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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Initial stages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Initial_stages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Initial stages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Initial_stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rebellions_in_Qi_and_Zhao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellions_in_Qi_and_Zhao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rebellions in Qi and Zhao</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellions_in_Qi_and_Zhao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Han_conquest_of_the_Three_Qins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Han_conquest_of_the_Three_Qins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Han conquest of the 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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Northern front</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Northern_front-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Northern front subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Northern_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Anyi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Anyi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Battle of Anyi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Anyi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Jingxing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Jingxing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Battle of Jingxing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Jingxing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Wei_River" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Wei_River"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Battle of Wei River</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Wei_River-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Chenggao_and_the_Treaty_of_Hong_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Chenggao_and_the_Treaty_of_Hong_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Battle of Chenggao and the Treaty of Hong Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Chenggao_and_the_Treaty_of_Hong_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>End of the war</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-End_of_the_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle End of the war subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Gaixia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Gaixia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Battle of Gaixia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Gaixia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88_%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نزاع تشو وهان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نزاع تشو وهان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputa_Chu-Han" title="Disputa Chu-Han – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Disputa Chu-Han" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputa_Chu-Han" title="Disputa Chu-Han – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disputa Chu-Han" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_Chu-Han" title="Guerre Chu-Han – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre Chu-Han" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%ED%95%9C%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="초한전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초한전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Chu-Han" title="Perang Chu-Han – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Chu-Han" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputa_Chu-Han" title="Disputa Chu-Han – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disputa Chu-Han" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu-Han-oorlog" title="Chu-Han-oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chu-Han-oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E6%BC%A2%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="楚漢戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="楚漢戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu-Han-striden" title="Chu-Han-striden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chu-Han-striden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D1%83_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Война Чу и Хань – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война Чу и Хань" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivalstvo_Chua_i_Hana" title="Rivalstvo Chua i Hana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rivalstvo Chua i Hana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E2%80%93%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="สงครามฉู่–ฮั่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามฉู่–ฮั่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_H%C3%A1n_%E2%80%93_S%E1%BB%9F" title="Chiến tranh Hán – Sở – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Hán – Sở" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E6%BC%A2%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="楚漢戰爭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="楚漢戰爭" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chu%E2%80%93Han+Contention%22">"Chu–Han Contention"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chu%E2%80%93Han+Contention%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chu%E2%80%93Han+Contention%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chu%E2%80%93Han+Contention%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chu%E2%80%93Han+Contention%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chu%E2%80%93Han+Contention%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Chu–Han Contention</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chu-Han_Contention.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chu-Han_Contention.png/220px-Chu-Han_Contention.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chu-Han_Contention.png/330px-Chu-Han_Contention.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chu-Han_Contention.png/440px-Chu-Han_Contention.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="902" /></a></span><br />Territories and troop movements during the Chu–Han Contention</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>206–202 BCE</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">China <ul><li>Re-unification of China by the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> under <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Bang">Liu Bang</a> becomes the first emperor of the Han dynasty</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Han victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Western Chu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Zhao Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Kingdom of Zhao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Qins" title="Three Qins">Three Qins</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Emperor Gaozu of Han">Liu Bang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin" title="Han Xin">Han Xin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ying_Bu" title="Ying Bu">Ying Bu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Kuai" title="Fan Kuai">Fan Kuai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Liang_(Western_Han)" title="Zhang Liang (Western Han)">Zhang Liang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_He" title="Xiao He">Xiao He</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Yue" title="Peng Yue">Peng Yue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Bo" title="Zhou Bo">Zhou Bo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Shen" title="Cao Shen">Cao Shen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xiahou_Ying" title="Xiahou Ying">Xiahou Ying</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Ping_(Han_dynasty)" title="Chen Ping (Han dynasty)">Chen Ping</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Ying" title="Guan Ying">Guan Ying</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Wan" title="Lu Wan">Lu Wan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Kuan" title="Fu Kuan">Fu Kuan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Xin" title="Ji Xin">Ji Xin</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yiji" title="Li Yiji">Li Yiji</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Ke (page does not exist)">Zhou Ke</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zong_Gong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zong Gong (page does not exist)">Zong Gong</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Xi_(Han)" title="Jin Xi (Han)">Jin Xi</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Er_(Western_Han)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Er (Western Han) (page does not exist)">Zhang Er</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Chang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Chang (page does not exist)">Zhou Chang</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Ju" title="Long Ju">Long Ju</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Bu" title="Ji Bu">Ji Bu</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cao_Jiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cao Jiu (page does not exist)">Cao Jiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Bo" title="Xiang Bo">Xiang Bo</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" 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href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jingxing" title="Battle of Jingxing">Jingxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wei_River" title="Battle of Wei River">Wei River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaixia" title="Battle of Gaixia">Gaixia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Chu–Han Contention</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">楚漢戰爭</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">楚汉战争</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chǔ Hàn zhànzhēng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄔㄨˇㄏㄢˋㄓㄢˋㄓㄥ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʰù xân ʈʂân.