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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Велико херцогство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Велико херцогство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velkov%C3%A9vodstv%C3%AD" title="Velkovévodství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velkovévodství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storhertugd%C3%B8mme" title="Storhertugdømme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Storhertugdømme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum" title="Großherzogtum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Großherzogtum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurhertsogkond" title="Suurhertsogkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suurhertsogkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Μεγάλο δουκάτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγάλο δουκάτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_ducado" title="Gran ducado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran ducado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandduklando" title="Grandduklando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grandduklando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-duch%C3%A9" title="Grand-duché – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand-duché" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Ducado" title="Gran Ducado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gran Ducado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EA%B3%B5%EA%B5%AD" title="대공국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대공국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keharyapatihan" title="Keharyapatihan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keharyapatihan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="דוכסות גדולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוכסות גדולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielhercogiste" title="Lielhercogiste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielhercogiste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="大公国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大公国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielkie_ksi%C4%99stwo" title="Wielkie księstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielkie księstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o-ducado" title="Grão-ducado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grão-ducado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_ducat" title="Mare ducat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mare ducat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grand duchy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEkovojvodstvo" title="Veľkovojvodstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veľkovojvodstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5" title="แกรนด์ดัชชี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แกรนด์ดัชชี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_dukal%C4%B1k" title="Büyük dukalık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük dukalık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Велике герцогство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Велике герцогство" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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searchaux" style="display:none">State with a grand duke or duchess as head of state</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Grand Duchy" redirects here. For the American rock band, see <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_(band)" title="Grand Duchy (band)">Grand Duchy (band)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Grand_duchy" title="Special:EditPage/Grand duchy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Grand+duchy%22">"Grand duchy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Grand+duchy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Grand+duchy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Grand+duchy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Grand+duchy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Grand+duchy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany_coronation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany_coronation.jpg/270px-Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany_coronation.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany_coronation.jpg/405px-Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany_coronation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany_coronation.jpg/540px-Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany_coronation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Coronation of <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Cosimo I de' Medici</a> as Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1570.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>grand duchy</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">country</a> or territory whose official <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> or ruler is a <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> bearing the title of <a href="/wiki/Grand_duke" title="Grand duke">grand duke</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grand_duchess" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand duchess">grand duchess</a>. </p><p>Prior to the early 1800s, the only Grand duchies in Europe were located in what is now Italy: Tuscany (declared in 1569) and Savoy (in 1696).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 19th century there were as many as 14 grand duchies in Europe at once (a few of which were first created as <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclaves</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic empire">Napoleonic empire</a> but later re-created, usually with different borders, under another dynasty). Some of these were sovereign and nominally independent (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse_and_by_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse and by Rhine">Hesse and by Rhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a>), some sovereign but held in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with larger realms by a monarch whose grand-dukedom was borne as a <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">subsidiary title</a> (Finland, Luxembourg, <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>), some of which were <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client states</a> of a more powerful realm (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Berg" title="Grand Duchy of Berg">Cleves and Berg</a>), and some whose territorial boundaries were nominal and the position purely titular (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Frankfurt" title="Grand Duchy of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>). </p><p>In the 21st century, only <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> remains a grand duchy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_duchy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Luxembourg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Grand_duchy" title="Special:EditPage/Grand duchy">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_grand-duchy_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_grand-duchy_of_Luxembourg.svg/150px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_grand-duchy_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_grand-duchy_of_Luxembourg.svg/225px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_grand-duchy_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_grand-duchy_of_Luxembourg.svg/300px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_grand-duchy_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="1399" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</figcaption></figure> <p>The only grand duchy still extant is <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>. It regained its independence from <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> France and became a sovereign grand duchy in 1815 by decision