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class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Phiomia</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيوميا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيوميا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiomia" title="Phiomia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Phiomia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiomia" title="Phiomia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Phiomia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiomia" title="Phiomia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phiomia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiomia" title="Phiomia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Phiomia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="فیومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiomia" title="Phiomia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Phiomia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiomia" title="Phiomia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Phiomia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="פיומיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיומיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiomia" title="Phiomia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Phiomia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiomia" title="Phiomia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Phiomia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiomia" title="Phiomia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Phiomia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A2" title="フィオミア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィオミア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiomia" title="Phiomia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Phiomia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiomia" title="Phiomia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Phiomia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiomia" title="Phiomia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Phiomia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Фиомии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фиомии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiomia" title="Phiomia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Phiomia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiomia" title="Phiomia – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Phiomia" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%B8%E6%96%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="漸新象 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="漸新象" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Phiomia</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Late Eocene</a>-<a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Early Oligocene</a><br />~<span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">37–30 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:207.47692307692px; width:2.3692307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:207.47692307692px; width:2.3692307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:208.47692307692px; width:0.36923076923077px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Phiomia_serridens_skull.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Phiomia_serridens_skull.JPG/250px-Phiomia_serridens_skull.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Phiomia_serridens_skull.JPG/330px-Phiomia_serridens_skull.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Phiomia_serridens_skull.JPG/500px-Phiomia_serridens_skull.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>P. serridens</i> skull </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Phiomia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elephantiformes" title="Elephantiformes">Elephantiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phiomiidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Phiomia</i></a><br /><small>Andrews & Beadnell, 1902</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i>Phiomia serridens</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Andrews & Beadnell, 1902</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>P. serridens</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Andrews & Beadnell, 1902</span></li> <li><i>P. major</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Sanders & Kappelman, 2004</span></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Phiomia</b></i> (after the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <i>phiom</i> "lake", an ancient name for the <a href="/wiki/Fayyum_(fossil_deposit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayyum (fossil deposit)">Fayum</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an extinct genus of basal <a href="/wiki/Elephantiformes" title="Elephantiformes">elephantiform</a> <a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">proboscidean</a> that lived in what is now Northern <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> during the Late <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> to Early <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> some 37–30 million years ago. The <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">type specimen</a> of <i>Phiomia</i>, part of the mandible (lower jaw), was described in 1902 by Charles William Andrews and Hugh John Llewellyn. Unsure of its identity, they assigned it, tentatively, to the obsolete order <a href="/wiki/Creodonta" title="Creodonta">Creodonta</a>. Subsequently, it was recognised as a proboscidean. Briefly it was treated as a <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">junior synonym</a> of <i>Palaeomastodon</i>, but the two are regarded as separate genera. Though five species have been assigned to <i>Phiomia</i> over the years, only two, <i><b>P. serridens</b></i> (the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a>) and <i><b>P. major</b></i>, are currently recognised. </p><p><i>Phiomia</i> was fairly small in terms of body size, with an estimated shoulder height 134.5 cm (4.41 ft) in the case of <i>P. serridens</i>. In some regards it resembled <i>Palaeomastodon</i>, though was less <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> and bore similarities to <a href="/wiki/Gomphothere" title="Gomphothere">gomphotheres</a>, to the point where it was briefly considered their ancestor. A retracted <a href="/wiki/Nostril" title="Nostril">naris</a> (nasal cavity) with strong muscle attachment sites, long snout and protruding mandible all suggest that <i>Phiomia</i> was among the first proboscideans to possess a true <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">trunk</a>. Both the upper jaw and mandibles were tusked, with those of the upper jaw being thin, recurved and blade-like, while those of the mandibles were flat, straight and broad. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phiomia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Fayum_area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Map_of_Fayum_area.png/220px-Map_of_Fayum_area.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Map_of_Fayum_area.png/330px-Map_of_Fayum_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Map_of_Fayum_area.png/440px-Map_of_Fayum_area.png 2x" data-file-width="2492" data-file-height="3531" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Fayum area of Egypt, from which <i>Phiomia serridens</i> is known</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phiomia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">type specimen</a> of <i>Phiomia</i>, a partial left <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a> (lower jaw), was recovered from strata belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Qatrani_Formation" title="Jebel Qatrani Formation">Jebel Qatrani Formation</a>, part of the Eocene-age <a href="/wiki/Fayyum_(fossil_deposit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayyum (fossil deposit)">Fayum fossil deposits</a> of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, the mandible was described by Charles William Andrews and Hugh John Llewellyn Beadnell, as part of a paper naming several mammal genera from the Fayum. They assigned to it the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial name</a> of <i>Phiomia serridens</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the locality of its discovery (the name "Fayum" derives from the Greek <i>phiom</i>, meaning "lake")<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its serrated lower <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrews and Beadnell were uncertain of <i>Phiomia</i>'s relationships, though, believing it to have been carnivorous, tentatively suggested that it was a highly specialised member of the now-disused <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Creodonta" title="Creodonta">Creodonta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a review by <a href="/wiki/Max_Schlosser_(zoologist)" title="Max Schlosser (zoologist)">Max Schlosser</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1906, Andrews re-examined <i>P. serridens</i>, and suggested a closer relationship to <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeomastodon" title="Palaeomastodon">Palaeomastodon</a></i>, an early <a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">proboscidean</a>. He tentatively suggested that it may have represented a smaller species of that genus, or that it belonged, at the very least, to the same family, <a href="/wiki/Palaeomastodon" title="Palaeomastodon">Palaeomastodontidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908, Andrews wrote a paper on <i>Palaeomastodon</i>. By that point, he had become unconvinced that <i>Phiomia</i> could be reliably separated from it, and suggested due to its small body size that its holotype belonged to the same taxon as <i>Palaeomastodon minor</i>. Thus, he formally <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonymised</a> the two.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Validity_and_internal_systematics">Validity and internal systematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phiomia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Validity and internal systematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The proposed synonymy between <i>Phiomia</i> and <i>Palaeomastodon</i> lasted only fourteen years. In 1922, <a href="/wiki/Matsumoto_Hikoshichir%C5%8D" title="Matsumoto Hikoshichirō">Matsumoto Hikoshichirō</a> once again separated the two, based on various characteristics of the skull and teeth. Notably, the morphology of the two genera's <a href="/wiki/Cheek_teeth" title="Cheek teeth">cheek teeth</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">premolars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molars</a>) were different, with those of <i>Palaeomastodon</i> being <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bunolophodont" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:bunolophodont">bunolophodont</a> (having inner cusps that are blunt cones, and outer cusps modified into ridges) and those of <i>Phiomia</i> being conventionally <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">bunodont</a>. Furthermore, based on a second mandible from the Jebel Qatrani, Matsumoto described a second <i>Phiomia</i> species, <i>P. osborni</i>, and reassigned two species of <i>Palaeomastodon</i>, thus adding <i>P. minor</i> and <i>P. wintoni</i> to <i>Phiomia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional <i>Phiomia</i> species, <i>P. major</i>, was described in 2004 by William J. Sanders, John Kappelman, and D. Tab Rasmussen, based on teeth from the <a href="/wiki/Chilga" title="Chilga">Chilga</a> district of Ethiopia. In the paper describing it, the authors synonymised all of Matsumoto's taxa with <i>P. serridens</i>, thus reducing <i>Phiomia</i> to just two species.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent authors have maintained this synonymy.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phiomia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since its reclassification as a proboscidean, <i>Phiomia</i> has always been regarded as a fairly <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> member of the order. Henry Fairfield Osborn believed that it was an early member of a long-jawed <a href="/wiki/Mammutidae" title="Mammutidae">mastodont</a> lineage, and that it was directly ancestral to <i>Trilophodon</i> (now a synonym of <i><a href="/wiki/Gomphotherium" title="Gomphotherium">Gomphotherium</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Pascal Tassy's 1988 paper on the phylogeny of proboscideans, wherein he erected the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">suborder</a> <a href="/wiki/Elephantiformes" title="Elephantiformes">Elephantiformes</a>, he classified <i>Phiomia</i> as a basal member of the group, intermediate between <i>Palaeomastodon</i> and the later <i><a href="/wiki/Hemimastodon" title="Hemimastodon">Hemimastodon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, the family Phiomiidae was erected to encompass <i>Phiomia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A phylogenetic analysis of basal proboscideans was performed by Lionel Hautier et al. (2021), which recovered <i>Phiomia</i> in a similar position.