ʈʂə́ŋ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Co2 Hon3 zin3-zang1</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Chu–Han Contention</b> (<span lang="zh">楚漢相爭</span>), also known as the <b>Chu–Han War</b> (<span lang="zh">楚漢戰爭</span>), was an <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a> period in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> between the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han dynasty">Western Han dynasty</a>. After the third and last Qin ruler, <a href="/wiki/Ziying_of_Qin" title="Ziying of Qin">Ziying</a>, unconditionally surrendered to rebel forces in 206 BCE, the former Qin empire was divided by rebel leader <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Eighteen Kingdoms">Eighteen Kingdoms</a>, which were ruled by various rebel leaders and surrendered Qin generals. A civil war soon broke out, most prominently between two major contending powers – Xiang Yu's <a href="/wiki/Western_Chu" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Chu">Western Chu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Bang">Liu Bang</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a>. Some of the other kingdoms also waged war among themselves but these were largely insignificant compared to the main conflict between Chu and Han. The war ended with the Han victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaixia" title="Battle of Gaixia">Battle of Gaixia</a> in 202 BCE, during which Xiang Yu committed suicide after making a last stand. Liu Bang subsequently proclaimed himself <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor</a> and established the Western Han dynasty. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="History of the Han dynasty">History of the Han dynasty</a></div> <p>In 221 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin state</a> <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification" title="Qin's wars of unification">conquered</a> the other <a href="/wiki/Seven_Warring_States" title="Seven Warring States">six major states</a> – <a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a> – and unified China under the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> with <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a> as the first Qin emperor. After the emperor's death in 210 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Sheng_Wu_Guang_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Chen Sheng Wu Guang uprising">an uprising</a> broke out in 209, and lasted about five months before Qin forces defeated the rebels. </p><p>Although the uprising was crushed, several other rebellions erupted consecutively over the next three years. The leaders of these rebellions were either supporters of <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretenders</a> to the thrones of the former six states conquered by Qin, or pretenders themselves. Among them, the most notable one was <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a>, a Chu nobleman who wanted to restore the Chu state with <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yi_of_Chu" title="Emperor Yi of Chu">King Huai II</a> as its nominal ruler. Xiang Yu led Chu forces to victory over Qin forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Julu" title="Battle of Julu">Battle of Julu</a> and declared himself "Hegemon-King of Western Chu" even though he still paid nominal allegiance to King Huai II. After the battle, he controlled nine <a href="/wiki/Commandery_(China)" title="Commandery (China)">commanderies</a> in the former <a href="/wiki/Liang_(state)" title="Liang (state)">Liang</a> and Chu territories, with the capital at Pengcheng (<span lang="zh">彭城</span>; present-day <a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a>, Jiangsu). </p><p>In the meantime, there was another notable rebel leader, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Emperor Gaozu of Han">Liu Bang</a>, who had originally joined Xiang Yu's rebel army but had since led his own rebel forces. Liu Bang managed to advance into the <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a> region, the heartland of the Qin dynasty, and faced minimal resistance along the way as the bulk of the Qin forces had gone to fight at the Battle of Julu. In 206 BCE, the last Qin emperor, <a href="/wiki/Ziying_of_Qin" title="Ziying of Qin">Ziying</a>, surrendered the capital <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a> to Liu Bang, thus bringing an end to the Qin dynasty. Liu Bang treated Ziying respectfully and forbade his followers from harming civilians and looting Xianyang. However, when Xiang Yu eventually arrived in the Guanzhong region, Liu Bang was pressured into ceding control of the region to Xiang Yu despite an earlier agreement between them that whoever occupied Guanzhong first would be the "King of Guanzhong". </p><p>After Xiang Yu took control of Xianyang, he allowed his troops to pillage and plunder the city and ordered the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Epang_Palace" title="Epang Palace">Epang Palace</a>. Xiang Yu also attempted to assassinate Liu Bang at the <a href="/wiki/Feast_at_Swan_Goose_Gate" title="Feast at Swan Goose Gate">Feast at Swan Goose Gate</a> but Liu Bang survived and escaped due to Xiang Yu's indecisiveness. Later, Xiang Yu forced Liu Bang to relocate from Guanzhong to the remote and underdeveloped Bashu region (present-day <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>). </p><p>Xiang Yu then divided the former Qin Empire into numerous vassal states, each ruled by either a rebel leader or a surrendered Qin general. The states were collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Eighteen Kingdoms">Eighteen Kingdoms</a>, with the Kingdom of Chu as the nominal sovereign power over the other kingdoms. Xiang Yu also honoured King Huai II with a higher title, "Emperor Yi of Chu". Shortly after that, he exiled the figurehead emperor to Chen County (<span lang="zh">郴縣</span>; present-day <a href="/wiki/Chenzhou" title="Chenzhou">Chenzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>), and secretly ordered <a href="/wiki/Ying_Bu" title="Ying Bu">Ying Bu</a>, the King of Jiujiang, to intercept and assassinate Emperor Yi along the way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_stages">Initial stages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initial stages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E9%8E%A9_(51581179747).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E9%8E%A9_%2851581179747%29.png/220px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E9%8E%A9_%2851581179747%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E9%8E%A9_%2851581179747%29.png/330px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E9%8E%A9_%2851581179747%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E9%8E%A9_%2851581179747%29.png/440px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E9%8E%A9_%2851581179747%29.