of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> which dealt with the political aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. </p><p>In order to act as a sufficient counterbalance to France, the Congress decided to grant the dignity of grand duke of Luxembourg to the monarch of the newly created <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> which comprised present-day <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and Belgium. Luxembourg remained in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the crown of the Netherlands until 1890 when <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III</a>, King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg, died without leaving a male heir. He was succeeded on the Dutch throne by his daughter <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Wilhelmina</a>, but she could not become Grand Duchess of Luxembourg under the <a href="/wiki/Salic_law#Agnatic_succession" title="Salic law">semi-Salic</a> law established by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>. In terms of the law, the grand ducal throne had to be passed to a male <a href="/wiki/Dynasty#Dynast" title="Dynasty">dynast</a>. If there were no male heirs in a specific branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">House of Nassau</a>, the throne would go to the next in line from any of the other branches. This resulted in the title of grand duke being bestowed on a distant male cousin of William III, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Adolphe</a>, from the elder branch of <a href="/wiki/Nassau-Weilburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau-Weilburg">Nassau-Weilburg</a> (at present <i>Luxembourg-Nassau</i>). The current monarch is <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg</a> since 2000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_duchy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_(Magnus_Ducatus_Etruriae)_in_circa_1627.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Magnus_Ducatus_Etruriae%29_in_circa_1627.jpg/220px-Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Magnus_Ducatus_Etruriae%29_in_circa_1627.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Magnus_Ducatus_Etruriae%29_in_circa_1627.jpg/330px-Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Magnus_Ducatus_Etruriae%29_in_circa_1627.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Magnus_Ducatus_Etruriae%29_in_circa_1627.jpg/440px-Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Magnus_Ducatus_Etruriae%29_in_circa_1627.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> (1569–1860, part of Italy afterwards)</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "grand duchy" is of relatively late invention, used at first in Western Europe in 1569 in the case of Tuscany, to denote either territories of a particularly mighty duke or territories of significant importance in political, economical or military matters without being of sufficient size or importance to be recognized internationally as a kingdom. </p><p>The number of duchies had inflated towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> to an extent that included middle-sized towns or relatively small <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefs</a>, as compared to the national, pre-medieval tribal provinces. As a consequence, a new title was needed to make the difference between important and unimportant regional powers: the title grand duke was born. </p><p>One of the first examples was the unofficial use of the title for the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">dukes of Burgundy</a>, who almost succeeded in forming a new kingdom in the historical region of <i><a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a></i>. Collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State">Burgundian State</a> in modern historiography, they held lands in modern-day eastern France (Burgundy, Franche-Comté, Alsatia, Lorraine, Champagne, Picardy and Nord-Pas-de-Calais) as well as most of modern Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg and small parts of western Germany (<a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a>). </p><p>The first monarchy ever officially titled a "grand duchy" was the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> thanks to a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> issued by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a>, the first rulers receiving the title in 1569. Tuscany remained a grand duchy until 1860, when it was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> which succeeded in establishing a united <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1696, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a> became the Grand Duchy of Savoy when its duke was promoted to grand duke by writ of the emperor. The title was considered a necessary bribe to keep Savoy aligned with the rest of the imperial states during the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Years War">Nine Years War</a> against France. From 1713, the primary title of the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> became "king" instead (briefly of Sicily, then of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a> from 1720 onward).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early nineteenth century, Napoléon I occasionally used the title "grand duchy" for several French <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite states</a> given to his relatives or generals. Other allies abandoned the orbit of the Holy Roman Empire to join Napoleon's nominally independent <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>. The elevation of these <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> to the title of grand duke was usually accompanied by an expansion of their realms with additional territory gathered at the expense of subdued powers such as <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>. Though Napoleon was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> and most of his newly created <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite states</a> abolished, the Congress of Vienna restored some of the previous sovereign duchies and principalities, while recognizing others as grand duchies. As a result, the 19th century saw the creation of a new group of grand duchies in central Europe, such as the grand duchies of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a>. </p><p>Historically, in Europe a sovereign grand duke was one of the highest ranks among hereditary rulers after <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a>, and was equal to that of <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-elector</a>; ranking as royalty, i.e., European rulers and, in Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Reign" title="Reign">reigning</a> nobility (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/German_nobility#Hochadel" title="German nobility">Hochadel</a></i></span>). The correct form of address (also for the <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> and his wife) is <a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a> (HRH). </p><p>The title of grand duke borne under the Russian Empire by children and grandchildren of its rulers was a non-sovereign honorific, unrelated to any grand duchy, to which was attached the style of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Highness" title="Imperial Highness">Imperial Highness</a> (HIH). Ranking, internationally, no higher than the members of other reigning dynasties whose head held the title of emperor, the usage was an historical anomaly, persisting from the elevation of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Muscovy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Muscovy">Grand Duchy of Muscovy</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsardom</a> and, later, empire of All Russia, until its collapse in 1917. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_titles">Associated titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_duchy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Associated titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Grand_duchy" title="Special:EditPage/Grand duchy">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In several <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic languages</a> (such as Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Belarusian and Russian), the term often translated into English as "grand duke" is literally <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_prince" title="Grand prince">grand prince</a></i>. In some western European languages (English, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, etc.), the term "grand prince" was rare or non-existent, used to refer to some rulers of Transylvania, Russia or Tuscany prior to the 19th century. In German and Scandinavian languages, both titles co-exist: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Groß<a href="/wiki/Herzog" title="Herzog">herzog</a></i></span> ("grand duke") and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Groß<a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">fürst</a></i></span> ("grand prince"). <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fürst</i></span> is specifically a monarchal title (as used, for example, by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial prince">imperial princes</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsfürsten</i></span>) of the Holy Roman Empire and retained by several of the smaller post-1815 German states' rulers, and still in use today by the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Liechtenstein">Prince of Liechtenstein</a>) and is distinct from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prinz</a></i></span>, which is used for a member of the dynasty of a monarch; both are translated as "prince" in English. </p><p>Emerging from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a> (modern Ukraine), Lithuania and some <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Eastern Slavic states</a>, as well as other Eastern European princes and later Russian dynasts, were referred to by the title <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Великий Князь</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Veliky <a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">Knyaz</a></i></span>, German: <i lang="de">Großfürst</i>), whose literal English translation is "grand prince" rather than "grand duke". Although <i>grand prince</i> is found in historical references, since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, the Russian <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Veliky Knyaz</i></span> has usually been translated into English as "grand duke". Since the 18th century it has also been used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Cadet_(genealogy)" title="Cadet (genealogy)">cadets</a> of the imperial <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">House of Romanov</a> who were children or <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal</a> grandchildren of a Russian emperor. More remote descendants of emperors were titled "prince" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">князь</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">knyaz</i></span>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>, an autonomous state ruled by the Russian Empire and established in 1809, was referred to in Swedish, Finnish and Russian as a <i>Grand Principality</i> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Storfurstendömet Finland</i>; <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta</i>; Russian: <span lang="ru">Великое княжество Финляндское</span>) <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Velikoye knyazhestvo Finlyandskoye</i></span>; The Russian Tsar held title as Grand Duke of Finland. </p><p>The title of "Grand Prince" (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <i>Великий Князь</i>) was used by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Kiev" title="Grand Prince of Kiev">supreme Kievan rulers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. After the dissantigration process occurred in the state, different members of the <a href="/wiki/Rurikids" title="Rurikids">Rurik Dynasty</a> in the northern principalities could compete for the title of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Kiev" title="Grand Prince of Kiev">Grand Prince of Kiev</a>. Some princes however could add "Grand" to their title without winning the competition, such establishing their principality's independence from Kievan <a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metropole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Magnus Dux</i></span> or "grand duke" (<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">Didysis kunigaikštis</i>) is said to have been used by the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, and after rulers from the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian dynasty</a> became <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">Kings of Poland</a>, it was found among the titles used by the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. The Polish kings of the Swedish <a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a> also used this grand-princely title for their non-Polish territories. </p><p>On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Monarchy">Habsburg</a> (Austrian) <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen</i></span> is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Principality of Transylvania">Grand Principality of Transylvania</a> in English rather than as a Grand Duchy, since its name/title derives directly from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Großfürst(entum)</i></span>. Until the 18th century it had been simply referred to as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fürstentum Siebenbürgen</i></span> in German and the Principality of Transylvania in English, much like the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a>. </p><p>Junior members of the dynasties of historical grand duchies in Germany sometimes bore the style of <a href="/wiki/Highness" title="Highness">Highness</a>, sometimes that of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Highness" title="Grand Ducal Highness">Grand Ducal Highness</a>, and continued to be accorded those styles <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">post-monarchy</a> by courtesy in such reference works as the <i><a href="/wiki/Almanach_de_Gotha" title="Almanach de Gotha">Almanach de Gotha</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Burke%27s_Peerage" title="Burke's Peerage">Burke's Peerage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List">List</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_duchy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Grand_duchy" title="Special:EditPage/Grand duchy">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, only two grand duchies were recognized in Europe. Both were in Italy, the first, Tuscany, was elevated to that status by a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> while the second, Savoy, was elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> (1569–1860, absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy afterwards)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Grand Duchy of Savoy</a> (1696–1847, <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Fusion" title="Perfect Fusion">fused</a> into the greater Kingdom of Sardinia, which was later absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy)</li></ul> <p>Other states whose names are translated as "grand duchy" in English were, properly, <a href="/wiki/Grand_principality" title="Grand principality">grand principalities</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė, Ruthenian: Великое князство Литовське; established <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1183</span>/1236, in personal union with the Kingdom of Poland in 1386–1401, 1447–1492, and 1501–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Grand Duchy of Kiev</a> or Kievan Rus' (Ruthenian: Вели́ке Кня́зівство Київське; 882–1240)</li> <li>Grand Duchy of Rus' (Ukrainian: Велике Князівство Руське; intended to be a part of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hadiach" title="Treaty of Hadiach">Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a> (Finnish: <i lang="fi">Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta</i>, Swedish: <i lang="sv">Storfurstendömet Finland</i>, Russian: <span lang="ru">Великое Княжество Финляндское</span>; raised from <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Finland" title="Duke of Finland">duchy status</a>, from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1580</span> to 1809 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a>; conquered by the Russian Empire and held 1809–1917 in personal union with the Russian Empire; later became a fully independent Republic of Finland in 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Smalensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Principality of Smalensk">Grand Principality of Smolensk</a> (Belarusian: Вялікае Княства Смаленскае; Principality of Kievan Rus', raised from duchy status)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Grand Principality of Transylvania</a> (1765–1867) a realm of the Hungarian Crown and after 1804 an Austrian crown land.