CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Neurosteroid - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"76a14f8e-72fc-4c0a-806b-823adc2648ba","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Neurosteroid","wgTitle":"Neurosteroid","wgCurRevisionId":1239352254,"wgRevisionId":1239352254,"wgArticleId":2404301,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017","Use dmy dates from April 2017","Neurosteroids","Neurophysiology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Neurosteroid","wgRelevantArticleId":2404301,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Neuroactive_steroid","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Neurosteroid","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2659374","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Zuranolone.svg/1200px-Zuranolone.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="952"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Zuranolone.svg/800px-Zuranolone.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="634"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Zuranolone.svg/640px-Zuranolone.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="508"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Neurosteroid - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosteroid"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosteroid"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Neurosteroid rootpage-Neurosteroid skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Neurosteroid" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Neurosteroid" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Neurosteroid" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Neurosteroid" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inhibitory_neurosteroids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhibitory_neurosteroids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Inhibitory neurosteroids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhibitory_neurosteroids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excitatory_neurosteroids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excitatory_neurosteroids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Excitatory neurosteroids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excitatory_neurosteroids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pheromones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pheromones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pheromones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pheromones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_neurosteroids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_neurosteroids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Other neurosteroids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_neurosteroids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Biological activity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_activity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biological activity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sigma-1_receptor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sigma-1_receptor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sigma-1 receptor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sigma-1_receptor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Therapeutic_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutic_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Therapeutic applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Therapeutic_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Therapeutic applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Therapeutic_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anesthesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anesthesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Anesthesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anesthesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ganaxolone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ganaxolone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ganaxolone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ganaxolone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catamenial_epilepsy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catamenial_epilepsy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Catamenial epilepsy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catamenial_epilepsy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allopregnanolone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allopregnanolone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Allopregnanolone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allopregnanolone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Other applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_antidepressant_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_antidepressant_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Role in antidepressant action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_antidepressant_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benzodiazepine_effects_on_neurosteroids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benzodiazepine_effects_on_neurosteroids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Benzodiazepine effects on neurosteroids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benzodiazepine_effects_on_neurosteroids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neurosteroid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ستيرويدات عصبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستيرويدات عصبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesteroide" title="Neuroesteroide – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neuroesteroide" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesteroide" title="Neuroesteroide – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neuroesteroide" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="نورواستروئید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نورواستروئید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9ro%C3%AFde_neuroactif" title="Stéroïde neuroactif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stéroïde neuroactif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="Neurosteroid – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neurosteroid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroide_neuroattivo" title="Steroide neuroattivo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Steroide neuroattivo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B5%8C%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="神経ステロイド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神経ステロイド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosteroidy" title="Neurosteroidy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neurosteroidy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Нейростероид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нейростероид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroaktivni_steroid" title="Neuroaktivni steroid – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Neuroaktivni steroid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroaktivni_steroid" title="Neuroaktivni steroid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neuroaktivni steroid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2659374#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Neurosteroid" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Neurosteroid" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Neurosteroid" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&oldid=1239352254" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Neurosteroid&id=1239352254&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNeurosteroid"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNeurosteroid"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Neurosteroid&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neurosteroids" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2659374" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroactive_steroid&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroid</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Compounds that affect neuronal excitability through modulation of specific ionotropic receptors</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuranolone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Zuranolone.svg/220px-Zuranolone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Zuranolone.svg/330px-Zuranolone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Zuranolone.svg/440px-Zuranolone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zuranolone" title="Zuranolone">Zuranolone</a>, an example of a neurosteroid, used for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">postpartum depression</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Neurosteroids</b>, also known as <b>neuroactive steroids</b>, are <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenous</a> or exogenous <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroids</a> that rapidly alter <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuronal</a> excitability through interaction with <a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">ligand-gated ion channels</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">cell surface receptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1347506_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1347506-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7729823_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7729823-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>neurosteroid</i> was coined by the French <a href="/wiki/Physiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologist">physiologist</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-%C3%89mile_Baulieu" title="Étienne-Émile Baulieu">Étienne-Émile Baulieu</a> and refers to steroids synthesized in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21094889_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21094889-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term, <i>neuroactive steroid</i> refers to steroids that can be synthesized in the brain, or are synthesized by an <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">endocrine gland</a>, that then reach the brain through the bloodstream and have effects on brain function.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22072656_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22072656-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term neuroactive steroids was first coined in 1992 by Steven Paul and Robert Purdy. In addition to their actions on neuronal membrane receptors, some of these steroids may also exert effects on <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> via nuclear <a href="/wiki/Steroid_hormone_receptor" title="Steroid hormone receptor">steroid hormone receptors</a>. Neurosteroids have a wide range of potential clinical applications from <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a> to treatment of <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19332335_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19332335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17531324_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17531324-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15694225_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15694225-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ganaxolone" title="Ganaxolone">Ganaxolone</a>, a synthetic analog of the endogenous neurosteroid <a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">allopregnanolone</a>, is under investigation for the treatment of epilepsy.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23219031_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23219031-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_neurosteroids" title="List of neurosteroids">List of neurosteroids</a></div> <p>Based on differences in <a href="/wiki/Biological_activity" title="Biological activity">activity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">structure</a>, neurosteroids can be broadly categorized into several different major groupings.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21094889_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21094889-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhibitory_neurosteroids">Inhibitory neurosteroids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inhibitory neurosteroids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These neurosteroids exert <a href="/wiki/Inhibitory_postsynaptic_potential" title="Inhibitory postsynaptic potential">inhibitory</a> actions on <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmission" title="Neurotransmission">neurotransmission</a>. They act as <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulator">positive allosteric modulators</a> of the <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/GABRD" title="GABRD">δ subunit</a>-containing <a href="/wiki/Isoform" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoform">isoforms</a>), and possess, in no particular order, <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(psychological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (psychological)">stress-reducing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">rewarding</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12153544_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12153544-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prosocial_behavior" title="Prosocial behavior">prosocial</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19656632_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19656632-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Serenic" title="Serenic">antiaggressive</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15677716_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15677716-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">prosexual</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19656632_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19656632-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">pro-sleep</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23092405_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23092405-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive deficit">cognitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive deficit">memory-impairing</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23948490_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23948490-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anesthetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroprotective" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroprotective">neuroprotective</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neurogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurogenic">neurogenic</a> effects.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21094889_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21094889-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major examples include <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone">tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone</a> (THDOC), the <a href="/wiki/Androstane" title="Androstane">androstane</a> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-androstanediol" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-androstanediol">3α-androstanediol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cholestane" title="Cholestane">cholestane</a> <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pregnane" title="Pregnane">pregnanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Pregnanolone" title="Pregnanolone">pregnanolone</a> (eltanolone), <a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">allopregnanolone</a> (3α,5α-THP).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24806926_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24806926-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LevitanSingh2014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevitanSingh2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excitatory_neurosteroids">Excitatory neurosteroids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Excitatory neurosteroids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These neurosteroids have <a href="/wiki/Excitatory_postsynaptic_potential" title="Excitatory postsynaptic potential">excitatory</a> effects on neurotransmission. They act as potent <a href="/wiki/Negative_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative allosteric modulator">negative allosteric modulators</a> of the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor, weak positive allosteric modulators of the <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA receptor</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor" title="Sigma-1 receptor">σ<sub>1</sub> receptor</a>, and mostly have <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiogenic" title="Anxiogenic">anxiogenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">cognitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">memory-enhancing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convulsant" title="Convulsant">convulsant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroprotective" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroprotective">neuroprotective</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neurogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurogenic">neurogenic</a> effects.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21094889_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21094889-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major examples include the pregnanes <a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">pregnenolone sulfate</a> (PS), <a href="/wiki/Epipregnanolone" title="Epipregnanolone">epipregnanolone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isopregnanolone" title="Isopregnanolone">isopregnanolone</a> (sepranolone), the androstanes <a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">dehydroepiandrosterone</a> (DHEA; <a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">prasterone</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate</a> (DHEA-S; <a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">prasterone sulfate</a>), and the cholestane <a href="/wiki/24S-hydroxycholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="24S-hydroxycholesterol">24(<i>S</i>)-hydroxycholesterol</a> (NMDA receptor-selective; very potent).