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Trident polearm, <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 206 BCE, after the former Qin Empire was divided into the <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Eighteen Kingdoms">Eighteen Kingdoms</a>, Liu Bang was made King of Han and relocated to the Ba–Shu region (present-day <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>) along with 30,000 troops and thousands of civilians. Upon reaching his destination, Liu Bang ordered the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Gallery_road" title="Gallery road">gallery roads</a> leading into Bashu in order to trick Xiang Yu into believing that he had no intention of leaving Bashu, and as a precautionary move against any attack from outside Bashu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebellions_in_Qi_and_Zhao">Rebellions in Qi and Zhao</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rebellions in Qi and Zhao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, in the former <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi state</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian_Rong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tian Rong (page does not exist)">Tian Rong</a>, a Qi noble, was unhappy with how the Qi territories had been split among three kingdoms – Qi, Jiaodong and Jibei, collectively known as the Three Qis – so he waged war against the other kingdoms. He killed Tian Shi, the King of Jiaodong, and Tian An, the King of Jibei. Tian Du, the King of Qi, lost to Tian Rong so he fled and joined Xiang Yu. Tian Rong gained control of the Three Qis and became the new king of the Qi territories. </p><p>Tian Rong put <a href="/wiki/Peng_Yue" title="Peng Yue">Peng Yue</a> in command of the Qi army and sent him to attack Xiang Yu. At the same time, he sent troops to support <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Yu_(Eighteen_Kingdoms)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Yu (Eighteen Kingdoms) (page does not exist)">Chen Yu</a> in a rebellion in the former <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">state of Zhao</a>. In 205 BCE, Chen Yu defeated <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Er_(Western_Han)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Er (Western Han) (page does not exist)">Zhang Er</a>, the King of Changshan, and seized control of his kingdom. Chen Yu then installed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Xie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhao Xie (page does not exist)">Zhao Xie</a>, the King of Dai, as the new ruler of the Zhao territories. </p><p>Xiang Yu felt threatened by the rebellions in Qi and Zhao so he led his forces to attack Tian Rong. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Han_conquest_of_the_Three_Qins">Han conquest of the Three Qins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Han conquest of the Three Qins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Three_Qins" title="Three Qins">Three Qins</a></div> <p>While Xiang Yu was away suppressing the rebellions in Qi and Zhao, Liu Bang seized the opportunity to attack the territories in <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a> ruled by three former Qin generals which were collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Three_Qins" title="Three Qins">Three Qins</a>. He ordered his general <a href="/wiki/Han_Xin" title="Han Xin">Han Xin</a> to pretend to repair the <a href="/wiki/Gallery_road" title="Gallery road">gallery roads</a> leading from Bashu to the Three Qins in order to put the enemy off guard, while secretly taking another route through Chencang (present-day <a href="/wiki/Chencang_District" title="Chencang District">Chencang District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Baoji</a>, Shaanxi) to get to the Three Qins. Han Xin took <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Han_(Qin_dynasty)" title="Zhang Han (Qin dynasty)">Zhang Han</a>, the King of Yong, by surprise and defeated him in two consecutive battles. </p><p>Riding on the tide of victory, Liu Bang proceeded to conquer <a href="/wiki/Longxi_Commandery" title="Longxi Commandery">Longxi</a> (the area in present-day <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> located west of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Liupan" title="Mount Liupan">Mount Long</a>), <a href="/wiki/Beidi_Commandery" title="Beidi Commandery">Beidi</a> (eastern Gansu and <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Shang_Commandery" title="Shang Commandery">Shang</a> (around present-day <a href="/wiki/Yulin,_Shaanxi" title="Yulin, Shaanxi">Yulin, Shaanxi</a>). He also sent his men to fetch his family in <a href="/wiki/Pei_County" title="Pei County">Pei</a>; present-day <a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a>, Jiangsu). Upon receiving news of Liu Bang's attacks, Xiang Yu sent an army to Yangjia (<span lang="zh">陽夏</span>; present-day <a href="/wiki/Taikang_County" title="Taikang County">Taikang County</a>, Henan) to block Liu Bang's forces, and appointed <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Chang" title="Zheng Chang">Zheng Chang</a> as the King of <a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Hán</a> to help him cover his flank. </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Zang_Tu" title="Zang Tu">Zang Tu</a>, the King of <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a>, killed <a href="/wiki/Han_Guang" title="Han Guang">Han Guang</a>, the King of <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Commandery" title="Liaodong Commandery">Liaodong</a>, seized his lands and proclaimed himself the ruler of the Yan territories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Pengcheng">Battle of Pengcheng</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle of Pengcheng"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pengcheng" title="Battle of Pengcheng">Battle of Pengcheng</a></div> <p>In 205 BCE, after conquering the Three Qins in the Guanzhong region, Liu Bang advanced to the east of <a href="/wiki/Hangu_Pass" title="Hangu Pass">Hangu Pass</a> to prepare for an attack on the region that is now <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sima_Xin" title="Sima Xin">Sima Xin</a>, the King of Sai, <a href="/wiki/Dong_Yi_(Qin_dynasty)" title="Dong Yi (Qin dynasty)">Dong Yi</a>, the King of Di, and <a href="/wiki/Shen_Yang_(Eighteen_Kingdoms)" title="Shen Yang (Eighteen Kingdoms)">Shen Yang</a>, the King of Henan, surrendered to Liu Bang. <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Chang" title="Zheng Chang">Zheng Chang</a>, the King of <a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Hán</a>, refused to submit to Liu Bang so Liu Bang sent <a href="/wiki/King_Xin_of_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="King Xin of Han">Hán Xin</a> to attack and defeat him. Liu Bang then replaced Zheng Chang with Hán Xin as the new King of Hán. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Er_(Western_Han)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Er (Western Han) (page does not exist)">Zhang Er</a>, the former King of Changshan, joined Liu Bang after losing his domain to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Xie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhao Xie (page does not exist)">Zhao Xie</a> and Chen Yu. </p><p>In the third lunar month of 205 BCE, Liu Bang attacked <a href="/wiki/Henei_Commandery" title="Henei Commandery">Henei</a> with help from <a href="/wiki/Wei_Bao" title="Wei Bao">Wei Bao</a>, the King of <a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Western Wei</a>. When Liu Bang received news that Xiang Yu had ordered the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yi_of_Chu" title="Emperor Yi of Chu">Emperor Yi</a>, the nominal sovereign over the Eighteen Kingdoms, he held a memorial service for the emperor and accused Xiang Yu of committing regicide, using this incident as political propaganda to justify his war against Xiang Yu. </p><p>In the fourth lunar month of 205 BCE, Xiang Yu defeated <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian_Rong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tian Rong (page does not exist)">Tian Rong</a> at Chengyang (<span lang="zh">城陽</span>; around present-day <a href="/wiki/Ju_County" title="Ju County">Ju County</a>, Shandong). Tian Rong was killed while retreating to <a href="/wiki/Pingyuan_Commandery" title="Pingyuan Commandery">Pingyuan</a> (around present-day northwestern Shandong). Although the Kingdom of Qi had surrendered, Xiang Yu still allowed his troops to plunder and loot the Qi territories. Tian Rong's younger brother, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian_Heng_(Eighteen_Kingdoms)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tian Heng (Eighteen Kingdoms) (page does not exist)">Tian Heng</a>, made <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian_Guang_(Eighteen_Kingdoms)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tian Guang (Eighteen Kingdoms) (page does not exist)">Tian Guang</a>, Tian Rong's son, the new King of Qi, and continued to put up resistance against Xiang Yu. </p><p>Meanwhile, Liu Bang had mustered an army of about 560,000 with support from the kings who surrendered to him. In the eighth lunar month of 205 BCE, the Chu capital, Pengcheng (<span lang="zh">彭城</span>; present-day <a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a>, Jiangsu), fell to a coalition force led by Liu Bang. When Xiang Yu received news that Liu Bang had occupied Pengcheng, he led 30,000 troops to retake Pengcheng. Liu Bang was caught off guard and his army suffered heavy casualties and his family members were captured by Chu forces. After the battle, Liu Bang lost his territorial gains in Chu and the support of his allies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Jingsuo">Battle of Jingsuo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of Jingsuo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After their defeat at Pengcheng, the strength of the Han forces decreased drastically. Liu Bang's family members were captured by Chu forces and kept as hostages. Many of the kings who had surrendered to Liu Bang earlier defected to Xiang Yu's side after Liu Bang's defeat. Qi and Zhao also requested to make peace with Chu. </p><p>Upon reaching Xiayi (<span lang="zh">下邑</span>; east of present-day <a href="/wiki/Dangshan_County" title="Dangshan County">Dangshan County</a>, Anhui), which was guarded by his brother-in-law, Liu Bang reorganised his troops for a retreat. Meanwhile, Han Xin led reinforcements from Guanzhong into the Central Plain and attacked and defeated a Chu army between Jing County (<span lang="zh">京縣</span>) and Suo Village (<span lang="zh">索亭</span>), both in present-day <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also put down a rebellion by Wang Wu and Cheng Chu - former Qin commanders - and Shen Tu, the magistrate of Wei, capturing their base, the city of Waihuang.