes</a> sont les plus importantes en nombre du continent africain avec plus d'un million de soldats. Elles se composent de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_terre_%C3%A9gyptienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armée de terre égyptienne">armée de terre</a>, de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_%C3%A9gyptienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine égyptienne">marine</a>, de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27air_%C3%A9gyptienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armée de l'air égyptienne">armée de l'air</a> et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forces_de_la_d%C3%A9fense_a%C3%A9rienne_%C3%A9gyptienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forces de la défense aérienne égyptienne">forces de la défense aérienne égyptiennes</a>.</p> <p>L'Égypte a reçu quatre radars de défense aérienne <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ground_Master_400?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ground Master 400">Ground Master 400</a> fabriqués par la société <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thales?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thales">Thales</a> en collaboration avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raytheon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raytheon">Raytheon</a> Systems<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>55<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-04-26" data-sort-value="2021-04-26">26 avril 2021</time>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a> et l'Égypte ont signé un contrat d'une valeur totale de 3,95&nbsp;milliards d'euros, qui comprenait la livraison de trente avions de chasse <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dassault_Rafale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dassault Rafale">Rafale</a> ainsi que de deux contrats supplémentaires pour le missile <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MBDA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MBDA">MBDA</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Safran_Electronics_%26_Defense?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Safran Electronics &amp; Defense">Safran Electronics &amp; Defense</a>. Pour financer ces achats, <span class="citation">«&nbsp;l’Égypte a obtenu un prêt garanti par la France à hauteur de 85&nbsp;% (…) faisant peser sur les contribuables français un éventuel défaut de paiement&nbsp;»</span>. Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-05-03" data-sort-value="2021-05-03">3 mai 2021</time>, l'Égypte devrait acquérir trente autres avions de chasse Rafale<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>56<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En réaction, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> France (activiste des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droits_de_l%27homme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droits de l'homme">droits de l'homme</a>) a dénoncé ce contrat qui, selon eux, encourage la répression impitoyable dans le pays<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>57<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Économie"><span id=".C3.89conomie"></span>Économie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Économie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89conomie_de_l%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Économie de l'Égypte">Économie de l'Égypte</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Évolution du PIB réel par habitant de l'Égypte. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Egypt_Nil4.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Egypt_Nil4.jpg/220px-Egypt_Nil4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Egypt_Nil4.jpg/220px-Egypt_Nil4.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Egypt_Nil4.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Felouque?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Felouque">Felouque</a> sur le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nil">Nil</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg/220px-El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg/220px-El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg/330px-El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg/440px-El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Souk?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Souk">souk</a> au Caire. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le pays est en proie à de grandes difficultés économiques, malgré les ressources en pétrole et surtout en gaz naturel. La pauvreté y est croissante. Autrefois essentiellement <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agriculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agriculture">agraire</a>, l'économie égyptienne tente désormais de se diversifier vers des domaines comme le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tourisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tourisme">tourisme</a> ou l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrie">industrie</a>. Les principaux partenaires économiques de l'Égypte étaient en 2004 les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union européenne">Union européenne</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chine">Chine</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inde">Inde</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pakistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japon">Japon</a>. Les principales ressources économiques de l'Égypte sont le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9trole?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pétrole">pétrole</a> et le gaz naturel, les revenus issus du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canal_de_Suez?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canal de Suez">canal de Suez</a>, le tourisme, les métaux et l'agriculture (surtout le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coton?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coton">coton</a>). Le pays est au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_la_culture_du_coton?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Leaders_d'Afrique_de_l'est,_du_sud_et_du_nord" title="Histoire de la culture du coton">palmarès des huit premiers producteurs de coton d'Afrique de l'est, du sud et du nord au milieu des années 2010</a>.</p> <p>Première ressource en devises de l'Égypte et l'un de ses principaux secteurs d'activités, le tourisme qui représentait 11&nbsp;% du PIB avant 2011 a fortement baissé avec les attentats <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Djihadisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Djihadisme">djihadistes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lugan201701_60-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lugan201701-60"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>58<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le pays dépend également en grande partie de l'aide internationale. Parmi ses points faibles se trouve sa production agricole, il était ainsi <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_la_culture_des_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9ales?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Grands_importateurs_mondiaux_de_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9ales_sur_la_d%C3%A9cennie_2010" title="Histoire de la culture des céréales">deuxième au palmarès des importateurs mondiaux de céréales au milieu des années 2010</a>. En 2023, l’Égypte est classée en <abbr class="abbr" title="Quatre-vingt-sixième (huitante-sixième / octante-sixième)">86<sup>e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;position pour l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indice_mondial_de_l%27innovation?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indice mondial de l'innovation">indice mondial de l'innovation</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>59<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le régime du maréchal <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Sissi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abdel Fattah al-Sissi">Abdel Fattah al-Sissi</a> s'oriente vers une politique d’austérité consistant notamment à réduire les subventions à l’énergie et à l’électricité, à imposer une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taxe_sur_la_valeur_ajout%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taxe sur la valeur ajoutée">TVA</a> et à augmenter le prix des billets du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9tro_du_Caire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Métro du Caire">métro du Caire</a>. Cette forme d’imposition régressive fait peser une charge plus lourde sur les classes populaires et moyennes qu'auparavant&nbsp;; au contraire, l’impôt sur le revenu des sociétés a diminué. Un nouveau plan d'austérité est adopté en novembre 2018 et se traduit en particulier par le gel des salaires des fonctionnaires<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>60<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le nombre de bénéficiaires des subventions pour l'alimentation a reculé de trois millions à la suite de ces réformes.</p> <p>La dette atteint un niveau record en juin 2018 (92,64&nbsp;milliards de dollars), ce qui représente une augmentation de 17&nbsp;% en une seule année. La dette est en particulier la conséquence du poids du budget militaire. (les importations d’armes ont augmenté de 215&nbsp;% en 2013-2017 par rapport à 2008-2012) et du paiement des intérêts, qui ont atteint 31&nbsp;% du budget annuel pour l’exercice 2016-2017<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>60<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et 38&nbsp;% en 2018<sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>61<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En revanche, les investissements en matières d'éducation, de santé et d'infrastructure sont insuffisants. Environ 60&nbsp;% de la population égyptienne vit dans la pauvreté ou la précarité selon un rapport publié par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banque_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banque mondiale">Banque mondiale</a> en avril 2019. Les conditions de vie générales tendent à se détériorer<sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>61<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Plus de 32&nbsp;% des Égyptiens vivent dans la pauvreté en 2019 selon les statistiques officielles (moins de 1,7&nbsp;euro par jour), soit plus de trente millions de personnes. La pauvreté a progressé de plus de 11&nbsp;% dans les plus grandes villes du pays (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Caire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Caire">Le Caire</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandrie">Alexandrie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port-Sa%C3%AFd?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Port-Saïd">Port-Saïd</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suez_(ville)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suez (ville)">Suez</a>). La moitié la plus pauvre de la population ne bénéficie que de 17 à 18&nbsp;% du PIB<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Infrastructures">Infrastructures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Infrastructures" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Deux routes transafricaines se croisent en Égypte:</p> <ol> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Transafricaine_1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Transafricaine 1 (page inexistante)">Transafricaine 1</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo-Dakar_Highway" class="extiw" title="en:Cairo-Dakar Highway"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Cairo-Dakar Highway&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a>, Le Caire - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dakar?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transafricaine_4?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transafricaine 4">Transafricaine 4</a>, Le Caire - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Cap?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Cap">Le Cap</a></li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Canal_de_Suez">Canal de Suez</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Canal de Suez" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canal_de_Suez?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canal de Suez">canal de Suez</a>. </div> </div> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canal_de_Suez?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canal de Suez">canal de Suez</a>, entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port-Sa%C3%AFd?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Port-Saïd">Port-Saïd</a> au nord et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suez_(ville)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suez (ville)">Suez</a> au sud, relie la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Méditerranée">mer Méditerranée</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_Rouge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Rouge">mer Rouge</a>. Cette voie navigable artificielle au niveau de la mer (sans <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cluse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écluse">écluse</a>), est considérée comme le centre le plus important du transport maritime au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen-Orient?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyen-Orient">Moyen-Orient</a>. Ce canal permet le transport maritime entre l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an_Indien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Océan Indien">océan Indien</a> et la mer Méditerranée sans qu’il soit nécessaire de faire le tour de l'Afrique&nbsp;; <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port-Sa%C3%AFd?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Port-Saïd">Port-Saïd</a> en est le terminal nord, et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port_Suez?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Port Suez">Port Suez</a> en est le terminal sud.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Transports_ferroviaires">Transports ferroviaires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Transports ferroviaires" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article connexe&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Transport_ferroviaire_en_%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catégorie:Transport ferroviaire en Égypte">Catégorie:Transport ferroviaire en Égypte</a>. </div> </div> <p>En 2018, <span class="citation">«&nbsp;étendu sur plus de 5&nbsp;500&nbsp;kilomètres, le réseau ferroviaire égyptien est le troisième plus vaste du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen-Orient?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyen-Orient">Moyen-Orient</a> (derrière ceux de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemins_de_fer_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_islamique_d%27Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemins de fer de la République islamique d'Iran">Iran</a> et de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transport_ferroviaire_en_Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transport ferroviaire en Turquie">Turquie</a>)&nbsp;»</span><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>62<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En septembre 2021, l’Égypte annonce se doter d’une première <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ligne_%C3%A0_grande_vitesse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ligne à grande vitesse">liaison ferroviaire à grande vitesse</a> de 660&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> entre les villes d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/El-Alamein?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="El-Alamein">El-Alamein</a> (à l’ouest d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandrie">Alexandrie</a>, au nord du pays) et d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ain_Soukhna?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ain Soukhna">Ain Soukhna</a> (au sud de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suez_(ville)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suez (ville)">Suez</a>, au nord-est du pays). Le projet d’un montant de 3,75&nbsp;milliards d'euros, exécuté par un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consortium?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consortium">consortium</a> mené par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siemens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, devrait se terminer en 2023<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>63<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Santé"><span id="Sant.C3.A9"></span>Santé</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Santé" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>En janvier 2018, <span class="citation">«&nbsp;l’Égypte dispose de moins de deux lits d’hôpitaux et 0,8 médecin pour 1&nbsp;000&nbsp;habitants (France&nbsp;: 7,7 et 3,2)&nbsp;»</span><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>64<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Critique&nbsp;: le film documentaire <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zelal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zelal">Zelal</a></i> rend compte de la situation de la psychiatrie en Égypte.</p> <p>En 2021, l'Égypte a connu un ralentissement relatif de la propagation du virus Corona, qui a infecté 161&nbsp;000&nbsp;personnes et en a tué près de 9&nbsp;000. De plus, le vaccin employé est le Sinopharm, les Chinois ont été les premiers à fournir leurs services<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>65<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Religions">Religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Religions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flickr_-_archer10_(Dennis)_-_Egypt-13A-098.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-13A-098.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-13A-098.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-13A-098.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-13A-098.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-13A-098.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-13A-098.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-13A-098.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-13A-098.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mosqu%C3%A9e_Al-Azhar?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mosquée Al-Azhar">Mosquée Al-Azhar</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_en_%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion en Égypte">Religion en Égypte</a>. </div> </div> <p>En Égypte, la religion des habitants est inscrite sur leur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carte_d%27identit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carte d'identité">carte d'identité</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>66<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Musulmans">Musulmans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Musulmans" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La grande majorité des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gyptiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Égyptiens">Égyptiens</a> (environ 90&nbsp;%<sup id="cite_ref-cia_69-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cia-69"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>67<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> selon des estimations, rarement estimée à plus mais certains avancent le chiffre de 95&nbsp;%<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>68<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) se réclament de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">islam</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunnisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunnisme">sunnite</a>, introduit en Égypte en 642. L'autorité sunnite suprême est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheikh?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheikh">Cheikh</a> de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mosqu%C3%A9e_Al-Azhar?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mosquée Al-Azhar">mosquée Al-Azhar</a>.</p> <p>Une petite minorité <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chiisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chiisme">chiite</a> vit en Égypte, mais son nombre est mal connu car l'État égyptien ne reconnait pas cette religion<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>69<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les chiites représenteraient moins de 1&nbsp;% des musulmans égyptiens. Ils sont surtout présents à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandrie">Alexandrie</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Chrétiens"><span id="Chr.C3.A9tiens"></span>Chrétiens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Chrétiens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme">chrétiens</a>, essentiellement <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coptes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coptes">coptes</a>, forment la principale minorité religieuse&nbsp;; les estimations tournent autour des 10&nbsp;%<sup id="cite_ref-cia_69-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cia-69"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>67<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les coptes disent cependant représenter environ 20&nbsp;% de la population, avec une forte représentation dans les régions de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haute-%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haute-Égypte">Haute-Égypte</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beni_Suef?