<sup id="cite_ref-PaulDoherty2013_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaulDoherty2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pheromones">Pheromones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pheromones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pheromone#Axillary_steroids" title="Pheromone">Pheromone § Axillary steroids</a></div> <p>Pheromones are neurosteroids that influence brain activity, notably <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamic</a> function, via activation of <a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">vomeronasal receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HawkesDoty2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HawkesDoty2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monti-BlochJennings-White1994_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monti-BlochJennings-White1994-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LiebowitzSalman2014_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiebowitzSalman2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possible human pheromones include the androstanes <a href="/wiki/Androstadienol" title="Androstadienol">androstadienol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Androstadienone" title="Androstadienone">androstadienone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Androstenol" title="Androstenol">androstenol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Androstenone" title="Androstenone">androstenone</a> and the estrane <a href="/wiki/Estratetraenol" title="Estratetraenol">estratetraenol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_neurosteroids">Other neurosteroids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other neurosteroids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain other endogenous steroids, such as <a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">pregnenolone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21756978_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21756978-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11108866_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11108866-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22687885_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22687885-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22072656_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22072656-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">corticosterone</a> are also neurosteroids. However, unlike those listed above, these neurosteroids do not modulate the GABA<sub>A</sub> or NMDA receptors, and instead affect various other cell surface receptors and non-genomic targets. Also, many endogenous steroids, including pregnenolone, progesterone, corticosterone, <a href="/wiki/Deoxycorticosterone" title="Deoxycorticosterone">deoxycorticosterone</a>, DHEA, and <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolized</a> into (other) neurosteroids, effectively functioning as so-called <i>pro</i>neurosteroids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neurosteroids are synthesized from <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, which is converted into pregnenolone and then into all other endogenous steroids. Neurosteroids are produced in the brain after local synthesis or by conversion of peripherally-derived adrenal steroids or gonadal steroids. They accumulate especially in myelinating glial cells, from cholesterol or steroidal precursors imported from peripheral sources.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16984997_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16984997-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11750861_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11750861-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/SRD5A1" title="SRD5A1">5α-reductase type I</a> and <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase</a> are involved in the biosynthesis of inhibitory neurosteroids, while <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxysteroid_sulfotransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase">hydroxysteroid sulfotransferases</a> are involved in excitatory neurosteroid production.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21094889_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21094889-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some major known <a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">biological functions</a> of neurosteroids include modulation of <a href="/wiki/Neural_plasticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural plasticity">neural plasticity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17372131_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17372131-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> processes,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11599303_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11599303-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11599304_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11599304-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18567641_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18567641-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Seizure_threshold" title="Seizure threshold">seizure susceptibility</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22101060_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22101060-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as responses to <a href="/wiki/Stress_(psychological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (psychological)">stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19656632_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19656632-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17597217_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17597217-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neurosteroids also appear to play an important role in various <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually-dimorphic</a> behaviors and emotional responses.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18567641_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18567641-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acute stress elevates the levels of inhibitory neurosteroids like allopregnanolone, and these neurosteroids are known to counteract many of the effects of stress.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24044974_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24044974-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is similar to the case of <a href="/wiki/Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorphin">endorphins</a>, which are released in response to stress and physical pain and counteract the negative subjective effects of such states. As such, it has been suggested that one of the biological functions of these <a href="/wiki/Neuromodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromodulator">neuromodulators</a> may be to help maintain emotional <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11599304_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11599304-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid24929099_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24929099-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">Chronic stress</a> has been associated with diminished levels of allopregnanolone and altered allopregnanolone stress responsivity, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric disorder">psychiatric disorders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis">hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis</a> dysregulation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17597217_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17597217-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid24044974_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24044974-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is thought that fluctuations in the levels of inhibitory neurosteroids during the <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> play an important role in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">women's</a> <a href="/wiki/Medical_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical condition">conditions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome" title="Premenstrual syndrome">premenstrual syndrome</a> (PMS), <a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder" title="Premenstrual dysphoric disorder">premenstrual dysphoric disorder</a> (PMDD), <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">postpartum depression</a> (PPD), <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">postpartum psychosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catamenial_epilepsy" title="Catamenial epilepsy">catamenial epilepsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14993039_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14993039-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18346939_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18346939-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21533709_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21533709-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, it is thought that changes in neurosteroid levels may be involved in the changes in mood, anxiety, and sexual desire that occur during <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> in both sexes and during <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a> in women.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21094889_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21094889-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10818386_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10818386-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21704130_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21704130-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elevated levels of inhibitory neurosteroids, namely allopregnanolone, can produce paradoxical effects, such as <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">negative mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">irritability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16724185_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16724185-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21600269_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21600269-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19272715_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19272715-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23978486_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23978486-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This appears to be because these neurosteroids, like other positive allosteric modulators of the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor such as the <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14993039_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14993039-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23978486_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23978486-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possess biphasic, U-shaped actions – moderate levels (in the range of 1.5–2 nM/L total alloprogesterone, which are approximately equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Luteal_phase" title="Luteal phase">luteal phase</a> levels) inhibit the activity of the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor, while lower and higher concentrations facilitate the activity of the receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21600269_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21600269-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19272715_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19272715-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_activity">Biological activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biological activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sigma-1_receptor">Sigma-1 receptor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sigma-1 receptor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Neurosteroids at the <a href="/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor" title="Sigma-1 receptor">σ<sub>1</sub> receptor</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11744080_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11744080-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Compound</th> <th>K<sub>i</sub> (nM)</th> <th>Action</th> <th>Species</th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></td> <td>268</td> <td>Antagonist</td> <td>Guinea pig</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2832949_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2832949-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15547787_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15547787-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deoxycorticosterone" title="Deoxycorticosterone">Deoxycorticosterone</a></td> <td>938</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>Guinea pig</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2832949_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2832949-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15547787_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15547787-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></td> <td>1,014</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>Guinea pig</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2832949_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2832949-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15547787_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15547787-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td>Agonist</td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></td> <td>3,198</td> <td>Agonist</td> <td>Guinea pig</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2832949_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2832949-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15547787_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15547787-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone"><abbr title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone</span></td> <td>3,700</td> <td>Agonist</td> <td>?</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15547787_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15547787-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate"><abbr title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate</span></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td>Agonist</td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a></td> <td>4,074</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>Guinea pig</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2832949_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2832949-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Therapeutic_applications">Therapeutic applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Therapeutic applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neuroactive_steroids.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Neuroactive_steroids.png/220px-Neuroactive_steroids.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Neuroactive_steroids.png/330px-Neuroactive_steroids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Neuroactive_steroids.png 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Older clinically used synthetic neuroactive steroids.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anesthesia">Anesthesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Anesthesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several synthetic neurosteroids have been used as <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedatives</a> for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/General_anaesthesia" title="General anaesthesia">general anaesthesia</a> for carrying out surgical procedures. The best known of these are <a href="/wiki/Alphaxolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphaxolone">alphaxolone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Althesin" class="mw-redirect" title="Althesin">alphadolone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxydione" title="Hydroxydione">hydroxydione</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minaxolone" title="Minaxolone">minaxolone</a>. The first of these to be introduced was hydroxydione, which is the esterified 21-hydroxy derivative of 5β-pregnanedione. Hydroxydione proved to be a useful anaesthetic drug with a good safety profile, but was painful and irritating when injected probably due to poor water solubility. This led to the development of newer neuroactive steroids. The next drug from this family to be marketed was a mixture of alphaxolone and alphadolone, known as <a href="/wiki/Althesin" class="mw-redirect" title="Althesin">Althesin</a>. This was withdrawn from human use due to rare but serious toxic reactions, but is still used in <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicine</a>. The next neurosteroid anaesthetic introduced into human medicine was the newer drug minaxolone, which is around three times more potent than althesin and retains the favourable safety profile, without the toxicity problems seen with althesin. However this drug was also ultimately withdrawn, not because of problems in clinical use, but because animal studies suggested potential carcinogenicity and since alternative agents were available it was felt that the possible risk outweighed the benefit of keeping the drug on the market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ganaxolone">Ganaxolone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ganaxolone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganaxolone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ganaxolone.svg/220px-Ganaxolone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ganaxolone.svg/330px-Ganaxolone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ganaxolone.svg/440px-Ganaxolone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Ganaxolone, a neuroactive steroid currently in clinical development.</figcaption></figure> <p>The neurosteroid <a href="/wiki/Ganaxolone" title="Ganaxolone">ganaxolone</a>, an analog of the progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone, has been extensively investigated in animal models and is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>. Neurosteroids, including ganaxolone have a broad spectrum of activity in animal models.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may have advantages over other GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor modulators, notably benzodiazepines, in that tolerance does not appear to occur with extended use.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A randomized, placebo controlled, 10-week phase 2 clinical trial of orally administered ganaxolone in adults with partial onset seizure demonstrated that the treatment is safe, well tolerated and efficacious.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23219031_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23219031-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drug continued to demonstrate efficacy in a 104-week open label extension. Data from non-clinical studies suggest that ganaxolone may have low risk for use in pregnancy. In addition to use in the treatment of epilepsy, the drug has potential in the treatment of a broad range of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Proof-of-concept studies are currently underway in posttraumatic stress disorder and fragile X syndrome. Ganaxolone was approved for medical use in the United States in March 2022. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catamenial_epilepsy">Catamenial epilepsy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Catamenial epilepsy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers have suggested the use of so-called "neurosteroid replacement therapy" as a way of treating <a href="/wiki/Catamenial_epilepsy" title="Catamenial epilepsy">catamenial epilepsy</a> with neuroactive steroids such as ganaxolone during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycle</a> when <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizure</a> frequency increases.