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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> This article is about the ethnic group and worldwide diaspora. For the inhabitants of Cornwall, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demographics_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demographics of Cornwall">Demographics of Cornwall</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Cornishman" redirects here. For the passenger train, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Cornishman_(train)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Cornishman (train)">The Cornishman (train)</a>. For the newspaper, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Cornishman_(newspaper)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Cornishman (newspaper)">The Cornishman (newspaper)</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> The Cornish people or Cornish (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>: Kernowyon, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: Cornƿīelisċ) are an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> native to, or associated with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dic108-20">[20]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and a recognised national minority in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ReferenceB-22">[22]</a> which (like the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Breton_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Bretons</a>) can trace its roots to the Brittonic Celtic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Britons_(historical)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historical)">ancient Britons</a> who inhabited <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> from somewhere between the 11th and 7th centuries BC[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and inhabited Britain at the time of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a> Many in Cornwall today continue to assert a distinct identity separate from or in addition to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English people">English</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British people">British</a> identities. Cornish identity has also been adopted by some migrants into Cornwall, as well as by emigrant and descendant communities from Cornwall, the latter sometimes referred to as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_diaspora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jack1-12">[12]</a> Although not included as a tick-box option in the UK census, the numbers of those writing in a Cornish ethnic and national identity are officially recognised and recorded.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cornwall.gov.uk-25">[25]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"> <caption class="infobox-title fn org"> Cornish people Kernowyon </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cornwall.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/250px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/375px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/500px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"></a> <div class="infobox-caption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Cornwall">Flag of Cornwall</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">6–11 million worldwide<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <div style="text-align:left"> <ul> <li>Population of Cornwall from 2021 UK Census 532,300;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Census2021Cornwall-3">[3]</a></li> <li>99,754 stating their national identity as Cornish or Cornish and British in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2021?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2021">United Kingdom Census 2021</a> in England and Wales (in Cornwall, 15.6% of the population);<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Census2021E&W-4">[4]</a></li> <li>26% of the population of Cornwall identified as Cornish in the Cornwall Quality of Life Survey 2007;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cornwall_Quality_of_Life_Survey_2007-5">[5]</a></li> <li>32,254 – 46% of school pupils in Cornwall recorded as having Cornish ethnicity in 2013, rising to 51.1% in 2017;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cornwall_Council_School_Census_2011-2013-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cornwall_Council_5th_Cycle_Update-7">[7]</a></li> <li>37,500 identifying their ethnicity as Cornish in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">United Kingdom Census 2001</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brown-8">[8]</a></li> <li>1,975 identifying as having Cornish ethnic origins in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canada_2016_Census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2016 Census">Canada 2016 Census</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-canadiancensus-9">[9]</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="England">England</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wales">Wales</a>) 99,754 (2021)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Census2021E&W-4">[4]</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>) 467 (2011)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ReferenceA-10">[10]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Significant Cornish diaspora in</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United States</th> <td class="infobox-data">1,000,000 – 2,500,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jack2-11">[11]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jack1-12">[12]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Australia</th> <td class="infobox-data">1,000,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jack2-11">[11]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Canada</th> <td class="infobox-data">1,975<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Mexico</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jack2-11">[11]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CornMex-16">[16]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">New Zealand</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CornNZ-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CornNZ2-18">[18]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">South Africa</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jack2-11">[11]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mina482-19">[19]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <div style="line-height:1.4em;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English language">English</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish dialect">Anglo-Cornish</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Country_dialects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country dialects">West Country dialects</a>) · <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> · <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Sign_Language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Sign Language">British Sign</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <div style="line-height:1.4em;"> Mainly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <div style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Breton_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Bretons</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English people">English people</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish people">Irish people</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manx_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manx people">Manx people</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scottish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scottish people">Scottish people</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh people">Welsh people</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"> <hr>a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_American?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish American">Cornish American</a>, b <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_Australian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish Australian">Cornish Australian</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Throughout <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_antiquity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, the ancient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Britons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a> formed a series of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribes">tribes</a>, kingdoms, cultures and identities throughout Great Britain; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dumnonii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dumnonii">Dumnonii</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornovii_(Cornish)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornovii (Cornish)">Cornovii</a> were the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Celtic_tribes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Celtic tribes">Celtic tribes</a> who inhabited what was to become Cornwall during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sub-Roman Britain">post-Roman</a> periods.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Snyder160-26">[26]</a> The name Cornwall and its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demonym">demonym</a> Cornish are derived from the Celtic Cornovii tribe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Snyder160-26">[26]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magnag2-27">[27]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon invasion and settlement of Britain</a> starting from the late 5th and early 6th centuries and the arrival of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scottish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scottish people">Scots</a> from Ireland during the same period gradually restricted the Romano-British culture and Brittonic language into parts of the north and west of Great Britain by the 10th century, whilst the inhabitants of southern, central and eastern Britain became English and much of the north became Scottish. The Cornish people, who shared the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brythonic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic language</a> with the Welsh, Cumbrics and Pics, and also the Bretons who had migrated across the sea to escape the Anglo-Saxon invasions, were referred to in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old English">Old English</a> language as the "Westwalas" meaning West Welsh.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Snyder160-26">[26]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Deorham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Deorham">Battle of Deorham</a> between the Britons and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Saxons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> is thought to have resulted in a loss of land links with the people of Wales.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The Cornish people and their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_Brittonic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common Brittonic">Brythonic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish language">Cornish language</a> experienced a slow process of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglicisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglicisation">anglicisation</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Language_shift?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Language shift">attrition</a> during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_modern_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Early modern period">early modern periods</a>. By the 18th century, and following the creation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, the Cornish language and to some degree identity had faded, largely replaced by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English language">English language</a> (albeit Cornish-influenced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Country_dialects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country dialects">West Country dialects</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish dialect">Anglo-Cornish</a>) or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British people">British identity</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rough360-29">[29]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_revival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic revival">Celtic revival</a> during the early-20th century enabled a cultural self-consciousness in Cornwall that revitalised the Cornish language and roused the Cornish to express a distinctly Brittonic Celtic heritage. The Cornish language was granted official recognition under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> in 2002,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and in 2014 the Cornish people were recognised and afforded protection by the UK Government under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ReferenceB-22">[22]</a> In the 2021 census, the population of Cornwall, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a>, was recorded as 570,300.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Census2021Cornwall-3">[3]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_self-government_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish self-government movement">Cornish self-government movement</a> has called for greater recognition of Cornish culture, politics, and language, and urged that Cornish people be accorded greater status, exemplified by the call for them to be one of the listed ethnic groups in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">United Kingdom Census 2011</a> form.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-revagain-32">[32]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Classification">1 Classification</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#2011_and_2021_UK_Census">1.1 2011 and 2021 UK Census</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Schools_census_(PLASC)">1.2 Schools census (PLASC)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ancestral_roots">2.1 Ancestral roots</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Anglicisation_and_rebellion">2.2 Anglicisation and rebellion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Industry,_revival_and_the_modern_period">2.3 Industry, revival and the modern period</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geographic_distribution">3 Geographic distribution</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Australia">3.1 Australia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Canada">3.2 Canada</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mexico">3.3 Mexico</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#South_Africa">3.4 South Africa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States">3.5 United States</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture">4 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Language">4.1 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Literature_and_folklore">4.2 Literature and folklore</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Performing_and_visual_arts">4.3 Performing and visual arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion">4.4 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cuisine">4.5 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sport">4.6 Sport</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Institutions_and_politics">5 Institutions and politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">7 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Citations">7.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">7.2 Sources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_nationality_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British nationality law">British nationality law</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:British_and_Cornish%3F.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="The Union and Cornish flags fluttering in the wind, against a grey, cloudy sky." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/British_and_Cornish%3F.jpg/220px-British_and_Cornish%3F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="454"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 226px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/British_and_Cornish%3F.jpg/220px-British_and_Cornish%3F.jpg" data-alt="The Union and Cornish flags fluttering in the wind, against a grey, cloudy sky." data-width="220" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/British_and_Cornish%3F.jpg/330px-British_and_Cornish%3F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/British_and_Cornish%3F.jpg/440px-British_and_Cornish%3F.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flag of the United Kingdom">Union</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Piran%27s_Flag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Piran's Flag">Cornish</a> flags. </figcaption> </figure> Both geographic and historical factors distinguish the Cornish as an ethnic group<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ther243-33">[33]</a> further supported by identifiable genetic variance between the populations of Cornwall, neighbouring Devon and England as published in a 2012 Oxford University study.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Throughout medieval and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_Modern_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Britain">Early Modern Britain</a>, the Cornish were at some points accorded the same status as the English and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> and considered a separate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a> or nation, distinct from their neighbours, with their own language, society and customs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stolye1-35">[35]</a> A process of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglicisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</a> between 1485 and 1700 led to the Cornish adopting English language, culture and civic identity, a view reinforced by Cornish historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A._L._Rowse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A. L. Rowse">A. L. Rowse</a> who said they were gradually "absorbed into the mainstream of English life".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stolye1-35">[35]</a> Although "decidedly modern" and "largely retrospective" in its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Identity_politics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a>, Cornish and Celtic associations have advanced the notion of a distinct Cornish national and ethnic identity since the late 20th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi381-36">[36]</a> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">United Kingdom Census 2001</a>, despite no explicit "Cornish" option being available, approximately 34,000 people in Cornwall and 3,500 people elsewhere in the UK—a combined total equal to nearly 7 per cent of the population of Cornwall—identified themselves as ethnic Cornish by writing this in under the "other" ethnicity option.