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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Лорънсийски планини – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лорънсийски планини" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntanyes_Laurencianes" title="Muntanyes Laurencianes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Muntanyes Laurencianes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentidy" title="Laurentidy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Laurentidy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentiske_Bjerge" title="Laurentiske Bjerge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Laurentiske Bjerge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentinische_Berge" title="Laurentinische Berge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laurentinische Berge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_Laurentinos" title="Montes Laurentinos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Montes Laurentinos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentino_mendigunea" title="Laurentino mendigunea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laurentino mendigunea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentides_(montagnes)" title="Laurentides (montagnes) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laurentides (montagnes)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monti_Laurenziani" title="Monti Laurenziani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monti Laurenziani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D3%A9%D2%A3%D1%81%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%81%D2%AF" title="Лаврентий дөңсөөсү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лаврентий дөңсөөсү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentiden" title="Laurentiden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Laurentiden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E5%B1%B1%E5%9C%B0" title="ローレンシャン山地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローレンシャン山地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3ry_Laurenty%C5%84skie" title="Góry Laurentyńskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Góry Laurentyńskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_Laurentides" title="Montes Laurentides – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Montes Laurentides" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun%C8%9Bii_Laurentini" title="Munții Laurentini – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Munții Laurentini" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Лаврентийские горы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лаврентийские горы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentijske_planine" title="Laurentijske planine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Laurentijske planine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentidit" title="Laurentidit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laurentidit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentiska_bergen" title="Laurentiska bergen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Laurentiska bergen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Лаврентійські гори – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лаврентійські гори" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Laurentian_Mountains&params=50_28_49.17_N_68_20_11.13_W_type:mountain_scale:300000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°28′49.17″N</span> <span class="longitude">68°20′11.13″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.4803250°N 68.3364250°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.4803250; -68.3364250</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the mountain range. For the physiographic region, see <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Upland" title="Laurentian Upland">Laurentian Upland</a>. For the geologic shield sometimes referred to as the Laurentian Plateau, see <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Laurentian (disambiguation)">Laurentian (disambiguation)</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mountain range in Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Laurentian Mountains</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Cartier_National_Park,_Quebec,_Canada._004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Jacques-Cartier_National_Park%2C_Quebec%2C_Canada._004.jpg/275px-Jacques-Cartier_National_Park%2C_Quebec%2C_Canada._004.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Jacques-Cartier_National_Park%2C_Quebec%2C_Canada._004.jpg/413px-Jacques-Cartier_National_Park%2C_Quebec%2C_Canada._004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Jacques-Cartier_National_Park%2C_Quebec%2C_Canada._004.jpg/550px-Jacques-Cartier_National_Park%2C_Quebec%2C_Canada._004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5335" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;"><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Cartier_Massif" title="Jacques-Cartier Massif">Jacques-Cartier Massif</a>, as seen from <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Cartier_National_Park" title="Jacques-Cartier National Park">Jacques-Cartier National Park</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mont_Raoul_Blanchard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Raoul Blanchard">Mont Raoul Blanchard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,166 m (3,825 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Laurentian_Mountains&params=47_19_N_70_50_W_type:mountain"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°19′N</span> <span class="longitude">70°50′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.317°N 70.833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.317; -70.833</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,400 km (900 mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LaurentianMountains-Range.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/LaurentianMountains-Range.svg/275px-LaurentianMountains-Range.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/LaurentianMountains-Range.svg/413px-LaurentianMountains-Range.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/LaurentianMountains-Range.svg/550px-LaurentianMountains-Range.