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and Liu Bang reorganised the Han army and established strong Han garrisons in Xingyang and <a href="/wiki/Chenggao" title="Chenggao">Chenggao</a>. Han Xin also developed his plan to conquer northern China, with the aim that Xiang Yu would be too distracted by Liu Bang and his bases of Xingyang and Chenggao to properly counter Han Xin in the north, nor could he endanger his line of retreat by marching past Xingyang and Chenggao into Guanzhong. </p><p>Liu Bang then sent a messenger to meet <a href="/wiki/Ying_Bu" title="Ying Bu">Ying Bu</a>, the King of Jiujiang, to persuade Ying Bu to support him. In November, after Han Xin's victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jingxing" title="Battle of Jingxing">Battle of Jingxing</a>, Ying Bu agreed to join Liu Bang and rebelled against Xiang Yu. Upon learning about it, Xiang Yu sent <a href="/wiki/Long_Ju" title="Long Ju">Long Ju</a> to attack Ying Bu. </p><p>In the sixth lunar month of 205 BCE, Liu Bang named his son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Liu Ying</a> as his heir apparent and put him in charge of Yueyang (<span lang="zh">櫟陽</span>; present-day <a href="/wiki/Yanliang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanliang District">Yanliang District</a>, Xi'an). Shortly after, Han forces conquered Feiqiu (<span lang="zh">廢丘</span>; present-day <a href="/wiki/Xingping" title="Xingping">Xingping</a>, Shaanxi), which was guarded by <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Han_(Qin_dynasty)" title="Zhang Han (Qin dynasty)">Zhang Han</a>, who committed suicide after his defeat. </p><p>On another front, Ying Bu was unable to resist Long Ju's attacks so he gave up on his domain in Jiujiang and joined Liu Bang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northern_front">Northern front</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Northern front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Anyi">Battle of Anyi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle of Anyi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anyi" title="Battle of Anyi">Battle of Anyi</a></div> <p>In 205 BCE, Wei Bao left Liu Bang on the pretext of visiting an ill relative and secretly returned to his domain. He pledged allegiance to Xiang Yu and rebelled against Liu Bang. Liu Bang sent <a href="/wiki/Li_Yiji" title="Li Yiji">Li Yiji</a> to persuade Wei Bao to surrender but Wei Bao refused, so Liu Bang ordered Han Xin to attack Wei Bao. </p><p>Wei Bao stationed his army at Puban (<span lang="zh">蒲阪</span>; present-day <a href="/wiki/Yongji,_Shanxi" title="Yongji, Shanxi">Yongji, Shanxi</a>) and blocked the route to Linjin (<span lang="zh">臨晉</span>; present-day <a href="/wiki/Dali_County" title="Dali County">Dali County</a>, Shaanxi). Han Xin tricked Wei Bao into believing that he was planning to attack Linjin, while secretly sending a force from Xiayang (<span lang="zh">夏陽</span>; present-day <a href="/wiki/Hancheng" title="Hancheng">Hancheng</a>, Shaanxi) to cross the river and attack Anyi (<span lang="zh">安邑</span>; present-day <a href="/wiki/Xia_County" title="Xia County">Xia County</a>, Shanxi). </p><p>In the ninth lunar month of 205 BCE, Wei Bao personally led an attack on Han Xin but lost the battle and was captured. When he surrendered, Liu Bang accepted his surrender and appointed him as a general. Within the same month, Han Xin attacked the Kingdom of Dai with support from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Er_(Western_Han)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Er (Western Han) (page does not exist)">Zhang Er</a>, the former King of Changshan, scored a decisive victory against Dai, and captured Xia Shuo, the Dai chancellor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Jingxing">Battle of Jingxing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle of Jingxing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jingxing" title="Battle of Jingxing">Battle of Jingxing</a></div> <p>After achieving victory over the Kingdom of Dai, Han Xin and Zhang Er attacked the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Zhao">kingdom of Zhao</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jingxing_Pass" title="Jingxing Pass">Jingxing Pass</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Xie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhao Xie (page does not exist)">Zhao Xie</a>, the King of Zhao, and his chancellor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Yu_(Eighteen_Kingdoms)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Yu (Eighteen Kingdoms) (page does not exist)">Chen Yu</a>, led an army of 200,000 to resist the Han forces. Li Zuoche, a Zhao general, proposed a plan to trap Han Xin within 10 days: he would lead 30,000 men to disrupt Han Xin's supply route and block his return route, while Chen Yu would defend the frontline firmly and prevent Han Xin from advancing. Chen Yu refused to implement Li's plan. </p><p>The evening before the battle, Han Xin sent 2,000 horsemen, each carrying a flag of the Han army, to station near the Zhao camp. The next morning, Han Xin feigned defeat in a skirmish with Zhao forces and lured them to follow him, while his 2,000 men took advantage of the situation to capture the weakly defended Zhao camp. Meanwhile, the Zhao soldiers retreated after failing to conquer Han Xin's fort, and were surprised to see that their camp had been occupied by Han forces when they returned. The Zhao army fell into chaos and Han Xin seized the opportunity to launch a counterattack and scored a victory. Chen Yu was killed in action while Zhao Xie and Li Zuoche were captured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Wei_River">Battle of Wei River</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Battle of Wei River"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wei_River" title="Battle of Wei River">Battle of Wei River</a></div> <p>In 204 BCE, after the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Yan" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Yan">state of Yan</a> surrendered to him, Liu Bang made Zhang Er the new King of Zhao. Xiang Yu constantly sent his forces to attack the Kingdom of Zhao, but Han Xin and Zhang Er managed to hold their ground. Xiang Yu then turned his attention towards Xingyang, where Liu Bang was stationed. Liu Bang was forced to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Chenggao" title="Chenggao">Chenggao</a>, but he eventually abandoned Chenggao and headed north of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> to where Han Xin was. In a surprise move, Liu Bang seized control over the troops under Han Xin's command and ordered Han Xin to attack the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Qi" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Qi">state of Qi</a>. </p><p>Just as Han Xin was preparing to attack Qi, Liu Bang sent <a href="/wiki/Li_Yiji" title="Li Yiji">Li Yiji</a> to persuade <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian_Guang_(Eighteen_Kingdoms)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tian Guang (Eighteen Kingdoms) (page does not exist)">Tian Guang</a>, the King of Qi, to surrender. Liu Bang had not informed Han Xin about what he had sent Li Yiji to do. Tian Guang decided to surrender so he ordered to withdraw from Lixia (<span lang="zh">歷下</span>; present-day <a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a>, Shandong). However, as Han Xin did not know that Tian Guang had the intention of surrendering, he followed Kuai Tong's advice and launched an attack on Qi. Han Xin conquered Lixia and attacked the Qi capital, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Linzi" title="Ancient Linzi">Linzi</a>. Tian Guang thought that Li Yiji had lied to him so he had Li Yiji boiled alive. Then, he retreated to <a href="/wiki/Gaomi" title="Gaomi">Gaomi</a> and requested aid from Xiang Yu. In the meantime, Han Xin conquered Linzi and continued to pursue the retreating Qi forces to Gaomi. </p><p>Xiang Yu sent <a href="/wiki/Long_Ju" title="Long Ju">Long Ju</a> to lead 200,000 troops to help Tian Guang. After Han Xin defeated Long Ju in battle, Long Ju was advised to focus on strengthening his defences and getting Tian Guang to rally support from the fallen Qi territories. However, Long Ju decided not to heed the advice, and insisted on attacking Han Xin. On