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Stokely Carmichael - Civil Rights Movement, SNCC & Speech - HISTORY
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iframe-class="m-video-player--frame" iframe-title="Stokely Carmichael" allow="autoplay" lazy-load block-on-gdpr-applicable src="https://www.history.com/player/833285187524?autoplay=true" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen playsinline></phoenix-iframe></div></phoenix-video-float></figure></div></div><div class="m-detail--contents l-content-well"><section class="l-grid lm-grid--detail lm-grid--with-right-rail"><div class="l-grid--content-body"><header class="m-detail-header mm-detail-header--in-content-well"><div class="m-detail-header--container"><div class="m-detail-header--content"><dl><dt class="m-detail-header--date m-detail-header--updated-date-term m-detail-header--meta-item">Updated:</dt><dd class="m-detail-header--date m-detail-header--updated-date-definition"><phoenix-timeago><time datetime="2019-06-10T11:59:38-04:00" title="2019-06-10T15:59:38Z">Jun 10, 2019</time></phoenix-timeago></dd><dt class="m-detail-header--date m-detail-header--updated-date-term m-detail-header--meta-item">Original:</dt><dd class="m-detail-header--date m-detail-header--updated-date-definition"><phoenix-timeago><time datetime="2009-12-18T06:45:25-05:00" title="2009-12-18T11:45:25Z">Dec 18, 2009</time></phoenix-timeago></dd></dl><h1 class="m-detail-header--title">Stokely Carmichael</h1><div class="m-detail-header--meta"><dl><dt>Author:</dt><dd class="m-detail-header--meta-item"><a class="m-detail-header--meta-author" href="/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/author/history" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Author Name" rel="author">History.com Editors</a></dd></dl></div></div></div></header><section class="m-social mm-social--below-header"><ul><li class="m-social--facebook"><a class="m-icon-button m-social--button" aria-label="facebook" rel="noopener" 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onclick="window.open('https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fblack-history%2Fstokely-carmichael&media=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2F.image%2Ft_share%2FMTU3ODc5MDg2OTc4MDQ5NzU5%2Fstokely-carmichael-2.jpg&description=Stokely%20Carmichael', 'socialSharepinterest', 'width=500,height=500', 'noopener');return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Link pinterest" phoenix-adobe-tracker="{"linkName":"Social Share","trackId":"Pinterest","trackVars":"eVar13,eVar63,events"}"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg m-icon-button--icon" icon="ico_pinterest"><svg><use xlink:href="/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2020-12-07-172811-c952617-018019#ico_pinterest"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></a></li><li class="m-social--print"><a class="m-icon-button m-social--button" aria-label="print" href="javascript:window.print()" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" role="button" phx-track-id="Link print"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg m-icon-button--icon" icon="ico_print"><svg><use xlink:href="/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2020-12-07-172811-c952617-018019#ico_print"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></a></li></ul></section><div class="m-detail--sponsor"></div><div class="m-detail--body"><!-- tml-version="2" --><p>Stokely Carmichael was a U.S. civil-rights activist who in the 1960s originated the black nationalism rallying slogan, “black power.” Born in Trinidad, he immigrated to New York City in 1952. While attending Howard University, he joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and was jailed for his work with Freedom Riders. He moved away from MLK Jr’s nonviolence approach to self-defense.</p><aside tml-render-layout="inline" class="m-pullquote l-inline"><p>Did you know? Stokely Carmichael was only nineteen when he participated in the 1961 Freedom Rides; he became the youngest person imprisoned for his participation after he was arrested while attempting to integrate a "whites only" cafeteria in Jackson, MI.</p></aside><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row l-inline not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d"><div class="m-in-content-ad not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d" data-class-rules="[{"sizes":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card"]}]" data-ad-group="in_content-0"><div class="m-in-content-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d"><div id="ad-f0f0631057eb491e95f9c0701894e6df"></div></div></div></aside><p>In 1954, at the age of 13, Stokely Carmichael became a naturalized American citizen and his family moved to a predominantly Italian and Jewish neighborhood in the Bronx called Morris Park. Soon Carmichael became the only black member of a street gang called the Morris Park Dukes. In 1956, he passed the admissions test to get into the prestigious Bronx High School of Science, where he was introduced to an entirely different social set—the children of New York City’s rich white liberal elite. Carmichael was popular among his new classmates; he attended parties frequently and dated white girls. However, even at that age, he was highly conscious of the racial differences that divided him from his classmates. Carmichael later recalled his high school friendships in harsh terms: “Now that I realize how phony they all were, how I hate myself for it. Being liberal was an intellectual game with these cats. They were still white, and I was black.”