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19332335_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19332335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Micronized_progesterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronized progesterone">Micronized progesterone</a>, which behaves reliably as a <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrug</a> to allopregnanolone, has been suggested as a treatment for catamenial epilepsy in the same manner.<sup id="cite_ref-DevinskySchachter2005_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DevinskySchachter2005-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Allopregnanolone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Allopregnanolone (SAGE-547) is under development as an <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenous therapy</a> for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Super-refractory_status_epilepticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-refractory status epilepticus">super-refractory status epilepticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">postpartum depression</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">essential tremor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AdisInsight-1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_applications">Other applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/4,16-Androstadien-3%CE%B2-ol" class="mw-redirect" title="4,16-Androstadien-3β-ol">4,16-Androstadien-3β-ol</a> (PH94B, Aloradine) is a synthetic pheromone, or <i><a href="/wiki/Pherine" title="Pherine">pherine</a></i>, neurosteroid which is under investigation for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a> in women.<sup id="cite_ref-Monti-BlochJennings-White1994_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monti-BlochJennings-White1994-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LiebowitzSalman2014_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiebowitzSalman2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GriebelHolmes2013_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GriebelHolmes2013-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Methoxypregnenolone" title="3β-Methoxypregnenolone">3β-Methoxypregnenolone</a> (MAP-4343), or pregnenolone 3β-methyl ether, is a synthetic neuroactive steroid and pregnenolone derivative that interacts with <a href="/wiki/Microtubule-associated_protein_2" title="Microtubule-associated protein 2">microtubule-associated protein 2</a> (MAP2) in a similar manner to pregnenolone and is under development for potential clinical use for indications such as the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Brain_injury" title="Brain injury">brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury" title="Spinal cord injury">spinal cord injury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depressive_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Depressive disorder">depressive disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AdisInsight-2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21704982_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21704982-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22307636_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22307636-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26251072_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26251072-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_antidepressant_action">Role in antidepressant action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Role in antidepressant action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a> drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">fluoxetine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">fluvoxamine</a>, which are generally thought to affect depression by acting as <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a> (SSRIs), have also been found to normalize the levels of certain neurosteroids (which are frequently deficient in depressed patients) at doses that are inactive in affecting the <a href="/wiki/Reuptake" title="Reuptake">reuptake</a> of <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>. This suggests that other actions involving neurosteroids may also be at play in the effectiveness of these drugs against depression.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9501247_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9501247-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16432684_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16432684-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase</a> (3α-HSD) enzyme is <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inducer" title="Enzyme inducer">induced</a> by certain (SSRIs), including <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">fluoxetine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">fluvoxamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">sertraline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">paroxetine</a>, as well as by certain other <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a> like <a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">venlafaxine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>, and these antidepressants have been found to increase inhibitory neurosteroid levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Reddy2010_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reddy2010-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10557352_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10557352-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20716970_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20716970-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16344854_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16344854-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enhancement of biosynthesis of inhibitory neurosteroids has been implicated in the <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a> effects of some of the SSRIs.<sup id="cite_ref-Reddy2010_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reddy2010-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benzodiazepine_effects_on_neurosteroids">Benzodiazepine effects on neurosteroids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Benzodiazepine effects on neurosteroids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">Benzodiazepines</a> may influence neurosteroid metabolism by virtue of their actions on <a href="/wiki/Translocator_protein" title="Translocator protein">translocator protein</a> (TSPO; "peripheral benzodiazepine receptor").<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22014182_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22014182-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pharmacological" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacological">pharmacological</a> actions of benzodiazepines at the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor are similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Neurosteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurosteroids">neurosteroids</a>. Factors which affect the ability of individual benzodiazepines to alter neurosteroid levels may depend upon whether the individual benzodiazepine drug interacts with TSPO. Some benzodiazepines may also inhibit neurosteroidogenic enzymes reducing neurosteroid synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neurosteroids" title="List of neurosteroids">List of neurosteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosteroidogenesis_inhibitor" title="Neurosteroidogenesis inhibitor">Neurosteroidogenesis inhibitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_steroid_receptor" title="Membrane steroid receptor">Membrane steroid receptor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid1347506-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid1347506_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPaulPurdy1992" class="citation journal cs1">Paul SM, Purdy RH (March 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffasebj.6.6.1347506">"Neuroactive steroids"</a>. <i>FASEB Journal</i>. <b>6</b> (6): 2311–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffasebj.6.6.1347506">10.1096/fasebj.6.6.1347506</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1347506">1347506</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221753076">221753076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FASEB+Journal&rft.atitle=Neuroactive+steroids&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2311-22&rft.date=1992-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221753076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1347506&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffasebj.6.6.1347506&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Purdy%2C+RH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1096%252Ffasebj.6.6.1347506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7729823-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7729823_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanGee1994" class="citation journal cs1">Lan NC, Gee KW (December 1994). "Neuroactive steroid actions at the GABAA receptor". <i>Hormones and Behavior</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 537–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fhbeh.1994.1052">10.1006/hbeh.1994.1052</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7729823">7729823</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40697424">40697424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hormones+and+Behavior&rft.atitle=Neuroactive+steroid+actions+at+the+GABAA+receptor&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=537-44&rft.date=1994-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40697424%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7729823&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fhbeh.1994.1052&rft.aulast=Lan&rft.aufirst=NC&rft.au=Gee%2C+KW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21094889-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21094889_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21094889_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21094889_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21094889_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21094889_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21094889_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy2010" class="citation book cs1">Reddy DS (2010). "Neurosteroids". <i>Sex Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications</i>. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 186. pp. 113–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-444-53630-3.00008-7">10.1016/B978-0-444-53630-3.00008-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444536303" title="Special:BookSources/9780444536303"><bdi>9780444536303</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139029">3139029</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21094889">21094889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neurosteroids&rft.btitle=Sex+Differences+in+the+Human+Brain%2C+their+Underpinnings+and+Implications&rft.series=Progress+in+Brain+Research&rft.pages=113-37&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3139029%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21094889&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-444-53630-3.00008-7&rft.isbn=9780444536303&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=DS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddyRogawski2012" class="citation book cs1">Reddy DS, Rogawski MA (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK98218/">"Neurosteroids — Endogenous Regulators of Seizure Susceptibility and Role in the Treatment of Epilepsy"</a>. In Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, et al. (eds.). <i>Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies [Internet]. 4th edition. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</i>. National Center for Biotechnology Information (US). <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22787590">22787590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neurosteroids+%E2%80%94+Endogenous+Regulators+of+Seizure+Susceptibility+and+Role+in+the+Treatment+of+Epilepsy&rft.btitle=Jasper%27s+Basic+Mechanisms+of+the+Epilepsies+%5BInternet%5D.+4th+edition.+Bethesda+%28MD%29%3A+National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information+%28US%29&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information+%28US%29&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22787590&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=DS&rft.au=Rogawski%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK98218%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22072656-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22072656_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22072656_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastavaWatersMermelsteinKramár2011" class="citation journal cs1">Srivastava DP, Waters EM, Mermelstein PG, Kramár EA, Shors TJ, Liu F (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3245715">"Rapid estrogen signaling in the brain: implications for the fine-tuning of neuronal circuitry"</a>. <i>The Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>31</b> (45): 16056–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.4097-11.2011">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4097-11.2011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3245715">3245715</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22072656">22072656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Rapid+estrogen+signaling+in+the+brain%3A+implications+for+the+fine-tuning+of+neuronal+circuitry&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=16056-63&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3245715%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22072656&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.4097-11.2011&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=DP&rft.au=Waters%2C+EM&rft.au=Mermelstein%2C+PG&rft.au=Kram%C3%A1r%2C+EA&rft.au=Shors%2C+TJ&rft.au=Liu%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3245715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19332335-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19332335_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19332335_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddyRogawski2009" class="citation journal cs1">Reddy DS, Rogawski MA (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2682439">"Neurosteroid replacement therapy for catamenial epilepsy"</a>. <i>Neurotherapeutics</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 392–401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nurt.2009.01.006">10.1016/j.nurt.2009.01.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2682439">2682439</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19332335">19332335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurotherapeutics&rft.atitle=Neurosteroid+replacement+therapy+for+catamenial+epilepsy&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=392-401&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2682439%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19332335&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nurt.2009.01.006&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=DS&rft.au=Rogawski%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2682439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17531324-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17531324_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow2007" class="citation journal cs1">Morrow AL (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2047816">"Recent developments in the significance and therapeutic relevance of neuroactive steroids--Introduction to the special issue"</a>. <i>Pharmacology & Therapeutics</i>. <b>116</b> (1): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pharmthera.2007.04.003">10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.04.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2047816">2047816</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17531324">17531324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacology+%26+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Recent+developments+in+the+significance+and+therapeutic+relevance+of+neuroactive+steroids--Introduction+to+the+special+issue&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2047816%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17531324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pharmthera.2007.04.003&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=AL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2047816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15694225-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15694225_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubrovsky2005" class="citation journal cs1">Dubrovsky BO (February 2005). "Steroids, neuroactive steroids and neurosteroids in psychopathology". <i>Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 169–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pnpbp.2004.11.001">10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.11.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15694225">15694225</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36197603">36197603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Neuro-Psychopharmacology+%26+Biological+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Steroids%2C+neuroactive+steroids+and+neurosteroids+in+psychopathology&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-92&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36197603%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15694225&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pnpbp.2004.11.001&rft.aulast=Dubrovsky&rft.aufirst=BO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23219031-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23219031_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23219031_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBialerJohannessenLevyPerucca2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Levy RH, Perucca E, Tomson T, White HS (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eplepsyres.2012.10.001">"Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: a summary of the Eleventh Eilat Conference (EILAT XI)"</a>. <i>Epilepsy Research</i>. <b>103</b> (1): 2–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eplepsyres.2012.10.001">10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.10.001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23219031">23219031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epilepsy+Research&rft.atitle=Progress+report+on+new+antiepileptic+drugs%3A+a+summary+of+the+Eleventh+Eilat+Conference+%28EILAT+XI%29&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-30&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eplepsyres.2012.10.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23219031&rft.aulast=Bialer&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Johannessen%2C+SI&rft.au=Levy%2C+RH&rft.au=Perucca%2C+E&rft.au=Tomson%2C+T&rft.au=White%2C+HS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.eplepsyres.2012.10.