the night before the battle, Han Xin sent his men to dam the Wei River (<span lang="zh">濰水</span>; in present-day <a href="/wiki/Weifang" title="Weifang">Weifang</a>, Shandong) with sandbags. </p><p>The next morning, after a skirmish with Chu forces, Han Xin feigned defeat and retreated to lure the enemy to follow him. When about a quarter of the Chu army had crossed the river, Han Xin signalled to his men to open the dam. Many Chu soldiers drowned and Long Ju was isolated with only a fraction of his forces. Taking advantage of the situation, Han Xin launched a counterattack. Long Ju was killed in action and the rest of the Chu army disintegrated as Han Xin continued pressing the attack. Tian Guang fled. Han Xin pursued the retreating enemy forces to Chengyang (<span lang="zh">城陽</span>; near present-day <a href="/wiki/Ju_County" title="Ju County">Ju County</a>, Shandong). </p><p>After his victory, Han Xin swiftly took control of the Qi territories and then sent a messenger to Liu Bang, requesting that Liu Bang make him the new King of Qi. At the time, Liu Bang was under attack by Xiang Yu in Xingyang and was eagerly awaiting reinforcements from Han Xin. He was furious when he received Han Xin's request. However, he eventually acted on the advice of <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Liang_(Western_Han)" title="Zhang Liang (Western Han)">Zhang Liang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ping_(Han_dynasty)" title="Chen Ping (Han dynasty)">Chen Ping</a>, and reluctantly approved Han Xin's request. At the same time, Xiang Yu felt worried after losing Long Ju, so he sent Wu She to attempt to persuade Han Xin to rebel against Liu Bang and declare himself king. However, despite Kuai Tong's urging, Han Xin refused to betray Liu Bang. Han Xin later organised an army to move southward and attack Xiang Yu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_of_Chenggao_and_the_Treaty_of_Hong_Canal">Battle of Chenggao and the Treaty of Hong Canal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battle of Chenggao and the Treaty of Hong Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the southern front, Liu Bang's forces started building supply routes from Xingyang to Aocang (<span lang="zh">敖倉</span>; northwest of Xingyang, Henan). In 204 BCE, after sustaining losses from Chu attacks on the routes, the Han army ran short of supplies. Liu Bang negotiated for peace with Xiang Yu and agreed to cede the lands east of Xingyang to Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu wanted to accept Liu Bang's offer, but <a href="/wiki/Fan_Zeng" title="Fan Zeng">Fan Zeng</a> advised him to reject and use the opportunity to destroy Liu Bang. Xiang Yu changed his mind, pressed the attack on Xingyang and besieged Liu Bang's forces inside the city. Liu Bang heeded <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ping_(Han_dynasty)" title="Chen Ping (Han dynasty)">Chen Ping</a>'s suggestion to bribe Xiang Yu's men with 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Catty" title="Catty">catties</a> of gold for them to spread rumours that Fan Zeng had the intention of betraying Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu fell for the ruse and dismissed Fan Zeng. </p><p>In late 204 BCE, while Xiang Yu was away suppressing the rebellion in Qi, <a href="/wiki/Li_Yiji" title="Li Yiji">Li Yiji</a> had advised Liu Bang to use the opportunity to attack Xiang Yu. Han forces conquered Chenggao and defeated the Chu army led by Cao Jiu near the <a href="/wiki/Si_River" title="Si River">Si River</a>. Liu Bang's forces advanced further until they reached Guangwu (<span lang="zh">廣武</span>; present-day Guangwu, Xingyang, Henan). Chu forces led by <a href="/wiki/Zhongli_Mo" title="Zhongli Mo">Zhongli Mo</a> were trapped by the Han army at the east of Xingyang. Following Han Xin's victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wei_River" title="Battle of Wei River">Battle of Wei River</a>, the Chu army's morale fell and it ran short of supplies months later. Xiang Yu had no choice but to request to make peace with Liu Bang and release Liu Bang's family members, who were held hostage by him. Xiang Yu and Liu Bang agreed to a ceasefire at the Treaty of Hong Canal, which divided China into east and west under the Chu and Han domains respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_war">End of the war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: End of the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 203 BCE, while Xiang Yu was retreating eastward, Liu Bang, acting on the advice of <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Liang_(Western_Han)" title="Zhang Liang (Western Han)">Zhang Liang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ping_(Han_dynasty)" title="Chen Ping (Han dynasty)">Chen Ping</a>, renounced the Treaty of Hong Canal and ordered an attack on Xiang Yu. He also requested assistance from <a href="/wiki/Han_Xin" title="Han Xin">Han Xin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peng_Yue" title="Peng Yue">Peng Yue</a> to attack Xiang Yu simultaneously from three directions. However, as Han Xin and Peng Yue did not mobilise their troops, Liu Bang was defeated by Xiang Yu at Guling (<span lang="zh">固陵</span>; south of present-day <a href="/wiki/Taikang_County" title="Taikang County">Taikang County</a>, Henan). He retreated and reinforced his defences. At the same time, he sent messengers to meet Han Xin and Peng Yue again, promising them land and titles if they joined him in attacking Xiang Yu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Gaixia">Battle of Gaixia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Battle of Gaixia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaixia" title="Battle of Gaixia">Battle of Gaixia</a></div> <p>Three months later, in 202 BCE, Liu Bang, Han Xin and Peng Yue attacked Xiang Yu from three directions. Xiang Yu's army ran low on supplies and were trapped in Gaixia (<span lang="zh">垓下</span>; southeast of present-day <a href="/wiki/Lingbi_County" title="Lingbi County">Lingbi County</a>, Anhui). Han Xin ordered his troops to sing Chu folk songs to create a false impression that Chu had fallen to Han forces. The Chu army's morale plummeted and many soldiers deserted. </p><p>Xiang Yu attempted to break out the siege and was left with only 28 men when he reached the northern bank of the Wu River (<span lang="zh">烏江</span>; near present-day <a href="/wiki/He_County" title="He County">He County</a>, Anhui). He made a last stand and managed to slay hundreds of Han officers and soldiers before he was eventually overwhelmed and committed suicide by slitting his throat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Xiang Yu's death, the rest of the Chu forces surrendered to Liu Bang, and China was unified under Han rule. Liu Bang granted <a href="/wiki/Peng_Yue" title="Peng Yue">Peng Yue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ying_Bu" title="Ying Bu">Ying Bu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_Xin" title="Han Xin">Han Xin</a> the titles of King of <a href="/wiki/Liang_Kingdom" title="Liang Kingdom">Liang</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Huainan_Kingdom" title="Huainan Kingdom">Huainan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chu_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Chu Kingdom (Han dynasty)">King of Chu</a> respectively. Months later, at the urging of his followers and vassals, Liu Bang declared himself <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> as the ruling dynasty in China. The imperial capital was at <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> but later moved to <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>). Liu Bang made his wife <a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC_Zhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Lü Zhi">Lü Zhi</a> empress and his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Liu Ying</a> crown prince. </p><p>Although Liu Bang initially handsomely rewarded those who helped him become emperor, he gradually became suspicious of them and started to doubt their loyalties. Han Xin was demoted from King of Chu to Marquis of Huaiyin in late 202 BCE, and was subsequently arrested and executed by Empress Lü in 196 for allegedly plotting a rebellion with <a href="/wiki/Chen_Xi_(Han_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chen Xi (Han dynasty)">Chen Xi</a>. In the same year, Liu Bang believed rumours that Peng Yue was also involved in the plot, so he demoted Peng Yue to the status of a commoner. Peng Yue and his family members were subsequently executed by Empress Lü. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Xiangqi" title="Xiangqi">xiangqi</a>, the middle section of the board that separates the players' sides is called the "Chu river and Han border" (<span lang="zh">楚河漢界</span>). The red and black sides represent Han and Chu respectively.