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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gedenkkugel_FKZ_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_2018.jpg/330px-Gedenkkugel_FKZ_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gedenkkugel_FKZ_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_2018.jpg/500px-Gedenkkugel_FKZ_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gedenkkugel_FKZ_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_2018.jpg/960px-Gedenkkugel_FKZ_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2844" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption>Commemoration of female gay prisoners at <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück concentration camp</a> by Initiative for Autonomous Feminist WomenLesbians from Germany and Austria, 22 April 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, gay women who were sent to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a> were often categorized as "<a href="/wiki/Asociality_(Nazi_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asociality (Nazi Germany)">asocial</a>", if they had not been otherwise targeted based on their ethnicity or political stances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupp2009181–183_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupp2009181–183-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female homosexuality was criminalized in <a href="/wiki/Austria_within_Nazi_Germany" title="Austria within Nazi Germany">Austria</a>, but not other parts of Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021abstract_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021abstract-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupp2009181–183_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupp2009181–183-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the relative lack of interest of the Nazi state in <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">female homosexuality</a> compared to <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">male homosexuality</a>, there are fewer sources to document the situations of lesbians in Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_Nazi_Germany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, homosexual bars and night clubs opened up in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. Notable amongst them was the <i>Mali und Igel,</i> run by entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Elsa_Conrad" title="Elsa Conrad">Elsa Conrad</a>. Inside the bar was a club called <i>Monbijou des Westens.</i> The club was exclusive and catered for Berlin's female gay intellectual elite; one famous guest was the actress <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a>. Each year the club hosted balls with up to 600 women in attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavie202181_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavie202181-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A campaign to close all homosexual bars, including female ones, began in March 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavie2021??_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavie2021??-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All homosexual periodicals (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Freundin" title="Die Freundin">Die Freundin</a></i>) and organizations were also targeted for closure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupp2009181–183_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupp2009181–183-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHürner2010S._38–43_&_46–52_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHürner2010S._38–43_&_46–52-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_Nazi_Germany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians investigating individual cases have come to varying conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women in Nazi Germany accused of a homosexual relationship faced a different fate depending on their characteristics. Those who were <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Nazi Germany">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_black_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany">black</a>, or politically opposed to the regime faced imprisonment in a <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> or death—sentences that in some cases were likely made more harsh by the victims' homosexual identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, historian <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clowes_Huneke" title="Samuel Clowes Huneke">Samuel Clowes Huneke</a> concludes that female gays accused of non-political crimes were not treated differently based on being homosexual, and simply being denounced as gay typically led to a police investigation but no punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, he suggests "heterogenous persecution" as one way that homosexual experiences in Nazi Germany might be described.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Marhoefer" title="Laurie Marhoefer">Laurie Marhoefer</a> argues that "Though not the subjects of an official state persecution, gender-nonconforming women, transvestites, and women who drew negative attention because of their homosexuality ran a clear, pronounced risk of provoking anxiety in neighbours, acquaintances, and state officials, and that anxiety could, ultimately, inspire the kind of state violence that <a href="/wiki/Ilse_Totzke" title="Ilse Totzke">[Ilse] Totzke</a> suffered"—imprisonment in <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück concentration camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer20161193–1194_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer20161193–1194-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_Nazi_Germany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, there was a controversy over the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Homosexuals_Persecuted_Under_Nazism" title="Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism">Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tiergarten,_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiergarten, Berlin">Tiergarten</a>, Berlin about the initial non-inclusion of gay women in the memorial. Critics argued that, while gay women did not face systematic persecution to the same extent as gay men, it was appropriate to memorialize those women