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beni Suef">Beni Suef</a>, El Minya, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assiout?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assiout">Assiout</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sohag?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sohag">Sohag</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qena?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qena">Qena</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louxor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louxor">Louxor</a>). Avant l'arrivée de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">islam</a> au <abbr class="abbr" title="7ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme">christianisme</a> était la religion prédominante dans le pays, l'un des premiers à avoir embrassé cette nouvelle foi. La majorité des chrétiens en Égypte est de rite <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_copte_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église copte orthodoxe">copte-orthodoxe</a> avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_II_(pape_copte)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théodore II (pape copte)">Théodore <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></a> comme patriarche depuis 2012, une minorité est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique_copte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église catholique copte">copte-catholique</a> (issus d'une scission et d'un rattachement à Rome au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle et dont le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_patriarches_catholiques_coptes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des patriarches catholiques coptes">patriarche</a> est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ibrahim_Isaac_Sidrak?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak">Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak</a> depuis 2013), et quelques dizaines de milliers sont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_%C3%A9vang%C3%A9lique_copte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église évangélique copte">coptes-protestants</a>.</p> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article connexe&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_papes_de_l%27%C3%89glise_copte_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des papes de l'Église copte orthodoxe">Liste des papes de l'Église copte orthodoxe</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Aswan_Coptic_Cathedral_R03.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aswan_Coptic_Cathedral_R03.jpg/220px-Aswan_Coptic_Cathedral_R03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="2316"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aswan_Coptic_Cathedral_R03.jpg/220px-Aswan_Coptic_Cathedral_R03.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aswan_Coptic_Cathedral_R03.jpg/330px-Aswan_Coptic_Cathedral_R03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aswan_Coptic_Cathedral_R03.jpg/440px-Aswan_Coptic_Cathedral_R03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Église copte à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assouan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assouan">Assouan</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Enfin, il existe aussi encore quelques milliers de chrétiens <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Levantin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Levantin">levantins</a> d'origine <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syrie">syrienne</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liban?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liban">libanaise</a>, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rite_byzantin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rite byzantin">rite grec</a>-catholique, grec-orthodoxe ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maronites?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maronites">maronite</a>, appelés <i>Shawam Masr</i>/Syro-Libanais d'Égypte, ainsi qu'une minorité <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arménie">arménienne</a> (orthodoxe et catholique). Ce sont en fait les restes de communautés levantines qui furent bien plus importantes en nombre. Installées aux <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> et <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècles en Égypte, elles ont joué un rôle économique et culturel important jusqu'à ce que leur nombre décroisse fortement après la révolution de 1952, et en particulier avec la mise en place du régime nassérien et les lois de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nationalisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> de 1961.</p> <p>Les coptes sont la résultante d'une scission de l'Église orthodoxe d'Orient. Longtemps voués à la vie monastique, ils constituent aujourd'hui une élite cultivée (dont le représentant le plus connu est l'ancien <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secr%C3%A9taire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_des_Nations_unies?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secrétaire général des Nations unies">secrétaire général des Nations unies</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a>) et une minorité <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage nécessite une référence." style="cursor:help;">économiquement puissante</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[réf.&nbsp;nécessaire]</a></sup>.</p> <p>Leur marginalisation en Égypte a poussé <span class="nowrap">1,5 million</span> de chrétiens à émigrer aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">Europe</a> et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australie">Australie</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>70<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En effet, les coptes sont actuellement <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pers%C3%A9cutions_des_chr%C3%A9tiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persécutions des chrétiens">persécutés</a> et font l'objet souvent de vexations émanant de musulmans. Ils sont considérés comme des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Citoyen_de_seconde_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Citoyen de seconde zone">citoyens de seconde catégorie</a>, ne peuvent construire d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_(%C3%A9difice)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église (édifice)">églises</a> sans d'interminables tracasseries des autorités. Les coptes sont victimes d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Justice?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Justice">injustices</a> et de graves <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Discrimination?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Discrimination">discriminations</a> au quotidien allant jusqu'à des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attentat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attentat">attentats</a> sur leurs églises, comme celui perpétré contre l'église copte d'Alexandrie le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-01-01" data-sort-value="2011-01-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 2011</time>, entre autres, qui a fait plus de trente morts et des dizaines de blessés. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chiffonnier_(m%C3%A9tier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chiffonnier (métier)">chiffonniers</a> du Caire, principalement chrétiens, vivent dans des conditions de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mis%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Misère">misère</a> très dures. En effet, depuis le massacre de leurs <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porc?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porc">porcs</a> qui les aidaient à se débarrasser des ordures, ils vivent tant bien que mal en vidant les poubelles du Caire. L'abattage de leurs cochons a été décidé lors de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virus_de_la_grippe_A_(H1N1)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virus de la grippe A (H1N1)">pandémie de grippe A</a> en 2009, appelée à tort à ses débuts, «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grippe_porcine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grippe porcine">grippe porcine</a>&nbsp;». Les autorités sont soupçonnées d'avoir cédé aux demandes des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamisme">islamistes</a> de se débarrasser de cet animal considéré comme impur dans la religion musulmane. Toutefois, les autorités égyptiennes avaient fait de même avec les élevages de poulets en 2004 lors de la pandémie de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grippe_aviaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grippe aviaire">grippe aviaire</a>. Depuis la chute du président Moubarak, la situation et les persécutions à l'encontre des coptes se sont aggravées.</p> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pers%C3%A9cution_des_coptes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persécution des coptes">Persécution des coptes</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pers%C3%A9cutions_des_chr%C3%A9tiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89gypte" title="Persécutions des chrétiens">Persécutions des chrétiens#Égypte</a>. </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Baha'is"><span id="Baha.27is"></span>Baha'is</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Baha'is" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baha%C3%AFsme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahaïsme">baha'is</a> égyptiens, dont le nombre est estimé de 1&nbsp;500&nbsp;à 7&nbsp;000&nbsp;personnes, ont obtenu définitivement le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-03-19" data-sort-value="2009-03-19">19 mars 2009</time>, après une très longue procédure judiciaire, le droit de laisser <i>libre</i> la case mentionnant la religion sur leurs cartes d'identité et leurs certificats de naissance<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>71<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Juifs">Juifs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Juifs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Arch_section_-_Cairo_(Egypt)_-_12th_century_-_Louvre_-_OA_6348.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Arch_section_-_Cairo_%28Egypt%29_-_12th_century_-_Louvre_-_OA_6348.jpg/220px-Arch_section_-_Cairo_%28Egypt%29_-_12th_century_-_Louvre_-_OA_6348.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Arch_section_-_Cairo_%28Egypt%29_-_12th_century_-_Louvre_-_OA_6348.jpg/220px-Arch_section_-_Cairo_%28Egypt%29_-_12th_century_-_Louvre_-_OA_6348.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Arch_section_-_Cairo_%28Egypt%29_-_12th_century_-_Louvre_-_OA_6348.jpg/330px-Arch_section_-_Cairo_%28Egypt%29_-_12th_century_-_Louvre_-_OA_6348.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Arch_section_-_Cairo_%28Egypt%29_-_12th_century_-_Louvre_-_OA_6348.jpg/440px-Arch_section_-_Cairo_%28Egypt%29_-_12th_century_-_Louvre_-_OA_6348.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Élément d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arcature?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arcature">arcature</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cypr%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyprès">cyprès</a> sculpté avec inscription <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9breu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hébreu">hébraïque</a> de type cultuel, époque <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Califat_fatimide?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Califat fatimide">fatimide</a>, Le Caire, <abbr class="abbr" title="12ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle. (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a>). </figcaption> </figure> <p>Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_des_Juifs_en_%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire des Juifs en Égypte">différentes communautés juives vivant dans ce pays</a> à toutes les époques depuis l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiquité">Antiquité</a> ont subi des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pers%C3%A9cutions_religieuses?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persécutions religieuses">persécutions</a> plus ou moins importantes au cours du temps et déjà sous <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude (empereur romain)">Claude</a> à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire romain">époque romaine</a>, lors d'émeutes entre Grecs et Juifs.</p> <p>À partir de 1942, leur situation empire et les Juifs sont victimes de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pogrom?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9claration_d%27ind%C3%A9pendance_de_l%27%C3%89tat_d%27Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Déclaration d'indépendance de l'État d'Israël">déclaration d'indépendance d'Israël</a> en 1948 transforme les Juifs égyptiens en communauté systématiquement suspectée et provoque des attentats et des incendies dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juiverie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juiverie">quartiers juifs</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>72<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>73<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juifs?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juifs">Juifs</a> ont joué un rôle économique et culturel important dans le pays<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>74<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les menaces de l'État, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Affaire_Lavon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Affaire Lavon">affaire Lavon</a> en 1954 et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crise_du_canal_de_Suez?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crise du canal de Suez">crise du canal de Suez</a> en 1956 précipitent le départ d'Égypte de la moitié d'entre eux entre 1956 et 1967, au plus fort des tensions israélo-arabes, pour s'installer en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">Europe</a>, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amérique">Amérique</a> et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israël">Israël</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>75<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_des_Six_Jours?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre des Six Jours">guerre des Six Jours</a> en 1967, leurs biens sont confisqués<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>76<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>77<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Quasiment tout le reste de la communauté émigre alors vers des cieux plus cléments<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>78<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Elle est passée de 80&nbsp;000&nbsp;personnes dans les années 1940 à quelques dizaines en 2010 où l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antisionisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antisionisme">antisionisme</a> reste virulent<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>79<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En 2013, un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Documentaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Documentaire">documentaire</a> égyptien retraçant la vie de la communauté juive d'Égypte au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle est interdit de diffusion<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>80<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_des_Juifs_en_%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire des Juifs en Égypte">Histoire des Juifs en Égypte</a>. </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Démographie"><span id="D.C3.A9mographie"></span>Démographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Démographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9mographie_de_l%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Démographie de l'Égypte">Démographie de l'Égypte</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:April_2008_uprisings_in_Mahalla,_Egypt.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/April_2008_uprisings_in_Mahalla%2C_Egypt.JPG/220px-April_2008_uprisings_in_Mahalla%2C_Egypt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/April_2008_uprisings_in_Mahalla%2C_Egypt.JPG/220px-April_2008_uprisings_in_Mahalla%2C_Egypt.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/April_2008_uprisings_in_Mahalla%2C_Egypt.JPG/330px-April_2008_uprisings_in_Mahalla%2C_Egypt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/April_2008_uprisings_in_Mahalla%2C_Egypt.JPG/440px-April_2008_uprisings_in_Mahalla%2C_Egypt.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Une manifestation à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/El-Mahalla_el-Koubra?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="El-Mahalla el-Koubra">El-Mahalla el-Koubra</a> en avril 2008. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:UIS_Literacy_Rate_Egypt_population_plus15_1980_2015.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Egypt_population_plus15_1980_2015.png/220px-UIS_Literacy_Rate_Egypt_population_plus15_1980_2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="316"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Egypt_population_plus15_1980_2015.png/220px-UIS_Literacy_Rate_Egypt_population_plus15_1980_2015.png" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Egypt_population_plus15_1980_2015.png/330px-UIS_Literacy_Rate_Egypt_population_plus15_1980_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Egypt_population_plus15_1980_2015.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Alphabétisation de population adulte de l'Égypte 1980-2015. <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institut_de_statistique_de_l%27UNESCO?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institut de statistique de l'UNESCO">Institut de statistique de l'Unesco</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Avec plus de cent-deux millions d'habitants en 2020<sup id="cite_ref-UNdata_1-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UNdata-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, l'Égypte est le troisième pays le plus peuplé d'Afrique derrière le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nigeria?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89thiopie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éthiopie">Éthiopie</a>. L'Égypte est également le pays le plus peuplé du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monde_arabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monde arabe">monde arabe</a>, du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen-Orient?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyen-Orient">Moyen-Orient</a> et du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bassin_m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9en?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bassin méditerranéen">bassin méditerranéen</a>. Sa <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Densit%C3%A9_de_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Densité de population">densité</a> est de plus de 102&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="habitant par kilomètre carré">hab./km<sup>2</sup></abbr><sup id="cite_ref-UNdata_1-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UNdata-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, mais dans la seule vallée du Nil et son delta, avec la zone du canal (53&nbsp;000&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></abbr>, soit 5&nbsp;% de sa superficie, seule habitable, et largement urbanisée), elle est évaluée à 1&nbsp;500&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="habitant par kilomètre carré">hab./km<sup>2</sup></abbr>.</p> <p>En cinquante ans, la population du pays a été multipliée par 3,5 avec, pour ces dernières années, une croissance démographique moyenne supérieure à 2&nbsp;% par an<sup id="cite_ref-cia_69-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cia-69"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>67<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette démographie galopante entraîne de nombreuses complications telles que le manque de logements, d’infrastructures, d’écoles et d’emplois, sans compter l’augmentation du coût de la vie.</p> <p>La population est très jeune&nbsp;: l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%82ge_m%C3%A9dian?