</p><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row l-inline not-size-a not-size-b"><div class="m-in-content-ad not-size-a not-size-b" data-class-rules="[{"sizes":["728x90"],"classes":["is-728x90"]},{"sizes":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card"]}]" data-ad-group="in_content-0"><div class="m-in-content-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-a not-size-b"><div id="ad-d279e2ffcc8644db8dbfb8dfe5d234a1"></div></div></div></aside><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row l-inline not-size-a not-size-c not-size-d"><div class="m-in-content-ad not-size-a not-size-c not-size-d" data-class-rules="[{"sizes":["728x90"],"classes":["is-728x90"]},{"sizes":["970x90"],"classes":["is-970x90"]},{"sizes":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card"]}]" data-ad-group="in_content-0"><div class="m-in-content-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-a not-size-c not-size-d"><div id="ad-8a271a873c8e49de9f224fa12c48a460"></div></div></div></aside><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row l-inline not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d"><div class="m-in-content-ad not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d" data-class-rules="[{"sizes":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card"]}]" data-ad-group="in_content-1"><div class="m-in-content-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d"><div id="ad-c125593af5034f54a88b588644c1a55b"></div></div></div></aside><p>Although he had been aware of the American civil rights movement for years, it was not until one night toward the end of high school, when he saw footage of a sit-in on television, that Carmichael felt compelled to join the struggle. “When I first heard about the Negroes sitting in at lunch counters down South,” he later recalled, “I thought they were just a bunch of publicity hounds. But one night when I saw those young kids on TV, getting back up on the lunch counter stools after being knocked off them, sugar in their eyes, ketchup in their hair—well, something happened to me. Suddenly I was burning.” He joined the Congress of Racial Equality (<a href="/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/congress-of-racial-equality">CORE</a>), picketed a Woolworth’s store in New York and traveled to sit-ins in <a href="/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/south-carolina">South Carolina</a>.</p><p>A stellar student, Carmichael received scholarship offers to a variety of prestigious predominantly white universities after graduating high school in 1960. He chose instead to attend the historically black Howard University in <a href="/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/washington">Washington</a>, D.C. There he majored in philosophy, studying the works of Camus, Sartre and Santayana and considering ways to apply their theoretical frameworks to the issues facing the civil rights movement. At the same time, Carmichael continued to increase his participation in the movement itself. While still a freshman in 1961, he went on his first Freedom Ride—an integrated bus tour through the South to challenge the segregation of interstate travel. During that trip, he was arrested in Jackson, <a href="/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/mississippi">Mississippi</a> for entering the “whites only” bus stop waiting room and jailed for 49 days. Undeterred, Carmichael remained actively involved in the civil rights movement throughout his college years, participating in another Freedom Ride in <a href="/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/maryland">Maryland</a>, a demonstration in <a href="/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/georgia">Georgia</a> and a hospital workers’ strike in New York. He graduated from Howard University with honors in 1964.</p><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row l-inline not-size-a not-size-b"><div class="m-in-content-ad not-size-a not-size-b" data-class-rules="[{"sizes":["728x90"],"classes":["is-728x90"]},{"sizes":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card"]}]" data-ad-group="in_content-1"><div class="m-in-content-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-a not-size-b"><div id="ad-cadb7ce13b4a44f2b80320012c4e34b6"></div></div></div></aside><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row l-inline not-size-a not-size-c not-size-d"><div class="m-in-content-ad not-size-a not-size-c not-size-d" data-class-rules="[{"sizes":["728x90"],"classes":["is-728x90"]},{"sizes":["970x90"],"classes":["is-970x90"]},{"sizes":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card"]}]" data-ad-group="in_content-1"><div class="m-in-content-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-a not-size-c not-size-d"><div id="ad-18a1e9a7ab8c4cb195e7d685ea2a09d4"></div></div></div></aside><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row l-inline not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d"><div class="m-in-content-ad not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d" data-class-rules="[{"sizes":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card"]}]" data-ad-group="in_content-2"><div class="m-in-content-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d"><div id="ad-3f16942027424f96bcf79dcb94e219ff"></div></div></div></aside><p>Carmichael left school at a critical moment in the history of the civil rights movement. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (<a href="/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sncc">SNCC</a>) dubbed the summer of 1964 “<a href="/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/freedom-summer">Freedom Summer</a>,” rolling out an aggressive campaign to register black voters in the Deep South. Carmichael joined SNCC as a newly minted college graduate, using his eloquence and natural leadership skills to quickly be appointed field organizer for Lowndes County, <a href="/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/alabama">Alabama</a>. When Carmichael arrived in Lowndes County in 1965, African Americans made up the majority of the population but remained entirely unrepresented in government. In one year, Carmichael managed to raise the number of registered black voters from 70 to 2,600 300 more than the number of registered white voters in the county.