who had been sent to concentration camps. A plan to replace the initial video with one that included women faced a backlash from opposing historians, activists, and memorial directors who argued that it would be "falsification" to include gay women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer20161167_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer20161167-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite efforts by some lesbian activists to commemorate female homosexuals imprisoned and murdered at <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a>, as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_Nazi_Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there has not been agreement on the establishment of a gay womens' memorial at the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021first_section_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021first_section-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huneke argues that even though homosexual women were not systematically persecuted, it may be appropriate to erect memorials because gay women in Nazi Germany faced violence and discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_Nazi_Germany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/48px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/64px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Heuman" title="Margot Heuman">Margot Heuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henny_Schermann" title="Henny Schermann">Henny Schermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovida_Delect" title="Ovida Delect">Ovida Delect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsa_Conrad" title="Elsa Conrad">Elsa Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_P%C3%BCnjer" title="Mary Pünjer">Mary Pünjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarete_Rosenberg_(Holocaust_survivor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Margarete Rosenberg (Holocaust survivor)">Margarete Rosenberg (Holocaust survivor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elli_Smula" title="Elli Smula">Elli Smula</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_Nazi_Germany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERupp2009181–183-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupp2009181–183_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupp2009181–183_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupp2009181–183_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRupp2009">Rupp 2009</a>, p. 181–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021Conclusions_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuneke2021">Huneke 2021</a>, Conclusions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021abstract-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021abstract_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuneke2021">Huneke 2021</a>, abstract.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavie202181-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavie202181_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLavie2021">Lavie 2021</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavie2021??-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavie2021??_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLavie2021">Lavie 2021</a>, p. ??.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHürner2010S._38–43_&_46–52-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHürner2010S._38–43_&_46–52_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHürner2010">Hürner 2010</a>, S. 38–43 & 46–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer20161193–1194-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer20161193–1194_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarhoefer2016">Marhoefer 2016</a>, pp. 1193–1194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer20161167-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer20161167_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarhoefer2016">Marhoefer 2016</a>, p. 1167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021first_section-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuneke2021first_section_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuneke2021">Huneke 2021</a>, first section.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_Nazi_Germany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRupp2009" class="citation book cs1">Rupp, Leila J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/isbn_9780814775929"><i>Sapphistries: A Global History of Love Between Women</i></a>. Internet Archive. New York University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">181–</span>183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7592-9"><bdi>978-0-8147-7592-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sapphistries%3A+A+Global+History+of+Love+Between+Women&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7592-9&rft.aulast=Rupp&rft.aufirst=Leila+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780814775929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbians+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuneke2021" class="citation journal cs1">Huneke, Samuel Clowes (2021). "Heterogeneous Persecution: Lesbianism and the Nazi State". <i>Central European History</i>. <b>54</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">297–</span>325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008938920000795">10.1017/S0008938920000795</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235760995">235760995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=Heterogeneous+Persecution%3A+Lesbianism+and+the+Nazi+State&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E325&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008938920000795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235760995%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Huneke&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Clowes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbians+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHürner2010" class="citation web cs1">Hürner, Julia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://othes.univie.ac.at/11381/1/2010-10-01_0103415.pdf">"Lebensumstände lesbischer Frauen in Österreich und Deutschland - von den 1920er Jahren bis zur NS-Zeit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. S. 38–43 & 46–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lebensumst%C3%A4nde+lesbischer+Frauen+in+%C3%96sterreich+und+Deutschland+-+von+den+1920er+Jahren+bis+zur+NS-Zeit&rft.pages=S.