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Âge médian">âge médian</a> se situe autour de vingt-quatre ans et un Égyptien sur trois a moins de quinze ans<sup id="cite_ref-cia_69-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cia-69"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>67<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-02-11" data-sort-value="2020-02-11">11 février 2020</time>, l'Égypte franchit le cap des cent millions d'habitants. Elle est le pays arabe le plus peuplé ainsi que le troisième pays africain, derrière l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89thiopie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éthiopie">Éthiopie</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nigeria?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>81<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Langues">Langues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Langues" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_en_%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues en Égypte">Langues en Égypte</a>. </div> </div> <p>La langue officielle de l'Égypte est l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabe_standard_moderne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabe standard moderne">arabe standard moderne</a>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabe_%C3%A9gyptien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabe égyptien">dialecte égyptien</a> ressemble à l'arabe classique, malgré quelques différences de prononciation de quelques lettres et la vocalisation de certains mots qui changent selon les provinces et les villages. Deux lettres se distinguent particulièrement&nbsp;: le ج et le ق&nbsp;; par exemple, pour la première le mot <i>beau</i> se prononce <i>jamīl</i> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haute-%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haute-Égypte">Haute-Égypte</a> et <i>gamīl</i> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basse-%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basse-Égypte">Basse-Égypte</a>, pour la deuxième le mot <i>coupole</i> se prononce <i>gubba</i> <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ˈɡob.ba]</span> en Haute-Égypte et <i>ʔubba</i> <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ˈʔob.bæ]</span> en Basse-Égypte.</p> <p>Langue internationale par excellence, c'est l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglais">anglais</a> qui, en tant que langue étrangère, exerce le plus d'influence (école, administration) en Égypte aujourd'hui, mais le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Français">français</a> y a été longtemps la langue de la bourgeoisie et de la justice internationale. Aujourd'hui l'influence du français a diminué, même si l'élargissement du caractère francophile de l'Égypte a pris de l'expansion ces dernières années<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>82<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultures_antiques_de_l%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cultures antiques de l'Égypte">Cultures antiques de l'Égypte</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_de_l%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Littérature de l'Égypte">Littérature de l'Égypte</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_%C3%A9gyptien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cinéma égyptien">cinéma égyptien</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musique_%C3%A9gyptienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musique égyptienne">musique égyptienne</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuisine_%C3%A9gyptienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuisine égyptienne">cuisine égyptienne</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_de_mus%C3%A9es_en_%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste de musées en Égypte">liste de musées en Égypte</a>. </div> </div> <p>Les fêtes religieuses en Égypte varient suivant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_lunaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier lunaire">calendrier lunaire</a> (Baîrams, Aïd el-Kebir, Mouled el-Nabi). Le calendrier islamique étant plus court que le calendrier grégorien, les fêtes religieuses reculent de onze jours environ tous les ans. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramadan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramadan">ramadan</a> est également un temps important pour les Égyptiens musulmans, pour faire des rencontres et participer aux nombreuses fêtes qui débutent à la rupture du jeûne.</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Madrasa_and_Khanqah_of_Sultan_Barquq.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosquée du Caire."> <noscript> <img alt="Mosquée du Caire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Madrasa_and_Khanqah_of_Sultan_Barquq.jpg/120px-Madrasa_and_Khanqah_of_Sultan_Barquq.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Madrasa_and_Khanqah_of_Sultan_Barquq.jpg/120px-Madrasa_and_Khanqah_of_Sultan_Barquq.jpg" data-alt="Mosquée du Caire." data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Madrasa_and_Khanqah_of_Sultan_Barquq.jpg/180px-Madrasa_and_Khanqah_of_Sultan_Barquq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Madrasa_and_Khanqah_of_Sultan_Barquq.jpg/240px-Madrasa_and_Khanqah_of_Sultan_Barquq.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Mosquée du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Caire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Caire">Caire</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:El_Gouna_Bus_R01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Bus décoré."> <noscript> <img alt="Bus décoré." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/El_Gouna_Bus_R01.jpg/271px-El_Gouna_Bus_R01.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 181px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/El_Gouna_Bus_R01.jpg/271px-El_Gouna_Bus_R01.jpg" data-alt="Bus décoré." data-width="181" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/El_Gouna_Bus_R01.jpg/407px-El_Gouna_Bus_R01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/El_Gouna_Bus_R01.jpg/542px-El_Gouna_Bus_R01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Bus décoré. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Zakaria_Photography-47.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Vente d'artisanat."> <noscript> <img alt="Vente d'artisanat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zakaria_Photography-47.jpg/120px-Zakaria_Photography-47.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="3747"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zakaria_Photography-47.jpg/120px-Zakaria_Photography-47.jpg" data-alt="Vente d'artisanat." data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zakaria_Photography-47.jpg/180px-Zakaria_Photography-47.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zakaria_Photography-47.jpg/240px-Zakaria_Photography-47.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Vente d'artisanat. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Cultural_Fashion_and_Adornment,_El_Moez_St.,_00_(65).JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Bijoux."> <noscript> <img alt="Bijoux." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Cultural_Fashion_and_Adornment%2C_El_Moez_St.%2C_00_%2865%29.JPG/270px-Cultural_Fashion_and_Adornment%2C_El_Moez_St.%2C_00_%2865%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Cultural_Fashion_and_Adornment%2C_El_Moez_St.%2C_00_%2865%29.JPG/270px-Cultural_Fashion_and_Adornment%2C_El_Moez_St.%2C_00_%2865%29.JPG" data-alt="Bijoux." data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Cultural_Fashion_and_Adornment%2C_El_Moez_St.%2C_00_%2865%29.JPG/405px-Cultural_Fashion_and_Adornment%2C_El_Moez_St.%2C_00_%2865%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Cultural_Fashion_and_Adornment%2C_El_Moez_St.%2C_00_%2865%29.JPG/540px-Cultural_Fashion_and_Adornment%2C_El_Moez_St.%2C_00_%2865%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Bijoux. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Darbouka_%C3%A9gyptienne_recadr%C3%A9e.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Darbouka."> <noscript> <img alt="Darbouka." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Darbouka_%C3%A9gyptienne_recadr%C3%A9e.jpg/144px-Darbouka_%C3%A9gyptienne_recadr%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="2303"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Darbouka_%C3%A9gyptienne_recadr%C3%A9e.jpg/144px-Darbouka_%C3%A9gyptienne_recadr%C3%A9e.jpg" data-alt="Darbouka." data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Darbouka_%C3%A9gyptienne_recadr%C3%A9e.jpg/217px-Darbouka_%C3%A9gyptienne_recadr%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Darbouka_%C3%A9gyptienne_recadr%C3%A9e.jpg/289px-Darbouka_%C3%A9gyptienne_recadr%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Darbouka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Darbouka">Darbouka</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Egyptian_sweet_001_(2).JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Douceurs égyptiennes."> <noscript> <img alt="Douceurs égyptiennes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Egyptian_sweet_001_%282%29.JPG/268px-Egyptian_sweet_001_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="179" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2073"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 179px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Egyptian_sweet_001_%282%29.JPG/268px-Egyptian_sweet_001_%282%29.JPG" data-alt="Douceurs égyptiennes." data-width="179" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Egyptian_sweet_001_%282%29.JPG/402px-Egyptian_sweet_001_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Egyptian_sweet_001_%282%29.JPG/537px-Egyptian_sweet_001_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Douceurs égyptiennes. </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Principales_fêtes"><span id="Principales_f.C3.AAtes"></span>Principales fêtes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Principales fêtes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C3%AFd_el-Fitr?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aïd el-Fitr">Aïd el-Fitr</a> (petit Baïram), fête de trois jours marquant la fin du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramadan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C3%AFd_al-Adha?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aïd al-Adha">Aïd al-Adha</a> (grand Baïram), qui marque la période du hadj, ou pèlerinage à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Mecque?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Mecque">la Mecque</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="01-01" data-sort-value="01-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier</time>&nbsp;: Nouvel An (banques seulement)&nbsp;;</li> <li>7 janvier&nbsp;: Noël <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copte">copte</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li>en janvier&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marathon_(sport)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marathon (sport)">marathon</a> de Louxor et de Guizeh&nbsp;; Fête du printemps&nbsp;;</li> <li>25 janvier&nbsp;: date de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_%C3%A9gyptienne_de_2011?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution égyptienne de 2011">révolution égyptienne de 2011</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li>22 février&nbsp;: Jour de l’Unité&nbsp;;</li> <li>Le <i>Sham en-Nessim</i> («&nbsp;senteur de la brise&nbsp;»), fête égyptienne d'origine pharaonique, le premier lundi après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pessa%27h?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pessa'h">Pâque copte</a>, célébrée par tous les Égyptiens (musulmans et coptes)&nbsp;;</li> <li>25 avril&nbsp;: anniversaire du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sina%C3%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinaï">Sinaï</a> (restitution par Israël)&nbsp;;</li> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="05-01" data-sort-value="05-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mai</time>&nbsp;: Fête du Travail&nbsp;;</li> <li>18 juin&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_R%C3%A9publique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fête de la République">Fête de la République</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li>23 juillet&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%AAte_nationale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fête nationale">Fête nationale</a>, fête de quatre jours, anniversaire de la Révolution&nbsp;;</li> <li>6 octobre&nbsp;: Fête des Forces Armées, journée nationale fériée marquant la victoire remportée sur Israël en 1973&nbsp;;</li> <li>24 octobre&nbsp;: Fête de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suez_(ville)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suez (ville)">Suez</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li>Octobre&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rallye_des_Pharaons?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rallye des Pharaons">Rallye des Pharaons</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li>Octobre et février&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Festival?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Festival">Festival</a> culturel d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abou_Simbel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abou Simbel">Abou Simbel</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li>Novembre&nbsp;: commémoration de la découverte des tombes pharaoniques&nbsp;;</li> <li>23 décembre&nbsp;: Fête de la Victoire.</li> </ul> <p>Les <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mawlid?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>N 3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, mélange de foire et de fête religieuse célèbrent l'anniversaire d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint">saint</a> local, et donnent lieu à une débauche de couleurs, de nourriture, de spectacles, de bénédictions.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Événements_culturels"><span id=".C3.89v.C3.A9nements_culturels"></span>Événements culturels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Événements culturels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Festival de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musique_arabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musique arabe">musique arabe</a> (début janvier)</li> <li>Foire du livre (décembre)</li> <li>Festival international du film (début septembre)</li> <li>Festival de théâtre expérimental (septembre)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Football" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Football?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Football">football</a> est le sport le plus populaire du pays. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_Ahly_Sporting_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al Ahly Sporting Club">Al Ahly Sporting Club</a> est le plus connu du pays et le plus titré du continent, avec onze <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ligue des champions de la CAF">Ligues des champions</a> à son palmarès. Son grand rival est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zamalek_Sporting_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zamalek Sporting Club">Zamalek Sporting Club</a>.</p> <p>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89quipe_d%27%C3%89gypte_de_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Équipe d'Égypte de football">équipe nationale égyptienne</a> a remporté sept fois la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coupe_d%27Afrique_des_nations_de_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coupe d'Afrique des nations de football">coupe d'Afrique des nations de football</a> (un record), dont trois titres consécutifs, en 2006, 2008 et 2010<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>83<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Autres_sports">Autres sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Autres sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Squash?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Squash">squash</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tennis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tennis">tennis</a> et le volley-ball sont également très populaires en Égypte. Les équipes nationales de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basket-ball?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basket-ball">basket</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Handball?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Handball">handball</a> font partie des meilleures en Afrique, mais peinent à s'imposer au niveau international. Depuis les années 2010, le squash mondial est dominé par les Égyptiens avec de multiples titres de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Championnats_du_monde_de_squash?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Championnats du monde de squash">champion du monde</a> pour <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramy_Ashour?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramy Ashour">Ramy Ashour</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nour_El_Sherbini?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nour El Sherbini">Nour El Sherbini</a> et une domination sans partage au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classement_individuel_Squash?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classement individuel Squash">classement individuel</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Jeux_olympiques">Jeux olympiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Jeux olympiques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte_aux_Jeux_olympiques_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_2004?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Égypte aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2004">Égypte aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2004</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte_aux_Jeux_olympiques_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_2008?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Égypte aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2008">Égypte aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2008</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte_aux_Jeux_olympiques_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_2012?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Égypte aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2012">Égypte aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2012</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte_aux_Jeux_olympiques_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_2016?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Égypte aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2016">Égypte aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2016</a>. </div> </div> <p>L'Égypte participe aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeux_olympiques_d%27hiver_de_2018?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2018">Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2018</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/District_de_Pyeongchang?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="District de Pyeongchang">Pyeong-Chang</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cor%C3%A9e_du_Sud?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corée du Sud">Corée du Sud</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sciences">Sciences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sciences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <p>L’Institut National de Recherche en Astronomie et Géophysique (<i>National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics - NRIAG</i>) fondé en <time>1839</time> sous la dénomination de <i>Royal Observatory</i> est installé à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helwan">Helwan</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>84<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>L'Égypte est membre de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_astronomique_internationale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union astronomique internationale">Union astronomique internationale</a> via son <i>Académie de la recherche scientifique et de la technologie</i> ( (<i>Academy of Scientific Research &amp; Technology - ASRT</i>) créée en <time class="nowrap" datetime="1971-09" data-sort-value="1971-09">septembre 1971</time> par le décret présidentiel <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;2405<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>85<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article connexe&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronomie_en_Afrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89gypte" title="Astronomie en Afrique">Astronomie en Afrique#Égypte</a>. </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://actugeologique.fr/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/egypte-nil-592x1024.jpg">Carte géologique détaillée de l'Égypte éditée par l'Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority</a>, tirée de <span class="ouvrage" id="2019">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://actugeologique.fr/2019/03/histoire-du-nil/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Préhistoire du Nil</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">actugeologique.fr</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-03-07" data-sort-value="2019-03-07">7 mars 2019</time></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le dromadaire a une seule bosse contrairement au chameau qui en a deux, même si le dromadaire est appelé <i>chameau</i> en Afrique.