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brown-8">[8]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Indy-37">[37]</a> The census figures show a change in identity from West to East, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penwith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penwith">Penwith</a> 9.2 per cent identified as ethnically Cornish, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kerrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kerrier">Kerrier</a> it was 7.5 per cent, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carrick,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carrick, Cornwall">Carrick</a> 6.6 per cent, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Restormel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Restormel">Restormel</a> 6.3 per cent, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Cornwall">North Cornwall</a> 6 per cent, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caradon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caradon">Caradon</a> 5.6 per cent. Weighting of the 2001 Census data gives a figure of 154,791 people with Cornish ethnicity living in Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The Cornish have been described as "a special case" in England, with an "ethnic rather than regional identity".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Structural changes to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">politics of the United Kingdom</a>, particularly the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devolution">devolution</a>, have been cited as the main stimulus to "a growing interest in Cornish identity and distinctiveness" in late-20th century Britain.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stolye1-35">[35]</a> The British are the citizens of the United Kingdom, a people who by convention consist of four national groups: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English people">English</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scottish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scottish people">Scots</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stolye1-35">[35]</a> In the 1990s it was said that the notion that the Cornish are to be classified as a nation comparable to the English, Irish, Scots and Welsh, "has practically vanished from the popular consciousness" outside Cornwall,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stolye1-35">[35]</a> and that, despite a "real and substantive" identity, the Cornish "struggle for recognition as a national group distinct from the English".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi381-36">[36]</a> However, in 2014, after a 15-year campaign, the UK government officially recognised the Cornish as a national minority under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a>, giving the Cornish the same status as the Welsh, Scots and Irish within the UK.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ReferenceB-22">[22]</a> Inhabitants of Cornwall may have multiple <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> allegiances, adopting mixed, dual or hyphenated identities such as "Cornish first and British second",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-revagain-32">[32]</a> "Cornish and British and European",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> or, like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phil_Vickery_(rugby_union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phil Vickery (rugby union)">Phil Vickery</a> (a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby_union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> prop for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="England national rugby union team">England national rugby union team</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_and_Irish_Lions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British and Irish Lions">British and Irish Lions</a>), describe themselves as "Cornish" and "English".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Meanwhile, another international rugby union player, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Josh_Matavesi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Josh Matavesi">Josh Matavesi</a>, describes himself as Cornish-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fijians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fijians">Fijian</a> and Cornish not English.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> A survey by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Plymouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Plymouth">Plymouth University</a> in 2000 found that 30% of children in Cornwall felt "Cornish, not English".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> A 2004 survey on national identity by the finance firm <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morgan_Stanley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a> found that 44% of respondents in Cornwall saw themselves as Cornish rather than British or English.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> A 2008 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Exeter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a> study conducted in 16 towns across Cornwall found that 59% felt themselves to be Cornish and 41% felt "More Cornish than English", while for over a third of respondents the Cornish identity formed their primary national identity. Genealogy and family history were considered to be the chief criteria for 'being' Cornish, particularly among those who possessed such ties, while being born in Cornwall was also held to be important.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> A 2008 study by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> of 15- and 16-year-old schoolchildren in Cornwall found that 58% of respondents felt themselves to be either 'Fairly' or 'Very much' Cornish. The other 42% may be the result of in-migration to the area during the second half of the twentieth century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> A 2010 study by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Exeter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a> into the meaning of contemporary Cornish identity across Cornwall found that there was a "west-east distance decay in the strength of the Cornish identity." The study was conducted amongst the farming community as they were deemed to be the socio-professional group most objectively representative of Cornishness. All participants categorised themselves as Cornish and identified Cornish as their primary ethnic group orientation. Those in the west primarily thought of themselves as Cornish and British/Celtic, while those in the east tended to think of themselves as Cornish and English. All participants in West Cornwall who identified as Cornish and not English described people in East Cornwall, without hesitation, as equally Cornish as themselves. Those who identified as Cornish and English stressed the primacy of their Cornishness and a capacity to distance themselves from their Englishness. Ancestry was seen as the most important criterion for being categorised as Cornish, above place of birth or growing up in Cornwall. This study supports a 1988 study by Mary McArthur that had found that the meanings of Cornishness varied substantially, from local to national identity. Both studies also observed that the Cornish were less materialistic than the English. The Cornish generally saw the English, or city people, as being "less friendly and more aggressively self-promoting and insensitive". The Cornish saw themselves as friendly, welcoming and caring.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In November 2010 British Prime Minister, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Cameron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, said "I think Cornish national identity is very powerful" and that his government would "devolve a lot of power to Cornwall – that will go to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall Council">Cornish unitary authority</a>."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="2011_and_2021_UK_Census">2011 and 2021 UK Census</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 2011 and 2021 UK Census" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Call_yourself_Cornish.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Call_yourself_Cornish.jpg/170px-Call_yourself_Cornish.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="694"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 228px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Call_yourself_Cornish.jpg/170px-Call_yourself_Cornish.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Call_yourself_Cornish.jpg/255px-Call_yourself_Cornish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Call_yourself_Cornish.jpg/340px-Call_yourself_Cornish.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A poster in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> telling people how to describe their ethnicity and national identity as Cornish in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 census</a> </figcaption> </figure> A campaign for the inclusion of a Cornish tick-box in the nationality section of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 census</a> failed to win the support of Parliament in 2009.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Indy-37">[37]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> As a consequence, posters were created by the census organisation and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a> which advised residents how they could identify themselves as Cornish by writing it in the national identity and ethnicity sections and record Cornish in the main language section.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cornwall.gov.uk-25">[25]</a> Additionally, people could record Cornwall as their country of birth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Like other identities, Cornish has an allocated census code, (06), the same as for 2001,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a> which applied and was counted throughout Britain.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a> People were first able to record their ethnicity as Cornish in the 2001 UK Census, and some 37,000 people did so by writing it in.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[53]</a> A total of 83,499 people in England and Wales were described as having a Cornish national identity. 59,456 of these were described as Cornish only, 6,261 as Cornish and British, and 17,782 as Cornish and at least one other identity, with or without British. Within Cornwall the total was 73,220 (14% of the population) with 52,793 (9.9%) as Cornish only, 5,185 (1%) as Cornish and British, and 15,242 (2.9%) as Cornish and at least one other identity, with or without British.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated1-54">[54]</a> In Scotland 467 people described themselves as having Cornish national identity. 254 with Cornish identity only, 39 as Scottish and Cornish, and 174 having Cornish identity and at least one other UK identity (excluding Scottish).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ReferenceA-10">[10]</a> In the 2021 census, 89,084 people in England and Wales described their national identity as Cornish only and 10,670 as Cornish and British.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Census2021E&W-4">[4]</a> Within Cornwall, 79,938 people (14.0% of the population) specified a Cornish only identity and 9,146 (1.6%) Cornish in combination with British.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Schools_census_(PLASC)">Schools census (PLASC)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Schools census (PLASC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since 2006 school children in Cornwall have been able to record themselves as ethnically Cornish on the annual Schools Census (PLASC). Since then the number identifying as Cornish has risen from 24% to 51% in 2017. The Department for Education recommends that parents and guardians determine the ethnicity of children at primary schools whilst pupils at secondary schools can decide their own ethnicity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-57">[57]</a> <ul> <li>2006: 23.7 percent – 17,218 pupils out of 72,571</li> <li>2007: 27.3 percent – 19,988 pupils out of 72,842<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li>2008: 30.3 percent – 21,610 pupils out of 71,302</li> <li>2009: 33.9 percent – 23,808 pupils out of 70,275</li> <li>2010: 37.2 percent – 26,140 pupils out of 69,950<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li>2011: 40.9 percent – 28,584 pupils out of 69,811<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-57">[57]</a></li> <li>2012: 43.0 percent – 30,181 pupils out of 69,909</li> <li>2013: 46.0 percent – 32,254 pupils out of 70,097<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cornwall_Council_School_Census_2011-2013-6">[6]</a></li> <li>2014: 48.0 percent<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>2017: 51.1 percent</li> <li>2020: 45.9 percent - due to an error in the management system of a number of schools, pupils identifying as White Cornish were inadvertently changed to Any Other White resulting in a reduced figure for the year 2020.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cornwall_Council_5th_Cycle_Update-7">[7]</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Cornwall">History of Cornwall</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ancestral_roots">Ancestral roots</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ancestral roots" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">Genetic history of the British Isles</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historical_immigration_to_Great_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historical immigration to Great Britain">Historical immigration to Great Britain</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tre_Pol_and_Pen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tre Pol and Pen">Tre Pol and Pen</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_surnames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish surnames</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Menantol1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="two weathered stones standing at an angle on a grassy hill, with a third doughnut-shaped stone between them" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Menantol1.jpg/220px-Menantol1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Menantol1.jpg/220px-Menantol1.jpg" data-alt="two weathered stones standing at an angle on a grassy hill, with a third doughnut-shaped stone between them" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Menantol1.jpg/330px-Menantol1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Menantol1.jpg/440px-Menantol1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%AAn-an-Tol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mên-an-Tol">Mên-an-Tol</a> is an ancient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standing_stone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing stone">lith</a> site in Cornwall </figcaption> </figure> Traditionally, the Cornish are thought to have been descended from the Iron Age <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celts">Celts</a>, making them distinct from the English, many (but not all) of whom are descended from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Saxons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> who colonised Great Britain from their homelands in northern Europe and drove the Celts to Britain's western and northern fringes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SnowCelt-61">[61]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-United-62">[62]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stolye2-63">[63]</a> Recent genetic studies based on ancient DNA have complicated this picture, however. During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronze_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, most of the people that had inhabited Britain since the Neolithic era were replaced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bell_Beaker_Culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Beaker Culture">Beaker People</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a> while scholars have argued that the introduction of the Celtic languages and material culture into Britain and Ireland was by means of cultural diffusion, rather than any substantial migration.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Genetic evidence has also suggested that while ancestry inherited from the Anglo-Saxons makes up a significant part of the modern English gene pool (one study suggested an average 38% contribution in eastern England), they did not displace all of the previous inhabitants.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[67]</a> A 2015 study found that modern Cornish populations had less Anglo-Saxon ancestry than people from central and southern England, and that they were genetically distinct from their neighbors in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devon">Devon</a>. The study also suggested that populations traditionally labelled as "Celtic" showed significant diversity, rather than a unified genetic identity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="The British Isles appear on a pale and yellowed map. The isles are divided into political territories." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg/170px-Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="985"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 244px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg/170px-Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg" data-alt="The British Isles appear on a pale and yellowed map. The isles are divided into political territories." data-width="170" data-height="244" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg/255px-Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg/340px-Saxon_England_according_to_the_Saxon_Chronicle.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> An 18th century map of Great Britain based on accounts from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>, showing "Cornweallas" </figcaption> </figure> Throughout <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_antiquity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> the Celts spoke <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a>, and formed a series of tribes, cultures and identities, notably the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Picts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Picts">Picts</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> in the north and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Britons_(historical)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historical)">Britons</a> in the south.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Britons were themselves a divided people;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[69]</a> although they shared the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brythonic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic languages</a>, they were tribal, and divided into regional societies, and within them sub-groups. Examples of these tribal societies were the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brigantes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a> in the north, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ordovices?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ordovices">Ordovices</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demetae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demetae">Demetae</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silures?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silures">Silures</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deceangli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deceangli">Deceangli</a> in the west.