+38-43+%26+46-52&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCrner&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fothes.univie.ac.at%2F11381%2F1%2F2010-10-01_0103415.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbians+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavie2021" class="citation book cs1">Lavie, Hilla (2021). <i>Being a Jewish Lesbian in Berlin</i>. transcript Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">77–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8394-5332-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8394-5332-2"><bdi>978-3-8394-5332-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+a+Jewish+Lesbian+in+Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-8394-5332-2&rft.aulast=Lavie&rft.aufirst=Hilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbians+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarhoefer2016" class="citation journal cs1">Marhoefer, Laurie (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/121/4/1167/2581601?login=true">"Lesbianism, Transvestitism, and the Nazi State: A Microhistory of a Gestapo Investigation, 1939–1943"</a>. <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>121</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1167–</span>1195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fahr%2F121.4.1167">10.1093/ahr/121.4.1167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Lesbianism%2C+Transvestitism%2C+and+the+Nazi+State%3A+A+Microhistory+of+a+Gestapo+Investigation%2C+1939%E2%80%931943&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1167-%3C%2Fspan%3E1195&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fahr%2F121.4.1167&rft.aulast=Marhoefer&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fahr%2Farticle%2F121%2F4%2F1167%2F2581601%3Flogin%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbians+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_Nazi_Germany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuneke2019" class="citation journal cs1">Huneke, Samuel Clowes (2019). "The Duplicity of Tolerance: Lesbian Experiences in Nazi Berlin". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>54</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">30–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009417690596">10.1177/0022009417690596</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151476660">151476660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+Duplicity+of+Tolerance%3A+Lesbian+Experiences+in+Nazi+Berlin&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009417690596&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151476660%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Huneke&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Clowes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbians+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJanz2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Janz, Ulrike (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1524/9783486857504.77/html">"Das Zeichen lesbisch in den nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslagern"</a>. In Schwartz, Michael (ed.). <i>Homosexuelle im Nationalsozialismus: Neue Forschungsperspektiven zu Lebenssituationen von lesbischen, schwulen, bi-, trans- und intersexuellen Menschen 1933 bis 1945</i> (in German). De Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">77–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2F9783486857504.77">10.1524/9783486857504.77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-85750-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-85750-4"><bdi>978-3-486-85750-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+Zeichen+lesbisch+in+den+nationalsozialistischen+Konzentrationslagern&rft.btitle=Homosexuelle+im+Nationalsozialismus%3A+Neue+Forschungsperspektiven+zu+Lebenssituationen+von+lesbischen%2C+schwulen%2C+bi-%2C+trans-+und+intersexuellen+Menschen+1933+bis+1945&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2F9783486857504.77&rft.isbn=978-3-486-85750-4&rft.aulast=Janz&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1524%2F9783486857504.77%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbians+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchoppmann2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Schoppmann" title="Claudia Schoppmann">Schoppmann, Claudia</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1524/9783486857504.85/html">"Lesbische Frauen und weibliche Homosexualität im Dritten Reich"</a>. <i>Homosexuelle im Nationalsozialismus: Neue Forschungsperspektiven zu Lebenssituationen von lesbischen, schwulen, bi-, trans- und intersexuellen Menschen 1933 bis 1945</i> (in German). De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2F9783486857504.85">10.1524/9783486857504.85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-85750-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-85750-4"><bdi>978-3-486-85750-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lesbische+Frauen+und+weibliche+Homosexualit%C3%A4t+im+Dritten+Reich&rft.btitle=Homosexuelle+im+Nationalsozialismus%3A+Neue+Forschungsperspektiven+zu+Lebenssituationen+von+lesbischen%2C+schwulen%2C+bi-%2C+trans-+und+intersexuellen+Menschen+1933+bis+1945&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2F9783486857504.85&rft.isbn=978-3-486-85750-4&rft.aulast=Schoppmann&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1524%2F9783486857504.85%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbians+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchoppmann2014" class="citation book cs1">Schoppmann, Claudia (2014). "Zum Doppelleben gezwungen: Vermeidungsund Überlebensstrategien lesbischer Frauen im ›Dritten Reich‹". <i>Forschung im Queerformat: Aktuelle Beiträge der LSBTI*-, Queer- und Geschlechterforschung</i>. transcript Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8394-2702-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8394-2702-6"><bdi>978-3-8394-2702-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zum+Doppelleben+gezwungen%3A+Vermeidungsund+%C3%9Cberlebensstrategien+lesbischer+Frauen+im+%E2%80%BADritten+Reich%E2%80%B9&rft.btitle=Forschung+im+Queerformat%3A+Aktuelle+Beitr%C3%A4ge+der+LSBTI%2A-%2C+Queer-+und+Geschlechterforschung&rft.pub=transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-8394-2702-6&rft.aulast=Schoppmann&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbians+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchoppmann2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schoppmann, Claudia (2016). <i>Nationalsozialistische Sexualpolitik und weibliche Homosexualität</i> (in German). Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86226-853-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86226-853-5"><bdi>978-3-86226-853-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalsozialistische+Sexualpolitik+und+weibliche+Homosexualit%C3%A4t&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-86226-853-5&rft.aulast=Schoppmann&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbians+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVendrell2018" class="citation journal cs1">Vendrell, Javier Samper (2018). "The Case of a German-Jewish Lesbian Woman: Martha Mosse and the Danger of Standing Out". <i>German Studies Review</i>. <b>41</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">335–</span>353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fgsr.2018.0058">10.1353/gsr.2018.0058</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2164-8646">2164-8646</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165243411">165243411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+Case+of+a+German-Jewish+Lesbian+Woman%3A+Martha+Mosse+and+the+Danger+of+Standing+Out&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E353&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165243411%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2164-8646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fgsr.2018.0058&rft.aulast=Vendrell&rft.aufirst=Javier+Samper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbians+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_Nazi_Germany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/lesbians-under-the-nazi-regime">"Lesbians and the Third Reich"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lesbians+and+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Flesbians-under-the-nazi-regime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbians+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_in_Germany150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_in_Germany" title="Template:LGBTQ in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_in_Germany" title="Template talk:LGBTQ in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_in_Germany150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Germany" title="LGBTQ rights in Germany">LGBTQ in Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ history in Germany">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krupp_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Krupp affair">Krupp affair</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulenburg_affair" title="Eulenburg affair">Eulenburg affair</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">First homosexual movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific-Humanitarian_Committee" title="Scientific-Humanitarian Committee">Scientific-Humanitarian Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_politicians_in_Germany" title="List of LGBTQ politicians in Germany">Politicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paragraph_175" title="Paragraph 175">Paragraph 175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexuals_Act_(Germany)" title="Transsexuals Act (Germany)">Transsexuals Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexuality and Nazism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Nazis_myth" title="Gay Nazis myth">Gay Nazis myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6hm_scandal" title="Röhm scandal">Röhm scandal</a> (1931–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Victims_of_the_Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Victims of the Night of the Long Knives">victims</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blomberg%E2%80%93Fritsch_affair" title="Blomberg–Fritsch affair">Blomberg–Fritsch affair</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Malicious_Practices_Act_1933" class="mw-redirect" title="The Malicious Practices Act 1933">The Malicious Practices Act 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lesbians in Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Germany" title="LGBTQ rights in Germany">Rights</a> and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Germany" title="Intersex rights in Germany">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Germany" title="LGBTQ rights in Germany">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Germany" title="Same-sex marriage in Germany">Recognition of same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_gender_law_(Germany)" title="Third gender law (Germany)">Third gender law</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Determination_Act_(Germany)" title="Self-Determination Act (Germany)">Self-Determination Act</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrum_Schwule_Geschichte" title="Centrum Schwule Geschichte">Centrum Schwule Geschichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwules_Museum" title="Schwules Museum">Schwules Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirschfeld_Eddy_Foundation" title="Hirschfeld Eddy Foundation">Hirschfeld Eddy Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSVD%2B" title="LSVD+">LSVD<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbenring" title="Lesbenring">Lesbenring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Society_for_Social-Scientific_Sexuality_Research" title="German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research">German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gay villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motzstra%C3%9Fe" title="Motzstraße">Motzstraße</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nollendorfplatz" title="Nollendorfplatz">Nollendorfplatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Georg,_Hamburg" title="St. Georg, Hamburg">St. Georg, Hamburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Engel" title="Frankfurter Engel">Frankfurter Engel</a> (Frankfurt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Homosexuals_persecuted_under_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial to Homosexuals persecuted under Nazism">Memorial to Homosexuals persecuted under Nazism</a> (Berlin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_gay_and_lesbian_victims_of_National_Socialism" title="Memorial to gay and lesbian victims of National