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label">Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Province</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Range coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Laurentian_Mountains&params=50_28_49.17_N_68_20_11.13_W_type:mountain_scale:300000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°28′49.17″N</span> <span class="longitude">68°20′11.13″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.4803250°N 68.3364250°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.4803250; -68.3364250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grenville_orogeny" title="Grenville orogeny">Grenville orogeny</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock age</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_types" title="List of rock types">Rock types</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Laurentian Mountains</b>, also known as the <b>Laurentians</b> or <b>Laurentides</b>, are a <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. The range is 1,400 km (900 mi) long and ranges in height from 500 m (1,600 ft) with peaks over 1,000 m (3,300 ft). The Laurentian Mountains extend across <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Upland" title="Laurentian Upland">Laurentian Upland</a>, which contains foothills in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. The range is located near the rivers of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saguenay_River" title="Saguenay River">Saguenay</a>. The Laurentian Mountains primarily stretch across multiple regions in Quebec, with geologic formations such as the <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Cartier_Massif" title="Jacques-Cartier Massif">Jacques-Cartier Massif</a> located within the range. </p><p>The Laurentians Mountains are one of the oldest mountain ranges on earth. The range formed around one billion years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Grenville_orogeny" title="Grenville orogeny">Grenville orogeny</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Grenville_Province" title="Grenville Province">Grenville Province</a> formed, a subdivision of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a>. During that time, <a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a>, the geologic core of the Canadian Shield, collided with other continents and formed <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> rocks which extend across the range. The mountain range is located around other related geographic features, such as the <a href="/wiki/Monteregian_Hills" title="Monteregian Hills">Monteregian Hills</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains" title="Adirondack Mountains">Adirondack Mountains</a>. </p><p>The Laurentian Mountains are home to vast extents of <a href="/wiki/Boreal_ecosystem" title="Boreal ecosystem">boreal ecosystems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">mixed forests</a>. The southern areas of the range are dominated by <a href="/wiki/Picea_mariana" title="Picea mariana">black spruce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abies_balsamea" title="Abies balsamea">balsam fir</a>, with areas of <a href="/wiki/White_birch" class="mw-redirect" title="White birch">white birch</a>. The range is home to various wildlife species. The Laurentian Mountains are an important part of the economy of Quebec, as they have been historically been used for <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> and provide access to <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_recreation" title="Outdoor recreation">outdoor recreation</a> for people in the region. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Mountains&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The namesake of the mountains is derived from the term "Laurentide" or "Laurentian", which is itself derived from the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Garneau" title="François-Xavier Garneau">François-Xavier Garneau</a>, author of <i>Histoire de Canada</i>, was first to use the term "Laurentien" when he coined the name of the mountains in 1845. Early geologists adopted the name for the complex of <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous rocks">igneous rocks</a> in this area, with the terms further being applied to the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide Ice Sheet</a> and the Laurentian Shield (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garneau applied the new term to the whole range north of the St. Lawrence River. While the region has been popularly referred to as the Laurentians and <i>Les Laurentides</i>, it was officially adopted in 1987 as the territory was defined.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Mountains&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parc_national_des_Grands-Jardins,_Canada_(47713652892).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Parc_national_des_Grands-Jardins%2C_Canada_%2847713652892%29.jpg/250px-Parc_national_des_Grands-Jardins%2C_Canada_%2847713652892%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Parc_national_des_Grands-Jardins%2C_Canada_%2847713652892%29.jpg/375px-Parc_national_des_Grands-Jardins%2C_Canada_%2847713652892%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Parc_national_des_Grands-Jardins%2C_Canada_%2847713652892%29.jpg/500px-Parc_national_des_Grands-Jardins%2C_Canada_%2847713652892%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5972" data-file-height="3981" /></a><figcaption>View of the range from <a href="/wiki/Grands-Jardins_National_Park" title="Grands-Jardins National Park">Grands-Jardins National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Laurentian Mountains extend from <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> to <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> over a distance of 1,448 <a href="/wiki/Kilometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilometers">kilometers</a> (900 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">miles</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are partially bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saguenay_River" title="Saguenay River">Saguenay River</a>. The Laurentian Mountains reside in the <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Upland" title="Laurentian Upland">Laurentian Upland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which extends as far west as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with foothills extending into northeastern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sub-ranges in the upland are the <a href="/wiki/Opeongo_Hills" title="Opeongo Hills">Opeongo Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misquah_Hills" title="Misquah Hills">Misquah Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huron_Mountains" title="Huron Mountains">Huron Mountains</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Mountains" title="Porcupine Mountains">Porcupine Mountains</a>. This region is extensively forested and contains nearly untouched wilderness, with it not being suited for agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Quebec's official regions is called <a href="/wiki/Laurentides" title="Laurentides">Laurentides</a>. The mountain range runs through four other regions; <a href="/wiki/Capitale-Nationale" title="Capitale-Nationale">Capitale-Nationale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outaouais" title="Outaouais">Outaouais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanaudi%C3%A8re" title="Lanaudière">Lanaudière</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mauricie" title="Mauricie">Mauricie</a>. The elevation generally ranges from around 500 m (1,640 ft) to 1,000 m (3,280 ft) with <a href="/wiki/Mont_Raoul_Blanchard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Raoul Blanchard">Mont Raoul-Blanchard</a> being its highest peak, at 1,166 m (3,825 ft). <a href="/wiki/Mont_Tremblant" title="Mont Tremblant">Mont Tremblant</a>, Mont Bleu, and Mont des Conscrits are other prominent peaks in the mountain range.