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In the extreme southwest, what was to become Cornwall, were the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dumnonii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dumnonii">Dumnonii</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornovii_(Cornwall)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornovii (Cornwall)">Cornovii</a>, who lived in the Kingdom of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dumnonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Snyder160-26">[26]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> in the 1st century introduced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> to Britain, who upon their arrival initially recorded the Dumnonii, but later reported on the Cornovii, who were possibly a sub-group of the Dumnonii.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Oppenheimer-71">[71]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Although the Romans colonised much of central and southern Britain, Dumnonia was "virtually unaffected" by the conquest;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rough360-29">[29]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Overview-74">[74]</a> Roman rule had little or no impact on the region,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magnag2-27">[27]</a> meaning it could flourish as a semi- or fully independent kingdom which evidence shows was sometimes under the dominion of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_the_Britons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King of the Britons">kings of the Britons</a>, and sometimes to have been governed by its own <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kings_of_Dumnonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Dumnonia">Dumnonian monarchy</a>, either by the title of duke or king.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brithist-75">[75]</a> This <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petty_kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petty kingdom">petty kingdom</a> shared strong linguistic, political and cultural links with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brittany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, a peninsula on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Continental_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> south of Cornwall inhabited by Britons; the Cornish and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Breton_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Breton language">Breton languages</a> were nearly indistinguishable in this period, and both Cornwall and Brittany remain dotted with dedications to the same Celtic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint">saints</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sny157-76">[76]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome</a> in the year 410 prompted a complete <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">Roman departure from Britain</a>, and Cornwall then experienced an influx of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christian</a> missionaries from Ireland who had a profound effect upon the early Cornish people, their culture, faith and architecture.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a> The ensuing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">decline of the Roman Empire</a> encouraged the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_invasion_of_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain">Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Overview-74">[74]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angles_(tribe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jutes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jutes">Jutes</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisii">Frisii</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanic_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> from northern Europe, established petty kingdoms and settled in different regions of what was to become England, and parts of southern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, progressively defeating the Britons in battle. The Saxons of the Kingdom of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wessex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> in particular were expanding their territory westwards towards Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a> The Cornish were frequently embattled with the West Saxons, who used their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic</a> word <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Walha">walha</a> (modern English: Welsh) meaning "stranger" or "foreigner", to describe their opponents,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Smyth24-25-77">[77]</a> later specifying them as the Westwalas (West Welsh) or Cornwalas (the Cornish).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Snyder160-26">[26]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Overview-74">[74]</a> Conflict continued until King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Athelstan_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Athelstan of England">Athelstan of England</a> determined that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Tamar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Tamar">River Tamar</a> be the formal boundary between the West Saxons and the Cornish in the year 936,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[78]</a> making Cornwall one of the last retreats of the Britons encouraging the development of a distinct Cornish identity;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brithist-75">[75]</a> Brittonic culture in Britain became confined to Cornwall, parts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devon">Devon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North West England">North West England</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_West_Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South West Scotland">South West Scotland</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wales">Wales</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SnowCelt-61">[61]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stolye2-63">[63]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Overview-74">[74]</a> Although a treaty was agreed,[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] Anglo-Saxon political influence stretched westwards until some time in the late 10th century when "Cornwall was definitively incorporated into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Anglicisation_and_rebellion">Anglicisation and rebellion</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Anglicisation and rebellion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_rebellion_of_1497?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish rebellion of 1497">Cornish rebellion of 1497</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prayer_Book_Rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prayer Book Rebellion">Prayer Book Rebellion</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Europe_map_998.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Europe_map_998.PNG/220px-Europe_map_998.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="554"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Europe_map_998.PNG/220px-Europe_map_998.PNG" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Europe_map_998.PNG/330px-Europe_map_998.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Europe_map_998.PNG/440px-Europe_map_998.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> European nations in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="AD">AD</a> 998 </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a>, which began with an invasion by the troops of William, Duke of Normandy (later, King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_I_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William I of England</a>) in 1066, resulted in the removal of the Anglo-Saxon derived monarchy, aristocracy, and clerical hierarchy and its replacement by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Normans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Normans">Normans</a>, Scandinavian Vikings from northern France<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Thom3-79">[79]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-state-80">[80]</a> and their Breton allies, who, in many cases, maintained rule in the Brittonic-speaking parts of the conquered lands.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shire">shires</a> of England were progressively divided amongst the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Companions_of_William_I_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Companions of William I of England">companions of William I of England</a>, who served as England's new nobility.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Thom3-79">[79]</a> The English would come to absorb the Normans,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[82]</a> but the Cornish "vigorously resisted" their influence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mina482-19">[19]</a> At the time of the conquest, legend has it that Cornwall was under the governance of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Condor_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Condor of Cornwall">Condor</a>, reported by later <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiquarian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiquarian">antiquarians</a> to be the last Earl of Cornwall to be directly descended from the ancient monarchy of Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Borlase-84">[84]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earldom_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Cornwall">Earldom of Cornwall</a> had held <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devolution">devolved</a> semi-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sovereignty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> from England,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[86]</a> but in 1067 was granted to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert,_Count_of_Mortain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert, Count of Mortain">Robert, Count of Mortain</a>, King William I's half-brother, and ruled thereafter by an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Normans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Norman</a> aristocracy;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magnag2-27">[27]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[87]</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domesday_Book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a>, the record of the great survey of England completed in 1086, "virtually all" landowners in Cornwall "had English names, making it impossible to be sure who was Cornish and who was English by race".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Orme6-88">[88]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] However, there was a persistent and "continuing differentiation" between the English and Cornish peoples during the Middle Ages, as evidenced by documents such as the 1173 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charter">charter</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Truro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Truro">Truro</a> which made explicit mention of both peoples as distinct.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Corn1066-89">[89]</a> The Earldom of Cornwall passed to various English <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobles">nobles</a> throughout the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[90]</a> but in 1337 the earldom was given the status of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy">duchy</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward,_the_Black_Prince?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward, the Black Prince">Edward, the Black Prince</a>, the first son and heir of King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_III_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a>, became the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duke of Cornwall">Duke of Cornwall</a> as a means for the prince to raise his own capital.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Corn1066-89">[89]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Large parts of Cornwall were owned by Edward, 1st Duke of Cornwall, and successive English Dukes of Cornwall became the largest landowners in Cornwall;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarchy_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of England">monarchy of England</a> established two special administrative institutions in Cornwall, the first being the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Duchy of Cornwall</a> (one of only two in the Kingdom of England)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[92]</a> and the second being the Cornish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stannary_Courts_and_Parliaments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stannary Courts and Parliaments">Stannary Courts and Parliaments</a> (which governed Cornwall's tin industry).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brithist-75">[75]</a> These two institutions allowed "ordinary Cornish people to believe that they had been granted a unique constitutional status to reflect their unique cultural identity".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stolye2-63">[63]</a> However, the Duchy of Cornwall gradually lost its political autonomy from England, a state which became increasingly centralised in London,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a> and by the early-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tudor_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> the Cornish had begun to see themselves as "a conquered people whose culture, liberties, and prosperity had been downgraded by the English".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Coop54-93">[93]</a> This view was exacerbated in the 1490s by heavy taxation imposed by King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> upon the impoverished Cornish to raise funds for his military campaigns against King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Coop54-93">[93]</a> as well as Henry VII's suspension of the privileges of the Cornish Stannaries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flet21-94">[94]</a> Having provided "more than their fair share of soldiers and sailors" for the conflict in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern England">northern England</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flet21-94">[94]</a> and feeling aggrieved at "Cornwall's status as England's poorest county",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Coop54-93">[93]</a> a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Popular_revolt_in_late_medieval_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular revolt in late medieval Europe">popular uprising</a> out of Cornwall ensued—the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_rebellion_of_1497?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish rebellion of 1497">Cornish rebellion of 1497</a>. The rebellion was initially a political march from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Keverne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Keverne">St Keverne</a> to London led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Flamank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Flamank">Thomas Flamank</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_An_Gof?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael An Gof">Michael An Gof</a>, motivated by a "mixture of reasons"; to raise money for charity; to celebrate their community; to present their grievances to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Coop54-93">[93]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flet21-94">[94]</a> but gathered pace across the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Country">West Country</a> as a revolt against the king.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cornish_Language_Shift.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A colour-coded map of Cornwall, surrounded by a blue sea. Cornwall is shaded dark red in the east and pale pink in the west, with a range of intermediate shades of red between, intended to represent periods of time in which the Cornish language was used." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cornish_Language_Shift.svg/300px-Cornish_Language_Shift.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="1003"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 238px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cornish_Language_Shift.svg/300px-Cornish_Language_Shift.svg.png" data-alt="A colour-coded map of Cornwall, surrounded by a blue sea. Cornwall is shaded dark red in the east and pale pink in the west, with a range of intermediate shades of red between, intended to represent periods of time in which the Cornish language was used." data-width="300" data-height="238" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cornish_Language_Shift.svg/450px-Cornish_Language_Shift.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cornish_Language_Shift.svg/600px-Cornish_Language_Shift.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish language">Cornish language</a> experienced a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Language_shift?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Language shift">shift</a> between 1300 and 1750, with the Cornish people gradually adopting English as their common language. </figcaption> </figure> Cornish was the most widely spoken language west of the River Tamar until around the mid-1300s, when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> began to be adopted as a common language of the Cornish people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Overview-74">[74]</a> As late as 1542 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_Boorde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrew Boorde">Andrew Boorde</a>, an English traveller, physician and writer, wrote that in Cornwall there were two languages, "Cornysshe" and "Englysshe", but that "there may be many men and women" in Cornwall who could not understand English.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Corn1066-89">[89]</a> While the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman language">Norman language</a> was in use by much of the English aristocracy, Cornish was used as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_franca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, particularly in the remote far west of Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Many Cornish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landed_gentry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a> chose mottos in the Cornish language for their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coat_of_arms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>, highlighting its socially high status.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tan226-97">[97]</a> However, in 1549 and following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Reformation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI of England</a> commanded that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>, an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglicanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> liturgical text in the English language, should be introduced to all churches in his kingdom, meaning that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a> and Celtic customs and services should be discontinued.