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Великое Княжество Московское</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Ryazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Ryazan">Grand Duchy of Ryazan</a> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Великое Княжество Рязанское</span></span>)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <p>The Napoleonic Wars saw several minor ducal titles so elevated, and between then and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> there were many grand duchies in Europe. Some were created in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic">Napoleonic</a> era, others were recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> and were founding members of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Berg" title="Grand Duchy of Berg">Grand Duchy of Berg</a> (1806–1813, absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> afterwards)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Grand Duchy of Würzburg">Grand Duchy of Würzburg</a> (1806–1814, absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> afterwards)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Grand Duchy of Baden</a> (1806–1918, joined the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a> (1806–1918, joined the German Empire in 1871)</li> <li>Grand Duchy of <a href="/wiki/Fulda#18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Fulda">Fulda</a> (1816–1866) part of the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Electorate of Hesse</a>, annexed by Prussia 1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Frankfurt" title="Grand Duchy of Frankfurt">Grand Duchy of Frankfurt</a> (1810–1813, part of several German states afterwards)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_the_Lower_Rhine" title="Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine">Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine</a> (1815–1822 as part of Prussia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a> (from 1815 in personal union with the Netherlands until 1890. Extant independently)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a> (1815–1918, joined the German Empire in 1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a> (1815–1918, joined the German Empire in 1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a> (1815–1848 as a <i>de facto</i> part of Prussia (nominally ruled in a personal union), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Großherzogtum Posen</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a> (1815–1918, joined the German Empire in 1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Grand Duchy of Oldenburg</a> (1829–1918, joined the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Cracow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Cracow">Grand Duchy of Cracow</a> (1846–1918 nominally a separate Austrian crown land, administered as part of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_and_Lodomeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia and Lodomeria</a>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Großherzogtum Krakau</i></span>)</li></ul> <p>The term "grand duchy" is often, but incorrectly, used in reference to <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> between 1807 and 1813, which was in fact the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metonymy">Metonymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_duchy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Metonymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Grand_duchy" title="Special:EditPage/Grand duchy">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and to some extent in France, <i>Grand-Duché</i> (French for "grand duchy") is often used as a <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonym</a> to refer to the neighbouring country, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a>. This practice helps to avoid confusion with the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)" title="Luxembourg (Belgium)">Belgian Province of Luxembourg</a>, i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloon</a>-speaking part of the portion of Luxembourg which was annexed by Belgium in 1839. It's comparable to how "the Republic" is used in the UK and Ireland as a shorthand to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> instead of the island of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> or <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_duchy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke" title="Archduke">Archduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_principality" title="Grand principality">Grand principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzog" title="Herzog">Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Duke" title="The Grand Duke">The Grand Duke</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoy Opera">Savoy Opera</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_duchy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/grand-duke">"Grand duke | European peerage | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Grand+duke+%7C+European+peerage+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fgrand-duke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+duchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/grand-duchy-tuscany-overview-history-significance.html">"Grand Duchy of Tuscany | Overview, History & Significance"</a>. <i>study.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=study.com&rft.atitle=Grand+Duchy+of+Tuscany+%7C+Overview%2C+History+%26+Significance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Fgrand-duchy-tuscany-overview-history-significance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+duchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Wilson. "Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire." Cambridge: 2016. Pages 227 and 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=DOP&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Kyivska_Rus">"КИЇВСЬКА РУСЬ, СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ТА РОЗВИТОК ЯДРА ДЕРЖАВИ"</a>. <i>resource.history.org.ua</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=resource.history.org.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%87%D0%92%D0%A1%D0%AC%D0%9A%D0%90+%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%A1%D0%AC%2C+%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%AF+%D0%A2%D0%90+%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%9A+%D0%AF%D0%94%D0%A0%D0%90+%D0%94%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%96%D0%90%D0%92%D0%98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresource.history.org.ua%2Fcgi-bin%2Feiu%2Fhistory.exe%3FZ21ID%3D%26I21DBN%3DDOP%26P21DBN%3DEIU%26S21STN%3D1%26S21REF%3D10%26S21FMT%3Deiu_all%26C21COM%3DS%26S21CNR%3D20%26S21P01%3D0%26S21P02%3D0%26S21P03%3DTRN%3D%26S21COLORTERMS%3D0%26S21STR%3DKyivska_Rus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+duchy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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