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Cartier_National_Park" title="Jacques-Cartier National Park">Jacques-Cartier National Park</a> is located in this mountain range, which is north of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, residing in the <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Cartier_Massif" title="Jacques-Cartier Massif">Jacques-Cartier Massif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains" title="Adirondack Mountains">Adirondack Mountains</a>, which are located in northeastern <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, have great similarity to the Laurentian Mountains, consisting of the same type of rocks that are part of the Canadian Shield.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Mountains&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Route_138_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Route_138_002.jpg/220px-Route_138_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Route_138_002.jpg/330px-Route_138_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Route_138_002.jpg/440px-Route_138_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Laurentian Mountains, <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Route_138" title="Quebec Route 138">Route 138</a>, Quebec, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>The Laurentian Mountains<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world, being of <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> age, with some regions dating to over one billion years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarmerCook2013337_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarmerCook2013337-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mountain range is between other related geologic features, such as the <a href="/wiki/Monteregian_Hills" title="Monteregian Hills">Monteregian Hills</a> and the older Oka Hills.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mountain range is located within the <a href="/wiki/Grenville_orogeny" title="Grenville orogeny">Grenville orogeny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rocks of the Laurentian Mountains contain deformation and metamorphic structures that show long periods of tectonic activity occurred. The <a href="/wiki/Grenville_Province" title="Grenville Province">Grenville Province</a> is a subdivision of the Canadian Shield, and in this area, the oldest rocks of this geologic region are found. These rocks represent a chain of mountains that formed between 1,500 and 900 million years ago. During that time, <a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a>, the geologic core of the Canadian Shield, collided with other <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> that were dragged by moving <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Mountains&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alces_alces_PJC3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alces_alces_PJC3.jpg/220px-Alces_alces_PJC3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alces_alces_PJC3.jpg/330px-Alces_alces_PJC3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alces_alces_PJC3.jpg/440px-Alces_alces_PJC3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Female <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Cartier_National_Park" title="Jacques-Cartier National Park">Jacques-Cartier National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Laurentian Mountains contain dense <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forests">boreal forests</a>. It is home to some deciduous trees, such as <a href="/wiki/Sugar_maple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar maple">sugar maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>, but are rarely found past the northern boundary of the range.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Laurentian region is also rich in <a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">walnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">linden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The range also contains <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a>. The boreal ecosystem is represented by <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">mixed forests</a>, dominated by <a href="/wiki/Picea_mariana" title="Picea mariana">black spruce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abies_balsamea" title="Abies balsamea">balsam fir</a> to the south, including areas of <a href="/wiki/Betula_papyrifera" title="Betula papyrifera">white birch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Laurentides_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Laurentides Wildlife Reserve">Laurentides Wildlife Reserve</a>, which is located in the range, contains mammals such as <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobcats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobcats">bobcats</a>, raccoons, <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">grey wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otters" class="mw-redirect" title="Otters">otters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</a>, with birds such as the <a href="/wiki/Barred_owl" title="Barred owl">barred owl</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_kestrel" title="American kestrel">American kestrel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Mountains&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Tremblant_village.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mont_Tremblant_village.jpeg/220px-Mont_Tremblant_village.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mont_Tremblant_village.jpeg/330px-Mont_Tremblant_village.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mont_Tremblant_village.jpeg/440px-Mont_Tremblant_village.