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Moulid, qui signifie naissance en arabe, est une célébration d'une personne sainte. Il est célébré aussi bien par les musulmans que les chrétiens en Égypte, pour honorer leurs saints. Bien que la majorité des Égyptiens soient musulmans, certains saints coptes sont également honorés dans des célébrations.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="reference-cadre" tabindex="0"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UNdata-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UNdata_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UNdata_1-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UNdata_1-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://data.un.org/en/iso/eg.html">Egypt</a>, ONU, consulté le 24 sept 2021.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-hdr2021-22-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hdr2021-22_2-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hdr2021-22_2-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hdr2021-22_2-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2022"><cite class="italique">Rapport sur le développement humain 2021/2022&nbsp;: Temps incertains, vies bouleversées&nbsp;: façonner notre avenir dans un monde en mutation</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York">New York</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Programme_des_Nations_unies_pour_le_d%C3%A9veloppement?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Programme des Nations unies pour le développement">Programme des Nations unies pour le développement</a>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-09" data-sort-value="2022-09">septembre 2022</time>, 337&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-92-1-126452-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-92-1-126452-4"><span class="nowrap">978-92-1-126452-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2021-22">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Rapport+sur+le+d%C3%A9veloppement+humain+2021%2F2022&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Programme+des+Nations+unies+pour+le+d%C3%A9veloppement&amp;rft.stitle=Temps+incertains%2C+vies+boulevers%C3%A9es+%3A+fa%C3%A7onner+notre+avenir+dans+un+monde+en+mutation&amp;rft.date=2022-09&amp;rft.tpages=337&amp;rft.isbn=978-92-1-126452-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gini_BM-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gini_BM_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?most_recent_value_desc%3Dfalse"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Gini index</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banque_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banque mondiale">Banque mondiale</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-04-24" data-sort-value="2023-04-24">24 avril 2023</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-IPE2022-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IPE2022_4-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="WolfEmersonEstyde_Sherbinin2022"><span class="ouvrage" id="Martin_J._WolfJohn_W._EmersonDaniel_C._EstyAlex_de_Sherbinin2022"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Martin J. Wolf, John W. Emerson, Daniel C. Esty, Alex de Sherbinin, Zachary A. Wendling <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">2022 Environmental Performance Index</cite>, New Haven, Connecticut, États-Unis, Yale Center for Environmental Law &amp; Policy, <time>2022</time>, 192&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://epi.yale.edu/downloads/epi2022report06062022.pdf">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=2022+Environmental+Performance+Index&amp;rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut%2C+%C3%89tats-Unis&amp;rft.pub=Yale+Center+for+Environmental+Law+%26+Policy&amp;rft.aulast=Wolf&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&amp;rft.au=John+W.+Emerson&amp;rft.au=Daniel+C.+Esty&amp;rft.au=Alex+de+Sherbinin&amp;rft.au=Zachary+A.+Wendling&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft.tpages=192&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">cf. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Misra%C3%AFm?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Misraïm">Misraïm</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mobile.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/planete-geo/tresors-caches-de-la-moyenne-egypte_1775955.html">Trésors cachés de la Moyenne Égypte</a>, Franceinfo, 19 avril 2015.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bessoles,_Roland_Trompette1980"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bernard_Bessoles,_Roland_Trompette1980">Bernard Bessoles, Roland Trompette, <cite class="italique">Géologie de l'Afrique</cite>, BRGM, <time>1980</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">7-8</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=G%C3%A9ologie+de+l%27Afrique&amp;rft.pub=BRGM&amp;rft.au=Bernard+Bessoles%2C+Roland+Trompette&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.pages=7-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2015"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/03/egypt-plans-capital-adjacent-cairo-150314014400946.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Egypt plans new capital adjacent to Cairo</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_Jazeera?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al Jazeera">aljazeera.com</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-03-14" data-sort-value="2015-03-14">14 mars 2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-06-20" data-sort-value="2018-06-20">20 juin 2018</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Tenue à l'écart, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a>, qui soutenait <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9h%C3%A9met_Ali?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méhémet Ali">Méhémet Ali</a> dans l’espoir de s’assurer une influence en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palestine_(r%C3%A9gion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palestine (région)">Palestine</a>, subit <span class="citation">«&nbsp;un Waterloo diplomatique&nbsp;»</span> selon l'expression d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Alphonse de Lamartine</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hourani1993363-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hourani1993363_12-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hourani1993">Hourani 1993</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;363. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Jolly200891-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jolly200891_13-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Jolly2008">Jolly 2008</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;91. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Abdel-Malek2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Anouar_Abdel-Malek2011">Anouar Abdel-Malek, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal">Le nassérisme dans l'histoire de l’Égypte</cite>&nbsp;», <i>Manière de voir</i>,‎ <time>2011</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Le+nass%C3%A9risme+dans+l%27histoire+de+l%E2%80%99%C3%89gypte&amp;rft.jtitle=Mani%C3%A8re+de+voir&amp;rft.aulast=Abdel-Malek&amp;rft.aufirst=Anouar&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2016"><cite class="italique">Les Pharaons de l'Égypte moderne</cite>, Arte, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-08-09" data-sort-value="2016-08-09">9 août 2016</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+Pharaons+de+l%27%C3%89gypte+moderne&amp;rft.pub=Arte&amp;rft.date=2016-08-09&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tschirgi2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dan_Tschirgi2000">Dan Tschirgi, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal">Des islamistes aux zapatistes, la révolte des «&nbsp;marginaux de la terre&nbsp;»</cite>&nbsp;», <i>Le Monde diplomatique</i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2000-01-01" data-sort-value="2000-01-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 2000</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2000/01/TSCHIRGI/2058">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Des+islamistes+aux+zapatistes%2C+la+r%C3%A9volte+des+%C2%AB+marginaux+de+la+terre+%C2%BB&amp;rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+diplomatique&amp;rft.aulast=Tschirgi&amp;rft.aufirst=Dan&amp;rft.date=2000-01-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monde-diplomatique.fr%2F2000%2F01%2FTSCHIRGI%2F2058&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gresh2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alain_Gresh2012">Alain <span class="nom_auteur">Gresh</span>, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/publications/l_atlas_mondes_emergents/a54199"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Géographie du chaos au Proche-Orient</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Le Monde diplomatique</span>, <time>2012</time></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="12">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.20minutes.fr/monde/1052930-20121129-egypte-charia-reste-source-principale-loi"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Égypte&nbsp;: La charia reste «&nbsp;source principale&nbsp;» de la loi</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">www.20minutes.fr</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="0012-11-27" data-sort-value="0012-11-27">29 novembre 12</time></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sallon2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hélène_Sallon2018">Hélène Sallon, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal">En Égypte, Sissi remporte la présidentielle haut la main mais peine à mobiliser</cite>&nbsp;», <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Monde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-03-30" data-sort-value="2018-03-30">30 mars 2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/03/30/en-egypte-sissi-remporte-la-presidentielle-haut-la-main-mais-peine-a-mobiliser_5278463_3212.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=En+%C3%89gypte%2C+Sissi+remporte+la+pr%C3%A9sidentielle+haut+la+main+mais+peine+%C3%A0+mobiliser&amp;rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&amp;rft.aulast=Sallon&amp;rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&amp;rft.date=2018-03-30&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2018%2F03%2F30%2Fen-egypte-sissi-remporte-la-presidentielle-haut-la-main-mais-peine-a-mobiliser_5278463_3212.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sallon2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hélène_Sallon2019">Hélène Sallon, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal">La résignation des Égyptiens, qui votent pour consolider ou non le pouvoir du président Sissi</cite>&nbsp;», <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Monde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-04-23" data-sort-value="2019-04-23">23 avril 2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/04/23/referendum-en-egypte-pres-du-caire-la-resignation-des-habitants_5453644_3210.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=La+r%C3%A9signation+des+%C3%89gyptiens%2C+qui+votent+pour+consolider+ou+non+le+pouvoir+du+pr%C3%A9sident+Sissi&amp;rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&amp;rft.aulast=Sallon&amp;rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&amp;rft.date=2019-04-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2019%2F04%2F23%2Freferendum-en-egypte-pres-du-caire-la-resignation-des-habitants_5453644_3210.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2019">«&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal">Égypte&nbsp;: la dangereuse dérive autoritaire du président Sissi</cite>&nbsp;», <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Monde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-04-20" data-sort-value="2019-04-20">20 avril 2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/04/20/egypte-la-dangereuse-derive-autoritaire-du-president-sissi_5452881_3232.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%C3%89gypte+%3A+la+dangereuse+d%C3%A9rive+autoritaire+du+pr%C3%A9sident+Sissi&amp;rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&amp;rft.date=2019-04-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fidees%2Farticle%2F2019%2F04%2F20%2Fegypte-la-dangereuse-derive-autoritaire-du-president-sissi_5452881_3232.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le <i>Rapport 2010 d'Amnesty International</i> mentionne notamment qu'en 2010 <span class="citation">«&nbsp;la torture et les mauvais traitements était systématiques dans les postes de police, les prisons et les centres de détention des services de renseignement.&nbsp;»</span><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/egypt/report-2010"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Égypte - Rapport 2010 d'Amnesty International</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amnesty_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amnesty International">amnesty.org</a></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="New_York_Times_Editorial_Board2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="The_New_York_Times_Editorial_Board2014"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> The New York Times Editorial Board, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Reining in Egypt’s Military Aid</cite>&nbsp;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">New York Times</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-10-04" data-sort-value="2014-10-04">4 octobre 2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/05/opinion/sunday/reining-in-egypts-military-aid.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-10-14" data-sort-value="2014-10-14">14 octobre 2014</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Reining+in+Egypt%E2%80%99s+Military+Aid&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft.au=The+New+York+Times+Editorial+Board&amp;rft.date=2014-10-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F10%2F05%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Freining-in-egypts-military-aid.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Depuis […] le coup d'État de juillet 2013, le pays est revenu à ses attaches autoritaires en emprisonnant les opposants, étouffant les voix contraires et calomniant les islamistes pacifiques.&nbsp;»</span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.amnesty.org/fr/countries/middle-east-and-north-africa/egypt/report-egypt/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Égypte 2017/2018</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amnesty_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-07-07" data-sort-value="2018-07-07">7 juillet 2018</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.hrw.org/fr/world-report/2018/country-chapters/312901"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Égypte — Événements de 2017</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-07-07" data-sort-value="2018-07-07">7 juillet 2018</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Fahmy2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nourhan_Fahmy2015"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Nourhan Fahmy, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">658 violations against journalists during Al-Sisi’s first year in office: ECRF</cite>&nbsp;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daily_News_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daily News Egypt">Daily News Egypt</a></span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-08-04" data-sort-value="2015-08-04">4 août 2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dailynewsegypt.com/2015/08/04/658-violations-against-journalists-during-al-sisis-first-year-in-office-ecrf/">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=658+violations+against+journalists+during+Al-Sisi%E2%80%99s+first+year+in+office%3A+ECRF&amp;rft.jtitle=Daily+News+Egypt&amp;rft.aulast=Fahmy&amp;rft.aufirst=Nourhan&amp;rft.date=2015-08-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailynewsegypt.com%2F2015%2F08%2F04%2F658-violations-against-journalists-during-al-sisis-first-year-in-office-ecrf%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Floray2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Stéphanie_Floray2007">Stéphanie Floray, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-monde/20070919.RUE1720/egypte-paroles-de-femmes-face-a-l-excision.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Égypte&nbsp;: paroles de femmes face à l'excision</cite></a>&nbsp;», Rue89, nouvelobs.com, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-09-19" data-sort-value="2007-09-19">19 septembre 2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-02-26" data-sort-value="2010-02-26">26 février 2010</time>)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.unicef.org/french/infobycountry/egypt_statistics.html%23121"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Statistiques</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fonds_des_Nations_unies_pour_l%27enfance?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fonds des Nations unies pour l'enfance">unicef.org</a></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="AFP2017"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agence_France-Presse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a>, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal">L’Égypte bloque le site d’Al-Jazira et d’autres médias qui ne lui sont pas favorables</cite>&nbsp;», <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Monde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-05-25" data-sort-value="2017-05-25">25 mai 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1950-6244">1950-6244</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2017/05/25/sites-internet-bloques-en-egypte_5133590_3210.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-05-26" data-sort-value="2017-05-26">26 mai 2017</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=L%E2%80%99%C3%89gypte+bloque+le+site+d%E2%80%99Al-Jazira+et+d%E2%80%99autres+m%C3%A9dias+qui+ne+lui+sont+pas+favorables&amp;rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&amp;rft.aucorp=%5B%5BAgence+France-Presse%7CAFP%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2017-05-25&amp;rft.issn=1950-6244&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2017%2F05%2F25%2Fsites-internet-bloques-en-egypte_5133590_3210.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Richard2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Florence_Richard2018">Florence Richard, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal">La répression se poursuit en Égypte avec l'arrestation du journaliste Waël Abbas</cite>&nbsp;», <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France_24?