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Beijing_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing opera">Beijing opera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hegemon-King_Bids_His_Lady_Farewell" title="The Hegemon-King Bids His Lady Farewell">The Hegemon-King Bids His Lady Farewell</a></i>, also known as <i>Farewell My Concubine</i>, depicts the events of Xiang Yu's defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaixia" title="Battle of Gaixia">Battle of Gaixia</a> and his romance with <a href="/wiki/Consort_Yu_(Xiang_Yu%27s_wife)" title="Consort Yu (Xiang Yu's wife)">Consort Yu</a>.</li> <li>Two musical pieces for the <a href="/wiki/Pipa" title="Pipa">pipa</a> depict the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaixia" title="Battle of Gaixia">Battle of Gaixia</a> from the Han and Chu perspectives respectively – "<a href="/wiki/Ambush_from_Ten_Sides" title="Ambush from Ten Sides">Ambush from Ten Sides</a>" (<span lang="zh">十面埋伏</span>) and "The Hegemon-King Takes Off His Armour" (<span lang="zh">霸王卸甲</span>).</li> <li>Some <i><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">chengyu</a></i> (Chinese idioms) and proverbs originated from the events of the Chu–Han contention, such as <ul><li>"Breaking cauldrons and sinking boats" (<span lang="zh">破釜沉舟</span>), used to indicate one's determination to fight to the end, similar to <a href="/wiki/Point_of_no_return" title="Point of no return">burning one's boat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Rubicon" title="Crossing the Rubicon">crossing the Rubicon</a>. It originated from Xiang Yu's orders during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Julu" title="Battle of Julu">Battle of Julu</a> when Chu forces launched a fierce attack on Qin forces.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_at_Swan_Goose_Gate" title="Feast at Swan Goose Gate">Feast at Swan Goose Gate</a> (<span lang="zh">鴻門宴</span>), used figuratively to refer to an ostensibly joyous occasion which is actually a dangerous trap. It originated from an incident in 206 BCE when Xiang Yu invited Liu Bang to attend a feast while secretly planning to assassinate Liu Bang during the feast. The saying "<a href="/wiki/Xiang_Zhuang" title="Xiang Zhuang">Xiang Zhuang</a> performs a sword dance with his attention directed towards the Duke of Pei" (<span lang="zh">項莊舞劍，意在沛公</span>) also originated from this event. It is used figuratively to refer to a person's action being a veiled attack on another person.</li> <li>"Pretending to repair the <a href="/wiki/Gallery_road" title="Gallery road">gallery roads</a> while secretly passing through Chencang" (<span lang="zh">明修棧道，暗度陳倉</span>), used to refer to disguising one's action with a more obvious action. It originated from <a href="/wiki/Han_Xin" title="Han Xin">Han Xin</a>'s strategy to attack the <a href="/wiki/Three_Qins" title="Three Qins">Three Qins</a>.</li> <li>"Fighting a battle with one's back facing a river" (<span lang="zh">背水一戰</span>), used to indicate one's determination to fight to the death. It originated from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jingxing" title="Battle of Jingxing">Battle of Jingxing</a> between Han and Zhao forces.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Ambush on ten sides" (<span lang="zh">十面埋伏</span>), refers to a situation in which one is under siege. It originated from Han Xin's strategy to trap Xiang Yu during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaixia" title="Battle of Gaixia">Battle of Gaixia</a>.</li> <li>"Surrounded by Chu songs" (<span lang="zh">四面楚歌</span>), refers to one being surrounded by enemies on all sides. It originated from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaixia" title="Battle of Gaixia">Battle of Gaixia</a> when the Han soldiers sang Chu folk songs to dampen the fighting spirit of the besieged Chu forces.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Timeline of the Chu–Han Contention">Timeline of the Chu–Han Contention</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFQian" class="citation book cs1">Qian, Sima. <i>Records of the Grand Historian, Sections: Emperor Gaozu of Han, Xiang Yu, The Marquis of Huaiyin</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Grand+Historian%2C+Sections%3A+Emperor+Gaozu+of+Han%2C+Xiang+Yu%2C+The+Marquis+of+Huaiyin&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Sima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu%E2%80%93Han+Contention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQian" class="citation book cs1">Qian, Sima. <i>Records of the Grand Historian, Sections: Cao Shen, Fan Kuai, Guan Ying, Jin Xi</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Grand+Historian%2C+Sections%3A+Cao+Shen%2C+Fan+Kuai%2C+Guan+Ying%2C+Jin+Xi&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Sima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu%E2%80%93Han+Contention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=+%E7%A0%B4%E9%87%9C%E6%B2%89%E8%88%9F">"破釜沉舟"</a>. <i>MDBG</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MDBG&rft.atitle=%E7%A0%B4%E9%87%9C%E6%B2%89%E8%88%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdbg.net%2Fchindict%2Fchindict.php%3Fpage%3Dworddict%26wdrst%3D0%26wdqb%3D%2B%25E7%25A0%25B4%25E9%2587%259C%25E6%25B2%2589%25E8%2588%259F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu%E2%80%93Han+Contention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zdic.net/c/4/8c/155577.htm">"破釜沉舟"</a>. <i>ZDIC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDIC&rft.atitle=%E7%A0%B4%E9%87%9C%E6%B2%89%E8%88%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdic.net%2Fc%2F4%2F8c%2F155577.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu%E2%80%93Han+Contention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E8%83%8C%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%80%E6%88%B0">"破釜沉舟"</a>. <i>MDBG</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MDBG&rft.atitle=%E7%A0%B4%E9%87%9C%E6%B2%89%E8%88%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdbg.net%2Fchindict%2Fchindict.php%3Fpage%3Dworddict%26wdrst%3D0%26wdqb%3D%25E8%2583%258C%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E4%25B8%2580%25E6%2588%25B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu%E2%80%93Han+Contention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zdic.net/c/b/143/313630.htm">"四面楚歌"</a>. <i>ZDIC (汉典)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDIC+%28%E6%B1%89%E5%85%B8%29&rft.atitle=%E5%9B%9B%E9%9D%A2%E6%A5%9A%E6%AD%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdic.net%2Fc%2Fb%2F143%2F313630.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu%E2%80%93Han+Contention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a> et al. <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prominent_people_of_insurgent_states_during_the_Qin_dynasty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qin_dynasty_insurgent_states" title="Template:Qin dynasty insurgent states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qin_dynasty_insurgent_states" title="Template talk:Qin dynasty insurgent states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qin_dynasty_insurgent_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qin dynasty insurgent states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prominent_people_of_insurgent_states_during_the_Qin_dynasty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prominent people of insurgent states during the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rising Chu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Sheng" title="Chen Sheng">Chen Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guang" title="Wu Guang">Wu Guang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Ju" title="Jing Ju">Jing Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yi_of_Chu" title="Emperor Yi of Chu">Mi Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Liang" title="Xiang Liang">Xiang Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Yi_(Qin_Dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Yi (Qin Dynasty)">Song Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qi_(Shandong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qi (Shandong)">Qi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian_Dan_(Qin_Dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tian Dan (Qin Dynasty) (page does not exist)">Tian Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian_Jia_of_Qi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tian Jia of Qi (page does not exist)">Tian Jia</a></li> <li>Tian Fu</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Guang" title="Han Guang">Han Guang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Chen_(Qin_Dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Chen (Qin Dynasty) (page does not exist)">Wu Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Xie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhao Xie (page does not exist)">Zhao Xie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wei_Jiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wei Jiu (page does not exist)">Wei Jiu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Hán</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng,_King_of_Han" title="Cheng, King of Han">Han Cheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_Eighteen_Kingdoms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Template:Eighteen Kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Template talk:Eighteen Kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eighteen Kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Eighteen_Kingdoms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Eighteen Kingdoms">Eighteen Kingdoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sovereign" title="Chinese sovereign">Sovereign ruler</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yi_of_Chu" title="Emperor Yi of Chu">Emperor Yi of Chu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a> territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Chu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jiujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ying_Bu" title="Ying Bu">Ying Bu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hengshan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Rui_(Eighteen_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu Rui (Eighteen Kingdoms)">Wu Rui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linjiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Ao" title="Gong Ao">Gong Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Wei" title="Gong Wei">Gong Wei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Three_Qins" title="Three Qins">Qin</a> territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Emperor Gaozu of Han">Liu Bang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Han_(Qin_dynasty)" title="Zhang Han (Qin dynasty)">Zhang Han</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Xin" title="Sima Xin">Sima Xin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Di</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Yi_(Qin_dynasty)" title="Dong Yi (Qin dynasty)">Dong Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Qi_(Shandong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qi (Shandong)">Qi</a> territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Qi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tian Du</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian_Rong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tian Rong (page does not exist)">Tian Rong</a></li> <li>Tian Jia</li> <li>Tian Guang</li> <li>Tian Heng</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jibei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tian An</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jiaodong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tian Fu</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a> territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zang_Tu" title="Zang Tu">Zang Tu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liaodong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Guang" title="Han Guang">Han Guang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a> territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Changshan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Er" title="Zhang Er">Zhang Er</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Xie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhao Xie (page does not exist)">Zhao Xie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Zhao Xie</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Yu_(Eighteen_Kingdoms)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Yu (Eighteen Kingdoms) (page does not exist)">Chen Yu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a> territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Wei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Bao" title="Wei Bao">Wei Bao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Ang" title="Sima Ang">Sima Ang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Hán</a> territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hán</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng,_King_of_Han" title="Cheng, King of Han">Hán Cheng</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Chang" title="Zheng Chang">Zheng Chang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_of_Han" title="Xin of Han">Hán Xin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Henan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yang_(Eighteen_Kingdoms)" title="Shen Yang (Eighteen Kingdoms)">Shen Yang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prominent_people_of_the_Chu–Han_Contention_(206–202_BC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_of_the_Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Template:People of the Chu–Han Contention"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People_of_the_Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Template talk:People of the Chu–Han Contention"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_of_the_Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People of the Chu–Han Contention"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prominent_people_of_the_Chu–Han_Contention_(206–202_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prominent people of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chu–Han Contention</a> (206–202 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Western Chu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zeng" title="Fan Zeng">Fan Zeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consort_Yu_(Xiang_Yu%27s_wife)" title="Consort Yu (Xiang Yu's wife)">Consort Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Ju" title="Long Ju">Long Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Bu" title="Ji Bu">Ji Bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Zhuang" title="Xiang Zhuang">Xiang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Bo" title="Xiang Bo">Xiang Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongli_Mo" title="Zhongli Mo">Zhongli Mo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Emperor Gaozu of Han">Liu Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC" title="Empress Lü">Lü Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Liang_(Western_Han)" title="Zhang Liang (Western Han)">Zhang Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_He" title="Xiao He">Xiao He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin" title="Han Xin">Han Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Shen" title="Cao Shen">Cao Shen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Kuai" title="Fan Kuai">Fan Kuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Xin_of_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="King Xin of Han">King Xin of Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xi_(Han)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chen Xi (Han)">Chen Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ding_Fu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ding Fu (page does not exist)">Ding Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chong_Da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chong Da (page does not exist)">Chong Da</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Kuan" title="Fu Kuan">Fu Kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Xi_(Han)" title="Jin Xi (Han)">Jin Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Xie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Xie (page does not exist)">Zhou Xie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_Bu" title="Ying Bu">Ying Bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Yue" title="Peng Yue">Peng Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yiji" title="Li Yiji">Li Yiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shang" title="Li Shang">Li Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Ping_(Han_dynasty)" title="Chen Ping (Han dynasty)">Chen Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiahou_Ying" title="Xiahou Ying">Xiahou Ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Bo" title="Zhou Bo">Zhou Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Wan" title="Lu Wan">Lu Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Ying" title="Guan Ying">Guan Ying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_about_the_Chu–Han_Contention" style="width: ;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_about_the_Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Template:Media about the Chu–Han Contention"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_about_the_Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Template talk:Media about the Chu–Han Contention"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_about_the_Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media about the Chu–Han Contention"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_about_the_Chu–Han_Contention" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media about the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chu–Han Contention</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Conqueror%27s_Concubine" title="The Great Conqueror's Concubine">The Great Conqueror's Concubine</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Vengeance" title="White Vengeance">White Vengeance</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(2012_film)" title="The Last Supper (2012 film)">The Last