</p><p>Unsatisfied with the response of either of the major political parties to his registration efforts, Carmichael founded his own party, the Lowndes County Freedom Organization. To satisfy a requirement that all political parties have an official logo, he chose a black panther, which later provided the inspiration for the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/http://www.history.com/topics/black-panthers">Black Panthers</a> (a different black activist organization founded in Oakland, <a href="/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/california">California</a>).</p><p>At this stage in his life, Carmichael adhered to the philosophy of nonviolent resistance espoused by Dr. <a href="/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/martin-luther-king-jr">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> In addition to moral opposition to violence, proponents of nonviolent resistance believed that the strategy would win public support for civil rights by drawing a sharp contrast—captured on nightly television—between the peacefulness of the protestors and the brutality of the police and hecklers opposing them. However, as time went on, Carmichael—like many young activists—became frustrated with the slow pace of progress and with having to endure repeated acts of violence and humiliation at the hands of white police officers without recourse.</p><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row l-inline not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d"><div class="m-in-content-ad not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d" data-class-rules="[{"sizes":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card"]}]" data-ad-group="in_content-3"><div class="m-in-content-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d"><div id="ad-f88134c0d7e149b0a909d40ec906e22d"></div></div></div></aside><p>By the time he was elected national chairman of SNCC in May 1966, Carmichael had largely lost faith in the theory of nonviolent resistance that he—and SNCC—had once held dear. As chairman, he turned SNCC in a sharply radical direction, making it clear that white members, once actively recruited, were no longer welcome. The defining moment of Carmichael’s tenure as chairman—and perhaps of his life—came only weeks after he took over leadership of the organization. In June 1966, James Meredith, a civil rights activist who had been the first black student to attend the University of Mississippi, embarked on a solitary “Walk Against Fear” from Memphis, <a href="/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/tennessee">Tennessee</a> to Jackson, Mississippi. About 20 miles into Mississippi, Meredith was shot and wounded too severely to continue. Carmichael decided that SNCC volunteers should carry on the march in his place, and upon reaching Greenwood, Mississippi on June 16, an enraged Carmichael gave the address for which he would forever be best remembered. “We been saying ‘freedom’ for six years,” he said. “What we are going to start saying now is ‘Black Power.'”</p><p>The phrase “black power” quickly caught on as the rallying cry of a younger, more radical generation of civil rights activists. The term also resonated internationally, becoming a slogan of resistance to European imperialism in Africa. In his 1968 book, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation, Carmichael explained the meaning of black power: ”It is a call for black people in this country to unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community. It is a call for black people to define their own goals, to lead their own organizations.”</p><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row l-inline not-size-a not-size-b"><div class="m-in-content-ad not-size-a not-size-b" data-class-rules="[{"sizes":["728x90"],"classes":["is-728x90"]},{"sizes":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card"]}]" data-ad-group="in_content-2"><div class="m-in-content-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-a not-size-b"><div id="ad-23a6eaacd45e4007badfb75b384d02d3"></div></div></div></aside><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row l-inline not-size-a not-size-c not-size-d"><div class="m-in-content-ad not-size-a not-size-c not-size-d" data-class-rules="[{"sizes":["728x90"],"classes":["is-728x90"]},{"sizes":["970x90"],"classes":["is-970x90"]},{"sizes":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card"]}]" data-ad-group="in_content-2"><div class="m-in-content-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-a not-size-c not-size-d"><div id="ad-ef8a81eee79f483b827e727b164cc70d"></div></div></div></aside><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row l-inline not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d"><div class="m-in-content-ad not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d" data-class-rules="[{"sizes":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card"]}]" data-ad-group="in_content-4"><div class="m-in-content-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d"><div id="ad-8e1f073fce2b4d979b9817072f30ab3c"></div></div></div></aside><p>Black power also represented Carmichael’s break with King’s doctrine of nonviolence and its end goal of racial integration. Instead, he associated the term with the doctrine of black separatism, articulated most prominently by <a href="/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/malcolm-x">Malcolm X</a>. “When you talk of black power, you talk of building a movement that will smash everything Western civilization has created,” Carmichael said in one speech. Unsurprisingly, the turn to black power proved controversial, evoking fear in many white Americans, even those previously sympathetic to the civil rights movement, and exacerbating fissures within the movement itself between older proponents of nonviolence and younger advocates of separatism. Martin Luther King called black power “an unfortunate choice of words.”