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Overview-74">[74]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prayer_Book_Rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prayer Book Rebellion">Prayer Book Rebellion</a> was a militant revolt in Cornwall and parts of neighbouring <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devon">Devon</a> against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1549?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Uniformity 1549">Act of Uniformity 1549</a>, which outlawed all languages from church services apart from English,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pitt122-98">[98]</a> and is specified as a testament to the affection and loyalty the Cornish people held for the Cornish language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tan226-97">[97]</a> In the rebellion, separate risings occurred simultaneously in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodmin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodmin">Bodmin</a> in Cornwall, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sampford_Courtenay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sampford Courtenay">Sampford Courtenay</a> in Devon—which would both converge at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exeter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, laying siege to the region's largest Protestant city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[99]</a> However, the rebellion was suppressed, thanks largely to the aid of foreign mercenaries in a series of battles in which "hundreds were killed",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magnag2-27">[27]</a> effectively ending Cornish as the common language of the Cornish people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Overview-74">[74]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Corn1066-89">[89]</a> The Anglicanism of the Reformation served as a vehicle for Anglicisation in Cornwall; Protestantism had a lasting cultural effect upon the Cornish by way of linking Cornwall more closely with England, while lessening political and linguistic ties with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Breton_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Bretons</a> of Brittany.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tann230-100">[100]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roundhead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cavalier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cavalier">Royalists</a>, polarised the populations of England and Wales. However, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_in_the_English_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall in the English Civil War">Cornwall in the English Civil War</a> was a staunchly Royalist enclave, an "important focus of support for the Royalist cause".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Price113-101">[101]</a> Cornish soldiers were used as scouts and spies during the war, for their language was not understood by English Parliamentarians.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Price113-101">[101]</a> The peace that followed the close of the war led to a further shift to the English language by the Cornish people, which encouraged an influx of English people to Cornwall. By the mid-17th century the use of the Cornish language had retreated far enough west to prompt concern and investigation by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiquarian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiquarian">antiquarians</a>, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Scawen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Scawen">William Scawen</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tann230-100">[100]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Price113-101">[101]</a> As the Cornish language diminished the people of Cornwall underwent a process of English <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enculturation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enculturation">enculturation</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultural_assimilation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hect64-102">[102]</a> becoming "absorbed into the mainstream of English life".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stolye1-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Industry,_revival_and_the_modern_period">Industry, revival and the modern period</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Industry, revival and the modern period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Revival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Home_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Home Nations">Home Nations</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cornish_National_Tartan.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A square consisting of crossed lines of vivid colours. Yellow and black form thick, crossed lines producing large squares of colour, intersected by thinner lines of white, blue and red. The design is symmetrical and repeating." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cornish_National_Tartan.png/220px-Cornish_National_Tartan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="560"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cornish_National_Tartan.png/220px-Cornish_National_Tartan.png" data-alt="A square consisting of crossed lines of vivid colours. Yellow and black form thick, crossed lines producing large squares of colour, intersected by thinner lines of white, blue and red. The design is symmetrical and repeating." data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cornish_National_Tartan.png/330px-Cornish_National_Tartan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cornish_National_Tartan.png/440px-Cornish_National_Tartan.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The National Tartan of Cornwall. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_kilts_and_tartans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish kilts and tartans">Cornish kilts and tartans</a> are emblematic of a resurgent, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pan-Celticism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pan-Celticism">pan-Celtic</a> Cornish identity developed during Cornwall's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Revival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrial_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> had a major impact upon the Cornish people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hect64-102">[102]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MacLeod343-104">[104]</a> Cornwall's economy was fully integrated into England's,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hect64-102">[102]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mining_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Cornwall">mining in Cornwall</a>, always an important source of employment and stability of the Cornish, experienced a process of industrialisation resulting in 30 per cent of Cornwall's adult population being employed by its mines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MacLeod343-104">[104]</a> During this period, efforts were made by Cornish engineers to design <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steam_engine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a> with which to power water pumps for Cornish mines thus aiding the extraction of mineral ore.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Industrial scale tin and copper mining operations in Cornwall melded Cornish identity with engines and heavy industry,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MacLeod343-104">[104]</a> and Cornwall's leading <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mining_engineering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mining engineering">mining engineer</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Trevithick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a>, became "as much a part of Cornwall's heritage as any legendary giant from its Celtic past".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Trevithick's most significant success was a high-pressure steam engine used to pump water and refuse from mines, but he was also the builder of the first full-scale working railway <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steam_locomotive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MuseumWales-106">[106]</a> On 21 February 1804, the world's first locomotive-hauled railway journey took place as Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rail_transport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rail transport">tramway</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penydarren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penydarren">Penydarren</a> ironworks, near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a> in Wales.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MuseumWales-106">[106]</a> The construction of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Western_Railway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victorian_era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> allowed for an influx of tourists to Cornwall from across Great Britain. Well into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edwardian_era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interwar_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, Cornwall was branded as a rural retreat, a "primitive land of magic and romance", and as an "earlier incarnation of Englishness, a place more English than an England ravaged by modernity".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cubitt164-107">[107]</a> Cornwall, the United Kingdom's only region with a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subtropics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subtropics">subtropical-like climate</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Minahan180-108">[108]</a> became a centre for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tourism_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tourism in England">English tourism</a>, its coastline dominated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resort_town?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resort town">resort towns</a> increasingly composed of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bungalow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bungalow">bungalows</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villa">villas</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cubitt164-107">[107]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Nichols_Thom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Nichols Thom">John Nichols Thom</a>, or Mad Tom, (1799 – 31 May 1838) was a Cornishman self-declared messiah who, in the 19th century led the last battle to be fought on English soil, known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Bossenden_Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Bossenden Wood">Battle of Bossenden Wood</a>. While not akin to the Cornish rebellions of the past, he did attract some Cornish support as well as mostly Kentish labourers, although his support was primarily of religious followers. In the latter half of the 19th century Cornwall experienced rapid deindustrialisation,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Far-109">[109]</a> with the closure of mines in particular considered by the Cornish to be both an economic and cultural disaster.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Minahan180-108">[108]</a> This, coupled with the rise of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romantic_nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a> in Europe inspired and influenced a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Revival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a> in Cornwall,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Far-109">[109]</a> a social, linguistic and artistic movement interested in Cornish medieval <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnology">ethnology</a>. This Revivalist upsurge investigated Cornwall's pre-industrial culture, using the Cornish language as the "principal badge of [Cornish] nationality and ethnic kinship".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Far-109">[109]</a> The first effective revival of Cornish began in 1904 when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Jenner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Jenner">Henry Jenner</a>, a Celtic language enthusiast, published his book Handbook of the Cornish Language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ball644-110">[110]</a> His <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unified_Cornish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a>, was based on Cornish as it was spoken in the 18th century, although his pupil <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Morton_Nance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Morton Nance">Robert Morton Nance</a> later steered the revival more towards the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Cornish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Cornish">Middle Cornish</a> that had been used in the 16th century, before the language became influenced by English.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mina486-111">[111]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Visit_of_King_George_IV_to_Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Visit of King George IV to Scotland">visit of King George IV to Scotland</a> in 1822 reinvigorated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scottish_national_identity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scottish national identity">Scottish national identity</a>, melding it with romanticist notions of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tartan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tartan">tartan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilt">kilts</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scottish_Highlands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pitt181-112">[112]</a> As <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pan-Celticism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> gathered pace in the early 20th century, Cornishman <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L._C._R._Duncombe-Jewell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="L. C. R. Duncombe-Jewell">L. C. R. Duncombe-Jewell</a> and the Cowethas Kelto-Kernuak (a Cornish language interest group) asserted the use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_kilts_and_tartans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish kilts and tartans">Cornish kilts and tartans</a> as a "national dress ... common to all Celtic countries".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pitt181-112">[112]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In 1924 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federation_of_Old_Cornwall_Societies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federation of Old Cornwall Societies">Federation of Old Cornwall Societies</a> was formed to facilitate, preserve and maintain Celticity in Cornwall,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[114]</a> followed by the similar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gorseth_Kernow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorseth Kernow">Gorseth Kernow</a> in 1928,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[115]</a> and the formation of the Cornish nationalist political party <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a> in 1951.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mebyon-116">[116]</a> Increased interest and communication across the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> in Celtic languages and culture during the 1960s and 1970s spurred on the popularisation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_self-government_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish self-government movement">Cornish self-government movement</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Minahan180-108">[108]</a> Since <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devolution">devolution</a> in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, enthusiasts for Cornish culture have pressed for the Cornish language to be taught formally in Cornish schools, while Cornish nationalists have demanded greater political autonomy for Cornwall, for example that it be constituted as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom's fifth constituent country</a> with its own <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish Assembly">Cornish Assembly</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Minahan180-108">[108]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_diaspora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cornish_miners_-_1866.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Two men wearing mining attire look at one-another in this black line drawing. Both wear dark clothing and mining helmets. The man on the right holds a long tool." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cornish_miners_-_1866.png/170px-Cornish_miners_-_1866.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="465"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cornish_miners_-_1866.png/170px-Cornish_miners_-_1866.png" data-alt="Two men wearing mining attire look at one-another in this black line drawing. Both wear dark clothing and mining helmets. The man on the right holds a long tool." data-width="170" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cornish_miners_-_1866.png/255px-Cornish_miners_-_1866.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cornish_miners_-_1866.png/340px-Cornish_miners_-_1866.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Cornish miners in the mid-19th century. A demise in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mining_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Cornwall">mining in Cornwall</a> prompted an exodus of Cornish miners and families resulting in a displaced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_diaspora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a>. </figcaption> </figure> The Cornish people are concentrated in Cornwall, but after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Age_of_Discovery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> in the early modern period were involved in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_colonisation_of_the_Americas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonisation of the Americas">British colonisation of the Americas</a> and other transcontinental and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transatlantic_migrations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Transatlantic migrations">transatlantic migrations</a>. Initially, the number of migrants was comparatively small, with those who left Cornwall typically settling in North America or else amongst the ports and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plantation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plantation">plantations</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caribbean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jack1-12">[12]</a> In the first half of the 19th century, the Cornish people were leaders in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tin">tin</a> and copper smelting, while <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mining_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Cornwall">mining in Cornwall</a> was the people's major occupation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a> Increased competition from Australia, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Malaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolivia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, coupled with the depletion of mineral deposits brought about an economic decline for Cornish mining lasting half a century, and prompting mass <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_migration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human migration">human migration</a> from Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jack1-12">[12]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a> In each decade from 1861 to 1901, "around 20% of the Cornish male population migrated abroad"—three times that of the average of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/England_and_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>—and totalling over a quarter of a million people lost to emigration between 1841 and 1901.