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12153544-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12153544_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRougé-PontMayoMarinelliGingras2002" class="citation journal cs1">Rougé-Pont F, Mayo W, Marinelli M, Gingras M, Le Moal M, Piazza PV (July 2002). "The neurosteroid allopregnanolone increases dopamine release and dopaminergic response to morphine in the rat nucleus accumbens". <i>The European Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 169–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1460-9568.2002.02084.x">10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02084.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12153544">12153544</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9953445">9953445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=The+neurosteroid+allopregnanolone+increases+dopamine+release+and+dopaminergic+response+to+morphine+in+the+rat+nucleus+accumbens&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=169-73&rft.date=2002-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9953445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12153544&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1460-9568.2002.02084.x&rft.aulast=Roug%C3%A9-Pont&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Mayo%2C+W&rft.au=Marinelli%2C+M&rft.au=Gingras%2C+M&rft.au=Le+Moal%2C+M&rft.au=Piazza%2C+PV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19656632-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19656632_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19656632_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19656632_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye2009" class="citation journal cs1">Frye CA (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2898141">"Neurosteroids' effects and mechanisms for social, cognitive, emotional, and physical functions"</a>. <i>Psychoneuroendocrinology</i>. <b>34</b> (Suppl 1): S143-61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psyneuen.2009.07.005">10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.07.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2898141">2898141</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19656632">19656632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoneuroendocrinology&rft.atitle=Neurosteroids%27+effects+and+mechanisms+for+social%2C+cognitive%2C+emotional%2C+and+physical+functions&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S143-61&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2898141%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19656632&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.psyneuen.2009.07.005&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2898141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15677716-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15677716_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinnaCostaGuidotti2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pinna G, Costa E, Guidotti A (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC548579">"Changes in brain testosterone and allopregnanolone biosynthesis elicit aggressive behavior"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>102</b> (6): 2135–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PNAS..102.2135P">2005PNAS..102.2135P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0409643102">10.1073/pnas.0409643102</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC548579">548579</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15677716">15677716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Changes+in+brain+testosterone+and+allopregnanolone+biosynthesis+elicit+aggressive+behavior&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2135-40&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC548579%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15677716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0409643102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PNAS..102.2135P&rft.aulast=Pinna&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Costa%2C+E&rft.au=Guidotti%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC548579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23092405-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23092405_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerán-PérezArana-LechugaEsqueda-LeónSantana-Miranda2012" class="citation journal cs1">Terán-Pérez G, Arana-Lechuga Y, Esqueda-León E, Santana-Miranda R, Rojas-Zamorano JÁ, Velázquez Moctezuma J (October 2012). "Steroid hormones and sleep regulation". <i>Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry</i>. <b>12</b> (11): 1040–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F138955712802762167">10.2174/138955712802762167</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23092405">23092405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mini+Reviews+in+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Steroid+hormones+and+sleep+regulation&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1040-8&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F138955712802762167&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23092405&rft.aulast=Ter%C3%A1n-P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Arana-Lechuga%2C+Y&rft.au=Esqueda-Le%C3%B3n%2C+E&rft.au=Santana-Miranda%2C+R&rft.au=Rojas-Zamorano%2C+J%C3%81&rft.au=Vel%C3%A1zquez+Moctezuma%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23948490-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23948490_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatte-MensahMeyerTalebMensah-Nyagan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Patte-Mensah C, Meyer L, Taleb O, Mensah-Nyagan AG (February 2014). "Potential role of allopregnanolone for a safe and effective therapy of neuropathic pain". <i>Progress in Neurobiology</i>. <b>113</b>: 70–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pneurobio.2013.07.004">10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.07.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23948490">23948490</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207407077">207407077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=Potential+role+of+allopregnanolone+for+a+safe+and+effective+therapy+of+neuropathic+pain&rft.volume=113&rft.pages=70-8&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207407077%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23948490&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pneurobio.2013.07.004&rft.aulast=Patte-Mensah&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Meyer%2C+L&rft.au=Taleb%2C+O&rft.au=Mensah-Nyagan%2C+AG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24806926-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24806926_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHéninSalariMurlidaranBrannigan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hénin J, Salari R, Murlidaran S, Brannigan G (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017285">"A predicted binding site for cholesterol on the GABAA receptor"</a>. <i>Biophysical Journal</i>. <b>106</b> (9): 1938–1949. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BpJ...106.1938H">2014BpJ...106.1938H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bpj.2014.03.024">10.1016/j.bpj.2014.03.024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017285">4017285</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24806926">24806926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+predicted+binding+site+for+cholesterol+on+the+GABAA+receptor&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1938-1949&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4017285%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24806926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bpj.2014.03.024&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014BpJ...106.1938H&rft.aulast=H%C3%A9nin&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Salari%2C+R&rft.au=Murlidaran%2C+S&rft.au=Brannigan%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4017285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LevitanSingh2014-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LevitanSingh2014_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitanSinghRosenhouse-Dantsker2014" class="citation journal cs1">Levitan I, Singh DK, Rosenhouse-Dantsker A (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3935357">"Cholesterol binding to ion channels"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Physiology</i>. <b>5</b>: 65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphys.2014.00065">10.3389/fphys.2014.00065</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3935357">3935357</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24616704">24616704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Physiology&rft.atitle=Cholesterol+binding+to+ion+channels&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=65&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3935357%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24616704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffphys.2014.00065&rft.aulast=Levitan&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Singh%2C+DK&rft.au=Rosenhouse-Dantsker%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3935357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PaulDoherty2013-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PaulDoherty2013_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulDohertyRobichaudBelfort2013" class="citation journal cs1">Paul SM, Doherty JJ, Robichaud AJ, Belfort GM, Chow BY, Hammond RS, et al. (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812502">"The major brain cholesterol metabolite 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol is a potent allosteric modulator of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors"</a>. <i>The Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>33</b> (44): 17290–17300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.2619-13.2013">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2619-13.2013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812502">3812502</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24174662">24174662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=The+major+brain+cholesterol+metabolite+24%28S%29-hydroxycholesterol+is+a+potent+allosteric+modulator+of+N-methyl-D-aspartate+receptors&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=17290-17300&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3812502%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24174662&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.2619-13.2013&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Doherty%2C+JJ&rft.au=Robichaud%2C+AJ&rft.au=Belfort%2C+GM&rft.au=Chow%2C+BY&rft.au=Hammond%2C+RS&rft.au=Crawford%2C+DC&rft.au=Linsenbardt%2C+AJ&rft.au=Shu%2C+HJ&rft.au=Izumi%2C+Y&rft.au=Mennerick%2C+SJ&rft.au=Zorumski%2C+CF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3812502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HawkesDoty2009-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HawkesDoty2009_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkesDoty2009" class="citation book cs1">Hawkes CH, Doty RL (12 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aoE9-GKuhnIC&pg=PA37"><i>The Neurology of Olfaction</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68216-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68216-9"><bdi>978-0-521-68216-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Neurology+of+Olfaction&rft.pages=37-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-02-12&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68216-9&rft.aulast=Hawkes&rft.aufirst=CH&rft.au=Doty%2C+RL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaoE9-GKuhnIC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monti-BlochJennings-White1994-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monti-BlochJennings-White1994_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monti-BlochJennings-White1994_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonti-BlochJennings-WhiteDolbergBerliner1994" class="citation journal cs1">Monti-Bloch L, Jennings-White C, Dolberg DS, Berliner DL (1994). "The human vomeronasal system". <i>Psychoneuroendocrinology</i>. <b>19</b> (5–7): 673–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0306-4530%2894%2990049-3">10.1016/0306-4530(94)90049-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7938363">7938363</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36129626">36129626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoneuroendocrinology&rft.atitle=The+human+vomeronasal+system&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5%E2%80%937&rft.pages=673-86&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36129626%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7938363&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0306-4530%2894%2990049-3&rft.aulast=Monti-Bloch&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Jennings-White%2C+C&rft.au=Dolberg%2C+DS&rft.au=Berliner%2C+DL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiebowitzSalman2014-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LiebowitzSalman2014_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiebowitzSalman2014_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebowitzSalmanNicoliniRosenthal2014" class="citation journal cs1">Liebowitz MR, Salman E, Nicolini H, Rosenthal N, Hanover R, Monti L (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261511611">"Effect of an acute intranasal aerosol dose of PH94B on social and performance anxiety in women with social anxiety disorder"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>171</b> (6): 675–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.2014.12101342">10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.12101342</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24700254">24700254</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38510058">38510058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Effect+of+an+acute+intranasal+aerosol+dose+of+PH94B+on+social+and+performance+anxiety+in+women+with+social+anxiety+disorder&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=675-82&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38510058%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24700254&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.2014.12101342&rft.aulast=Liebowitz&rft.aufirst=MR&rft.au=Salman%2C+E&rft.au=Nicolini%2C+H&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+N&rft.au=Hanover%2C+R&rft.au=Monti%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F261511611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21756978-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21756978_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxBradfordHamerNaylor2011" class="citation journal cs1">Marx CE, Bradford DW, Hamer RM, Naylor JC, Allen TB, Lieberman JA, Strauss JL, Kilts JD (September 2011). "Pregnenolone as a novel therapeutic candidate in schizophrenia: emerging preclinical and clinical evidence". <i>Neuroscience</i>. <b>191</b>: 78–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2011.06.076">10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.076</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21756978">21756978</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26396652">26396652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Pregnenolone+as+a+novel+therapeutic+candidate+in+schizophrenia%3A+emerging+preclinical+and+clinical+evidence&rft.volume=191&rft.pages=78-90&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26396652%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21756978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2011.06.076&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=CE&rft.au=Bradford%2C+DW&rft.au=Hamer%2C+RM&rft.au=Naylor%2C+JC&rft.au=Allen%2C+TB&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+JA&rft.au=Strauss%2C+JL&rft.au=Kilts%2C+JD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11108866-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11108866_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaulieuSchumacher2000" class="citation journal cs1">Baulieu E, Schumacher M (2000). "Progesterone as a neuroactive neurosteroid, with special reference to the effect of progesterone on myelination". <i>Steroids</i>. <b>65</b> (10–11): 605–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0039-128x%2800%2900173-2">10.1016/s0039-128x(00)00173-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11108866">11108866</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14952168">14952168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Steroids&rft.atitle=Progesterone+as+a+neuroactive+neurosteroid%2C+with+special+reference+to+the+effect+of+progesterone+on+myelination&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=10%E2%80%9311&rft.pages=605-12&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14952168%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11108866&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0039-128x%2800%2900173-2&rft.aulast=Baulieu&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Schumacher%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22687885-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22687885_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasPang2012" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas P, Pang Y (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3489003">"Membrane progesterone receptors: evidence for neuroprotective, neurosteroid signaling and neuroendocrine functions in neuronal cells"</a>. <i>Neuroendocrinology</i>. <b>96</b> (2): 162–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000339822">10.1159/000339822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3489003">3489003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22687885">22687885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroendocrinology&rft.atitle=Membrane+progesterone+receptors%3A+evidence+for+neuroprotective%2C+neurosteroid+signaling+and+neuroendocrine+functions+in+neuronal+cells&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=162-71&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3489003%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22687885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000339822&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Pang%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3489003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16984997-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16984997_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgís-BalboaPinnaZhubiMaloku2006" class="citation journal cs1">Agís-Balboa RC, Pinna G, Zhubi A, Maloku E, Veldic M, Costa E, Guidotti A (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1600006">"Characterization of brain neurons that express enzymes mediating neurosteroid biosynthesis"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>103</b> (39): 