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1885" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mont-Tremblant" title="Mont-Tremblant">Mont-Tremblant</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Mountains&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Laurentian Mountains are a popular recreational destination in Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Ski_lift" title="Ski lift">ski lift</a> in North America was built in the mountain range in 1931, and by the late 1930s, "snow trains" had brought tens of thousands of skiers to the range. In the area, there is skiing, <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogsledding" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogsledding">dog sledding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">ice climbing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snowmobiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowmobiling">snowmobiling</a> during winter at Mont-Tremblant, with <a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">rafting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">kayaking</a>, hiking, camping, and golf through the region during spring, summer, and fall.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forestry">Forestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Mountains&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Forestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Laurentian Mountains have been historically used for <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a>. During the European colonization of North America, colonists were met with a woodland that stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">East Coast</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. The forests reached heights of 30 to 85 meters high. While the exports of logging grew, it eventually became a wasteful practice, with the <a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">felling</a> of trees leaving huge portions of land vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005118–220_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005118–220-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intensive forestry has not entirely ceased in the region. Public and <a href="/wiki/Private_forest" title="Private forest">private forests</a> in Quebec have now been entirely mapped, with information such as the soil, terrain, and waterways, and the species and the age of the trees available. With this data, the chief forester calculates the amount of wood that can be harvested, ensuring the forest is not cut down faster than it can grow back.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Mountains&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Laurentian_Mountains" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Laurentian Mountains">Laurentian Mountains</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Quebec" title="List of mountain ranges of Quebec">List of mountain ranges of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Upland" title="Laurentian Upland">Laurentian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chic-Choc_Mountains" title="Chic-Choc Mountains">Chic-Choc Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torngat_Mountains" title="Torngat Mountains">Torngat Mountains</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Mountains&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGraham2005" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Joseph (2005-11-14). <i>Naming the Laurentians: A History of Place Names 'up North'<span></span></i>. Les Editions Main Street. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780973958607" title="Special:BookSources/9780973958607"><bdi>9780973958607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naming+the+Laurentians%3A+A+History+of+Place+Names+%27up+North%27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Les+Editions+Main+Street&rft.date=2005-11-14&rft.isbn=9780973958607&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurentian+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry2019" class="citation web cs1">Parry, John (2019-10-19) [1963-03-01]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/r494vp33h">"The Laurentians: A Study In Geomorphological Development"</a>. <i>McGill University</i>. <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Atlas of Canada. Physiographic Regions of Canada"</a>. <i>atlas.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=atlas.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Natural+Resources+Canada.+The+Atlas+of+Canada.+Physiographic+Regions+of+Canada&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatlas.gc.ca%2Fphys%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurentian+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallaDeVoLifton-ZolineLifton-Zoline2012" class="citation web cs1">Walla, Rebecca; DeVo, Karinjo; Lifton-Zoline, Pamela; Lifton-Zoline, John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uvu.edu/utahimf/blog/docs/1201smd_report/12_01_10_sustainable_mountain_development_north_america.pdf">"Sustainable Mountain Development North America Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Utah Valley University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Utah+Valley+University&rft.atitle=Sustainable+Mountain+Development+North+America+Report&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Walla&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=DeVo%2C+Karinjo&rft.au=Lifton-Zoline%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Lifton-Zoline%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uvu.edu%2Futahimf%2Fblog%2Fdocs%2F1201smd_report%2F12_01_10_sustainable_mountain_development_north_america.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurentian+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mffp.gouv.qc.ca/documents/forets/inventaire/guide-ecologique-5ef.pdf"><i>Guide de reconnaissance des types écologiques des régions écologiques 5e – Massif du lac Jacques-Cartier et 5f – Massif du mont Valin</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laborelec&rft.atitle=Forest+sustainability+in+East+Canada+Quebec&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laborelec.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F03%2FSGS-Forest-sustainability-in-Quebec-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurentian+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beside.media/village/sustainable-forestry-is-taking-root-in-quebec/">"Sustainable Forestry Is Taking Root in Québec"</a>. <i>beside.media</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=beside.media&rft.atitle=Sustainable+Forestry+Is+Taking+Root+in+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeside.media%2Fvillage%2Fsustainable-forestry-is-taking-root-in-quebec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurentian+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross2004" class="citation web cs1">Cross, L. D. (2004-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legionmagazine.com/en/the-land-of-the-laurentians/">"The Land Of The Laurentians"</a>. <i>Legion Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legion+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Land+Of+The+Laurentians&rft.date=2004-03-01&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=L.