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jack1-12">[12]</a> There was a displacement of skilled Cornish engineers, farmers, merchants, miners and tradesmen, but their commercial and occupational expertise, particularly in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">hard rock mining</a>, was highly valued by the communities they met.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jack1-12">[12]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a> Within Great Britain, Cornish families were attracted from Cornwall to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_East_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North East England">North East England</a>—particularly on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teesside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teesside">Teesside</a>—to partake in coal mining as a means to earn wealth by using their mining skill. This has resulted in a concentration of Cornish names on and around Teesside that persists into the 21st century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tee-117">[117]</a> Large numbers of the 19th century Cornish emigrants eventually returned to Cornwall, whilst the rate of emigration from Cornwall declined after World War I.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Willi143-118">[118]</a> However, the global connections of the remaining <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_diaspora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a>, which is concentrated in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English-speaking_countries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking countries">English-speaking countries</a> such as Australia, Canada, South Africa and the United States, are "very strong".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jack2-11">[11]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jack1-12">[12]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mina482-19">[19]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jack3-119">[119]</a> Their outreach has contributed to the international spread of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methodism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>, a movement within <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Christianity that was popular with the Cornish people at the time of their mass migration.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hemp27-120">[120]</a> "Cousin Jacks" is a nickname for the overseas Cornish, thought to derive from the practice of Cornishmen asking if job vacancies could be filled by their cousin named Jack in Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ther243-33">[33]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jupp229-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_Australian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish Australian">Cornish Australian</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Harold_Oliver_zoom.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harold_Oliver_zoom.png/200px-Harold_Oliver_zoom.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="381"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 228px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harold_Oliver_zoom.png/200px-Harold_Oliver_zoom.png" data-width="200" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harold_Oliver_zoom.png/300px-Harold_Oliver_zoom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Harold_Oliver_zoom.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harold_Oliver_(Australian_footballer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harold Oliver (Australian footballer)">William "Harold" Oliver</a> was the son of Australian Cornish immigrants who lived in the mining town of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waukaringa,_South_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Waukaringa, South Australia">Waukaringa</a>. Harold Oliver was a three time national champion with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Port Adelaide Football Club">Port Adelaide Football Club</a> in 1910, 1913 and 1914. </figcaption> </figure> From the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">beginning of Australia's colonial period</a> until after the Second World War, people from the United Kingdom made up a large majority of people coming to Australia, meaning that many Australian-born people can trace their origins to Britain.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ausbrit-122">[122]</a> The Cornish people in particular were actively encouraged to emigrate to Australia following the demise of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mining_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Cornwall">Cornish mining</a> in the 19th century. A "vigorous recruiting campaign" was launched to encourage the Cornish to aid with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mining_in_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mining in Australia">mining in Australia</a> because of their experience and expertise.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jupp228-123">[123]</a> Free passage to South Australia in particular was granted to hundreds of Cornish miners and their families,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jupp228-123">[123]</a> so much so, that a large Cornish community gathered in Australia's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copper_Coast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copper Coast">Copper Coast</a>, and South Australia's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yorke_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yorke Peninsula">Yorke Peninsula</a> became known as "Little Cornwall".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jack2-11">[11]</a> It has been estimated between 1837 and 1840, 15 per cent of all assisted migrants to South Australia were Cornish.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jupp228-123">[123]</a> Cornish settlement impacted upon social, cultural and religious life throughout the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_South_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of South Australia">history of South Australia</a>. Cornish identity was embraced strongly in the Yorke Peninsula, but also in the more outlying mining towns of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kapunda,_South_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapunda, South Australia">Kapunda</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burra,_South_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burra, South Australia">Burra</a>, where Cornish miners constituted a sizeable community.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jupp231-124">[124]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methodism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>, was the main form of religious practice for the Cornish. Methodist sensibilities were held with strong conviction by the migrant Cornish in a direct rivalry with Catholic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> in Australia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jupp231-124">[124]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kernewek_Lowender?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kernewek Lowender">Kernewek Lowender</a> is the largest Cornish festival in the world, held in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kadina,_South_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kadina, South Australia">Kadina</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moonta,_South_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moonta, South Australia">Moonta</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wallaroo,_South_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wallaroo, South Australia">Wallaroo</a> towns on the Yorke Peninsula, which attracts tens of thousands of visitors bi-annually.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jack3-119">[119]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jupp229-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_Canadian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish Canadian">Cornish Canadian</a> </div> European fishing ventures in and around <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> during the 16th century were the earliest Cornish activity in what was to become Canada. However, permanent settlement by the Cornish across the Atlantic Ocean was rare until at least the 19th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_colonisation_of_the_Americas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonisation of the Americas">British colonisation of the Americas</a> encouraged additional migration of the Cornish to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Canadas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Canadas">the Canadas</a>, particularly by those who served in Great Britain's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a> The creation of the colony of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_North_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British North America">British North America</a> spurred more people from Cornwall to settle in North America; they were registered as English migrants.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a> Many Cornish (and other West Country) immigrants who had been agricultural labourers settled in an area of what is now South Central Ontario in what were the counties of Northumberland, Durham and Ontario, ranging from the towns of Port Hope and Cobourg in the east, to Whitby in the west and to the north ends of those counties.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Mexico" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_Mexican?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mexican">White Mexican</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:TowerAcostaMine.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A dark angular structure viewed from its base upwards fills the scene. The sky appears light-grey and cloudy. The structure is made of a dark metal frame surmounted by platform." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/TowerAcostaMine.JPG/170px-TowerAcostaMine.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/TowerAcostaMine.JPG/170px-TowerAcostaMine.JPG" data-alt="A dark angular structure viewed from its base upwards fills the scene. The sky appears light-grey and cloudy. The structure is made of a dark metal frame surmounted by platform." data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/TowerAcostaMine.JPG/255px-TowerAcostaMine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/TowerAcostaMine.JPG/340px-TowerAcostaMine.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silver_mining?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silver mining">silver mining</a> museum in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mineral_del_Monte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mineral del Monte">Mineral del Monte</a>, a remnant of the Cornish migration to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> during the early-19th century. </figcaption> </figure> In 1825 a band of 60 Cornishmen left <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Falmouth, Cornwall">Falmouth</a> for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mineral_del_Monte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mineral del Monte">Mineral del Monte</a> in central <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> with 1,500 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tonne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (1,500 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Long_ton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Long ton">long tons</a>; 1,700 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Short_ton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Short ton">short tons</a>) of mining machinery with which to apply their mining skill and technologies to resuscitate Mexico's ailing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silver_mining?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silver mining">silver mining</a> industry after the neglect caused by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CornMex-16">[16]</a> Following their sea voyage they attempted to dock at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz, Veracruz">Veracruz</a> but were forced away by the Spanish to a beach at Mocambo from where they hauled their machinery through jungle and swamp to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Santa_Fe,_Veracruz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Santa Fe, Veracruz (page does not exist)">Santa Fe</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CornMex-16">[16]</a> During this haul through the jungle, the Cornishmen and their Mexican helpers fell victim to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yellow_fever?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>, resulting in 30 Cornish and 100 Mexican fatalities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CornMex-16">[16]</a> The fever forced the survivors to abandon their equipment and head inland up into the mountains to Xalapa to try to escape the mosquitos for three months, until the end of the rainy season. Once the rainy season closed the Cornish and Mexican miners continued their 250-mile (402 km) "Great Trek" to Mineral del Monte, transporting their machinery to an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,048 m) above sea level and arriving at their destination on 1 May 1826.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CornMex-16">[16]</a> Following their arrival, the Cornish community flourished and stayed in central Mexico until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexican_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> in 1910. Although the Cornish community in Mexico broadly returned to Cornwall, they left a cultural legacy; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Pasty_Festival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Pasty Festival">Cornish pasties</a>, Cornish mining museums and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_Mexican_Cultural_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish Mexican Cultural Society">Cornish Mexican Cultural Society</a> are all part of the local heritage and tradition in and around Mineral del Monte.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CornMex-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: South Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_South_African?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">White South African</a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a> of 1886 encouraged large numbers of Cornish miners to migrate to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_African_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Willi142-126">[126]</a> Although an international gold rush, the Cornish overwhelmingly formed the skilled labour force in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Witwatersrand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a>, until the outbreak of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Boer_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> prompted a retreat.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Willi142-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_States">United States</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_American?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish American">Cornish American</a> </div> The discovery of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lead_ore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead ore">lead ore</a> and copper in North America prompted an influx of Cornish miners to the continent, particularly around the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upper Mississippi River">Upper Mississippi River</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a> By the early 19th century Cornish people were present in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula of Michigan</a>—particularly the mining town of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ishpeming,_Michigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ishpeming, Michigan">Ishpeming</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Additional waves of Cornish migrants followed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_Gold_Rush?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> of the mid-19th century;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a> in the 1890s it was estimated that in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California">California</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grass_Valley,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grass Valley, California">Grass Valley</a>, over 60 per cent of the population was Cornish.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jack2-11">[11]</a> It has a tradition of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carol_(music)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carol (music)">carols</a> stemming from the Cornish who settled the area as gold miners in the 19th century. The carols have become "the identity of the town", some of the members of the Grass Valley Cornish Carol Choir are descendants of the original Cornish settlers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jack3-119">[119]</a> Most migratory Cornish to the United States were classified as English or British, meaning that the precise number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_American?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish American">Cornish Americans</a> is difficult to estimate. The aggregate number of immigrants from Cornwall to the United States before World War I is suggested to be around 100,000.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ther243-33">[33]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture of Cornwall">Culture of Cornwall</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Stpiraninpenwith.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A street lined with shops is filled with hundreds of people. In the foreground are children wearing black vests each one defaced with a large white cross. The children surround a fiddler. In the background are spectators." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stpiraninpenwith.JPG/220px-Stpiraninpenwith.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="331"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stpiraninpenwith.JPG/220px-Stpiraninpenwith.JPG" data-alt="A street lined with shops is filled with hundreds of people. In the foreground are children wearing black vests each one defaced with a large white cross. The children surround a fiddler. In the background are spectators." data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stpiraninpenwith.JPG/330px-Stpiraninpenwith.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stpiraninpenwith.JPG/440px-Stpiraninpenwith.