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Below is a cladogram depicting the results of Hautier et al. (2021):</p><div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Eritherium" title="Eritherium">Eritherium</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Phosphatherium" title="Phosphatherium">Phosphatherium</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Daouitherium" title="Daouitherium">Daouitherium</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Numidotherium" title="Numidotherium">Numidotherium</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Barytherium" title="Barytherium">Barytherium</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Arcanotherium" title="Arcanotherium">Arcanotherium</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Omanitherium" title="Omanitherium">Omanitherium</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Saloumia" title="Saloumia">Saloumia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Moeritherium" title="Moeritherium">Moeritherium</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Deinotheriidae" title="Deinotheriidae">Deinotheriidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Elephantiformes" title="Elephantiformes">Elephantiformes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dagbatitherium" title="Dagbatitherium">Dagbatitherium</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeomastodon" title="Palaeomastodon">Palaeomastodon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Phiomia</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Elephantimorpha" title="Elephantimorpha">Elephantimorpha</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phiomia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phiomia_NT_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Phiomia_NT_small.jpg/250px-Phiomia_NT_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Phiomia_NT_small.jpg/330px-Phiomia_NT_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Phiomia_NT_small.jpg/500px-Phiomia_NT_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison between <i>Phiomia serridens</i> and a human</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Phiomia serridens</i> is estimated to have had a shoulder height of 134.5 cm (4.41 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>P. major</i> seems to have been larger, though by how much is uncertain due to its nature as a taxon known solely from teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull_and_dentition">Skull and dentition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phiomia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Skull and dentition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The skull of <i>Phiomia</i> is similar to that of <i>Palaeomastodon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was fairly long in comparison to its width, more so than in that genus, though not to the extent of gomphotheres like <i>Gomphotherium</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Megabelodon" title="Megabelodon">Megabelodon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nostril" title="Nostril">naris</a> (nasal cavity) was retracted, to the extent where its topped just before the orbits.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That it is surrounded by strong muscle attachment sites suggests the presence of a small <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">trunk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Phiomia</i>'s <a href="/wiki/Palatine_bone" title="Palatine bone">palate</a> was fairly narrow, while that of <i>Palaeomastodon</i> was wider.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mandibular_symphysis" title="Mandibular symphysis">symphysis</a> of the mandible was very elongated, though again, not to the extent of the aforementioned gomphotheres;<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both genera were among the first proboscideans to meaningfully elongate the mandibular symphysis and tusks.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <i>Palaeomastodon</i>, <i>Phiomia</i> had a high <a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">occiput</a> with a large <a href="/wiki/Nuchal_lines" title="Nuchal lines">nuchal crest</a>, possibly to counterbalance the weight of the tusks, elongated mandible, and trunk.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Phiomia</i> had a <a href="/wiki/Dental_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental formula">dental formula</a> of <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;" title="upper dentition: Incisors.Canines.Premolars.Molars">1.0.3.3</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;" title="lower dentition: Incisors.Canines.Premolars.Molars">1.0.2.3</span></span> × 2 = 26</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On both the lower and upper jaws, the <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a> had been modified into <a href="/wiki/Tusk" title="Tusk">tusks</a>. The upper tusks curved downwards, and were thin and blade-like, while the lower tusks were straight and flat, with rounded edges.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the premolars were brachydont (short-cusped), though the last premolar was like the molars in being long, narrow and bunodont. This is unlike the condition in <i>Palaeomastodon</i>, whose teeth were bunolophodont. All of the cheek teeth bear a trefoil <a href="/wiki/Cusp_(anatomy)" title="Cusp (anatomy)">cusp</a> pattern, unlike more basal proboscideans but like gomphotheres. <i>Phiomia</i>'s cheek teeth are also shorter than those of <i>Palaeomastodon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeoenvironment">Palaeoenvironment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phiomia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Palaeoenvironment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phiomia_osborni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Phiomia_osborni.jpg/250px-Phiomia_osborni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Phiomia_osborni.jpg/330px-Phiomia_osborni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Phiomia_osborni.jpg/500px-Phiomia_osborni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="1033" /></a><figcaption>1932 depiction of <i>Phiomia osborni</i> foraging, by Margret Flinsch</figcaption></figure> <p>The environment of the Jebel Qatrani Formation, from which <i>Phiomia serridens</i> originates, has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> lowland plain by Bown, who further suggests the presence of streams and ponds.