14602–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10314602A">2006PNAS..10314602A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0606544103">10.1073/pnas.0606544103</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1600006">1600006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16984997">16984997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+brain+neurons+that+express+enzymes+mediating+neurosteroid+biosynthesis&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=14602-7&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1600006%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16984997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0606544103&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PNAS..10314602A&rft.aulast=Ag%C3%ADs-Balboa&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Pinna%2C+G&rft.au=Zhubi%2C+A&rft.au=Maloku%2C+E&rft.au=Veldic%2C+M&rft.au=Costa%2C+E&rft.au=Guidotti%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1600006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11750861-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11750861_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellonGriffin2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mellon SH, Griffin LD (2002). "Neurosteroids: biochemistry and clinical significance". <i>Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 35–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1043-2760%2801%2900503-3">10.1016/S1043-2760(01)00503-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11750861">11750861</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11605131">11605131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Neurosteroids%3A+biochemistry+and+clinical+significance&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-43&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11605131%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11750861&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1043-2760%2801%2900503-3&rft.aulast=Mellon&rft.aufirst=SH&rft.au=Griffin%2C+LD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17372131-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17372131_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenarroch2007" class="citation journal cs1">Benarroch EE (March 2007). "Neurosteroids: endogenous modulators of neuronal excitability and plasticity". <i>Neurology</i>. <b>68</b> (12): 945–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2F01.wnl.0000257836.09570.e1">10.1212/01.wnl.0000257836.09570.e1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17372131">17372131</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219216099">219216099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurology&rft.atitle=Neurosteroids%3A+endogenous+modulators+of+neuronal+excitability+and+plasticity&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=945-7&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219216099%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17372131&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2F01.wnl.0000257836.09570.e1&rft.aulast=Benarroch&rft.aufirst=EE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11599303-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11599303_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValléeMayoKoobLe_Moal2001" class="citation journal cs1">Vallée M, Mayo W, Koob GF, Le Moal M (2001). "Neurosteroids in learning and memory processes". <i>International Review of Neurobiology</i>. <b>46</b>: 273–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0074-7742%2801%2946066-1">10.1016/s0074-7742(01)46066-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123668462" title="Special:BookSources/9780123668462"><bdi>9780123668462</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11599303">11599303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=Neurosteroids+in+learning+and+memory+processes&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=273-320&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11599303&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0074-7742%2801%2946066-1&rft.isbn=9780123668462&rft.aulast=Vall%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Mayo%2C+W&rft.au=Koob%2C+GF&rft.au=Le+Moal%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11599304-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid11599304_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid11599304_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelGrant2001" class="citation journal cs1">Engel SR, Grant KA (2001). "Neurosteroids and behavior". <i>International Review of Neurobiology</i>. <b>46</b>: 321–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2801%2946067-3">10.1016/S0074-7742(01)46067-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123668462" title="Special:BookSources/9780123668462"><bdi>9780123668462</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11599304">11599304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=Neurosteroids+and+behavior&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=321-48&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11599304&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2801%2946067-3&rft.isbn=9780123668462&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=SR&rft.au=Grant%2C+KA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18567641-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18567641_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18567641_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2008" class="citation journal cs1">King SR (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2164%2Fjandrol.108.005660">"Emerging roles for neurosteroids in sexual behavior and function"</a>. <i>Journal of Andrology</i>. <b>29</b> (5): 524–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2164%2Fjandrol.108.005660">10.2164/jandrol.108.005660</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18567641">18567641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Andrology&rft.atitle=Emerging+roles+for+neurosteroids+in+sexual+behavior+and+function&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=524-33&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2164%2Fjandrol.108.005660&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18567641&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2164%252Fjandrol.108.005660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22101060-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22101060_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshiRajasekaranKapur2013" class="citation journal cs1">Joshi S, Rajasekaran K, Kapur J (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3319002">"GABAergic transmission in temporal lobe epilepsy: the role of neurosteroids"</a>. <i>Experimental Neurology</i>. <b>244</b>: 36–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.expneurol.2011.10.028">10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.10.028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3319002">3319002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22101060">22101060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experimental+Neurology&rft.atitle=GABAergic+transmission+in+temporal+lobe+epilepsy%3A+the+role+of+neurosteroids&rft.volume=244&rft.pages=36-42&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3319002%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22101060&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.expneurol.2011.10.028&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Rajasekaran%2C+K&rft.au=Kapur%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3319002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17597217-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid17597217_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid17597217_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirdlerKlatzkin2007" class="citation journal cs1">Girdler SS, Klatzkin R (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2650267">"Neurosteroids in the context of stress: implications for depressive disorders"</a>. <i>Pharmacology & Therapeutics</i>. <b>116</b> (1): 125–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pharmthera.2007.05.006">10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.05.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2650267">2650267</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17597217">17597217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacology+%26+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Neurosteroids+in+the+context+of+stress%3A+implications+for+depressive+disorders&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-39&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2650267%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17597217&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pharmthera.2007.05.006&rft.aulast=Girdler&rft.aufirst=SS&rft.au=Klatzkin%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2650267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24044974-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24044974_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24044974_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaliJaggi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bali A, Jaggi AS (January 2014). "Multifunctional aspects of allopregnanolone in stress and related disorders". <i>Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry</i>. <b>48</b>: 64–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pnpbp.2013.09.005">10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.09.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24044974">24044974</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21399549">21399549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Neuro-Psychopharmacology+%26+Biological+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Multifunctional+aspects+of+allopregnanolone+in+stress+and+related+disorders&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=64-78&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21399549%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24044974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pnpbp.2013.09.005&rft.aulast=Bali&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Jaggi%2C+AS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24929099-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24929099_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunnCunninghamMitchellSwinny2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gunn BG, Cunningham L, Mitchell SG, Swinny JD, Lambert JJ, Belelli D (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4349499">"GABAA receptor-acting neurosteroids: a role in the development and regulation of the stress response"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology</i>. <b>36</b>: 28–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yfrne.2014.06.001">10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.06.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4349499">4349499</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24929099">24929099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroendocrinology&rft.atitle=GABAA+receptor-acting+neurosteroids%3A+a+role+in+the+development+and+regulation+of+the+stress+response&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=28-48&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4349499%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24929099&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yfrne.2014.06.001&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=BG&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+L&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+SG&rft.au=Swinny%2C+JD&rft.au=Lambert%2C+JJ&rft.au=Belelli%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4349499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14993039-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid14993039_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid14993039_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBäckströmAnderssonAndreéBirzniece2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bäckström T, Andersson A, Andreé L, Birzniece V, Bixo M, Björn I, Haage D, Isaksson M, Johansson IM, Lindblad C, Lundgren P, Nyberg S, Odmark IS, Strömberg J, Sundström-Poromaa I, Turkmen S, Wahlström G, Wang M, Wihlbäck AC, Zhu D, Zingmark E (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1286.005">"Pathogenesis in menstrual cycle-linked CNS disorders"</a>. <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>1007</b> (1): 42–53. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NYASA1007...42B">2003NYASA1007...42B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1286.005">10.1196/annals.1286.005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14993039">14993039</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20995334">20995334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Pathogenesis+in+menstrual+cycle-linked+CNS+disorders&rft.volume=1007&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-53&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1196%2Fannals.1286.005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20995334%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14993039&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003NYASA1007...42B&rft.aulast=B%C3%A4ckstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Andersson%2C+A&rft.au=Andre%C3%A9%2C+L&rft.au=Birzniece%2C+V&rft.au=Bixo%2C+M&rft.au=Bj%C3%B6rn%2C+I&rft.au=Haage%2C+D&rft.au=Isaksson%2C+M&rft.au=Johansson%2C+IM&rft.au=Lindblad%2C+C&rft.au=Lundgren%2C+P&rft.au=Nyberg%2C+S&rft.au=Odmark%2C+IS&rft.au=Str%C3%B6mberg%2C+J&rft.au=Sundstr%C3%B6m-Poromaa%2C+I&rft.au=Turkmen%2C+S&rft.au=Wahlstr%C3%B6m%2C+G&rft.au=Wang%2C+M&rft.au=Wihlb%C3%A4ck%2C+AC&rft.au=Zhu%2C+D&rft.au=Zingmark%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1196%252Fannals.1286.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18346939-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18346939_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuilleSpencerCavusEpperson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Guille C, Spencer S, Cavus I, Epperson CN (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4112568">"The role of sex steroids in catamenial epilepsy and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: implications for diagnosis and treatment"</a>. <i>Epilepsy & Behavior</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 12–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2008.02.004">10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.02.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4112568">4112568</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18346939">18346939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epilepsy+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+role+of+sex+steroids+in+catamenial+epilepsy+and+premenstrual+dysphoric+disorder%3A+implications+for+diagnosis+and+treatment&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-24&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4112568%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18346939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2008.02.004&rft.aulast=Guille&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Spencer%2C+S&rft.au=Cavus%2C+I&rft.au=Epperson%2C+CN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4112568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21533709-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21533709_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinocchiFerrari2011" class="citation journal cs1">Finocchi C, Ferrari M (May 2011). "Female reproductive steroids and neuronal excitability". <i>Neurological Sciences</i>. <b>32</b> (Suppl 1): S31-5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10072-011-0532-5">10.1007/s10072-011-0532-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21533709">21533709</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8885335">8885335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Female+reproductive+steroids+and+neuronal+excitability&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S31-5&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8885335%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21533709&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10072-011-0532-5&rft.aulast=Finocchi&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Ferrari%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10818386-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10818386_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenazzaniBernardiMonteleoneLuisi2000" class="citation journal cs1">Genazzani AR, Bernardi F, Monteleone P, Luisi S, Luisi M (2000). "Neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, neurosteroids, and the onset of puberty". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>900</b> (1): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000NYASA.900....1G">2000NYASA.900....1G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2000.tb06210.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06210.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10818386">10818386</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19302118">19302118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Neuropeptides%2C+neurotransmitters%2C+neurosteroids%2C+and+the+onset+of+puberty&rft.volume=900&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2000.tb06210.