Supper</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battlefield" title="The Battlefield">The Battlefield</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Han_Liu_Bang" title="Han Liu Bang">Han Liu Bang</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Han_Dynasty" title="The Story of Han Dynasty">The Story of Han Dynasty</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conqueror%27s_Story" title="The Conqueror's Story">The Conqueror's Story</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_(TV_series)" title="The Myth (TV series)">The Myth</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i>Beauties of the Emperor</i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chu_Han_Zhengxiong" title="Chu Han Zhengxiong">Chu Han Zhengxiong</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King%27s_War" title="King's War">King's War</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Phoenix_(video_game)" title="Rise of the Phoenix (video game)">Rise of the Phoenix</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Qin_(video_game)" title="Prince of Qin (video game)">Prince of Qin</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hegemon-King_Bids_His_Lady_Farewell" title="The Hegemon-King Bids His Lady Farewell">The Hegemon-King Bids His Lady Farewell</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Han_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Han_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Han dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Han_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Han dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this 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Seven States">Rebellion of the Seven States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Han dynasty in Inner Asia">Han dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">Han–Xiongnu War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Heavenly_Horses" title="War of the Heavenly Horses">War of the Heavenly Horses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Gojoseon" title="Han conquest of Gojoseon">Han conquest of Gojoseon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Four Commanderies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southward_expansion_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Southward expansion of the Han dynasty">Southward expansion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Han_campaigns_against_Minyue" title="Han campaigns against Minyue">Han–Minyue War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Nanyue" title="Han conquest of Nanyue">Han conquest of Nanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Dian" title="Han conquest of Dian">Han conquest of Dian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chinese domination of Vietnam">First Chinese domination of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trung_sisters%27_rebellion" title="Trung sisters' rebellion">Trung sisters' rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Chinese domination of Vietnam">Second Chinese domination of Vietnam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Eyebrows" title="Red Eyebrows">Red Eyebrows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lulin" title="Lulin">Lulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengjia" title="Chengjia">Chengjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disasters_of_the_Partisan_Prohibitions" title="Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions">Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Five_Pecks_of_Rice" title="Way of the Five Pecks of Rice">Way of the Five Pecks of Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="End of the Han dynasty">End of the Han dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Red_Cliffs" title="Battle of Red Cliffs">Battle of Red Cliffs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman,_horse_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close-up of a Han Dynasty ceramic horse"><img alt="Close-up of a Han Dynasty ceramic horse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg/100px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg/150px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg/200px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Society_and_culture_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Society and culture of the Han dynasty">Society and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Horse_of_Gansu" title="Flying Horse of Gansu">Flying Horse of Gansu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Immortals_of_Huainan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Immortals of Huainan">Eight Immortals of Huainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawangdui_Silk_Texts" title="Mawangdui Silk Texts">Mawangdui Silk Texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luxuriant_Dew_of_the_Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals">Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yiwu_Zhi" title="Yiwu Zhi">Yiwu Zhi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Texts">Old Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_poetry" title="Han poetry">Han poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_(poetry)" title="Fu (poetry)">Fu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Government of the Han dynasty">Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Military of the Han dynasty">military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Chao" title="Ban Chao">Ban Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yuan_(Han_dynasty)" title="Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)">Ma Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Han dynasty">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(early)#Han_Dynasty,_Xin_Dynasty_and_Shu_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (early)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Lords_and_Nine_Ministers" title="Three Lords and Nine Ministers">Three Lords and Nine Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Ministers" title="Nine Ministers">Nine Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ducal_Ministers" title="Three Ducal Ministers">Three Ducal Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Kings of the Han dynasty">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_provinces_and_commanderies_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="List of provinces and commanderies of the Han dynasty">Provinces and commanderies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_of_Han_dynasty_titles" title="Translation of Han dynasty titles">Translation of government titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Economy of the Han dynasty">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_coinage" title="Han dynasty coinage">Coinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Ancient Chinese coinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">Sino-Roman relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Han dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Yong" title="Cai Yong">Cai Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Huan" title="Ding Huan">Ding Huan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Shi" title="Du Shi">Du Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Tuo" title="Hua Tuo">Hua Tuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_An" title="Liu An">Liu An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiang_(scholar)" title="Liu Xiang (scholar)">Liu Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xin_(scholar)" title="Liu Xin (scholar)">Liu Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoxia_Hong" title="Luoxia Hong">Luoxia Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Tan" title="Sima Tan">Sima Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chong" title="Wang Chong">Wang Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Heng" title="Zhang Heng">Zhang Heng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhongjing" title="Zhang Zhongjing">Zhang Zhongjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Script_Texts" title="Ancient Script Texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunheng" title="Lunheng">Balanced Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiben" title="Shiben">Book of Origins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_on_Numbers_and_Computation" title="Book on Numbers and Computation">Book on Numbers and Computation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fangyan_(book)" title="Fangyan (book)">Fangyan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jingui_Yaol%C3%BCe" title="Jingui Yaolüe">Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nine_Chapters_on_the_Mathematical_Art" title="The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art">The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huangdi_Neijing" title="Huangdi Neijing">Huangdi Neijing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuowen_Jiezi" title="Shuowen Jiezi">Shuowen Jiezi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shanghan_Lun" title="Shanghan Lun">Treatise on Cold Injury and 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