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France 24">France 24</a></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-05-24" data-sort-value="2018-05-24">24 mai 2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.france24.com/fr/20180524-egypte-arrestation-lieu-inconnu-wael-abbas-militant-blogeur-journaliste-repression-sissi">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=La+r%C3%A9pression+se+poursuit+en+%C3%89gypte+avec+l%27arrestation+du+journaliste+Wa%C3%ABl+Abbas&amp;rft.jtitle=France+24&amp;rft.aulast=Richard&amp;rft.aufirst=Florence&amp;rft.date=2018-05-24&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Ffr%2F20180524-egypte-arrestation-lieu-inconnu-wael-abbas-militant-blogeur-journaliste-repression-sissi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.fidh.org/en/region/north-africa-middle-east/egypt/egypt-on-the-second-anniversary-of-his-detention-the-fidh-and-omct"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Egypt: On the second anniversary of his detention, the FIDH and OMCT are standing in solidarity with Zyad al-Elaimy</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">International Federation for Human Rights</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-06-25" data-sort-value="2021-06-25">25 juin 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_32-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_32-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2019">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://orientxxi.info/spip.php?action%3Dia_nojs%26retour%3D%252Fmagazine%252Fegypte-l-economie-va-mieux-que-les-egyptiens%252C3392"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Égypte. L’économie va mieux que les Égyptiens</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Orientxxi.info</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-11-12" data-sort-value="2019-11-12">12 novembre 2019</time></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cpj.org/2020/09/egypt-detains-2-journalists-including-1-with-covid-19-who-was-quarantined-now-hospitalized/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Egypt detains 2 journalists, including 1 with COVID-19 who was quarantined, now hospitalized</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">CPJ</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-09-04" data-sort-value="2020-09-04">4 septembre 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/une-ong-appelle-l-egypte-liberer-deux-journalistes-dont-un-malade-20200904"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Une ONG appelle l'Égypte a libérer deux journalistes, dont un malade</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Le Figaro</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-09-04" data-sort-value="2020-09-04">4 septembre 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2020/09/11/egypte-arrestation-et-diffamation-des-temoins-dun-viol-collectif"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Égypte&nbsp;: Arrestation et diffamation des témoins d’un viol collectif</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Human Rights Watch</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-09-11" data-sort-value="2020-09-11">11 septembre 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/egypte-quatre-detenus-decedes-en-prison-en-moins-de-72-heures-20200903"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Égypte&nbsp;: quatre détenus décédés en prison en moins de 72 heures</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Le Figaro</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-09-03" data-sort-value="2020-09-03">3 septembre 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2020">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.20minutes.fr/arts-stars/culture/2834227-20200804-egypte-stars-hollywood-appellent-autorites-pays-liberer-militante-sanaa-seif"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Égypte&nbsp;: Des stars de Hollywood appellent les autorités du pays à libérer la militante Sanaa Seif</cite></a>&nbsp;», <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-08-04" data-sort-value="2020-08-04">4 août 2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-03-18" data-sort-value="2021-03-18">18 mars 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/06/egypt-human-rights-activist-arrested-outside-public-prosecutors-office/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Egypt: Human rights activist arrested outside Public Prosecutor’s office</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Amnesty International</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-06-23" data-sort-value="2020-06-23">23 juin 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde12/3013/2020/en/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Egypt: Human Rights Activist Detained for a Third Time: Sanaa Seif</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Amnesty International</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-09-07" data-sort-value="2020-09-07">7 septembre 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/egypte-liberation-d-une-journaliste-arretee-a-louxor-20201006"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Égypte&nbsp;: libération d'une journaliste arrêtée à Louxor</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Independent</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-06" data-sort-value="2020-10-06">6 octobre 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/10/22/egypt-49-executions-10-days"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Egypt: 49 Executions in 10 Days</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Human Rights Watch</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-22" data-sort-value="2020-10-22">22 octobre 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1237659/egypte-pres-dune-cinquantaine-dexecutions-en-octobre.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Près d'une cinquantaine d'exécutions en octobre</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">L’Orient le Jour</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-22" data-sort-value="2020-10-22">22 octobre 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-pietine-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pietine_43-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pietine_43-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/union-europeenne-egypte-un-partenariat-qui-pietine-les-valeurs-fondamentales,4284">https://orientxxi.info/magazine/union-europeenne-egypte-un-partenariat-qui-pietine-les-valeurs-fondamentales,4284</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.fidh.org/fr/regions/maghreb-moyen-orient/egypte/egypte-des-militans-des-droits-de-l-homme-arretes-apres-avoir"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Égypte&nbsp;: des militants des droits humains arrêtés après avoir rencontré des diplomates européens</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">FIDH</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-11-20" data-sort-value="2020-11-20">20 novembre 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/news/2020/12/egypt-chilling-rise-in-executions-reveals-depth-of-human-rights-crisis/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Égypte. La hausse alarmante des exécutions révèle la gravité de la crise des droits humains</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Amnesty Interntional</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-12-02" data-sort-value="2020-12-02">2 décembre 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/egypte-amnesty-denonce-une-frenesie-d-executions-20201202"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Égypte&nbsp;: Amnesty dénonce une «&nbsp;frénésie d'exécutions&nbsp;»</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Le Figaro</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-12-02" data-sort-value="2020-12-02">2 décembre 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.tdg.ch/la-justice-egyptienne-classe-une-vieille-affaire-sur-20-ong-921702174383"><cite style="font-style:normal;">La justice égyptienne classe une vieille affaire sur vingt ONG</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Tribune de Genève</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-12-06" data-sort-value="2020-12-06">6 décembre 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/chronique-des-m%25C3%25A9dias/20201226-l-%25C3%25A9gypte-prison-pour-journalistes"><cite style="font-style:normal;">L’Égypte, prison pour journalistes</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">RFI</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-12-26" data-sort-value="2020-12-26">26 décembre 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ishr.ch/latest-updates/egypt-must-immediately-release-journalist-tawfik-ghanem-after-150-days-in-detention/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Egypt must immediately release journalist Tawfik Ghanem after 150 days in detention</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">International Service for human Rights</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-10-28" data-sort-value="2021-10-28">28 octobre 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/27/egypt-two-singers-convicted-morality-charges"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Egypt: Two Singers Convicted on ‘Morality’ Charges</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Human Rights Watch</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-04-27" data-sort-value="2022-04-27">27 avril 2022</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2022/11/06/egypte-arrestations-et-restrictions-au-droit-de-manifester-lapproche-de-la-cop27"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Égypte&nbsp;: Arrestations et restrictions au droit de manifester à l’approche de la COP27</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Human Rights Watch</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-11-06" data-sort-value="2022-11-06">6 novembre 2022</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014">«&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal">Sameh Choukri, ministre égyptien des Affaires étrangères</cite>&nbsp;», <i>France 24</i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-09-03" data-sort-value="2014-09-03">3 septembre 2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.france24.com/fr/lentretien-france-24/20140903-sameh-choukri-ministre-egyptien-des-affaires-etrangeres">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-17" data-sort-value="2017-01-17">17 janvier 2017</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sameh+Choukri%2C+ministre+%C3%A9gyptien+des+Affaires+%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res&amp;rft.jtitle=France+24&amp;rft.date=2014-09-03&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Ffr%2Flentretien-france-24%2F20140903-sameh-choukri-ministre-egyptien-des-affaires-etrangeres&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2016">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.rfi.fr/moyen-orient/20160411-egypte-cede-deux-iles-strategiques-arabie-saoudite-sanafir-tiran-roi-salman"><cite style="font-style:normal;">L’Égypte cède deux îles stratégiques à l’Arabie saoudite</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio_France_internationale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radio France internationale">rfi.fr</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-04-11" data-sort-value="2016-04-11">11 avril 2016</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-04-11" data-sort-value="2016-04-11">11 avril 2016</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2017">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/legypte-retrocede-deux-iles-a-larabie-saoudite/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">L’Égypte rétrocède deux îles à l’Arabie saoudite</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">tsa-algerie.com</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-06-14" data-sort-value="2017-06-14">14 juin 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-06-25" data-sort-value="2017-06-25">25 juin 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2017">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2017/06/24/l-egypte-finalise-le-transfert-de-deux-ilots-de-la-mer-rouge-a-l-arabie-saoudite_5150649_3210.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">L’Égypte rend deux îlots stratégiques de la mer Rouge à l’Arabie saoudite</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Monde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Monde">lemonde.fr</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-06-24" data-sort-value="2017-06-24">24 juin 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-06-25" data-sort-value="2017-06-25">25 juin 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://french.china.org.cn/foreign/txt/2020-07/28/content_76318685.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">L'Égypte réaffirme son opposition à toute intervention étrangère en Libye</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">China</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-07-28" data-sort-value="2020-07-28">28 juillet 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.armyrecognition.com/defense_news_may_2021_global_security_army_industry/egypt_has_received_four_french-made_gm_400_air_defense_radars.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Egypt has received four French-made GM 400 air defense radars</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Army Recognisation</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-05-15" data-sort-value="2021-05-15">15 mai 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2021/05/03/l-egypte-passe-commande-de-30-avions-de-combat-rafale-supplementaires-a-la-france_6078965_3234.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">L’Égypte devrait passer commande de trente avions de combat Rafale supplémentaires à la France</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Le Monde</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-05-03" data-sort-value="2021-05-03">3 mai 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.dw.com/en/france-agrees-sale-of-war-planes-to-egypt/a-57418002"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">France agrees sale of war planes to Egypt</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">DW News</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-05-03" data-sort-value="2021-05-03">3 mai 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Lugan201701-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lugan201701_60-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lugan2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bernard_Lugan2017"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Lugan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Lugan">Bernard Lugan</a>, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal">L'Afrique du Nord sous tension</cite>&nbsp;», <i>Conflits&nbsp;: histoire, géopolitique, relations internationales</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;13,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017" data-sort-value="2017">janvier-mars 2017</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">61-63</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=L%27Afrique+du+Nord+sous+tension&amp;rft.jtitle=Conflits+%3A+histoire%2C+g%C3%A9opolitique%2C+relations+internationales&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.aulast=Lugan&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernard&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.pages=61-63&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="WIPO"><span class="nom_auteur">WIPO</span>, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/fr/2023/index.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Indice mondial de l’innovation 2023 - L’innovation dans un climat d’incertitude</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_mondiale_de_la_propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9_intellectuelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle">wipo.int</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-02-17" data-sort-value="2024-02-17">17 février 2024</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_62-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_62-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://orientxxi.info/spip.php?action%3Dia_nojs%26retour%3D%252Fmagazine%252Fla-crise-de-la-dette-de-sissi%252C2813"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Égypte. Le gouffre d’une dette alimentée par l’armée</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">orientxxi.info</span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_63-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_63-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hamed"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yehia_Hamed"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Yehia <span class="nom_auteur">Hamed</span>, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/06/07/egypts-economy-isnt-booming-its-collapsing-imf-abdel-fattah-sisi-poverty/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en-us">Egypt’s Economy Isn’t Booming, It’s Collapsing.</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Foreign Policy</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-06-09" data-sort-value="2019-06-09">9 juin 2019</time>)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/2018/06/24/le-secteur-ferroviaire-egyptien">Le secteur ferroviaire égyptien</a>, gouv.fr, 24 juin 2018.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.capital.fr/entreprises-marches/legypte-se-dote-dune-premiere-ligne-tgv-jackpot-pour-siemens-1413184">L’Égypte se dote d’une première ligne TGV, jackpot pour Siemens</a>, capital, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-01" data-sort-value="2021-09-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> septembre 2021</time>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/2018/01/28/le-secteur-de-la-sante-en-egypte">Le secteur de la santé en Égypte</a>, gouv.fr, 20 janvier 2018.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2021">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/moyen-orient/20210124-covid-19-l-%25C3%25A9gypte-commence-sa-campagne-de-vaccination-par-les-soignants"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Covid-19&nbsp;: l'Égypte commence sa campagne de vaccination par les soignants</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">RFI</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-01-24" data-sort-value="2021-01-24">24 janvier 2021</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-10-03" data-sort-value="2021-10-03">3 octobre 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Frois2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Emmanuèle_Frois2012">Emmanuèle Frois, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.lefigaro.fr/cinema/2012/08/28/03002-20120828ARTFIG00542--la-vierge-les-coptes-et-moi-un-film-miraculeux.php"><cite style="font-style:normal;">La Vierge, les coptes et moi&nbsp;: un film miraculeux</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">lefigaro.fr</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-08-28" data-sort-value="2012-08-28">28 août 2012</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-02-23" data-sort-value="2021-02-23">23 février 2021</time>)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-cia-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cia_69-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cia_69-1">b</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cia_69-2">c</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cia_69-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Egypt - The World Factbook</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">www.cia.gov</span>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_World_Factbook?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-01-06" data-sort-value="2021-01-06">6 janvier 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-percentages/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Religion &amp; Public Life</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pew_Research_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-04-11" data-sort-value="2018-04-11">11 avril 2018</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2013">«&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal">Quatre Égyptiens lynchés à mort, car ils étaient chiites</cite>&nbsp;», <i>Slate Afrique</i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-06-28" data-sort-value="2013-06-28">28 juin 2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.slateafrique.com/289725/quatre-egyptiens-lynches-mort-car-ils-etaient-chiites">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-03-11" data-sort-value="2018-03-11">11 mars 2018</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Quatre+%C3%89gyptiens+lynch%C3%A9s+%C3%A0+mort%2C+car+ils+%C3%A9taient+chiites&amp;rft.jtitle=Slate+Afrique&amp;rft.date=2013-06-28&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slateafrique.com%2F289725%2Fquatre-egyptiens-lynches-mort-car-ils-etaient-chiites&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="ThomasYoussef2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Martyn_ThomasAdly_Youssef2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Martyn <span class="nom_auteur">Thomas</span> et Adly <span class="nom_auteur">Youssef</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Copts in Egypt&nbsp;: a Christian minority under siege</cite>, Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, <time>2006</time>, 192&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/3-85710-040-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/3-85710-040-0"><span class="nowrap">3-85710-040-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DooAaaMdOwpAC%26pg%3DPA47">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;47<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Copts+in+Egypt&amp;rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&amp;rft.stitle=a+Christian+minority+under+siege&amp;rft.aulast=Thomas&amp;rft.aufirst=Martyn&amp;rft.au=Youssef%2C+Adly&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pages=47&amp;rft.tpages=192&amp;rft.isbn=3-85710-040-0&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DooAaaMdOwpAC%26pg%3DPA47&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/bahai-of-egypt/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Baha'i of Egypt</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">minorityrights.org</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-10" data-sort-value="2017-10">octobre 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-11-02" data-sort-value="2020-11-02">2 novembre 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i>Meeting with Mr. Securel of Cairo, Egypt</i>, Oct. 28, 1948, AJC/FAD-1, Box 12, Foreign Countries, Egypt.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Mangoubi, Rami, «&nbsp;A Jewish Refugee Answers Youssef Ibrahim&nbsp;», <i>Middle East Times</i>, 30 octobre 2004.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Joel Beinin, <i>The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora</i>; introduction.