</p><p>In 1967, Carmichael took a transformative journey, traveling outside the United States to visit with revolutionary leaders in Cuba, North Vietnam, China and Guinea. Upon his return to the United States, he left SNCC and became Prime Minister of the more radical Black Panthers. He spent the next two years speaking around the country and writing essays on black nationalism, black separatism and, increasingly, pan-Africanism, which ultimately became Carmichael’s life cause. In 1969, Carmichael quit the Black Panthers and left the United States to take up permanent residence in Conakry, Guinea, where he dedicated his life to the cause of pan-African unity. “America does not belong to the blacks,” he said, explaining his departure from the country. Carmichael changed his name to Kwame Toure to honor both the President of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah, and the President of Guinea, Sekou Toure.</p><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row l-inline not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d"><div class="m-in-content-ad not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d" data-class-rules="[{"sizes":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card"]}]" data-ad-group="in_content-5"><div class="m-in-content-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d"><div id="ad-dd3ab9c6557845b3b9ab1552f36199e8"></div></div></div></aside><p>In 1968, Carmichael married Miriam Makeba, a South African singer. After they divorced, he later married a Guinean doctor named Marlyatou Barry. Although he made frequent trips back to the United States to advocate pan-Africanism as the only true path to liberation for black people worldwide, Carmichael maintained permanent residence in Guinea for the rest of his life. Carmichael was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1985, and although it is unclear precisely what he meant, he said publicly that his cancer “was given to me by forces of American imperialism and others who conspired with them.” He died on November 15, 1998, at the age of 57.</p><p>An inspired orator, persuasive essayist, effective organizer and expansive thinker, Carmichael stands out as one of the preeminent figures of the American civil rights movement. His tireless spirit and radical outlook are perhaps best captured by the greeting with which he answered his telephone until his dying day: “Ready for the revolution!”</p><p>Biography courtesty of Bio.com</p></div><div class="m-detail--blockthrough-ads"><span class="bt-uid-tg" uid="5b9a9071f7-168" style="display: none !important"></span></div><div class="m-detail--sponsor"></div><footer class="m-detail--footer"><aside class="m-detail--citation l-detail--citation"><a name="citation"></a><div><h2>Citation Information</h2><div class="m-detail--citation-meta"><h3>Article Title</h3><p>Stokely Carmichael </p></div><div class="m-detail--citation-meta"><h3>Author</h3><p><a href="/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/author/history">History.com Editors</a></p></div><div class="m-detail--citation-meta"><h3>Website Name</h3><p>HISTORY</p></div><div class="m-detail--citation-meta"><h3>URL</h3><p><a 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But if you see something that doesn't look right, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/mailto:support@history.zendesk.com?subject=Fact%20Check%20-%20Stokely Carmichael&body=————————————————————————%0AReferring%20URL%3A%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com/topics/black-history/stokely-carmichael%0A————————————————————————%0A">click here</a> to contact us!</i></p></div></h1></div></div><div class="m-component-header m-component-stack--header"><div class="m-component-header--container mm-component-header--size-small"><h1 class="m-component-header--title mm-component-header--title-small" role="heading" aria-level="2"><div><p style="font-weight:300;">VIDEOS</p></div></h1></div></div><section class="m-collection-strip mm-collection-strip--is-stretched m-component-stack mm-component-stack--is-stacked"><phoenix-carousel class="m-collection-strip--carousel"><phoenix-carousel-strip class="m-collection-strip--carousel-wrapper"><phoenix-notifier event-name="phoenix:carousel:previous" 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data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc3NjU4NjMyMjY3NDg3/stokely-carmichael.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc3NjU4NjMyMjY3NDg3/stokely-carmichael.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc3NjU4NjMyMjY3NDg3/stokely-carmichael.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc3NjU4NjMyMjY3NDg3/stokely-carmichael.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="Stokely Carmichael, leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, spoke to a crowd in Greenwood, Mississippi in 1964."