Socialism">Memorial to gay and lesbian victims of National Socialism</a> (Cologne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_first_homosexual_emancipation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial to the first homosexual emancipation movement">Memorial to the first homosexual emancipation movement</a> (Berlin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DU%26ICH" title="DU&ICH">DU&ICH</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hinnerk_(magazine)" title="Hinnerk (magazine)">Hinnerk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nner_(magazine)" title="Männer (magazine)">Männer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siegess%C3%A4ule_(magazine)" title="Siegessäule (magazine)">Siegessäule</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabu_Homosexualit%C3%A4t" title="Tabu Homosexualität">Tabu Homosexualität</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Eigene" title="Der Eigene">Der Eigene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Different_from_the_Others" title="Different from the Others">Different from the Others</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Freundin" title="Die Freundin">Die Freundin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/PlanetRomeo" class="mw-redirect" title="PlanetRomeo">PlanetRomeo</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Template:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Template talk:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6hm_scandal" title="Röhm scandal">Röhm scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Nazis_myth" title="Gay Nazis myth">Gay Nazis myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragraph_175" title="Paragraph 175">Paragraph 175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malicious_Practices_Act_1933" title="Malicious Practices Act 1933">Malicious Practices Act 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Germany">LGBT history in Germany</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lesbians in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Transgender people in Nazi Germany">Transgender people in Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Central_Office_for_the_Combating_of_Homosexuality_and_Abortion" title="Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion">Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl-Heinz_Rodenberg" title="Carl-Heinz Rodenberg">Carl-Heinz Rodenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Heinrich_Schultz" title="Johannes Heinrich Schultz">Johannes Heinrich Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_V%C3%A6rnet" title="Carl Værnet">Carl Værnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victims and survivors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">First homosexual movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Friedrich_Abert" title="Joseph Friedrich Abert">Joseph Friedrich Abert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Becker" title="Albrecht Becker">Albrecht Becker </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Brazda" title="Rudolf Brazda">Rudolf Brazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_von_Cramm" title="Gottfried von Cramm">Gottfried von Cramm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_D%C3%B6rmer" title="Heinz Dörmer">Heinz Dörmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gorath" title="Karl Gorath">Karl Gorath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Paul_von_Groszheim" title="Friedrich-Paul von Groszheim">Friedrich-Paul von Groszheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Grune" title="Richard Grune">Richard Grune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heckmann" title="Wilhelm Heckmann">Wilhelm Heckmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Peltzer" title="Otto Peltzer">Otto Peltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Ruffin" title="Kurt von Ruffin">Kurt von Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Seel" title="Pierre Seel">Pierre Seel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Clasen" title="Leo Clasen">Leo Clasen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS%E2%80%93Holocaust_metaphor" title="AIDS–Holocaust metaphor">AIDS–Holocaust metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence%3DDeath_Project" title="Silence=Death Project">Silence=Death Project</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Homosexuals_Persecuted_Under_Nazism" title="Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_gay_and_lesbian_victims_of_National_Socialism" title="Memorial to gay and lesbian victims of National Socialism">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Engel" title="Frankfurter Engel">Frankfurter Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homomonument" title="Homomonument">Homomonument</a> (Amsterdam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Triangle_Park" title="Pink Triangle Park">Pink Triangle Park</a> (San Francisco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Gay_and_Lesbian_Holocaust_Memorial" title="Sydney Gay and Lesbian Holocaust Memorial">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memorial_to_Gays_and_Lesbians_Persecuted_in_the_Shoah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memorial to Gays and Lesbians Persecuted in the Shoah (page does not exist)">Tel Aviv</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_(%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91)" class="extiw" title="he:אנדרטה לזכר ההומואים והלסביות שנרדפו בשואה (תל אביב)">he</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bent_(play)" title="Bent (play)"><i>Bent</i> (play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_(1997_film)" title="Bent (1997 film)"><i>Bent</i> (1997 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Love_to_Hide" title="A Love to Hide">A Love to Hide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_Rosa_Nudo" title="Il Rosa Nudo">Il Rosa Nudo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Men_With_the_Pink_Triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Men With the Pink Triangle">The Men With the Pink Triangle</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_Nazi_Germany&oldid=1275916529">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_Nazi_Germany&oldid=1275916529</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1930s_in_LGBTQ_history" title="Category:1930s in LGBTQ history">1930s in LGBTQ 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