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19302118%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10818386&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000NYASA.900....1G&rft.aulast=Genazzani&rft.aufirst=AR&rft.au=Bernardi%2C+F&rft.au=Monteleone%2C+P&rft.au=Luisi%2C+S&rft.au=Luisi%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21704130-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21704130_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelcangiPanzicaGarcia-Segura2011" class="citation journal cs1">Melcangi RC, Panzica G, Garcia-Segura LM (September 2011). "Neuroactive steroids: focus on human brain". <i>Neuroscience</i>. <b>191</b>: 1–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2011.06.024">10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.024</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F61590">10261/61590</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21704130">21704130</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55704799">55704799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Neuroactive+steroids%3A+focus+on+human+brain&rft.volume=191&rft.pages=1-5&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F61590&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55704799%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21704130&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2011.06.024&rft.aulast=Melcangi&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Panzica%2C+G&rft.au=Garcia-Segura%2C+LM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16724185-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16724185_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndréenSundström-PoromaaBixoNyberg2006" class="citation journal cs1">Andréen L, Sundström-Poromaa I, Bixo M, Nyberg S, Bäckström T (August 2006). "Allopregnanolone concentration and mood--a bimodal association in postmenopausal women treated with oral progesterone". <i>Psychopharmacology</i>. <b>187</b> (2): 209–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00213-006-0417-0">10.1007/s00213-006-0417-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16724185">16724185</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1933116">1933116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Allopregnanolone+concentration+and+mood--a+bimodal+association+in+postmenopausal+women+treated+with+oral+progesterone&rft.volume=187&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-21&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1933116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16724185&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00213-006-0417-0&rft.aulast=Andr%C3%A9en&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Sundstr%C3%B6m-Poromaa%2C+I&rft.au=Bixo%2C+M&rft.au=Nyberg%2C+S&rft.au=B%C3%A4ckstr%C3%B6m%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21600269-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21600269_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21600269_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBäckströmHaageLöfgrenJohansson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bäckström T, Haage D, Löfgren M, Johansson IM, Strömberg J, Nyberg S, Andréen L, Ossewaarde L, van Wingen GA, Turkmen S, Bengtsson SK (September 2011). "Paradoxical effects of GABA-A modulators may explain sex steroid induced negative mood symptoms in some persons". <i>Neuroscience</i>. <b>191</b>: 46–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2011.03.061">10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.061</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21600269">21600269</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38928854">38928854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Paradoxical+effects+of+GABA-A+modulators+may+explain+sex+steroid+induced+negative+mood+symptoms+in+some+persons&rft.volume=191&rft.pages=46-54&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38928854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21600269&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2011.03.061&rft.aulast=B%C3%A4ckstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Haage%2C+D&rft.au=L%C3%B6fgren%2C+M&rft.au=Johansson%2C+IM&rft.au=Str%C3%B6mberg%2C+J&rft.au=Nyberg%2C+S&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9en%2C+L&rft.au=Ossewaarde%2C+L&rft.au=van+Wingen%2C+GA&rft.au=Turkmen%2C+S&rft.au=Bengtsson%2C+SK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19272715-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19272715_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19272715_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndréenNybergTurkmenvan_Wingen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Andréen L, Nyberg S, Turkmen S, van Wingen G, Fernández G, Bäckström T (September 2009). "Sex steroid induced negative mood may be explained by the paradoxical effect mediated by GABAA modulators". <i>Psychoneuroendocrinology</i>. <b>34</b> (8): 1121–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psyneuen.2009.02.003">10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.02.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19272715">19272715</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22259026">22259026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoneuroendocrinology&rft.atitle=Sex+steroid+induced+negative+mood+may+be+explained+by+the+paradoxical+effect+mediated+by+GABAA+modulators&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1121-32&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22259026%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19272715&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.psyneuen.2009.02.003&rft.aulast=Andr%C3%A9en&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Nyberg%2C+S&rft.au=Turkmen%2C+S&rft.au=van+Wingen%2C+G&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+G&rft.au=B%C3%A4ckstr%C3%B6m%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23978486-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23978486_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23978486_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBäckströmBixoJohanssonNyberg2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bäckström T, Bixo M, Johansson M, Nyberg S, Ossewaarde L, Ragagnin G, Savic I, Strömberg J, Timby E, van Broekhoven F, van Wingen G (February 2014). "Allopregnanolone and mood disorders". <i>Progress in Neurobiology</i>. <b>113</b>: 88–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pneurobio.2013.07.005">10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.07.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23978486">23978486</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207407084">207407084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=Allopregnanolone+and+mood+disorders&rft.volume=113&rft.pages=88-94&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207407084%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23978486&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pneurobio.2013.07.005&rft.aulast=B%C3%A4ckstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Bixo%2C+M&rft.au=Johansson%2C+M&rft.au=Nyberg%2C+S&rft.au=Ossewaarde%2C+L&rft.au=Ragagnin%2C+G&rft.au=Savic%2C+I&rft.au=Str%C3%B6mberg%2C+J&rft.au=Timby%2C+E&rft.au=van+Broekhoven%2C+F&rft.au=van+Wingen%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11744080-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11744080_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauriceUraniPhanRomieu2001" class="citation journal cs1">Maurice T, Urani A, Phan VL, Romieu P (2001). "The interaction between neuroactive steroids and the sigma1 receptor function: behavioral consequences and therapeutic opportunities". <i>Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev</i>. <b>37</b> (1–3): 116–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0165-0173%2801%2900112-6">10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00112-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11744080">11744080</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44931783">44931783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Res.+Brain+Res.+Rev.&rft.atitle=The+interaction+between+neuroactive+steroids+and+the+sigma1+receptor+function%3A+behavioral+consequences+and+therapeutic+opportunities&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=116-32&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44931783%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11744080&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0165-0173%2801%2900112-6&rft.aulast=Maurice&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Urani%2C+A&rft.au=Phan%2C+VL&rft.au=Romieu%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2832949-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid2832949_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid2832949_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid2832949_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid2832949_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid2832949_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuLondonJaffe1988" class="citation journal cs1">Su TP, London ED, Jaffe JH (1988). "Steroid binding at sigma receptors suggests a link between endocrine, nervous, and immune systems". <i>Science</i>. <b>240</b> (4849): 219–21. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Sci...240..219S">1988Sci...240..219S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.2832949">10.1126/science.2832949</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2832949">2832949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Steroid+binding+at+sigma+receptors+suggests+a+link+between+endocrine%2C+nervous%2C+and+immune+systems&rft.volume=240&rft.issue=4849&rft.pages=219-21&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2832949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.2832949&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988Sci...240..219S&rft.aulast=Su&rft.aufirst=TP&rft.au=London%2C+ED&rft.au=Jaffe%2C+JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15547787-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15547787_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15547787_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15547787_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15547787_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15547787_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakebayashiHayashiSu2004" class="citation journal cs1">Takebayashi M, Hayashi T, Su TP (2004). "A perspective on the new mechanism of antidepressants: neuritogenesis through sigma-1 receptors". <i>Pharmacopsychiatry</i>. <b>37</b> (Suppl 3): S208–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2004-832679">10.1055/s-2004-832679</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15547787">15547787</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260243232">260243232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacopsychiatry&rft.atitle=A+perspective+on+the+new+mechanism+of+antidepressants%3A+neuritogenesis+through+sigma-1+receptors&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=Suppl+3&rft.pages=S208-13&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A260243232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15547787&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-2004-832679&rft.aulast=Takebayashi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Hayashi%2C+T&rft.au=Su%2C+TP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogawski MA, Reddy DS, 2004. Neurosteroids: endogenous modulators of seizure susceptibility. In: Rho, J.M., Sankar, R., Cavazos, J. (Eds.), Epilepsy: Scientific Foundations of Clinical Practice. Marcel Dekker, New York, 2004;319-355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKokateYamaguchiPannellRajamani1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kokate TG, Yamaguchi S, Pannell LK, Rajamani U, Carroll DM, Grossman AB, Rogawski MA (November 1998). "Lack of anticonvulsant tolerance to the neuroactive steroid pregnanolone in mice". <i>The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics</i>. <b>287</b> (2): 553–8. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9808680">9808680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pharmacology+and+Experimental+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Lack+of+anticonvulsant+tolerance+to+the+neuroactive+steroid+pregnanolone+in+mice&rft.volume=287&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=553-8&rft.date=1998-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9808680&rft.aulast=Kokate&rft.aufirst=TG&rft.au=Yamaguchi%2C+S&rft.au=Pannell%2C+LK&rft.au=Rajamani%2C+U&rft.au=Carroll%2C+DM&rft.au=Grossman%2C+AB&rft.au=Rogawski%2C+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddyRogawski2000" class="citation journal cs1">Reddy DS, Rogawski MA (December 2000). "Chronic treatment with the neuroactive steroid ganaxolone in the rat induces anticonvulsant tolerance to diazepam but not to itself". <i>The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics</i>. <b>295</b> (3): 1241–8. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11082461">11082461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pharmacology+and+Experimental+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Chronic+treatment+with+the+neuroactive+steroid+ganaxolone+in+the+rat+induces+anticonvulsant+tolerance+to+diazepam+but+not+to+itself&rft.volume=295&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1241-8&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11082461&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=DS&rft.au=Rogawski%2C+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DevinskySchachter2005-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DevinskySchachter2005_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevinskySchachterPacia2005" class="citation book cs1">Devinsky O, Schachter S, Pacia S (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVUE-6Xdny4C&pg=PT378"><i>Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Epilepsy</i></a>. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 378–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934559-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934559-08-6"><bdi>978-1-934559-08-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complementary+and+Alternative+Therapies+for+Epilepsy&rft.pages=378-&rft.pub=Demos+Medical+Publishing&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-934559-08-6&rft.aulast=Devinsky&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Schachter%2C+S&rft.au=Pacia%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVUE-6Xdny4C%26pg%3DPT378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdisInsight-1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight-1_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800039944">"Brexanolone - Sage Therapeutics"</a>. <i>AdisInsight</i>. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AdisInsight&rft.atitle=Brexanolone+-+Sage+Therapeutics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadisinsight.springer.com%2Fdrugs%2F800039944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GriebelHolmes2013-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GriebelHolmes2013_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriebelHolmes2013" class="citation journal cs1">Griebel G, Holmes A (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ggriebel.chez-alice.fr/Pub127.pdf">"50 years of hurdles and hope in anxiolytic drug discovery"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery</i>. <b>12</b> (9): 667–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrd4075">10.1038/nrd4075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176700">4176700</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23989795">23989795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Drug+Discovery&rft.atitle=50+years+of+hurdles+and+hope+in+anxiolytic+drug+discovery&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=667-87&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4176700%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23989795&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrd4075&rft.aulast=Griebel&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Holmes%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fggriebel.chez-alice.fr%2FPub127.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdisInsight-2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight-2_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800034216">"Pregnenolone methyl ether - Mapreg"</a>. <i>AdisInsight</i>. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AdisInsight&rft.atitle=Pregnenolone+methyl+ether+-+Mapreg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadisinsight.springer.com%2Fdrugs%2F800034216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21704982-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21704982_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchossoyDavidBaulieuRobel2011" class="citation journal cs1">Duchossoy Y, David S, Baulieu EE, Robel P (2011). "Treatment of experimental spinal cord injury with 3β-methoxy-pregnenolone". <i>Brain Res</i>. <b>1403</b>: 57–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2011.05.065">10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.065</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21704982">21704982</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42657539">42657539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Res.&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+experimental+spinal+cord+injury+with+3%CE%B2-methoxy-pregnenolone&rft.volume=1403&rft.pages=57-66&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42657539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21704982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2011.05.065&rft.aulast=Duchossoy&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=David%2C+S&rft.au=Baulieu%2C+EE&rft.au=Robel%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22307636-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22307636_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianchiBaulieu2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bianchi M, Baulieu EE (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3277154">"3β-Methoxy-pregnenolone (MAP4343) as an innovative therapeutic approach for depressive disorders"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>109</b> (5): 1713–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..109.1713B">2012PNAS..109.1713B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1121485109">10.1073/pnas.1121485109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3277154">3277154</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22307636">22307636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=3%CE%B2-Methoxy-pregnenolone+%28MAP4343%29+as+an+innovative+therapeutic+approach+for+depressive+disorders&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1713-8&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3277154%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22307636&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1121485109&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PNAS..109.1713B&rft.aulast=Bianchi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Baulieu%2C+EE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3277154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26251072-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26251072_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaulieu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Baulieu ÉÉ (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2015.06.003">"From steroid hormones to depressive states and senile dementias: New mechanistic, therapeutical and predictive approaches"</a>. <i>Comptes Rendus Biologies</i>. <b>338</b> (8–9): 613–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2015.06.003">10.1016/j.crvi.2015.06.003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26251072">26251072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Biologies&rft.atitle=From+steroid+hormones+to+depressive+states+and+senile+dementias%3A+New+mechanistic%2C+therapeutical+and+predictive+approaches&rft.volume=338&rft.issue=8%E2%80%939&rft.pages=613-6&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2015.06.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26251072&rft.aulast=Baulieu&rft.aufirst=%C3%89%C3%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.crvi.2015.06.003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9501247-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9501247_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUzunovaShelineDavisRasmusson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Uzunova V, Sheline Y, Davis JM, Rasmusson A, Uzunov DP, Costa E, Guidotti A (March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC19726">"Increase in the cerebrospinal fluid content of neurosteroids in patients with unipolar major depression who are receiving fluoxetine or fluvoxamine"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>95</b> (6): 3239–44. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PNAS...95.3239U">1998PNAS...95.3239U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.6.3239">10.1073/pnas.95.6.3239</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC19726">19726</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9501247">9501247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Increase+in+the+cerebrospinal+fluid+content+of+neurosteroids+in+patients+with+unipolar+major+depression+who+are+receiving+fluoxetine+or+fluvoxamine&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=3239-44&rft.date=1998-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC19726%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9501247&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.95.6.3239&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998PNAS...95.3239U&rft.aulast=Uzunova&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Sheline%2C+Y&rft.au=Davis%2C+JM&rft.au=Rasmusson%2C+A&rft.au=Uzunov%2C+DP&rft.au=Costa%2C+E&rft.au=Guidotti%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC19726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16432684-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16432684_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinnaCostaGuidotti2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pinna G, Costa E, Guidotti A (24 January 2006). "Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine stereospecifically and selectively increase brain neurosteroid content at doses that are inactive on 5-HT reuptake". <i>Psychopharmacology</i>. <b>186</b> (3): 362–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00213-005-0213-2">10.1007/s00213-005-0213-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16432684">16432684</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7799814">7799814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Fluoxetine+and+norfluoxetine+stereospecifically+and+selectively+increase+brain+neurosteroid+content+at+doses+that+are+inactive+on+5-HT+reuptake&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=362-72&rft.date=2006-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7799814%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16432684&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00213-005-0213-2&rft.aulast=Pinna&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Costa%2C+E&rft.au=Guidotti%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reddy2010-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reddy2010_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reddy2010_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy2010" class="citation book cs1">Reddy, Doodipala Samba (2010). "Neurosteroids". <i>Sex Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications</i>. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 186. pp. 113–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-444-53630-3.00008-7">10.1016/B978-0-444-53630-3.00008-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53630-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53630-3"><bdi>978-0-444-53630-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0079-6123">0079-6123</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139029">3139029</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21094889">21094889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neurosteroids&rft.btitle=Sex+Differences+in+the+Human+Brain%2C+their+Underpinnings+and+Implications&rft.series=Progress+in+Brain+Research&rft.pages=113-137&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3139029%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-444-53630-3.00008-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21094889&rft.issn=0079-6123&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53630-3&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=Doodipala+Samba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10557352-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10557352_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffinMellon1999" class="citation journal cs1">Griffin LD, Mellon SH (November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC23979">"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors directly alter activity of neurosteroidogenic enzymes"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>96</b> (23): 13512–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...9613512G">1999PNAS...9613512G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.23.13512">10.1073/pnas.96.23.13512</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC23979">23979</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10557352">10557352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=Selective+serotonin+reuptake+inhibitors+directly+alter+activity+of+neurosteroidogenic+enzymes&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=13512-7&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC23979%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10557352&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.96.23.13512&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PNAS...9613512G&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=LD&rft.au=Mellon%2C+SH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC23979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20716970-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20716970_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinna_G2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pinna G (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2942072">"In a mouse model relevant for post-traumatic stress disorder, selective brain steroidogenic stimulants (SBSS) improve behavioral deficits by normalizing allopregnanolone biosynthesis"</a>. <i>Behav Pharmacol</i>. <b>21</b> (5–6): 438–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FFBP.0b013e32833d8ba0">10.1097/FBP.0b013e32833d8ba0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2942072">2942072</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20716970">20716970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behav+Pharmacol&rft.atitle=In+a+mouse+model+relevant+for+post-traumatic+stress+disorder%2C+selective+brain+steroidogenic+stimulants+%28SBSS%29+improve+behavioral+deficits+by+normalizing+allopregnanolone+biosynthesis&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=438-50&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2942072%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20716970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FFBP.0b013e32833d8ba0&rft.au=Pinna+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2942072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16344854-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16344854_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchüleRomeoUzunovEser2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schüle C, Romeo E, Uzunov DP, Eser D, di Michele F, Baghai TC, Pasini A, Schwarz M, Kempter H, Rupprecht R (March 2006). "Influence of mirtazapine on plasma concentrations of neuroactive steroids in major depression and on 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity". <i>Mol. Psychiatry</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 261–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.mp.4001782">10.1038/sj.mp.4001782</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16344854">16344854</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21473462">21473462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Influence+of+mirtazapine+on+plasma+concentrations+of+neuroactive+steroids+in+major+depression+and+on+3alpha-hydroxysteroid+dehydrogenase+activity&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261-72&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21473462%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16344854&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.mp.4001782&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCle&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Romeo%2C+E&rft.au=Uzunov%2C+DP&rft.au=Eser%2C+D&rft.au=di+Michele%2C+F&rft.au=Baghai%2C+TC&rft.au=Pasini%2C+A&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+M&rft.au=Kempter%2C+H&rft.au=Rupprecht%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22014182-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22014182_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhirRogawski2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dhir A, Rogawski MA (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3423249">"Role of neurosteroids in the anticonvulsant activity of midazolam"</a>. <i>British Journal of Pharmacology</i>. <b>165</b> (8): 2684–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.2011.01733.x">10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01733.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3423249">3423249</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22014182">22014182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Role+of+neurosteroids+in+the+anticonvulsant+activity+of+midazolam&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2684-91&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3423249%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22014182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.2011.01733.x&rft.aulast=Dhir&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Rogawski%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3423249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsamiYamamotoShintaniIshikura2002" class="citation journal cs1">Usami N, Yamamoto T, Shintani S, Ishikura S, Higaki Y, Katagiri Y, Hara A (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/25/4/441/_pdf">"Substrate specificity of human 3(20)alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase for neurosteroids and its inhibition by benzodiazepines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <i>Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 441–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1248%2Fbpb.25.441">10.1248/bpb.25.441</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11995921">11995921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+%26+Pharmaceutical+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Substrate+specificity+of+human+3%2820%29alpha-hydroxysteroid+dehydrogenase+for+neurosteroids+and+its+inhibition+by+benzodiazepines&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=441-5&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1248%2Fbpb.25.441&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11995921&rft.aulast=Usami&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+T&rft.au=Shintani%2C+S&rft.au=Ishikura%2C+S&rft.au=Higaki%2C+Y&rft.au=Katagiri%2C+Y&rft.au=Hara%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fbpb%2F25%2F4%2F441%2F_pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkkShuWangSteinbach2005" class="citation journal cs1">Akk G, Shu HJ, Wang C, Steinbach JH, Zorumski CF, Covey DF, Mennerick S (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6726021">"Neurosteroid access to the GABAA receptor"</a>. <i>The Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>25</b> (50): 11605–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.4173-05.2005">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4173-05.2005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6726021">6726021</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16354918">16354918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Neurosteroid+access+to+the+GABAA+receptor&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=11605-13&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6726021%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16354918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.4173-05.2005&rft.aulast=Akk&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Shu%2C+HJ&rft.au=Wang%2C+C&rft.au=Steinbach%2C+JH&rft.au=Zorumski%2C+CF&rft.au=Covey%2C+DF&rft.au=Mennerick%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6726021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangJohnstonBallBrinton2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wang JM, Johnston PB, Ball BG, Brinton RD (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6724768">"The neurosteroid allopregnanolone promotes proliferation of rodent and human neural progenitor cells and regulates cell-cycle gene and protein expression"</a>. <i>The Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>25</b> (19): 4706–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.4520-04.2005">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4520-04.2005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6724768">6724768</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15888646">15888646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=The+neurosteroid+allopregnanolone+promotes+proliferation+of+rodent+and+human+neural+progenitor+cells+and+regulates+cell-cycle+gene+and+protein+expression&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=4706-18&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6724768%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15888646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.4520-04.2005&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Johnston%2C+PB&rft.au=Ball%2C+BG&rft.au=Brinton%2C+RD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6724768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDongMatsumotoUzunovaSugaya2001" class="citation journal cs1">Dong E, Matsumoto K, Uzunova V, Sugaya I, Takahata H, Nomura H, Watanabe H, Costa E, Guidotti A (February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC30228">"Brain 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone and allopregnanolone synthesis in a mouse model of protracted social isolation"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>98</b> (5): 2849–54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...98.2849D">2001PNAS...98.2849D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.051628598">10.1073/pnas.051628598</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC30228">30228</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11226329">11226329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Brain+5alpha-dihydroprogesterone+and+allopregnanolone+synthesis+in+a+mouse+model+of+protracted+social+isolation&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2849-54&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC30228%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11226329&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.051628598&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PNAS...98.2849D&rft.aulast=Dong&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Matsumoto%2C+K&rft.au=Uzunova%2C+V&rft.au=Sugaya%2C+I&rft.au=Takahata%2C+H&rft.au=Nomura%2C+H&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+H&rft.au=Costa%2C+E&rft.au=Guidotti%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC30228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelcangiCelottiMartini1994" class="citation journal cs1">Melcangi RC, Celotti F, Martini L (March 1994). "Progesterone 5-alpha-reduction in neuronal and in different types of glial cell cultures: type 1 and 2 astrocytes and oligodendrocytes". <i>Brain Research</i>. <b>639</b> (2): 202–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-8993%2894%2991731-0">10.1016/0006-8993(94)91731-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8205473">8205473</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37105244">37105244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research&rft.atitle=Progesterone+5-alpha-reduction+in+neuronal+and+in+different+types+of+glial+cell+cultures%3A+type+1+and+2+astrocytes+and+oligodendrocytes&rft.volume=639&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=202-6&rft.date=1994-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37105244%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8205473&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0006-8993%2894%2991731-0&rft.aulast=Melcangi&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Celotti%2C+F&rft.au=Martini%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorpéchotRobelAxelsonSjövall1981" class="citation journal cs1">Corpéchot C, Robel P, Axelson M, Sjövall J, Baulieu EE (August 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC320231">"Characterization and measurement of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in rat brain"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>78</b> (8): 4704–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981PNAS...78.4704C">1981PNAS...78.4704C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.78.8.4704">10.1073/pnas.78.8.4704</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC320231">320231</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6458035">6458035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Characterization+and+measurement+of+dehydroepiandrosterone+sulfate+in+rat+brain&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=4704-7&rft.date=1981-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC320231%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6458035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.78.8.4704&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981PNAS...78.4704C&rft.aulast=Corp%C3%A9chot&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Robel%2C+P&rft.au=Axelson%2C+M&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6vall%2C+J&rft.au=Baulieu%2C+EE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC320231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddyRogawski2012" class="citation book cs1">Reddy D, Rogawski MA (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK98218">"Neurosteroids — Endogenous regulators of seizure susceptibility and role in the treatment of epilepsy"</a>. In Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, et al. (eds.). <i>Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies</i> (4th ed.). Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22787590">22787590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neurosteroids+%E2%80%94+Endogenous+regulators+of+seizure+susceptibility+and+role+in+the+treatment+of+epilepsy&rft.btitle=Jasper%27s+Basic+Mechanisms+of+the+Epilepsies&rft.place=Bethesda+%28MD%29&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22787590&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Rogawski%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK98218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeurosteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Endogenous_steroids" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Steroid_hormones" title="Template:Steroid hormones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Steroid_hormones" title="Template talk:Steroid hormones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Steroid_hormones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Steroid hormones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Endogenous_steroids" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">Endogenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroids</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22R-Hydroxycholesterol" title="22R-Hydroxycholesterol">22<i>R</i>-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B1,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol" title="20α,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol">20α,22<i>R</i>-Dihydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11%CE%B2-Hydroxypregnenolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11β-Hydroxypregnenolone (page does not exist)">11β-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxypregnenolone" title="17α-Hydroxypregnenolone">17α-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Hydroxypregnenolone" title="21-Hydroxypregnenolone">21-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17%CE%B1,21-Dihydroxypregnenolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17α,21-Dihydroxypregnenolone (page does not exist)">17α,21-Dihydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11%CE%B2,17%CE%B1,21-Trihydroxypregnenolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11β,17α,21-Trihydroxypregnenolone (page does not exist)">11β,17α,21-Trihydroxypregnenolone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrocorticosterone">3α,5α-Tetrahydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrocorticosterone" title="5α-Dihydrocorticosterone">5α-Dihydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol" title="11-Deoxycortisol">11-Deoxycortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketoprogesterone" title="11-Ketoprogesterone">11-Ketoprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Deoxycortisol" title="21-Deoxycortisol">21-Deoxycortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Deoxycortisone" title="21-Deoxycortisone">21-Deoxycortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxypregnenolone" title="17α-Hydroxypregnenolone">17α-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Metabolites:</i> <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrocortisol" title="5α-Dihydrocortisol">5α-Dihydrocortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%CE%B1,5%CE%B1-Tetrahydrocortisol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3α,5α-Tetrahydrocortisol (page does not exist)">3α,5α-Tetrahydrocortisol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroaldosterone" title="5α-Dihydroaldosterone">5α-Dihydroaldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Dehydrocorticosterone" title="11-Dehydrocorticosterone">11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol" title="11-Deoxycortisol">11-Deoxycortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11β-Hydroxyprogesterone">11β-Hydroxyprogesterone (21-deoxycorticosterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone" title="18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone">18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Hydroxycorticosterone" title="18-Hydroxycorticosterone">18-Hydroxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=18-Hydroxyprogesterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18-Hydroxyprogesterone (page does not exist)">18-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex steroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketodihydrotestosterone" title="11-Ketodihydrotestosterone">11-Ketodihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketotestosterone" title="11-Ketotestosterone">11-Ketotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyandrostenedione" title="11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione">11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenosterone" title="Adrenosterone">Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol" title="Androstenediol">Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiandrosterone" title="Epiandrosterone">Epiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitestosterone" title="Epitestosterone">Epitestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyandrostenedione" title="16α-Hydroxyandrostenedione">16α-Hydroxyandrostenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone">16α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">16α-Hydroxy-DHEA sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Metabolites:</i> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol_glucuronide" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-Androstanediol glucuronide">3α-Androstanediol glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Androstanediol" title="3β-Androstanediol">3β-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydrotestosterone" title="5β-Dihydrotestosterone">5β-Dihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Etiocholanediol" title="3α-Etiocholanediol">3α-Etiocholanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Etiocholanediol" title="3β-Etiocholanediol">3β-Etiocholanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androstanetriol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Androstanetriol (page does not exist)">Androstanetriols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_sulfate" title="Androstenediol sulfate">Androstenediol sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenetriol" title="Androstenetriol">Androstenetriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone_glucuronide" title="Androsterone glucuronide">Androsterone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone_sulfate" title="Androsterone sulfate">Androsterone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrotestosterone_glucuronide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide (page does not exist)">Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrotestosterone_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydrotestosterone sulfate (page does not exist)">Dihydrotestosterone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanedione" title="Etiocholanedione">Etiocholanedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanolone" title="Etiocholanolone">Etiocholanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanolone_glucuronide" title="Etiocholanolone glucuronide">Etiocholanolone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epietiocholanolone" title="Epietiocholanolone">Epietiocholanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_glucuronide" title="Testosterone glucuronide">Testosterone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_sulfate" title="Testosterone sulfate">Testosterone sulfate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Estranes:</i> <a href="/wiki/Estetrol" title="Estetrol">Estetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone" title="Estrone">Estrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol" title="Estriol">Estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Estradiol" title="17α-Estradiol">17α-Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiestriol" title="Epiestriol">16β-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxyestradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Epiestriol" title="17α-Epiestriol">17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B2,17%CE%B1-Epiestriol" title="16β,17α-Epiestriol">16β,17α-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestradiol" title="2-Hydroxyestradiol">2-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestriol" title="2-Hydroxyestriol">2-Hydroxyestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestrone" title="2-Hydroxyestrone">2-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestradiol" title="4-Hydroxyestradiol">4-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestriol" title="4-Hydroxyestriol">4-Hydroxyestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestrone" title="4-Hydroxyestrone">4-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestradiol" title="4-Methoxyestradiol">4-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestrone" title="4-Methoxyestrone">4-Methoxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyestrone" title="16α-Hydroxyestrone">16α-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B2-Hydroxyestrone" title="16β-Hydroxyestrone">16β-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Ketoestradiol" title="16-Ketoestradiol">16-Ketoestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Ketoestrone" title="16-Ketoestrone">16-Ketoestrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/27-Hydroxycholesterol" title="27-Hydroxycholesterol">27-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Androstanediol" title="3β-Androstanediol">3β-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Androstenedione">4-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Androstenediol">5-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Keto-DHEA" title="7-Keto-DHEA">7-Keto-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7α-Hydroxy-DHEA">7α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone">16α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Metabolites:</i> <a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestradiol" title="2-Methoxyestradiol">2-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestrone" title="2-Methoxyestrone">2-Methoxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestriol" title="2-Methoxyestriol">2-Methoxyestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestriol" title="4-Methoxyestriol">4-Methoxyestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_disulfate" title="Estradiol disulfate">Estradiol disulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_glucuronide" title="Estradiol glucuronide">Estradiol glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_3-glucuronide" title="Estradiol 3-glucuronide">Estradiol 3-glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_3-glucuronide_17%CE%B2-sulfate" title="Estradiol 3-glucuronide 17β-sulfate">Estradiol 3-glucuronide 17β-sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_sulfate" title="Estradiol sulfate">Estradiol sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_17%CE%B2-sulfate" title="Estradiol 17β-sulfate">Estradiol 17β-sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_glucuronide" title="Estrone glucuronide">Estrone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_sulfate" title="Estrone sulfate">Estrone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol_glucuronide" title="Estriol glucuronide">Estriol glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol_sulfate" title="Estriol sulfate">Estriol sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoidal_estradiol" title="Lipoidal estradiol">Lipoidal estradiol</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_stearate" title="Estradiol stearate">estradiol stearate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_palmitate" title="Estradiol palmitate">estradiol palmitate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="16α-Hydroxyprogesterone">16α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="20α-Dihydroprogesterone">20α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="20β-Dihydroprogesterone">20β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone">5α-DHDOC</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Metabolites:</i> <a href="/wiki/Allopregnanediol" title="Allopregnanediol">Allopregnanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanediol" title="Pregnanediol">Pregnanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanediol_glucuronide" title="Pregnanediol glucuronide">Pregnanediol glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanetriol" title="Pregnanetriol">Pregnanetriol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neurosteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Cholestanes:</i> <a href="/wiki/24S-hydroxycholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="24S-hydroxycholesterol">24<i>S</i>-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Pregnanes:</i> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="3α-Dihydroprogesterone">3α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="3β-Dihydroprogesterone">3β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrocorticosterone" title="5α-Dihydrocorticosterone">5α-Dihydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5β-Dihydroprogesterone">5β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocorticosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydrocorticosterone">DHC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone">DHDOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipregnanolone" title="Epipregnanolone">Epipregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopregnanolone" title="Isopregnanolone">Isopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanolone" title="Pregnanolone">Pregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrocorticosterone">THB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone">THDOC</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Androstanes:</i> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstenol" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-Androstenol">3α-Androstenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Keto-DHEA" title="7-Keto-DHEA">7-Keto-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7α-Hydroxy-DHEA">7α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7β-Hydroxy-DHEA">7β-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7α-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7α-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanolone" title="Etiocholanolone">Etiocholanolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">Pheromones</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstenol" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-Androstenol">3α-Androstenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Androstenol" title="3β-Androstenol">3β-Androstenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstadienol" title="Androstadienol">Androstadienol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstadienone" title="Androstadienone">Androstadienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenone" title="Androstenone">Androstenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estratetraenol" title="Estratetraenol">Estratetraenol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/7-Dehydrocholesterol" title="7-Dehydrocholesterol">7-Dehydrocholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcifediol" title="Calcifediol">Calcidiol/Calcifediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecalciferol" title="Cholecalciferol">Cholecalciferol</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxycholesterol" title="7α-Hydroxycholesterol">7α-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11α-Hydroxyprogesterone">11α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11β-Hydroxyprogesterone">11β-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_sulfate" title="Cholesterol sulfate">Cholesterol sulfate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="General_anesthetics_(N01A)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:General_anesthetics" title="Template:General anesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:General_anesthetics" title="Template talk:General anesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:General_anesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:General anesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="General_anesthetics_(N01A)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General anesthetics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N01#N01A" title="ATC code N01">N01A</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anesthetic" title="Inhalational anesthetic">Inhalational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">Cyclopropane</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluroxene" title="Fluroxene">Fluroxene</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxypropane" title="Methoxypropane">Methoxypropane</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">Trichloroethylene</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinyl_ether" title="Divinyl ether">Vinyl ether</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic#Injection" title="General anaesthetic">Injection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">Phenols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciprofol" title="Ciprofol">Ciprofol</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fospropofol" title="Fospropofol">Fospropofol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amobarbital" title="Amobarbital">Amobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexobarbital" title="Hexobarbital">Hexobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methohexital" title="Methohexital">Methohexital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcobarbital" title="Narcobarbital">Narcobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamylal" title="Thiamylal">Thiamylal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">Thiopental</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiotetrabarbital" title="Thiotetrabarbital">Thiotetrabarbital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remimazolam" title="Remimazolam">Remimazolam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anileridine" title="Anileridine">Anileridine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embutramide" title="Embutramide">Embutramide</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoperidine" title="Phenoperidine">Phenoperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">Remifentanil</a>÷</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine" title="Arylcyclohexylamine">Arylcyclohexylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiletamine" title="Tiletamine">Tiletamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neuroactive steroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfadolone" title="Alfadolone">Alfadolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfaxalone" title="Alfaxalone">Alfaxalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxydione" title="Hydroxydione">Hydroxydione</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etomidate" title="Etomidate">Etomidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propanidid" title="Propanidid">Propanidid</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&oldid=1239352254">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&oldid=1239352254</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neurosteroids" title="Category:Neurosteroids">Neurosteroids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neurophysiology" title="Category:Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2017">Use dmy dates from April 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 August 2024, at 19:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroid&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d67bf974d-b6d5l","wgBackendResponseTime":167,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.769","walltime":"0.967","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4483,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":245221,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2524,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":295978,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 711.002 1 -total"," 55.40% 393.902 1 Template:Reflist"," 45.87% 326.160 60 Template:Cite_journal"," 13.48% 95.864 5 Template:Navbox"," 11.76% 83.614 1 Template:Steroid_hormones"," 9.76% 69.416 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.07% 36.033 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.23% 30.047 1 Template:Citation_needed"," 4.19% 29.811 6 Template:Cite_book"," 3.53% 25.090 1 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.446","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5816092,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5z8dw","timestamp":"20241122143206","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Neurosteroid","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neurosteroid","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2659374","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2659374","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-08-08T06:20:17Z","dateModified":"2024-08-08T19:57:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/57\/Zuranolone.svg","headline":"compounds that affect neuronal excitability through modulation of specific ionotropic receptors"}</script> </body> </html>