></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture><img class="m-meta-signifier m-card--signifier" alt="Play" src="/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/assets-global/play-button-blk.svg?v=2020-12-07-172811-c952617-018019"></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/stokely-carmichael-video"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Stokely Carmichael</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis></div></phoenix-card></phoenix-super-link></phoenix-carousel-slide><phoenix-carousel-slide class="m-collection-strip--tile" slide-id="ci0230e4ed300a26df"><phoenix-super-link href="https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/stokely-carmichael-1-video"><phoenix-card class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-standard mm-card--density-strip" role="article" index="1"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/stokely-carmichael-1-video" title="Stokely Carmichael"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc3NjU2NzQwOTYzNjU3/stokely-carmichael.webp 320w, 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https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc3NjU2NzQwOTYzNjU3/stokely-carmichael.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc3NjU2NzQwOTYzNjU3/stokely-carmichael.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="Historian Yohuru Williams recounts the history of the Black Panther Party in the United States."></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture><img class="m-meta-signifier m-card--signifier" alt="Play" src="/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/assets-global/play-button-blk.svg?v=2020-12-07-172811-c952617-018019"></a></div><div 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https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc3NjU2MjE3ODU1NzEx/stokely-carmichael-on-assassination-of-martin-luther-king-jr.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc3NjU2MjE3ODU1NzEx/stokely-carmichael-on-assassination-of-martin-luther-king-jr.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc3NjU2MjE3ODU1NzEx/stokely-carmichael-on-assassination-of-martin-luther-king-jr.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc3NjU2MjE3ODU1NzEx/stokely-carmichael-on-assassination-of-martin-luther-king-jr.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc3NjU2MjE3ODU1NzEx/stokely-carmichael-on-assassination-of-martin-luther-king-jr.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="On April 5, 1968, in a press conference held the day after the slaying of Martin Luther King Jr., civil rights activist Stokely Carmichael predicts the outbreak of more violence across the nation in retaliation for "white America's biggest mistake.""></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture><img class="m-meta-signifier m-card--signifier" alt="Play" src="/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/assets-global/play-button-blk.svg?v=2020-12-07-172811-c952617-018019"></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/stokely-carmichael-on-assassination-of-martin-luther-king-jr-video"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Stokely Carmichael on Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis></div></phoenix-card></phoenix-super-link></phoenix-carousel-slide><phoenix-carousel-slide class="m-collection-strip--tile" slide-id="ci0230e4ead0022549"><phoenix-super-link 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srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="Black History-517387812"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Black History in the United States: A Timeline</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">In August of 1619, a journal entry recorded that “20 and odd” Angolans, kidnapped by the Portuguese, arrived in the British colony of Virginia and were then were bought by English colonists. The date and the story of the enslaved Africans have become symbolic of slavery’s roots, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></phoenix-card></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sncc"><phoenix-card class="m-card mm-card--type-standard mm-card--density-standard is-client-side-rendered" role="article" index="1" config-token="eyJpbWFnZSI6W3siYnJlYWtwb2ludCI6IkIiLCJpbWFnZVByb2ZpbGUiOiJ3ZWI6c3RhbmRhcmQiLCJzaXplcyI6W3sic2l6ZSI6MzIwfV19LHsiYnJlYWtwb2ludCI6IkEiLCJpbWFnZVByb2ZpbGUiOiJ3ZWI6c3F1YXJlIiwic2l6ZXMiOlt7InNpemUiOjMyMH1dfV0sIm1ldGEiOlsiYm9keSIsImltYWdlIl19"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sncc" title="SNCC"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDgxMDYxNzIxNDE3/sncc-hero.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDgxMDYxNzIxNDE3/sncc-hero.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDgxMDYxNzIxNDE3/sncc-hero.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDgxMDYxNzIxNDE3/sncc-hero.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDgxMDYxNzIxNDE3/sncc-hero.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDgxMDYxNzIxNDE3/sncc-hero.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDgxMDYxNzIxNDE3/sncc-hero.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDgxMDYxNzIxNDE3/sncc-hero.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDgxMDYxNzIxNDE3/sncc-hero.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDgxMDYxNzIxNDE3/sncc-hero.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDgxMDYxNzIxNDE3/sncc-hero.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDgxMDYxNzIxNDE3/sncc-hero.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc5MDgxMDYxNzIxNDE3/sncc-hero.