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Abdulhaq2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Najat_Abdulhaq2016"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Najat <span class="nom_auteur">Abdulhaq</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Jewish and Greek Communities in Egypt&nbsp;: Entrepreneurship and Business before Nasser</cite>, <time>2016</time>, 384&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-85772-992-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-85772-992-7"><span class="nowrap">978-0-85772-992-7</span></a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-85772-992-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-85772-992-6"><span class="nowrap">0-85772-992-6</span></a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-85772-795-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-85772-795-4"><span class="nowrap">978-0-85772-795-4</span></a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://worldcat.org/fr/title/949885371">949885371</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/949885371">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;198<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Jewish+and+Greek+Communities+in+Egypt&amp;rft.stitle=Entrepreneurship+and+Business+before+Nasser&amp;rft.aulast=Abdulhaq&amp;rft.aufirst=Najat&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.pages=198&amp;rft.tpages=384&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-85772-992-7&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F949885371&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F949885371&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jews-of-egypt"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Jews of Egypt</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-02-23" data-sort-value="2021-02-23">23 février 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr>Mangoubi, Rami, «&nbsp;My Longest 10 Minutes&nbsp;», <i>The Jerusalem Post</i>, 30 mai 2007.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Beinin1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Joel_Beinin1998">Joel <span class="nom_auteur">Beinin</span>, <cite class="italique">The dispersion of Egyptian Jewry&nbsp;: culture, politics, and the formation of a modern diaspora</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_California_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, <time>1998</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-520-92021-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-520-92021-7"><span class="nowrap">978-0-520-92021-7</span></a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-520-92021-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-520-92021-X"><span class="nowrap">0-520-92021-X</span></a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-585-13078-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-585-13078-7"><span class="nowrap">0-585-13078-7</span></a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://worldcat.org/fr/title/44963168">44963168</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44963168">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+dispersion+of+Egyptian+Jewry+%3A+culture%2C+politics%2C+and+the+formation+of+a+modern+diaspora&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.aulast=Beinin&amp;rft.aufirst=Joel&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-520-92021-7&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44963168&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F44963168&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="AFP2010">AFP, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/egypte-annulation-d-une-ceremonie-pour-la-reouverture-d-une-synagogue_855088.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Égypte&nbsp;: annulation d'une cérémonie pour la réouverture d'une synagogue</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%27Express?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="L'Express">L'Express</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-03-14" data-sort-value="2010-03-14">14 mars 2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-06-22" data-sort-value="2010-06-22">22 juin 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://plus.lefigaro.fr/tag/amir-ramses"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Amir Ramses</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Le Figaro.fr</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-02-23" data-sort-value="2021-02-23">23 février 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Franceinfo">Franceinfo, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/societe-africaine/l-egypte-franchit-le-cap-symbolique-des-100-millions-d-habitants_3822723.amp"><cite style="font-style:normal;">L'Égypte franchit le cap symbolique des 100 millions d'habitants</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">www.francetvinfo.fr</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-02-14" data-sort-value="2020-02-14">14 février 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2009">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.lorientlitteraire.com/article_details.php?cid%3D31%26nid%3D3035"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Que reste-t-il de la francophonie en Égypte ?</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%27Orient_litt%C3%A9raire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="L'Orient littéraire">L'Orient littéraire</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-05" data-sort-value="2009-05">mai 2009</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-12-20" data-sort-value="2015-12-20">20 décembre 2015</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.mada-sport.com/pages/madagascar-football/competitions-africaines/can/can-histoire-palmares-liste-des-vainqueurs.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">CAN&nbsp;: histoire, palmares, liste des vainqueurs</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">mada-sport.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-06" data-sort-value="2017-01-06">6 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.nriag.sci.eg/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG)</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Site officiel du National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG)</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-10-30" data-sort-value="2022-10-30">30 octobre 2022</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.asrt.sci.eg/about-us/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Egyptian House of Expertise and Think Tank.</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Academy of Scientific Research &amp; Technology (ASRT)</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-10-30" data-sort-value="2022-10-30">30 octobre 2022</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia&nbsp;:</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Egypt?uselang%3Dfr">L’Égypte</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25C3%2589gypte" class="extiw" title="wikt:Égypte">Égypte</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> <li class="wikisource"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Cat%25C3%25A9gorie:%25C3%2589gypte" class="extiw" title="s:Catégorie:Égypte">L’Égypte</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikisource</span></span></li> <li class="wikiquote"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cat%25C3%25A9gorie:%25C3%2589gypte" class="extiw" title="q:Catégorie:Égypte">L’Égypte</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikiquote</span></span></li> <li class="wikinews"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikinews.org/wiki/Page:%25C3%2589gypte" class="extiw" title="n:Page:Égypte">L’Égypte</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikinews</span></span></li> <li class="wikivoyage"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%25C3%2589gypte" class="extiw" title="voy:Égypte">Égypte</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikivoyage</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Alaa El-Aswany, <i>Extrémisme religieux et dictature - Les deux faces d’un malheur historique</i>, Arles, Actes Sud, 2014.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Brion1954"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marcel_Brion1954"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcel_Brion?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcel Brion">Marcel Brion</a>, <cite class="italique">Histoire de l'Égypte</cite>, Paris, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Librairie_Arth%C3%A8me_Fayard?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Librairie Arthème Fayard">Fayard</a>, <time>1954</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27%C3%89gypte&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Fayard&amp;rft.aulast=Brion&amp;rft.aufirst=Marcel&amp;rft.date=1954&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Clément1960"><span class="ouvrage" id="Raoul_Clément1960">Raoul Clément, <cite class="italique">Les Français d'Égypte aux <abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> et <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècles</cite>, Le Caire, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie_orientale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institut français d'archéologie orientale">Institut français d'archéologie orientale</a>, <time>1960</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27%C3%89gypte+aux+XVIIe+et+XVIIIe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cles&amp;rft.place=Le+Caire&amp;rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&amp;rft.aulast=Cl%C3%A9ment&amp;rft.aufirst=Raoul&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Colombe1951"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marcel_Colombe1951">Marcel Colombe, <cite class="italique">L'évolution de l'Égypte&nbsp;: 1924-1950</cite>, Paris, G.P. Maisonneuve, <time>1951</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27%C3%A9volution+de+l%27%C3%89gypte&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=G.P.+Maisonneuve&amp;rft.stitle=1924-1950&amp;rft.aulast=Colombe&amp;rft.aufirst=Marcel&amp;rft.date=1951&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Conrad2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Philippe_Conrad2007"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippe_Conrad?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippe Conrad">Philippe Conrad</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="préface">préf.</abbr>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Leclant?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Leclant">Jean Leclant</a>), <cite class="italique">Égypte</cite>, Paris, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presses_universitaires_de_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presses universitaires de France">Presses universitaires de France</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&nbsp;«&nbsp;Culture guides Clio&nbsp;», <time>2007</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%C3%89gypte&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&amp;rft.aulast=Conrad&amp;rft.aufirst=Philippe&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Collectif1982">Collectif, <cite class="italique">L'Égypte au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</cite>, Paris, Éditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, <time>1982</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89gypte+au+XIXe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Centre+national+de+la+recherche+scientifique&amp;rft.au=Collectif&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Cottrell1965"><span class="ouvrage" id=":Leonard_Cottrell1965"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Cottrell&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Leonard Cottrell (page inexistante)">Leonard Cottrell</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Cottrell" class="extiw" title="en:Leonard Cottrell"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Leonard Cottrell&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a>, <cite class="italique">L'Égypte</cite>, Paris, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthaud_(maison_d%27%C3%A9dition)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arthaud (maison d'édition)">Arthaud</a>, <time>1965</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89gypte&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Arthaud&amp;rft.aulast=Cottrell&amp;rft.aufirst=%3ALeonard&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Goldschmidt2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Arthur_Goldschmidt2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Arthur <span class="nom_auteur">Goldschmidt</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Historical dictionary of Egypt</cite>, Oxford, Scarecrow Press, <time>2003</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 510&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+Egypt&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&amp;rft.edition=3&amp;rft.aulast=Goldschmidt&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.tpages=510&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Goldschmidt2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Arthur_Goldschmidt2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Arthur <span class="nom_auteur">Goldschmidt</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Biographical dictionary of modern Egypt</cite>, Londres, Lynne Rienner, <time>2004</time>, 297&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biographical+dictionary+of+modern+Egypt&amp;rft.place=Londres&amp;rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner&amp;rft.aulast=Goldschmidt&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.tpages=297&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Hourani1993"><span class="ouvrage" id="Albert_Hourani1993">Albert <span class="nom_auteur">Hourani</span>, <cite class="italique">Histoire des peuples arabes</cite>, Paris, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions du Seuil">Seuil</a>, <time>1993</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Histoire+des+peuples+arabes&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Seuil&amp;rft.aulast=Hourani&amp;rft.aufirst=Albert&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Jolly2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_Jolly2008"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Jolly?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Jolly">Jean <span class="nom_auteur">Jolly</span></a>, <cite class="italique">L'Afrique et son environnement européen et asiatique</cite>, Paris, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">L'Harmattan</a>, <time>2008</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27Afrique+et+son+environnement+europ%C3%A9en+et+asiatique&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&amp;rft.aulast=Jolly&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Lugan2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bernard_Lugan2002"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Lugan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Lugan">Bernard Lugan</a>, <cite class="italique">Histoire de l'Égypte des origines à nos jours</cite>, Paris et Monaco, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Rocher?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions du Rocher">Le Rocher</a>, <time>2002</time>, 290&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-268-04173-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-268-04173-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-268-04173-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3Dw3mBAAAACAAJ">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27%C3%89gypte+des+origines+%C3%A0+nos+jours&amp;rft.place=Paris+et+Monaco&amp;rft.pub=Le+Rocher&amp;rft.aulast=Lugan&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernard&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.tpages=290&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-268-04173-5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Lugan2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bernard_Lugan2016">Bernard Lugan, <cite class="italique">Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord (Égypte, Libye, Tunisie, Algérie, Maroc)&nbsp;: des Origines à nos jours</cite>, Paris, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Rocher?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions du Rocher">Le Rocher</a>, <time>2016</time>, 736&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-268-08167-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-268-08167-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-268-08167-0</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Afrique+du+Nord+%28%C3%89gypte%2C+Libye%2C+Tunisie%2C+Alg%C3%A9rie%2C+Maroc%29&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Le+Rocher&amp;rft.stitle=des+Origines+%C3%A0+nos+jours&amp;rft.aulast=Lugan&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernard&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.tpages=736&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-268-08167-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Mantran1977"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_Mantran1977"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Mantran?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Mantran">Robert Mantran</a>, <cite class="italique">L'Égypte d'aujourd'hui&nbsp;: permanence et changements (1805-1976)</cite>, Paris, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centre national de la recherche scientifique">Centre national de la recherche scientifique</a>, <time>1977</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89gypte+d%27aujourd%27hui&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Centre+national+de+la+recherche+scientifique&amp;rft.stitle=permanence+et+changements+%281805-1976%29&amp;rft.aulast=Mantran&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89gypte"></span></span></span>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_d%27Alexandrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliothèque d'Alexandrie">Bibliothèque d'Alexandrie</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89nergie_en_%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Énergie en Égypte">Énergie en Égypte</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_de_l%27%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapeau de l'Égypte">Drapeau de l'Égypte</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presse_%C3%A9crite_en_%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presse écrite en Égypte">Presse écrite en Égypte</a></li> <li><a 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href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Monde_arabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du monde arabe"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 33px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="33" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/66px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Monde_arabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Monde arabe">Portail du monde arabe</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Moyen-Orient?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du Moyen-Orient"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Moyen_Orient_drapeaux.svg/27px-Moyen_Orient_drapeaux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1076"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Moyen_Orient_drapeaux.svg/27px-Moyen_Orient_drapeaux.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="27" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Moyen_Orient_drapeaux.svg/41px-Moyen_Orient_drapeaux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Moyen_Orient_drapeaux.svg/55px-Moyen_Orient_drapeaux.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Moyen-Orient?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Moyen-Orient">Portail du Moyen-Orient</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Langue_fran%C3%A7aise_et_francophonie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la langue française et de la francophonie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Emblem_of_La_Francophonie.svg/24px-Emblem_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="414"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Emblem_of_La_Francophonie.svg/24px-Emblem_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Emblem_of_La_Francophonie.svg/36px-Emblem_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 1.5x, 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.055 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&amp;mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de «&nbsp;<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%C3%89gypte%26oldid%3D220135789">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Égypte&amp;oldid=220135789</a>&nbsp;». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89gypte&amp;action=history&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Salebot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1731113663"> <span>Dernière modification le 9 novembre 2024, à 01:54</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D1%2581%25D1%258B%25D1%2580" title="Мсыр&nbsp;–&nbsp;abkhaze" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Мсыр" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaze" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meus%25C3%25A9" title="Meusé&nbsp;–&nbsp;aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Meusé" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D1%258B%25D1%2581%25D1%258B%25D1%2580" title="Мысыр&nbsp;–&nbsp;adyguéen" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Мысыр" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adyguéen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte&nbsp;–&nbsp;afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Egipte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2584gypten" title="Ägypten&nbsp;–&nbsp;alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ägypten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258C%258D%25E1%2589%25A5%25E1%258D%2585" title="ግብፅ&nbsp;–&nbsp;amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ግብፅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echipto" title="Echipto&nbsp;–&nbsp;aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Echipto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2586gypt" title="Ægypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;ancien anglais" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ægypt" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="ancien anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijipiti" title="Ijipiti&nbsp;–&nbsp;obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ijipiti" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="मिस्र&nbsp;–&nbsp;angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मिस्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1" title="مصر&nbsp;–&nbsp;arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%25A1%25DC%25A8%25DC%25AA%25DC%259D%25DC%25A2" title="ܡܨܪܝܢ&nbsp;–&nbsp;araméen" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܨܪܝܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="araméen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1" title="مصر&nbsp;–&nbsp;arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="liste de qualité"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1" title="مصر&nbsp;–&nbsp;arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2587%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4" title="ইজিপ্ত&nbsp;–&nbsp;assamais" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইজিপ্ত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exiptu" title="Exiptu&nbsp;–&nbsp;asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Exiptu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Египет&nbsp;–&nbsp;avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra" title="Misra&nbsp;–&nbsp;kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Misra" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqiptu" title="Iqiptu&nbsp;–&nbsp;aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Iqiptu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir" title="Misir&nbsp;–&nbsp;azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Misir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1" title="میصر&nbsp;–&nbsp;South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میصر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D1%258B%25D1%2581%25D1%258B%25D1%2580" title="Мысыр&nbsp;–&nbsp;bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мысыр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir&nbsp;–&nbsp;balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptn" title="Egyptn&nbsp;–&nbsp;bavarois" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Egyptn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eg%25C4%2597pts" title="Egėpts&nbsp;–&nbsp;samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Egėpts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir" title="Misir&nbsp;–&nbsp;batak toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Misir" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="batak toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto&nbsp;–&nbsp;Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25B3%25D1%2596%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Егіпет&nbsp;–&nbsp;biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Егіпет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AD%25D0%25B3%25D1%2596%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Эгіпет&nbsp;–&nbsp;Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эгіпет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir&nbsp;–&nbsp;betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Египет&nbsp;–&nbsp;bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="मिस्र&nbsp;–&nbsp;Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मिस्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijip" title="Ijip&nbsp;–&nbsp;bichelamar" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Ijip" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bichelamar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir&nbsp;–&nbsp;banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra" title="Misra&nbsp;–&nbsp;bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Misra" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A6%25B0" title="মিশর&nbsp;–&nbsp;bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিশর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%25A8%25E0%25BD%25A0%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2585%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BC%258D" title="ཨའི་ཅི།&nbsp;–&nbsp;tibétain" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨའི་ཅི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibétain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A6%25B0" title="মিশর&nbsp;–&nbsp;bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মিশর" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt&nbsp;–&nbsp;breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Egipt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipat" title="Egipat&nbsp;–&nbsp;bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Egipat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir&nbsp;–&nbsp;Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25A8%2586%25E1%25A8%2599%25E1%25A8%2594%25E1%25A8%2597%25E1%25A8%2591" title="ᨆᨙᨔᨗᨑ&nbsp;–&nbsp;bugi" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨆᨙᨔᨗᨑ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="bugi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Египет&nbsp;–&nbsp;Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte&nbsp;–&nbsp;catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Egipte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto&nbsp;–&nbsp;Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Egipto" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%2582i-g%25C4%25ADk" title="Ăi-gĭk&nbsp;–&nbsp;Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ăi-gĭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Мисар&nbsp;–&nbsp;tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мисар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto&nbsp;–&nbsp;cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehiptu" title="Ehiptu&nbsp;–&nbsp;chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Ehiptu" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258E%25A2%25E1%258F%25A5%25E1%258F%2588%25E1%258E%25A2" title="ᎢᏥᏈᎢ&nbsp;–&nbsp;cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᏥᏈᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1" title="میسر&nbsp;–&nbsp;sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میسر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egittu" title="Egittu&nbsp;–&nbsp;corse" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Egittu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C4%25B1s%25C4%25B1r" title="Mısır&nbsp;–&nbsp;tatar de Crimée" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mısır" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tatar de Crimée" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt&nbsp;–&nbsp;kachoube" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Egipt" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kachoube" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2584%25D0%25B3%25D1%25B7%25D0%25BF%25D1%2582%25D1%258A" title="Єгѷптъ&nbsp;–&nbsp;slavon d’église" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єгѷптъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slavon d’église" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Египет&nbsp;–&nbsp;tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Aifft" title="Yr Aifft&nbsp;–&nbsp;gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Aifft" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten&nbsp;–&nbsp;danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Egypten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2584gypten" title="Ägypten&nbsp;–&nbsp;allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ägypten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C4%25B1s%25C4%25B1r" title="Mısır&nbsp;–&nbsp;Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mısır" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptojska" title="Egyptojska&nbsp;–&nbsp;bas-sorabe" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Egyptojska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="bas-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259F" title="इजिप्ट&nbsp;–&nbsp;Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इजिप्ट" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2589%25DE%25A8%25DE%259E%25DE%25B0%25DE%2583%25DE%25AA" title="މިޞްރު&nbsp;–&nbsp;maldivien" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މިޞްރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="maldivien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edzipti" title="Edzipti&nbsp;–&nbsp;éwé" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Edzipti" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="éwé" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2591%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B3%25CF%2585%25CF%2580%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582" title="Αίγυπτος&nbsp;–&nbsp;grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αίγυπτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptio" title="Egiptio&nbsp;–&nbsp;espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Egiptio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto&nbsp;–&nbsp;espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Egipto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptus" title="Egiptus&nbsp;–&nbsp;estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Egiptus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto&nbsp;–&nbsp;basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egipto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitu" title="Egitu&nbsp;–&nbsp;estrémègne" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Egitu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estrémègne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1" title="مصر&nbsp;–&nbsp;persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra" title="Misra&nbsp;–&nbsp;peul" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Misra" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="peul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="article recommandé"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypti" title="Egypti&nbsp;–&nbsp;finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Egypti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eg%25C3%25BCpt%25C3%25BCs" title="Egüptüs&nbsp;–&nbsp;võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Egüptüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijipita" title="Ijipita&nbsp;–&nbsp;fidjien" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ijipita" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptaland" title="Egyptaland&nbsp;–&nbsp;féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Egyptaland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2588gipta" title="Ègipta&nbsp;–&nbsp;francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ègipta" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten&nbsp;–&nbsp;frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Egypten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egjit" title="Egjit&nbsp;–&nbsp;frioulan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Egjit" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="frioulan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte" title="Egypte&nbsp;–&nbsp;frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Egypte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%25C3%2589igipt" title="An Éigipt&nbsp;–&nbsp;irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Éigipt" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C4%25B1s%25C4%25B1r" title="Mısır&nbsp;–&nbsp;gagaouze" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Mısır" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagaouze" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259F%2583%25E5%258F%258A" title="埃及&nbsp;–&nbsp;gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="埃及" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25A9jip" title="Léjip&nbsp;–&nbsp;créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Léjip" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%25C3%2588ipheit" title="An Èipheit&nbsp;–&nbsp;gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Èipheit" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exipto" title="Exipto&nbsp;–&nbsp;galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Exipto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eh%25C3%25ADto" title="Ehíto&nbsp;–&nbsp;guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ehíto" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2588%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4" title="ईजिप्त&nbsp;–&nbsp;konkani de Goa" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ईजिप्त" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="konkani de Goa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir&nbsp;–&nbsp;gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25B9%25F0%2590%258C%25B2%25F0%2590%258D%2585%25F0%2590%258D%2580%25F0%2590%258D%2584%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BF" title="𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍅𐍀𐍄𐌰𐌿&nbsp;–&nbsp;gotique" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍅𐍀𐍄𐌰𐌿" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%2587%25E0%25AA%259C%25E0%25AA%25BF%25E0%25AA%25AA%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25A4" title="ઇજિપ્ત&nbsp;–&nbsp;goudjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઇજિપ્ત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="goudjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;gurenne" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="gurenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Egypt" title="Yn Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Egypt" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra" title="Misra&nbsp;–&nbsp;haoussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Misra" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haoussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2582i-khi%25CC%258Dp" title="Âi-khi̍p&nbsp;–&nbsp;hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Âi-khi̍p" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CA%25BBAikupika" title="ʻAikupika&nbsp;–&nbsp;hawaïen" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻAikupika" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%25A6%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%259D" title="מצרים&nbsp;–&nbsp;hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="मिस्र&nbsp;–&nbsp;hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिस्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipat" title="Egipat&nbsp;–&nbsp;croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Egipat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptowska" title="Egyptowska&nbsp;–&nbsp;haut-sorabe" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Egyptowska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="haut-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejip" title="Ejip&nbsp;–&nbsp;créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ejip" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyiptom" title="Egyiptom&nbsp;–&nbsp;hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyiptom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B5%25D5%25A3%25D5%25AB%25D5%25BA%25D5%25BF%25D5%25B8%25D5%25BD" title="Եգիպտոս&nbsp;–&nbsp;arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եգիպտոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B5%25D5%25A3%25D5%25AB%25D5%25BA%25D5%25BF%25D5%25B8%25D5%25BD" title="Եգիպտոս&nbsp;–&nbsp;arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եգիպտոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypto" title="Egypto&nbsp;–&nbsp;interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Egypto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejip" title="Ejip&nbsp;–&nbsp;iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Ejip" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir&nbsp;–&nbsp;indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptia" title="Egiptia&nbsp;–&nbsp;interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Egiptia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masu%25C4%25A1aq" title="Masuġaq&nbsp;–&nbsp;inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Masuġaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto&nbsp;–&nbsp;ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5" title="Мисаре&nbsp;–&nbsp;ingouche" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Мисаре" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingouche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptia" title="Egiptia&nbsp;–&nbsp;ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Egiptia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptaland" title="Egyptaland&nbsp;–&nbsp;islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Egyptaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitto" title="Egitto&nbsp;–&nbsp;italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Egitto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25A8%25E3%2582%25B8%25E3%2583%2597%25E3%2583%2588" title="エジプト&nbsp;–&nbsp;japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エジプト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iijip" title="Iijip&nbsp;–&nbsp;créole jamaïcain" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Iijip" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="créole jamaïcain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/misrygu%2527e" title="misrygu'e&nbsp;–&nbsp;lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="misrygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir&nbsp;–&nbsp;javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2594" title="ეგვიპტე&nbsp;–&nbsp;géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეგვიპტე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C4%25B1s%25C4%25B1r" title="Mısır&nbsp;–&nbsp;karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mısır" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%25E1%25B9%25A3er" title="Maṣer&nbsp;–&nbsp;kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Maṣer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipiti" title="Egipiti&nbsp;–&nbsp;Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Egipiti" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%25CC%25B1sa%25CC%25B1t" title="Ma̱sa̱t&nbsp;–&nbsp;tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ma̱sa̱t" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misiri" title="Misiri&nbsp;–&nbsp;kikongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Misiri" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kikongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosir" title="Mosir&nbsp;–&nbsp;Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Mosir" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D1%258B%25D1%2581%25D1%258B%25D1%2580" title="Мысыр&nbsp;–&nbsp;kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мысыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%25A2%25E1%259F%2581%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259F%258A%25E1%259E%25B8%25E1%259E%2594" title="អេស៊ីប&nbsp;–&nbsp;khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អេស៊ីប" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%2588%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25AA%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%259F%25E0%25B3%258D" title="ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್&nbsp;–&nbsp;kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%259D%25B4%25EC%25A7%2591%25ED%258A%25B8" title="이집트&nbsp;–&nbsp;coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이집트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2590%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1" title="مِصر&nbsp;–&nbsp;cachemiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مِصر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cachemiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir" title="Misir&nbsp;–&nbsp;kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Misir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582_%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Египет Араб Республика&nbsp;–&nbsp;komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Египет Араб