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the occurrence of birds that are associated with water (such as <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">ospreys</a>, early <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">flamingos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacana_(genus)" title="Jacana (genus)">jacanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">storks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shoebill" title="Shoebill">shoebills</a>), Rasmussen and colleagues inferred that the environment featured slow-moving freshwater with a substantial amount of aquatic vegetation, which matches the prior hypothesis. Although <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithology</a> suggests that most fossils were deposited on sandbanks after being transported by currents, the authors argue that <a href="/wiki/Swamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Swamps">swamps</a> could have easily formed along the banks of the river that was present during the Oligocene and may account for the mudstone found in certain quarries. They furthermore suggest that the fossil birds of Fayum, due to their affinities with modern groups, should be considered a more valuable indicator of the environment when compared with the fossil mammals, many of which belonged to families lacking modern examples. The absence of other birds typical for such an environment may be explained either through sampling bias or due to the fact that said groups had simply not yet been present in Oligocene Africa. Generally, Rasmussen and colleagues compare the environment of Jebel Qatrani to freshwater habitats in modern Central Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-R87_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R87-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of snakehead fossils seem to support Rasmussen's interpretation, as the genus <i>Parachanna</i> today prefers slow-moving backwaters with plenty of vegetation. Other fish present meanwhile, notably <i>Tylochromis</i>, suggest that deep, open water was likewise present. The river channels may have been overgrown with <a href="/wiki/Reed_(plant)" title="Reed (plant)">reeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyperus_papyrus" title="Cyperus papyrus">papyrus</a> and featured floating vegetation like <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">water lilies</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Salvinia" title="Salvinia">Salvinia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-M04_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M04-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2001 paper Rasmussen et al<i>.</i> argued that the sandstone and mudstone of the formation likely formed as sediments were <a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">aggraded</a> by a system of river channels that emptied towards the west into the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys</a>. Here they reconstructed the environment as a tropical lowland swamp forest intermingled with marshes. They furthermore suggest that the environment would have experienced <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-R01_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R01-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall this indicates that this region was a part of an extensive belt of tropical forest that stretched across what is now northern Africa, which would gradually give rise to open woodland and even steppe the further one was to travel inland.<sup id="cite_ref-K23_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K23-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phiomia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 incisor, no canine, 3 premolars and 3 molars in each half of the upper jaw, and 2 incisors, no canines, 2 premolars and 3 molars in each half of the lower jaw, resulting in 26 teeth in total</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phiomia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOsborn1926" class="citation journal cs1">Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/52b5ecb5-43c9-49d0-9921-ad439bb9084f">"Mastodons and mammoths of North America. (Guide leaflet, no. 62)"</a>. <i>American Museum Guide Leaflets</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Museum+Guide+Leaflets&rft.atitle=Mastodons+and+mammoths+of+North+America.+%28Guide+leaflet%2C+no.+62%29&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Osborn&rft.aufirst=Henry+Fairfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.amnh.org%2Fitems%2F52b5ecb5-43c9-49d0-9921-ad439bb9084f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiomia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorganLucas2002" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Vincent L.; Lucas, Spencer G. 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On the skull, mandible, and milk dentition of Palæomastodon, with some remarks on the tooth change in the proboscidea in general"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 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Based on the collection of the Egyptian government in the Geological museum, Cairo, and on the collection in the British museum (Natural history), London</i></a>. 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Tab (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app49/app49-365.pdf">"New large-bodied mammals from the late Oligocene site of Chilga, Ethiopia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</i>. <b>49</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">365–</span>392.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Palaeontologica+Polonica&rft.atitle=New+large-bodied+mammals+from+the+late+Oligocene+site+of+Chilga%2C+Ethiopia&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E365-%3C%2Fspan%3E392&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Kappelman%2C+John&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+D.+Tab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.app.pan.pl%2Farchive%2Fpublished%2Fapp49%2Fapp49-365.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiomia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWerdelinSanders2010" class="citation book cs1">Werdelin, Lars; Sanders, William Joseph (2010-07-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6c8lDQAAQBAJ"><i>Cenozoic Mammals of Africa</i></a>. 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(2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1475-4983.00182">"Hindlimb of a giant terrestrial bird from the upper Eocene, Fayum, Egypt"</a>. <i>Palaeontology</i>. <b>44</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">325–</span>337. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Palgy..44..325R">2001Palgy..44..325R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1475-4983.00182">10.1111/1475-4983.00182</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130033734">130033734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeontology&rft.atitle=Hindlimb+of+a+giant+terrestrial+bird+from+the+upper+Eocene%2C+Fayum%2C+Egypt.&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E337&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130033734%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1475-4983.00182&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Palgy..44..325R&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rft.au=Simons%2C+E.L.&rft.au=Hertel%2C+F.&rft.au=Judd%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1111%2F1475-4983.00182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiomia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-K23-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-K23_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKampouridisHartungAugustin2023" class="citation book cs1">Kampouridis, P.; Hartung, J.; Augustin, F.J. (2023). "The Eocene–Oligocene Vertebrate Assemblages of the Fayum Depression, Egypt". <i>The Phanerozoic Geology and Natural Resources of Egypt</i>. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. pp. <span class="nowrap">373–</span>405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-95637-0_14">10.1007/978-3-030-95637-0_14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-95636-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-95636-3"><bdi>978-3-030-95636-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Eocene%E2%80%93Oligocene+Vertebrate+Assemblages+of+the+Fayum+Depression%2C+Egypt&rft.btitle=The+Phanerozoic+Geology+and+Natural+Resources+of+Egypt&rft.series=Advances+in+Science%2C+Technology+%26+Innovation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E373-%3C%2Fspan%3E405&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-95637-0_14&rft.isbn=978-3-030-95636-3&rft.aulast=Kampouridis&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Hartung%2C+J.&rft.au=Augustin%2C+F.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiomia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Proboscidea_Genera" title="Template:Proboscidea Genera"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Proboscidea_Genera" title="Template talk:Proboscidea Genera"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Proboscidea_Genera" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Proboscidea Genera"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genera_of_the_order_Proboscidea288" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Genera of the order <a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Tethytheria" title="Tethytheria">Tethytheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Proboscidea101" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Arcanotherium" title="Arcanotherium">Arcanotherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Daouitherium" title="Daouitherium">Daouitherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Eritherium" title="Eritherium">Eritherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khamsaconus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khamsaconus (page does not exist)">Khamsaconus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Moeritherium" title="Moeritherium">Moeritherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Numidotherium" title="Numidotherium">Numidotherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Phosphatherium" title="Phosphatherium">Phosphatherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Saloumia" title="Saloumia">Saloumia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Barytheriidae" title="Barytheriidae">Barytheriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barytherium" title="Barytherium">Barytherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omanitherium" title="Omanitherium">Omanitherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Deinotheriidae" title="Deinotheriidae">Deinotheriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilgatherium" title="Chilgatherium">Chilgatherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deinotherium" title="Deinotherium">Deinotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prodeinotherium" title="Prodeinotherium">Prodeinotherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Elephantiformes" title="Elephantiformes">Elephantiformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dagbatitherium" title="Dagbatitherium">Dagbatitherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Eritreum" title="Eritreum">Eritreum</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Hemimastodon" title="Hemimastodon">Hemimastodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeomastodon" title="Palaeomastodon">Palaeomastodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phiomia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Mammutidae" title="Mammutidae">Mammutidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eozygodon" title="Eozygodon">Eozygodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losodokodon" title="Losodokodon">Losodokodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mammut" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammut">Mammut</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinomammut" title="Sinomammut">Sinomammut</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zygolophodon" title="Zygolophodon">Zygolophodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Choerolophodontidae" title="Choerolophodontidae">Choerolophodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrochoerodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afrochoerodon (page does not exist)">Afrochoerodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Choerolophodon" title="Choerolophodon">Choerolophodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Amebelodontidae" title="Amebelodontidae">Amebelodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afromastodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afromastodon (page does not