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="sncc-hero"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sncc"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">SNCC</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">The SNCC, or Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, was a civil-rights group formed to give younger blacks more of a voice in the civil rights movement. The SNCC soon became one of the movement’s more radical branches. In the wake of the Greensboro sit-in at a lunch counter <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sncc"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></phoenix-card></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/marcus-garvey"><phoenix-card class="m-card mm-card--type-standard mm-card--density-standard is-client-side-rendered" role="article" index="2" config-token="eyJpbWFnZSI6W3siYnJlYWtwb2ludCI6IkIiLCJpbWFnZVByb2ZpbGUiOiJ3ZWI6c3RhbmRhcmQiLCJzaXplcyI6W3sic2l6ZSI6MzIwfV19LHsiYnJlYWtwb2ludCI6IkEiLCJpbWFnZVByb2ZpbGUiOiJ3ZWI6c3F1YXJlIiwic2l6ZXMiOlt7InNpemUiOjMyMH1dfV0sIm1ldGEiOlsiYm9keSIsImltYWdlIl19"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/marcus-garvey" title="Marcus Garvey"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjQxODMyMTU5/marcus-garvey-thumb.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjQxODMyMTU5/marcus-garvey-thumb.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjQxODMyMTU5/marcus-garvey-thumb.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjQxODMyMTU5/marcus-garvey-thumb.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjQxODMyMTU5/marcus-garvey-thumb.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjQxODMyMTU5/marcus-garvey-thumb.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjQxODMyMTU5/marcus-garvey-thumb.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjQxODMyMTU5/marcus-garvey-thumb.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjQxODMyMTU5/marcus-garvey-thumb.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjQxODMyMTU5/marcus-garvey-thumb.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjQxODMyMTU5/marcus-garvey-thumb.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjQxODMyMTU5/marcus-garvey-thumb.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjQxODMyMTU5/marcus-garvey-thumb.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="marcus-garvey-thumb"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/marcus-garvey"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Marcus Garvey</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">Marcus Garvey was a Jamaican-born black nationalist and leader of the Pan-Africanism movement, which sought to unify and connect people of African descent worldwide. In the United States, he was a noted civil rights activist who founded the Negro World newspaper, a shipping <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/marcus-garvey"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></phoenix-card></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/alex-haley"><phoenix-card class="m-card mm-card--type-standard mm-card--density-standard is-client-side-rendered" role="article" index="3" config-token="eyJpbWFnZSI6W3siYnJlYWtwb2ludCI6IkIiLCJpbWFnZVByb2ZpbGUiOiJ3ZWI6c3RhbmRhcmQiLCJzaXplcyI6W3sic2l6ZSI6MzIwfV19LHsiYnJlYWtwb2ludCI6IkEiLCJpbWFnZVByb2ZpbGUiOiJ3ZWI6c3F1YXJlIiwic2l6ZXMiOlt7InNpemUiOjMyMH1dfV0sIm1ldGEiOlsiYm9keSIsImltYWdlIl19"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/alex-haley" title="Alex Haley"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzA1NDE5NTkz/alex-haley-portrait.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzA1NDE5NTkz/alex-haley-portrait.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzA1NDE5NTkz/alex-haley-portrait.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzA1NDE5NTkz/alex-haley-portrait.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzA1NDE5NTkz/alex-haley-portrait.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzA1NDE5NTkz/alex-haley-portrait.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzA1NDE5NTkz/alex-haley-portrait.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzA1NDE5NTkz/alex-haley-portrait.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzA1NDE5NTkz/alex-haley-portrait.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzA1NDE5NTkz/alex-haley-portrait.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzA1NDE5NTkz/alex-haley-portrait.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzA1NDE5NTkz/alex-haley-portrait.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzA1NDE5NTkz/alex-haley-portrait.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="alex-haley-portrait"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/alex-haley"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Alex Haley</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">Author Alex Haley (1921-1992) was best known for works depicting the struggles of African Americans. Raised in Henning, Tennessee, he began writing to help pass the time during his two decades with the U.S. Coast Guard. After conducting interviews with Malcolm X for Playboy <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/alex-haley"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></phoenix-card></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/booker-t-washington"><phoenix-card class="m-card mm-card--type-standard mm-card--density-standard is-client-side-rendered" role="article" index="4" config-token="eyJpbWFnZSI6W3siYnJlYWtwb2ludCI6IkIiLCJpbWFnZVByb2ZpbGUiOiJ3ZWI6c3RhbmRhcmQiLCJzaXplcyI6W3sic2l6ZSI6MzIwfV19LHsiYnJlYWtwb2ludCI6IkEiLCJpbWFnZVByb2ZpbGUiOiJ3ZWI6c3F1YXJlIiwic2l6ZXMiOlt7InNpemUiOjMyMH1dfV0sIm1ldGEiOlsiYm9keSIsImltYWdlIl19"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/booker-t-washington" title="Booker T. Washington"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc3NjU5MTU3NjAzNjU3/booker-t-washington-on-race-relations.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc3NjU5MTU3NjAzNjU3/booker-t-washington-on-race-relations.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc3NjU5MTU3NjAzNjU3/booker-t-washington-on-race-relations.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc3NjU5MTU3NjAzNjU3/booker-t-washington-on-race-relations.