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St._Piran%27s_Day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Piran's Day">St. Piran's Day</a> is an annual patronal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_festivals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish festivals">Cornish festival</a> celebrating Cornish culture and history every 5 March. </figcaption> </figure> The survival of a distinct <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornish culture</a> has been attributed to Cornwall's geographic isolation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mina482-19">[19]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mina480-129">[129]</a> Contemporaneously, the underlying notion of Cornish culture is that it is distinct from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture of England">culture of England</a>, despite its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglicisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglicisation">anglicisation</a>, and that it is instead part of a Celtic tradition.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a> According to American academic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Paul Robert Magocsi</a>, modern-day Cornish activists have claimed several <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victorian_era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> inventions including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_engine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish engine">Cornish engine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christmas_carol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carols</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugby football">rugby football</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brass_band?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brass band">brass bands</a> as part of this Cornish tradition.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a> Cornish cultural tradition is most strongly associated with the people's most historical occupation, mining,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[130]</a> an aspect of Cornish history and culture that has influenced its cuisine, symbols and identity. The Cornish writer C. C. Vyvyan wrote in her 1948 book Our Cornwall: "A man might live and die among us and never gain throughout his allotted span of life one glimpse of the essential Cornwall or the essential Cornishman."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Cornwall has <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Cornish_saints?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Cornish saints">its own tradition of Christian saints</a>, derived from Celtic extraction, that have given rise to localised dedications.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sny157-76">[76]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Piran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Piran">Saint Piran</a> is the 5th century Christian abbot, supposedly of Irish origin, who is patron saint of both tin miners and Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Saint-132">[132]</a> According to popular mythology, Piran, an Irish scholar who studied Christianity in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> was to be drowned in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High King of Ireland">High Kings of Ireland</a>, but instead floated across to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perranporth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perranporth">Perranporth</a> in Cornwall by the will of God to preach the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gospel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Saint-132">[132]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Piran%27s_Flag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Piran's Flag">Saint Piran's Flag</a>, a centred white cross on a black field,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flag-133">[133]</a> was described as the "Standard of Cornwall" in 1838 and was re-introduced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Revival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revivalists</a> thereafter as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_English_flags?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of English flags">county flag</a> of Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flag-133">[133]</a> It has been seized upon by the Cornish people as a symbol of their identity, displayed on cars and flying from buildings including those of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-revagain-32">[32]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Far-109">[109]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Piran%27s_Day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Piran's Day">St Piran's Day</a> is an annual patronal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%AAte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fête">fête</a>, and the pre-eminent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_festivals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish festivals">Cornish festival</a> celebrating Cornish culture and history on 5 March.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Saint-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Language">Language</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish language">Cornish language</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Cornish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Cornish">Anglo-Cornish</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Country_dialects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country dialects">West Country dialects</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Cornish_dialect_words?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Cornish dialect words">List of Cornish dialect words</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg/220px-Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="305"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg/220px-Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg/330px-Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welcome_sign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welcome sign">welcome sign</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penzance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penzance">Penzance</a>, in the English and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> languages </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="228" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Elizabeth_speaking_Cornish.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"> </video> <figcaption> A Cornish speaker, recorded in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish language">Cornish language</a> is derived from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brythonic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic</a> branch of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic languages</a>. It is closely related to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Breton_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Breton language">Breton language</a>, and to a lesser extent shares commonalities with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134">[134]</a> although they are not <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The language functioned as a community language in Cornwall until a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Language_shift?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Language shift">language shift</a> to the English language was completed during the late 18th century. The demise of the Cornish language is attributed to English cultural influence, particularly the political and religious dominance of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Reformation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1549?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Uniformity 1549">Act of Uniformity 1549</a> which outlawed all church services within the Kingdom of England that were not in English.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pitt122-98">[98]</a> The exact date of the death of using the Cornish language is unclear and disputed, but popularly it is claimed that the last <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monolingualism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monolingualism">monolingual</a> Cornish speaker was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dolly_Pentreath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dolly Pentreath">Dolly Pentreath</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mousehole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mousehole">Mousehole</a> resident who died in 1777.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The revival of Cornish began in 1904 when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Jenner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Jenner">Henry Jenner</a>, a Celtic language enthusiast, published his book Handbook of the Cornish Language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ball644-110">[110]</a> He based his work on Cornish as it was spoken in the 18th century, although his pupil <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Morton_Nance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Morton Nance">Robert Morton Nance</a>, with his orthography, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unified_Cornish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a>, later steered the revival more towards the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Cornish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Cornish">Middle Cornish</a> that had been used in the 16th century, before the language became more heavily influenced by English.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mina486-111">[111]</a> This set the tone for the next few decades; as the revival gained pace, learners of the language disagreed on which style of Cornish to use, and a number of competing orthographies—Unified Cornish, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unified_Cornish_Revised?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Cornish Revised">Unified Cornish Revised</a>, Modern Cornish, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a>—were in use by the end of the 20th century. A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_Written_Form?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standard Written Form">standard written form</a> was agreed in 2008.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Cornish is a restored and living <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern language">modern language</a>, but most of its speakers are enthusiasts, persons who have learned the language through private study.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ball645-139">[139]</a> Cornish speakers are geographically dispersed, meaning there is no part of Cornwall where it is spoken as a community language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ball645-139">[139]</a> As of 2009, it is taught in fifty primary schools,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-revagain-32">[32]</a> although regular broadcast in Cornish is limited to a weekly bilingual programme on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Radio Cornwall">BBC Radio Cornwall</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ball645-139">[139]</a> Daily life in Cornwall therefore is conducted in the English language, albeit with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Cornish_dialect_words?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Cornish dialect words">some regional peculiarities</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ther243-33">[33]</a> Legends of the Fall, a novella by American author <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jim_Harrison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jim Harrison">Jim Harrison</a>, detailing the lives of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_American?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish American">Cornish American</a> family in the early 20th century, contains several Cornish language terms. These were also included in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Academy_Award?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> winning <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legends_of_the_Fall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legends of the Fall">film of the same name</a> starring <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a> as Col. William Ludlow and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brad_Pitt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a> as Tristan Ludlow.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Literature_and_folklore">Literature and folklore</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Literature and folklore" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matter_of_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Early Middle Ages">Early medieval</a> Cornwall was associated with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matter_of_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_myth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National myth">national myth</a> recounting a legendary Celtic history of Brittonic warriors, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_Arthur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mina482-19">[19]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rough360-29">[29]</a> The Matter of Britain was supported by texts such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudohistory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pseudohistory">pseudohistorical</a> account of the history of the ancient Britons, written in the mid-12th century by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Consci1-141">[141]</a> The Historia Regum Britanniae chronicled the lives of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of legendary kings of Britain">legendary kings of the Britons</a> in a narrative spanning a time of two thousand years, beginning with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Troy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Troy">Trojans</a> founding the ancient British nation and continuing until the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain in the 5th century forced the Celtic Britons to the west coast, namely <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wales">Wales</a> and Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Consci1-141">[141]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Denys-142">[142]</a> Although broadly thought of as a work of fiction, Geoffrey of Monmouth's work had a lasting effect upon the identity of the Cornish.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Thom355-143">[143]</a> His "historical construct" characterised the ancient Britons as heroes, which later helped Celtic revivalists to redefine Cornishness as an identity closely related to ancient heroic Celtic folklore.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Thom355-143">[143]</a> Another strand of Cornish folklore is derived from tales of seafaring <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piracy">pirates</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smuggling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smuggling">smugglers</a> who thrived in and around Cornwall from the early modern period through to the 19th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rough360-29">[29]</a> Cornish pirates exploited both their knowledge of the Cornish coastline as well as its sheltered creeks and hidden anchorages.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rough360-29">[29]</a> For many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fishing_village?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fishing village">fishing villages</a>, loot and contraband provided by pirates supported a strong and secretive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground economy">underground economy</a> in Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rough360-29">[29]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legendary_creature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legendary creature">Legendary creatures</a> that appear in Cornish folklore include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bucca_(mythological_creature)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bucca (mythological creature)">buccas</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Knocker_(folklore)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Knocker (folklore)">knockers</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pixie">piskies</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ste253-144">[144]</a> Tales of these creatures are thought to have developed as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supernatural?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> explanations for the frequent and deadly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave-in?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cave-in">cave-ins</a> that occurred during 18th-century Cornish tin mining, or else a creation of the oxygen-starved minds of exhausted miners who returned from the underground.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ste253-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Performing_and_visual_arts">Performing and visual arts</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Performing and visual arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_dance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish dance">Cornish dance</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Music of Cornwall">Music of Cornwall</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Red_obby_oss_maiden_20050502.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Red_obby_oss_maiden_20050502.jpg/220px-Red_obby_oss_maiden_20050502.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Red_obby_oss_maiden_20050502.jpg/220px-Red_obby_oss_maiden_20050502.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Red_obby_oss_maiden_20050502.jpg/330px-Red_obby_oss_maiden_20050502.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Red_obby_oss_maiden_20050502.jpg/440px-Red_obby_oss_maiden_20050502.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%27Obby_%27Oss_festival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="'Obby 'Oss festival">'Obby 'Oss festival</a> is a Cornish May Day festival celebrated in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Padstow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Padstow">Padstow</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_cross?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic cross">Celtic crosses</a>, many dating from between the 7th and 15th centuries, are found in Cornwall and have been used as inspiration in modern and contemporary Cornish visual arts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In the 1780s, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Opie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Opie">John Opie</a> was the first Cornish-born painter to gain widespread attention; his work was exhibited at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Academy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> and he was described by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a> as "like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caravaggio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diego Velázquez">Velázquez</a> in one".