exist)">Afromastodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amebelodon" title="Amebelodon">Amebelodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aphanobelodon" title="Aphanobelodon">Aphanobelodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeobelodon" title="Archaeobelodon">Archaeobelodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eurybelodon" title="Eurybelodon">Eurybelodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Konobelodon" title="Konobelodon">Konobelodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platybelodon" title="Platybelodon">Platybelodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progomphotherium" title="Progomphotherium">Progomphotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protanancus" title="Protanancus">Protanancus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serbelodon" title="Serbelodon">Serbelodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stenobelodon" title="Stenobelodon">Stenobelodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torynobelodon" title="Torynobelodon">Torynobelodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>"Trilophodont<br /><a href="/wiki/Gomphothere" title="Gomphothere">gomphotheres</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blancotherium" title="Blancotherium">Blancotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuvieronius" title="Cuvieronius">Cuvieronius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eubelodon" title="Eubelodon">Eubelodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnathabelodon" title="Gnathabelodon">Gnathabelodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gomphotherium" title="Gomphotherium">Gomphotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notiomastodon" title="Notiomastodon">Notiomastodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchotherium" title="Rhynchotherium">Rhynchotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinomastodon" title="Sinomastodon">Sinomastodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stegomastodon" title="Stegomastodon">Stegomastodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>"Tetralophodont<br /><a href="/wiki/Gomphothere" title="Gomphothere">gomphotheres</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anancus" title="Anancus">Anancus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paratetralophodon" title="Paratetralophodon">Paratetralophodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pediolophodon" title="Pediolophodon">Pediolophodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetralophodon" title="Tetralophodon">Tetralophodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Stegodontidae" title="Stegodontidae">Stegodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stegodon" title="Stegodon">Stegodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stegolophodon" title="Stegolophodon">Stegolophodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elephantidae" title="Elephantidae">Elephantidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephas" title="Elephas">Elephas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loxodonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Loxodonta">Loxodonta</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Mammuthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammuthus">Mammuthus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon" title="Palaeoloxodon">Palaeoloxodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Primelephas" title="Primelephas">Primelephas</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Selenetherium" title="Selenetherium">Selenetherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Stegodibelodon" title="Stegodibelodon">Stegodibelodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Stegotetrabelodon" title="Stegotetrabelodon">Stegotetrabelodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Phanagoroloxodon" title="Phanagoroloxodon">Phanagoroloxodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barytherium_graveDB1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barytherium grave"><img alt="Barytherium grave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Barytherium_graveDB1.jpg/250px-Barytherium_graveDB1.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Barytherium_graveDB1.jpg/330px-Barytherium_graveDB1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="1750" /></a></span></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlankMastodon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mammut americanum"><img alt="Mammut americanum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/BlankMastodon.jpg/140px-BlankMastodon.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/BlankMastodon.jpg/210px-BlankMastodon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/BlankMastodon.jpg/280px-BlankMastodon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="925" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gomphotherium_NT_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gomphotherium angustidens"><img alt="Gomphotherium angustidens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gomphotherium_NT_small.jpg/250px-Gomphotherium_NT_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gomphotherium_NT_small.jpg/330px-Gomphotherium_NT_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Plesielephantiformes" title="Plesielephantiformes">Plesielephantiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidotheriidae" title="Numidotheriidae">Numidotheriidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephantimorpha" title="Elephantimorpha">Elephantimorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephantida" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephantida">Elephantida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephantoidea" title="Elephantoidea">Elephantoidea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1047" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1047" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Phiomia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134407" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q134407">Q134407</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4528625">4528625</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4825850">4825850</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1440825">1440825</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4943147">4943147</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43252">43252</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phiomia&oldid=1277839035">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phiomia&oldid=1277839035</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elephantiformes" title="Category:Elephantiformes">Elephantiformes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_placental_genera" title="Category:Prehistoric placental genera">Prehistoric 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