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc3NjU5MTU3NjAzNjU3/booker-t-washington-on-race-relations.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc3NjU5MTU3NjAzNjU3/booker-t-washington-on-race-relations.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc3NjU5MTU3NjAzNjU3/booker-t-washington-on-race-relations.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc3NjU5MTU3NjAzNjU3/booker-t-washington-on-race-relations.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc3NjU5MTU3NjAzNjU3/booker-t-washington-on-race-relations.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc3NjU5MTU3NjAzNjU3/booker-t-washington-on-race-relations.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc3NjU5MTU3NjAzNjU3/booker-t-washington-on-race-relations.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc3NjU5MTU3NjAzNjU3/booker-t-washington-on-race-relations.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc3NjU5MTU3NjAzNjU3/booker-t-washington-on-race-relations.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="On September 18, 1895, at the Atlanta Exposition, Booker T. Washington rises to national fame when he delivers what came to be known as his “Atlanta Compromise” speech, in which he advocates for the races to work together while remaining separate socially."></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/booker-t-washington"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Booker T. Washington</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) was born into slavery and rose to become a leading African American intellectual of the 19 century, founding Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (Now Tuskegee University) in 1881 and the National Negro Business League two decades later. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/booker-t-washington"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></phoenix-card></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/angela-davis"><phoenix-card class="m-card mm-card--type-standard mm-card--density-standard is-client-side-rendered" role="article" index="5" config-token="eyJpbWFnZSI6W3siYnJlYWtwb2ludCI6IkIiLCJpbWFnZVByb2ZpbGUiOiJ3ZWI6c3RhbmRhcmQiLCJzaXplcyI6W3sic2l6ZSI6MzIwfV19LHsiYnJlYWtwb2ludCI6IkEiLCJpbWFnZVByb2ZpbGUiOiJ3ZWI6c3F1YXJlIiwic2l6ZXMiOlt7InNpemUiOjMyMH1dfV0sIm1ldGEiOlsiYm9keSIsImltYWdlIl19"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/angela-davis" title="Angela Davis"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjM2MzkyNjcx/angela-davis-at-first-news-conference.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjM2MzkyNjcx/angela-davis-at-first-news-conference.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjM2MzkyNjcx/angela-davis-at-first-news-conference.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjM2MzkyNjcx/angela-davis-at-first-news-conference.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjM2MzkyNjcx/angela-davis-at-first-news-conference.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjM2MzkyNjcx/angela-davis-at-first-news-conference.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjM2MzkyNjcx/angela-davis-at-first-news-conference.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjM2MzkyNjcx/angela-davis-at-first-news-conference.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjM2MzkyNjcx/angela-davis-at-first-news-conference.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjM2MzkyNjcx/angela-davis-at-first-news-conference.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjM2MzkyNjcx/angela-davis-at-first-news-conference.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjM2MzkyNjcx/angela-davis-at-first-news-conference.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjM2MzkyNjcx/angela-davis-at-first-news-conference.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="angela-davis-at-first-news-conference"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/angela-davis"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Angela Davis</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">Educator and activist Angela Davis (1944-) became known for her involvement in a politically charged murder case in the early 1970s. Influenced by her segregated upbringing in Birmingham, Alabama, Davis joined the Black Panthers and an all-black branch of the Communist Party as a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/angela-davis"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></phoenix-card></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/jackie-robinson"><phoenix-card class="m-card mm-card--type-standard mm-card--density-standard is-client-side-rendered" role="article" index="6" config-token="eyJpbWFnZSI6W3siYnJlYWtwb2ludCI6IkIiLCJpbWFnZVByb2ZpbGUiOiJ3ZWI6c3RhbmRhcmQiLCJzaXplcyI6W3sic2l6ZSI6MzIwfV19LHsiYnJlYWtwb2ludCI6IkEiLCJpbWFnZVByb2ZpbGUiOiJ3ZWI6c3F1YXJlIiwic2l6ZXMiOlt7InNpemUiOjMyMH1dfV0sIm1ldGEiOlsiYm9keSIsImltYWdlIl19"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/jackie-robinson" title="Jackie Robinson"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg1MDg5MzAyMjM5/jackie-robinson-in-action.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg1MDg5MzAyMjM5/jackie-robinson-in-action.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg1MDg5MzAyMjM5/jackie-robinson-in-action.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg1MDg5MzAyMjM5/jackie-robinson-in-action.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg1MDg5MzAyMjM5/jackie-robinson-in-action.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg1MDg5MzAyMjM5/jackie-robinson-in-action.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg1MDg5MzAyMjM5/jackie-robinson-in-action.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg1MDg5MzAyMjM5/jackie-robinson-in-action.