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Artists who appreciated the quality of Cornwall's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunlight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunlight">natural light</a>, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J._M._W._Turner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>, began to visit, with more following after the opening of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Western_Railway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a>, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Abbott_McNeill_Whistler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="James Abbott McNeill Whistler">Whistler</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Sickert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Sickert">Sickert</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanhope_Forbes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanhope Forbes">Stanhope Forbes</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank_Bramley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank Bramley">Frank Bramley</a> settled in Cornwall in the 1880s, establishing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newlyn_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newlyn School">Newlyn School</a> of painting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/En_plein_air?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="En plein air">en plein air</a>. By the 1920s, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ceramic_art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ceramic art">ceramicist</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Leach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Leach">Bernard Leach</a> was established at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Ives,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Ives, Cornwall">St Ives</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Ives_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Ives School">St Ives School</a> for abstract artists formed there, influenced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naive_art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Naive art">naive</a> painters such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_Wallis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfred Wallis">Alfred Wallis</a>, and involving the work of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ben_Nicholson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ben Nicholson">Ben Nicholson</a>, his wife <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbara_Hepworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barbara Hepworth">Barbara Hepworth</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naum_Gabo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naum Gabo">Naum Gabo</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrick_Heron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrick Heron">Patrick Heron</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Cornish_saints?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Cornish saints">List of Cornish saints</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity in Cornwall">Christianity in Cornwall</a> </div> Anciently, the religion of the Cornish Britons was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_polytheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic polytheism</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paganism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paganism">pagan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Animism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Animism">animistic</a> faith, assumed to be led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Druid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Druid">Druids</a> in full or in part.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> is thought to have existed in Cornwall during the 1st century, but limited to individual travellers and visitors, possibly including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Priscillian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Priscillian">Priscillian</a>, a Galician theologian who may have been exiled to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Orme6-88">[88]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a> was introduced to Cornwall in the year 520 by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Petroc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Petroc">Saint Petroc</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magnag2-27">[27]</a> a Brython from the kingdom of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glywysing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glywysing">Glywysing</a>, and other missionaries from Wales, as well as by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> monks and holy women from Ireland;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rough360-29">[29]</a> this "formative period" has left a legacy of granite <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_cross?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High cross">high cross</a> monuments throughout Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rough360-29">[29]</a> Dedications to many different <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Cornish_saints?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Cornish saints">Cornish saints</a> can also be traced to this period.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rough360-29">[29]</a> In the Middle Ages, Roman Catholicism was dominant in Cornwall,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mina482-19">[19]</a> and even in the 17th century the Cornish were "fervently Roman Catholic", slow to accept the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestant_Reformation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, according to some scholars.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Minahan180-108">[108]</a> The adoption of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglicanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> was, eventually, near-universal in Cornwall and facilitated the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglicisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglicisation">anglicisation</a> of the Cornish people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tann230-100">[100]</a> A variety of dissenting congregations such as the Quakers and Baptists were to be found in certain districts. Through a combination of tours of Cornwall by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Wesley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, rural isolation and compatibility with Cornish tastes and sensibilities,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hemp27-120">[120]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wesleyanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyanism">Methodism</a>, an evangelical revival movement within the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Methodist_Central_Hall_Westminster_-_Methodism-149">[149]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UMCofWB-150">[150]</a> became the form of Christianity practised by the majority of the population all over Cornwall during the 19th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mina482-19">[19]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hemp27-120">[120]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-151">[151]</a> During this time other kinds of Methodist churches appeared such as the Bible Christians and there were also Evangelical and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford Movement">Anglo-Catholic</a> revivals within the Church of England. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish cuisine">Cornish cuisine</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cornish_pasty.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A light brown pastry case is on a white plate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cornish_pasty.jpeg/220px-Cornish_pasty.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="1848"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cornish_pasty.jpeg/220px-Cornish_pasty.jpeg" data-alt="A light brown pastry case is on a white plate" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cornish_pasty.jpeg/330px-Cornish_pasty.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cornish_pasty.jpeg/440px-Cornish_pasty.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pasty">Cornish pasty</a> </figcaption> </figure> Cornish cuisine is a regional variety of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British cuisine">British cuisine</a>, strongly rooted in a tradition of using local produce,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tre6-152">[152]</a> which is used to create relatively simple dishes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tre8-153">[153]</a> Most prominent in Cornish cuisine is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pasty">pasty</a> (sometimes known as the Cornish pasty) made from diced beef, potato, onion and swede (commonly called 'turnip' by the Cornish), enclosed within a pastry crust and then baked.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Treg16-154">[154]</a> One idea of its origins suggests that it evolved as a portable lunch for Cornish miners, the crust serving as a disposable handle that could be held by a miner's hand without soiling the filling.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tre8-153">[153]</a> Fish was an important element of the Cornish diet, but international <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commercial_fishing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commercial fishing">commercial fishing</a> was also well established by the 16th century, and tons of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sardine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sardine">pilchards</a> were exported from Cornwall to France, Italy and Spain every year.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tre6-152">[152]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stargazy_pie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stargazy pie">Stargazy pie</a> is an occasional festive Cornish dish with the heads of fish standing on their tails, originally <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pilchards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilchards">pilchards</a>, piercing a pastry crust.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tre8-153">[153]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Treg16-154">[154]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saffron_bun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saffron bun">saffron bun</a>, also known as the tea treat bun, is a sweet bread with its origins in Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jupp231-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sport_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sport in Cornwall">Sport in Cornwall</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:DSCF3394_CROP.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Two men in combat appear on a green lawn in front of a shrubbery. Both men are wearing dark coloured shorts and cream coloured tops. One man has a tactical advantage, and is throwing his opponent head-first towards the ground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/DSCF3394_CROP.jpg/170px-DSCF3394_CROP.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="1815"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 210px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/DSCF3394_CROP.jpg/170px-DSCF3394_CROP.jpg" data-alt="Two men in combat appear on a green lawn in front of a shrubbery. Both men are wearing dark coloured shorts and cream coloured tops. One man has a tactical advantage, and is throwing his opponent head-first towards the ground." data-width="170" data-height="210" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/DSCF3394_CROP.jpg/255px-DSCF3394_CROP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/DSCF3394_CROP.jpg/340px-DSCF3394_CROP.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_wrestling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a> is a contact sport, a style of folk martial arts, that has its origins in Cornwall </figcaption> </figure> With its comparatively small, rural population, major contribution by the Cornish to national <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">sport in the United Kingdom</a> has been limited.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clegg10-155">[155]</a> There are no teams affiliated to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_County_Football_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall County Football Association">Cornwall County Football Association</a> that play in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Football_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League">Football League</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/England_and_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_County_Cricket_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall County Cricket Club">Cornwall County Cricket Club</a> plays as one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minor_counties_of_English_cricket?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor counties of English cricket">minor counties of English cricket</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clegg10-155">[155]</a> Viewed as an "important identifier of ethnic affiliation", <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby_union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> has become a sport strongly tied with notions of Cornishness,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Harv221-156">[156]</a> and since the 20th century, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugby union in Cornwall">rugby union in Cornwall</a> has emerged as one of the most popular spectator and team sports in Cornwall, with professional Cornish rugby footballers being described as a "formidable force",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clegg10-155">[155]</a> "naturally independent, both in thought and deed, yet paradoxically staunch English patriots whose top players have represented England with pride and passion".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CornishRug-157">[157]</a> In 1985, sports journalist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alan_Gibson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alan Gibson">Alan Gibson</a> made a direct connection between love of rugby in Cornwall and the ancient parish games of hurling and wrestling that existed for centuries before rugby officially began.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CornishRug-157">[157]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_wrestling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a> (also known as Wrasslin')<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Harv221-156">[156]</a> is a regional, folk style of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grappling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grappling">grappling</a> or martial arts. The Cornwall County Wrestling Association was formed in 1923, to standardise the rules of the sport and to promote Cornish wrestling throughout Cornwall and the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Together with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_hurling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a> (a localised form of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medieval_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medieval football">medieval football</a>), Wrasslin' has been promoted as a distinctly Celtic game, tied closely with Cornish identity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Harv221-156">[156]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surfing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surfing">Surfing</a> was popularised in Cornwall during the late 20th century, and has since become readily associated with Cornishness.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Harv221-156">[156]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-surfbbc-159">[159]</a> The waves around the Cornish coastline are created by low pressure systems from the Atlantic Ocean which unleash powerful swells eastwards creating multiple, excellent surfing conditions in some parts of the coast of Cornwall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-surfbbc-159">[159]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newquay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newquay">Newquay</a>, one of Britain's "premier surfing towns", regularly hosts world championship surfing events.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Harv221-156">[156]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-surfbbc-159">[159]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Institutions_and_politics">Institutions and politics</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Institutions and politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politics_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politics of Cornwall">Politics of Cornwall</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lostwithiel_-_the_Stannary_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_571361.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lostwithiel_-_the_Stannary_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_571361.jpg/220px-Lostwithiel_-_the_Stannary_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_571361.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="429"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lostwithiel_-_the_Stannary_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_571361.jpg/220px-Lostwithiel_-_the_Stannary_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_571361.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lostwithiel_-_the_Stannary_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_571361.jpg/330px-Lostwithiel_-_the_Stannary_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_571361.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lostwithiel_-_the_Stannary_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_571361.jpg/440px-Lostwithiel_-_the_Stannary_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_571361.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The surviving part of the former Duchy Palace in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lostwithiel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lostwithiel">Lostwithiel</a>, the former administrative seat of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duke of Cornwall">Duke of Cornwall</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1265 to 1874. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Old_County_Hall_Truro.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Old_County_Hall_Truro.jpeg/220px-Old_County_Hall_Truro.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Old_County_Hall_Truro.jpeg/220px-Old_County_Hall_Truro.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Old_County_Hall_Truro.jpeg/330px-Old_County_Hall_Truro.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Old_County_Hall_Truro.jpeg/440px-Old_County_Hall_Truro.