Республика" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejyp" title="Ejyp&nbsp;–&nbsp;cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ejyp" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Египет&nbsp;–&nbsp;kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus" title="Aegyptus&nbsp;–&nbsp;latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aegyptus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayifto" title="Ayifto&nbsp;–&nbsp;ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ayifto" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten&nbsp;–&nbsp;luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Egypten" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="Мисри&nbsp;–&nbsp;Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Мисри" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="Мисри&nbsp;–&nbsp;lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Мисри" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misre" title="Misre&nbsp;–&nbsp;lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Misre" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte" title="Egypte&nbsp;–&nbsp;limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Egypte" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitto" title="Egitto&nbsp;–&nbsp;ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Egitto" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egit" title="Egit&nbsp;–&nbsp;Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Egit" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egit" title="Egit&nbsp;–&nbsp;lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Egit" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejipte" title="Ejipte&nbsp;–&nbsp;lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ejipte" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%259B%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%25AD%25E0%25BA%25A2%25E0%25BA%25B4%25E0%25BA%259A" title="ປະເທດເອຢິບ&nbsp;–&nbsp;lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເອຢິບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptas" title="Egiptas&nbsp;–&nbsp;lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Egiptas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%2592%25C4%25A3ipte" title="Ēģipte&nbsp;–&nbsp;letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ēģipte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir&nbsp;–&nbsp;madurais" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="मिस्र&nbsp;–&nbsp;maïthili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मिस्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maïthili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir&nbsp;–&nbsp;Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D1%2582" title="Эгипт&nbsp;–&nbsp;mokcha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эгипт" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejipta" title="Ejipta&nbsp;–&nbsp;malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ejipta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Египет&nbsp;–&nbsp;Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25AAhipa" title="Īhipa&nbsp;–&nbsp;maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Īhipa" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir&nbsp;–&nbsp;minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Египет&nbsp;–&nbsp;macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%2588%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B5%258D" title="ഈജിപ്റ്റ്&nbsp;–&nbsp;malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഈജിപ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Египет&nbsp;–&nbsp;mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%258F%25EA%25AF%2596%25EA%25AF%25A4%25EA%25AF%259E" title="ꯏꯖꯤꯞ&nbsp;–&nbsp;manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯖꯤꯞ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4" title="इजिप्त&nbsp;–&nbsp;marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इजिप्त" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Египет&nbsp;–&nbsp;mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir&nbsp;–&nbsp;malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%25C4%25A1ittu" title="Eġittu&nbsp;–&nbsp;maltais" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Eġittu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigito" title="Eigito&nbsp;–&nbsp;mirandais" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eigito" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25B6" title="အီဂျစ်နိုင်ငံ&nbsp;–&nbsp;birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီဂျစ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Египет Мастор&nbsp;–&nbsp;erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Египет Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1" title="مصر&nbsp;–&nbsp;mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naggitto" title="Naggitto&nbsp;–&nbsp;napolitain" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Naggitto" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2584gypten" title="Ägypten&nbsp;–&nbsp;bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ägypten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte_(laand)" title="Egypte (laand)&nbsp;–&nbsp;bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Egypte (laand)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259F" title="इजिप्ट&nbsp;–&nbsp;népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इजिप्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="मिस्र&nbsp;–&nbsp;newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मिस्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir&nbsp;–&nbsp;niha" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="niha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte_(land)" title="Egypte (land)&nbsp;–&nbsp;néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Egypte (land)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptia" title="Egiptia&nbsp;–&nbsp;novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Egiptia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DF%258C%25DF%2596%25DF%25AD%25DF%258C%25DF%2594%25DF%2591%25DF%2595" title="ߌߖ߭ߌߔߑߕ&nbsp;–&nbsp;n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߌߖ߭ߌߔߑߕ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258Agypte" title="Êgypte&nbsp;–&nbsp;Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Êgypte" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;sotho du Nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahidiit%25C5%2582%25CA%25BCintsoh_Da%25CA%25BC%25C3%25AD%25C3%25AD%25C5%2582%25CA%25BC%25C3%25ADn%25C3%25AD_Bik%25C3%25A9yah" title="Ahidiitłʼintsoh Daʼííłʼíní Bikéyah&nbsp;–&nbsp;navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ahidiitłʼintsoh Daʼííłʼíní Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte&nbsp;–&nbsp;occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Egipte" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jegiptu" title="Jegiptu&nbsp;–&nbsp;Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Jegiptu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijiipti" title="Ijiipti&nbsp;–&nbsp;oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ijiipti" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%2587%25E0%25AC%259C%25E0%25AC%25BF%25E0%25AC%25AA%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%259F" title="ଇଜିପ୍ଟ&nbsp;–&nbsp;odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଜିପ୍ଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D1%258B%25D1%2581%25D1%258B%25D1%2580" title="Мысыр&nbsp;–&nbsp;ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мысыр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25B0" title="ਮਿਸਰ&nbsp;–&nbsp;pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਸਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejiptu" title="Ejiptu&nbsp;–&nbsp;pampangan" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ejiptu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto&nbsp;–&nbsp;papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Egipto" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589djipe" title="Édjipe&nbsp;–&nbsp;picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Édjipe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejipt" title="Ejipt&nbsp;–&nbsp;pidgin nigérian" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Ejipt" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="pidgin nigérian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2588%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259F" title="ईजिप्ट&nbsp;–&nbsp;pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ईजिप्ट" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt&nbsp;–&nbsp;polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Egipt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egit" title="Egit&nbsp;–&nbsp;piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Egit" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1" title="مصر&nbsp;–&nbsp;Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2591%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B3%25CF%2585%25CF%2580%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582" title="Αίγυπτος&nbsp;–&nbsp;pontique" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Αίγυπτος" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="pontique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1" title="مصر&nbsp;–&nbsp;pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egito" title="Egito&nbsp;–&nbsp;portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Egito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idjiputu" title="Idjiputu&nbsp;–&nbsp;Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="Idjiputu" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihiptu" title="Ihiptu&nbsp;–&nbsp;quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ihiptu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipta" title="Egipta&nbsp;–&nbsp;romanche" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Egipta" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25AAsire" title="Mêsire&nbsp;–&nbsp;Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Mêsire" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misiri" title="Misiri&nbsp;–&nbsp;roundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Misiri" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="roundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt&nbsp;–&nbsp;roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Egipt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitte" title="Egitte&nbsp;–&nbsp;Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Egitte" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Египет&nbsp;–&nbsp;russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D2%2591%25D1%2596%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Еґіпет&nbsp;–&nbsp;ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Еґіпет" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B6" title="मिस्रदेश&nbsp;–&nbsp;sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मिस्रदेश" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D1%258D%25D1%2582" title="Эгиипэт&nbsp;–&nbsp;iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эгиипэт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25A2%25E1%25B1%25A4%25E1%25B1%25A5%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%259A" title="ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱚ&nbsp;–&nbsp;santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitu" title="Egitu&nbsp;–&nbsp;sarde" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Egitu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggittu" title="Eggittu&nbsp;–&nbsp;sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eggittu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyp" title="Egyp&nbsp;–&nbsp;écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Egyp" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1" title="مصر&nbsp;–&nbsp;sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypta" title="Egypta&nbsp;–&nbsp;same du Nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Egypta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="same du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25A2mit%25C3%25A2" title="Kâmitâ&nbsp;–&nbsp;sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Kâmitâ" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipat" title="Egipat&nbsp;–&nbsp;serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Egipat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%25E1%25B9%25A3ra" title="Miṣra&nbsp;–&nbsp;chleuh" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Miṣra" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="chleuh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%25A2%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2581%25B5%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%2588" title="မိူင်းဢီးၵျိပ်ႈ&nbsp;–&nbsp;shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢီးၵျိပ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%258A%25E0%25B6%25A2%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25B4%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B7%2594%25E0%25B7%2580" title="ඊජිප්තුව&nbsp;–&nbsp;cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඊජිප්තුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1" title="مصر&nbsp;–&nbsp;Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt&nbsp;–&nbsp;slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Egipt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikupito" title="Aikupito&nbsp;–&nbsp;samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Aikupito" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;same d’Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="same d’Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijipita" title="Ijipita&nbsp;–&nbsp;shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ijipita" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masar_(Kumaad)" title="Masar (Kumaad)&nbsp;–&nbsp;somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Masar (Kumaad)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egjipti" title="Egjipti&nbsp;–&nbsp;albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Egjipti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582" title="Египат&nbsp;–&nbsp;serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Египат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptakondre" title="Egiptakondre&nbsp;–&nbsp;sranan tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Egiptakondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGibhithe" title="IGibhithe&nbsp;–&nbsp;swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IGibhithe" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egepeta" title="Egepeta&nbsp;–&nbsp;sotho du Sud" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Egepeta" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sotho du Sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2584gypten" title="Ägypten&nbsp;–&nbsp;saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ägypten" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir&nbsp;–&nbsp;soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten&nbsp;–&nbsp;suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Egypten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misri" title="Misri&nbsp;–&nbsp;swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Misri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt&nbsp;–&nbsp;silésien" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Egipt" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%258E%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%2581" title="எகிப்து&nbsp;–&nbsp;tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எகிப்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%2588%25E0%25B0%259C%25E0%25B0%25BF%25E0%25B0%25AA%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%259F%25E0%25B1%2581" title="ఈజిప్టు&nbsp;–&nbsp;télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఈజిప్టు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejitu" title="Ejitu&nbsp;–&nbsp;tétoum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Ejitu" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tétoum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2580" title="Миср&nbsp;–&nbsp;tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Миср" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B9%258C" title="ประเทศอียิปต์&nbsp;–&nbsp;thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอียิปต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258C%258D%25E1%2589%25A5%25E1%258C%25BA" title="ግብጺ&nbsp;–&nbsp;tigrigna" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ግብጺ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrigna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25BCs%25C3%25BCr" title="Müsür&nbsp;–&nbsp;turkmène" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Müsür" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto&nbsp;–&nbsp;tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir" title="Misir&nbsp;–&nbsp;talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Misir" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CA%25BBIsipite" title="ʻIsipite&nbsp;–&nbsp;tongien" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻIsipite" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijip" title="Ijip&nbsp;–&nbsp;tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ijip" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C4%25B1s%25C4%25B1r" title="Mısır&nbsp;–&nbsp;turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mısır" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibita" title="Gibita&nbsp;–&nbsp;tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Gibita" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%258B%25D1%2580" title="Мисыр&nbsp;–&nbsp;tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мисыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt&nbsp;–&nbsp;tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrim" title="Misrim&nbsp;–&nbsp;twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Misrim" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%2580%2599Aifiti" title="’Aifiti&nbsp;–&nbsp;tahitien" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="’Aifiti" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="tahitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Египет&nbsp;–&nbsp;touvain" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="touvain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Египет&nbsp;–&nbsp;oudmourte" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="oudmourte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2589%25D8%25B3%25D9%2589%25D8%25B1" title="مىسىر&nbsp;–&nbsp;ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مىسىر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2584%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Єгипет&nbsp;–&nbsp;ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єгипет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1" title="مصر&nbsp;–&nbsp;ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misr" title="Misr&nbsp;–&nbsp;ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Misr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezito" title="Ezito&nbsp;–&nbsp;vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ezito" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt&nbsp;–&nbsp;vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Egipt" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_C%25E1%25BA%25ADp" title="Ai Cập&nbsp;–&nbsp;vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ai Cập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte" title="Egypte&nbsp;–&nbsp;flamand occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Egypte" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamand occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25A4g%25C3%25BCpt%25C3%25A4n" title="Lägüptän&nbsp;–&nbsp;volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lägüptän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edjipe" title="Edjipe&nbsp;–&nbsp;wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Edjipe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto&nbsp;–&nbsp;waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isipt" title="Isipt&nbsp;–&nbsp;wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Isipt" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259F%2583%25E5%258F%258A" title="埃及&nbsp;–&nbsp;wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃及" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2594" title="ეგვიპტე&nbsp;–&nbsp;mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეგვიპტე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A2%25D7%2592%25D7%2599%25D7%25A4%25D7%2598%25D7%259F" title="עגיפטן&nbsp;–&nbsp;yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עגיפטן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258Cj%25C3%25ADpt%25C3%25AC" title="Ìjíptì&nbsp;–&nbsp;yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìjíptì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aihgiz" title="Aihgiz&nbsp;–&nbsp;zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Aihgiz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehypte" title="Ehypte&nbsp;–&nbsp;zélandais" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Ehypte" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zélandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%25B5%258E%25E2%25B5%2589%25E2%25B5%259A%25E2%25B5%2595%25E2%25B4%25B0" title="ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ&nbsp;–&nbsp;amazighe standard marocain" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazighe standard marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259F%2583%25E5%258F%258A" title="埃及&nbsp;–&nbsp;chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃及" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259F%2583%25E5%258F%258A" title="埃及&nbsp;–&nbsp;chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="埃及" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-ki%25CC%258Dp" title="Ai-ki̍p&nbsp;–&nbsp;minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ai-ki̍p" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259F%2583%25E5%258F%258A" title="埃及&nbsp;–&nbsp;cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="埃及" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGibhithe" title="IGibhithe&nbsp;–&nbsp;zoulou" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IGibhithe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zoulou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul 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