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg1MDg5MzAyMjM5/jackie-robinson-in-action.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg1MDg5MzAyMjM5/jackie-robinson-in-action.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg1MDg5MzAyMjM5/jackie-robinson-in-action.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg1MDg5MzAyMjM5/jackie-robinson-in-action.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc5MDg1MDg5MzAyMjM5/jackie-robinson-in-action.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="jackie-robinson-in-action"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/jackie-robinson"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Jackie Robinson</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">Jackie Robinson was an African American professional baseball player who broke Major Leagues Baseball’s infamous “color barrier” when he started at first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947. Until that time, professional ballplayers of color suited up for teams only <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/jackie-robinson"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></phoenix-card></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-codes"><phoenix-card class="m-card mm-card--type-standard mm-card--density-standard is-client-side-rendered" role="article" index="7" config-token="eyJpbWFnZSI6W3siYnJlYWtwb2ludCI6IkIiLCJpbWFnZVByb2ZpbGUiOiJ3ZWI6c3RhbmRhcmQiLCJzaXplcyI6W3sic2l6ZSI6MzIwfV19LHsiYnJlYWtwb2ludCI6IkEiLCJpbWFnZVByb2ZpbGUiOiJ3ZWI6c3F1YXJlIiwic2l6ZXMiOlt7InNpemUiOjMyMH1dfV0sIm1ldGEiOlsiYm9keSIsImltYWdlIl19"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-codes" title="Black Codes"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg1NjMyNzI2MzQ1/black-codes-hero.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg1NjMyNzI2MzQ1/black-codes-hero.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg1NjMyNzI2MzQ1/black-codes-hero.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg1NjMyNzI2MzQ1/black-codes-hero.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg1NjMyNzI2MzQ1/black-codes-hero.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg1NjMyNzI2MzQ1/black-codes-hero.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg1NjMyNzI2MzQ1/black-codes-hero.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg1NjMyNzI2MzQ1/black-codes-hero.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg1NjMyNzI2MzQ1/black-codes-hero.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg1NjMyNzI2MzQ1/black-codes-hero.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg1NjMyNzI2MzQ1/black-codes-hero.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg1NjMyNzI2MzQ1/black-codes-hero.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc5MDg1NjMyNzI2MzQ1/black-codes-hero.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="black-codes-hero"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-codes"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Black Codes</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">Black codes were restrictive laws designed to limit the freedom of African Americans and ensure their availability as a cheap labor force after slavery was abolished during the Civil War. Though the Union victory had given some 4 million slaves their freedom, the question of <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-codes"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></phoenix-card></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fourteenth-amendment"><phoenix-card class="m-card mm-card--type-standard mm-card--density-standard is-client-side-rendered" role="article" index="8" config-token="eyJpbWFnZSI6W3siYnJlYWtwb2ludCI6IkIiLCJpbWFnZVByb2ZpbGUiOiJ3ZWI6c3RhbmRhcmQiLCJzaXplcyI6W3sic2l6ZSI6MzIwfV19LHsiYnJlYWtwb2ludCI6IkEiLCJpbWFnZVByb2ZpbGUiOiJ3ZWI6c3F1YXJlIiwic2l6ZXMiOlt7InNpemUiOjMyMH1dfV0sIm1ldGEiOlsiYm9keSIsImltYWdlIl19"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" rel="" 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data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg0MDEzODU2NDc5/14th-amendment-page1.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg0MDEzODU2NDc5/14th-amendment-page1.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg0MDEzODU2NDc5/14th-amendment-page1.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg0MDEzODU2NDc5/14th-amendment-page1.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg0MDEzODU2NDc5/14th-amendment-page1.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg0MDEzODU2NDc5/14th-amendment-page1.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg0MDEzODU2NDc5/14th-amendment-page1.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg0MDEzODU2NDc5/14th-amendment-page1.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg0MDEzODU2NDc5/14th-amendment-page1.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc5MDg0MDEzODU2NDc5/14th-amendment-page1.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="14th-amendment-page1"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" rel="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fourteenth-amendment"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">14th Amendment</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.” One of three amendments passed during the Reconstruction <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023352/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fourteenth-amendment"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></phoenix-card></phoenix-super-link></div></phoenix-recommendations></section><div class="m-component-footer--container m-component-stack--footer" stream-more-items="OTo5OjI3NzRkODQ5ZmQ4OWMzZWE1NWZjNjQxNzU5ZTJjMGFi" 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