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegionmagazine.com%2Fen%2Fthe-land-of-the-laurentians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurentian+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildlifeworldwide.com/locations/reserve-des-laurentides">"Reserve des Laurentides wildlife location in Canada, North America | Wildlife Worldwide"</a>. <i>www.wildlifeworldwide.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wildlifeworldwide.com&rft.atitle=Reserve+des+Laurentides+wildlife+location+in+Canada%2C+North+America+%7C+Wildlife+Worldwide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildlifeworldwide.com%2Flocations%2Freserve-des-laurentides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurentian+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410144252/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/laurentian-mountains-quebec">"Laurentian Mountains"</a>. <i>Travel</i>. 2013-09-30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/laurentian-mountains-quebec">the original</a> on April 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel&rft.atitle=Laurentian+Mountains&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Flaurentian-mountains-quebec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurentian+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005118–220-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005118–220_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2005">Graham 2005</a>, pp. 118–220.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Mont Blanc, Quebec">Mont Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montagne_des_%C3%89rables" title="Montagne des Érables">Montagne des Érables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_B%C3%A9lair" title="Mount Bélair">Mount Bélair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Raoul_Blanchard" title="Mount Raoul Blanchard">Mount Raoul Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Valin" title="Mount Valin">Mount Valin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_%C3%89douard" title="Mount Édouard">Mount Édouard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Longfellow_Mountains" title="Longfellow Mountains">Longfellow Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Peak_(Maine/Quebec)" title="Boundary Peak (Maine/Quebec)">Boundary Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-C%C3%A9cile" title="Mont Sainte-Cécile">Mont Sainte-Cécile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gosford" title="Mount Gosford">Mount Gosford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monteregian_Hills" title="Monteregian Hills">Monteregian Hills</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Brome" title="Mont Brome">Mont Brome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_M%C3%A9gantic" title="Mont Mégantic">Mont Mégantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Rougemont" title="Mont Rougemont">Mont Rougemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Bruno" title="Mont Saint-Bruno">Mont Saint-Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Mont Saint-Grégoire">Mont Saint-Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Hilaire" title="Mont Saint-Hilaire">Mont Saint-Hilaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Shefford" title="Mont Shefford">Mont Shefford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Yamaska" title="Mont Yamaska">Mont Yamaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal" title="Mount Royal">Mount Royal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westmount_Summit" title="Westmount Summit">Westmount Summit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Mountains" title="Notre Dame Mountains">Notre Dame Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chic-Choc_Mountains" title="Chic-Choc Mountains">Chic-Choc Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Jacques-Cartier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Jacques-Cartier">Mont Jacques-Cartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Albert_(Quebec)" title="Mount Albert (Quebec)">Mount Albert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Chapman" title="Mont Chapman">Mont Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Ham" title="Mont Ham">Mont Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_and_M%C3%A9gantic_Mountains" title="Notre Dame and Mégantic Mountains">Notre Dame and Mégantic Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torngat_Mountains" title="Torngat Mountains">Torngat Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Selamiut_Range18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selamiut_Range" title="Selamiut Range">Selamiut Range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Caubvick" title="Mount Caubvick">Mount Caubvick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belcher_Mountains" title="Belcher Mountains">Belcher Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribou_Mountain_(Franklin_County,_Maine)" title="Caribou Mountain (Franklin County, Maine)">Caribou Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatineau_Hills" title="Gatineau Hills">Gatineau Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monts_Groulx" title="Monts Groulx">Monts Groulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Boisjoli" title="Mont Boisjoli">Mont Boisjoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Orford" title="Mont Orford">Mont Orford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Owl%27s_Head" title="Mont Owl's Head">Mont Owl's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sutton" title="Mont Sutton">Mont Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Wright_(Quebec)" title="Mont Wright (Quebec)">Mont Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Babel_(Quebec)" title="Mount Babel (Quebec)">Mount Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hereford" title="Mount Hereford">Mount Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinacle" title="Mount Pinacle">Mount Pinacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinnacle" title="Mount Pinnacle">Mount Pinnacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otish_Mountains" title="Otish Mountains">Otish Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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