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The Old County Hall in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Truro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Truro">Truro</a>, the former seat of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a>. </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politics_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politics of Cornwall">politics of Cornwall</a> take place within a wider national political framework of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, in which the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom's monarch</a> is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Head_of_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Head_of_government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. Cornish politics are marked by a long tradition of Liberalism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi379-23">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tre99-160">[160]</a> Important historical institutions were the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Duchy of Cornwall</a> and the Cornish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stannary_Courts_and_Parliaments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stannary Courts and Parliaments">Stannary Courts and Parliaments</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brithist-75">[75]</a> The Stannary court administered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Equity_(law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Equity (law)">equity</a>, through special laws and legal exemptions, for all matters relating to the tin mines and tin trade in Cornwall. Cornish miners were effectively exempt from the jurisdiction of the law courts at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a>, except "in such cases as should affect land, life or limb".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brithist-75">[75]</a> The ancient privileges of the Stannary Courts and Parliaments were confirmed by successive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Charter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter">Royal Charters</a> in the Middle Ages, including those administered by Kings <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_I_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_III_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brithist-75">[75]</a> As the tin mines of Cornwall lost their economic importance during the 18th and 19th centuries, so the Stannary institutions lost political power. The last Stannary parliament was held at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Truro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Truro">Truro</a> in 1752, and continued, by adjournments, until 11 September 1753.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brithist-75">[75]</a> As in the rest of Great Britain, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> dominated Cornish politics during the 19th century,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-161">[161]</a> although socialism gained limited support in western Cornwall,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-162">[162]</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> won preference after World War I.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Nationalism (or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalism</a>)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Schr106-164">[164]</a> in Cornwall traces its roots to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_bills?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule bills">Irish Home Rule bills</a> of the late 19th century,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tre99-160">[160]</a> and is represented by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_self-government_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish self-government movement">Cornish self-government movement</a>, a political action group that is predominantly organised to promote Cornwall as the national homeland of the Cornish, campaign for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devolution">devolution</a>, and win it the status as a fifth <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country within the UK</a> rather than outright <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Separatism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Separatism">separatism</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mina483-165">[165]</a> More "militant" variants of Cornish nationalism however claim that because of historical constitutional peculiarities regarding the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status of Cornwall</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Law_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Law of the European Union">law of the European Union</a> does or should not have jurisdiction over Cornwall until Cornish sovereignty is recognised.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mina483-165">[165]</a> Popularisation of Cornish nationalism is attributed to a Celtic cultural revival in Cornwall which itself began with a renewed interest in the Cornish language in the 1920s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mina483-165">[165]</a> The revival of the Cornish language encouraged a parallel revival of Celtic traditions, which by the 1970s had spurred on Cornish nationalism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mina483-165">[165]</a> The United Kingdom's entry into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Economic_Community?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> in 1973 prompted claims that the Cornish should be granted their own <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devolution">devolved</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="National assembly">national assembly</a>—the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish Assembly">Cornish Assembly</a>—comparable to that of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Schr106-164">[164]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mina483-165">[165]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a> is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Left-wing_politics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing political party</a> based in Cornwall, founded in 1951.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mebyon-116">[116]</a> Its main objective is attaining greater autonomy for Cornwall through the establishment of a legislative Cornish Assembly.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-166">[166]</a> As at 2009 Mebyon Kernow has no Members of Parliament elected to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a>, and in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2009_United_Kingdom_local_elections?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2009 United Kingdom local elections">2009 United Kingdom local elections</a> received 4 per cent of votes to elect councillors to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a>, behind the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> (34 per cent), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> (28 per cent), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Independent_(politician)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independents</a> (23 per cent)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Since the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2009_structural_changes_to_local_government_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2009 structural changes to local government in England">2009 structural changes to local government in England</a>, Cornwall Council has been a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authority</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-169">[169]</a> serving as the sole executive, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deliberation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deliberation">deliberative</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legislative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a> body responsible for local policy, setting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_tax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Council tax">council tax</a>, and allocating budgets. Following the Cornwall Council election in May 2013, the council remained as "no overall control", with the Independent politicians becoming the largest grouping on the council through a modest gain of councillors from the previous election. The Liberal Democrats remained the second largest party after losing 2 councillors and the Conservatives slipped to third after losing over a third of their councillors. The Labour Party (+8), UKIP (+6), and the Green Party (+1) all gained seats, with UKIP and the Greens entering Cornwall Council for the first time. Mebyon Kernow had 6 councilors prior to the election, having added 2 since the 2009 election, their total following the election was reduced to 4.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-170">[170]</a> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a> all Cornish seats were won by the Conservatives. This was repeated in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general election.</a> A study was carried out Willett, JMA; Tidy, R; Tregidga, G; et al. through Exeter University <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-171">[171]</a> using data from January to April 2017 to understand why Cornwall voted leave in the Brexit referendum when it benefitted greatly from EU funding, such as the Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Growth Programme <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[172]</a> which was worth £600 million and supported over a hundred projects such infrastructure, agriculture, employment and low carbon initiatives. In this study people from lots of different backgrounds and jobs where interviewed and asked about their reasoning for voting leave, farmers described the EU policies as being overly complicated and taking the "fun" out of farming, many had issues with infrastructure and many others stated that with Brexit they were reclaiming sovereignty from the EU and there were underlying issues with the EUs lack of border control. It was found that the what linked the reasoning for leaving the EU was the uncertainty that they were experiencing, their inability to get any real change even with the EUs funding and a lack of knowledge about where the funding was spent as a whole. In the UK's 2021 census plans, a "tickbox" for claiming "Cornish" as a national minority status has not been implemented and is under debate. Since Cornwall was officially given "official national minority status" in 2014, the Cornwall Council's Party Leaders have submitted a letter to the cabinet office of Chloe Smith for the Minister of State. In the coming weeks, Parliament is set to debate The Census Order. If enough Members of Parliament side with the Cornish people and stand in solidarity with their cause, a box to select a "Cornish" identity could be added—reaffirming the official identity they established 6 years prior.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-173">[173]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/48px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/64px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Cornwall">Cornwall portal</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_people_from_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of people from Cornwall">List of people from Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of topics related to Cornwall">List of topics related to Cornwall</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120173146/http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/cornishcom/transnationalism.htm">"The Cornish Transnational Communities Project"</a>. University of Exeter. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/cornishcom/transnationalism.htm">the original</a> on 20 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Exeter&rft.atitle=The+Cornish+Transnational+Communities+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.exeter.ac.uk%2Fcornishcom%2Ftransnationalism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard" class="citation web cs1">Pritchard, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301083425/http://www.oldcornwall.org/Diaspora.htm">"Cornish Overseas / Cornwall Diaspora"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://oldcornwall.org/Diaspora.htm">the original</a> on 1 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federation+of+Old+Cornwall+Societies&rft.atitle=Cornish+Overseas+%2F+Cornwall+Diaspora&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foldcornwall.org%2FDiaspora.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Census2021Cornwall-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Census2021Cornwall_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Census2021Cornwall_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censusareachanges/E06000052/">"How life has changed in Cornwall: Census 2021"</a>. Office for National Statistics. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+life+has+changed+in+Cornwall%3A+Census+2021&rft.date=2022-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fvisualisations%2Fcensusareachanges%2FE06000052%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Census2021E&W-4">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Census2021E&W_4-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Census2021E&W_4-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Census2021E&W_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/dvc2204/fig%25202/datadownload.xlsx">"Figure 2: Polish remains the most specified non-UK national identity in 2021"</a>. Office for National Statistics. 29 November 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Figure+2%3A+Polish+remains+the+most+specified+non-UK+national+identity+in+2021&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2022-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fvisualisations%2Fdvc2204%2Ffig%25202%2Fdatadownload.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Cornwall_Quality_of_Life_Survey_2007-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cornwall_Quality_of_Life_Survey_2007_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://democracy.cornwall.gov.uk/Published/C00000577/M00001810/AI00015922/%2524endversion11.docA.ps.pdf">"Corporate Equality and Diversity Framework"</a> (PDF). Cornwall Council. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornwall+Council&rft.atitle=Corporate+Equality+and+Diversity+Framework&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemocracy.cornwall.gov.uk%2FPublished%2FC00000577%2FM00001810%2FAI00015922%2F%24endversion11.docA.ps.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Cornwall_Council_School_Census_2011-2013-6">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cornwall_Council_School_Census_2011-2013_6-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cornwall_Council_School_Census_2011-2013_6-1">b</a> Ethnicity breakdown from the schools census, Table: Summary of Pupils Ethnic Background in Cornwall taken at January in 2011, 2012 and 2013, Cornwall Council</li> <li id="cite_note-Cornwall_Council_5th_Cycle_Update-7">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cornwall_Council_5th_Cycle_Update_7-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cornwall_Council_5th_Cycle_Update_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/media/1aqf5rpk/fc-5th-cycle-submission-from-cornwall-2021-update_final.pdf">"Cornwall Council's 2021 update to the UK Government Fifth Cycle Report"</a> (PDF). 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British Society for Population Studies Conference. University of Southampton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001195038/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/socialPolicy/BSPS/annualConference/2006/2006_localgov.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Cornish+ethnicity+data+from+the+2001+Census&rft.place=University+of+Southampton&rft.date=2006-09-18%2F2006-09-20&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lse.ac.uk%2FsocialPolicy%2FBSPS%2FannualConference%2F2006%2F2006_localgov.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-canadiancensus-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-canadiancensus_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DCanada%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DEthnic%2520origin%26TABID%3D1">"Ethnic origins, 2016 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories"</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canada_2016_Census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2016 Census">Canada 2016 Census</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statistics_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, 2016, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422053324/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DCanada%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DEthnic%2520origin%26TABID%3D1">archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canada+2016+Census&rft.atitle=Ethnic+origins%2C+2016+counts%2C+for+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DCanada%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DEthnic%2520origin%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> 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Retrieved 28 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census+%E2%80%93+Canada+%5BCountry%5D+and+Canada+%5BCountry%5D&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Government+of+Canada%2C+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DCanada%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DEthnic%2Borigin%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-CornMex-16">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CornMex_16-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CornMex_16-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CornMex_16-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CornMex_16-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CornMex_16-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CornMex_16-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/content/articles/2008/09/30/south_west_cornish_miners_s14_w3_feature.shtml">"The Cornish in Mexico"</a>, BBC News, 30 September 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204215234/http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/content/articles/2008/09/30/south_west_cornish_miners_s14_w3_feature.shtml">archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Cornish+in+Mexico&rft.date=2008-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Finsideout%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2008%2F09%2F30%2Fsouth_west_cornish_miners_s14_w3_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-CornNZ-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CornNZ_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusbyBusby2008" class="citation cs2">Busby, Anne; Busby, Bret (30 September 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912144649/http://www.busby.net/nzca/">New Zealand Cornish Association</a>, busby.net, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.busby.net/nzca/">the original</a> on 12 September 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Cornish+Association&rft.pub=busby.net&rft.date=2008-09-30&rft.aulast=Busby&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Busby%2C+Bret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.busby.net%2Fnzca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-CornNZ2-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CornNZ2_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016214210/http://www.cornwall-opc.org/Resc/emigration_nz.php">"Cornish Emigrants to New Zealand"</a>. 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mina482_19-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mina482_19-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mina482_19-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mina482_19-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mina482_19-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMinahan2002">Minahan 2002</a>, p. 482.</li> <li id="cite_note-Dic108-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Dic108_20-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMacdonald1969">Macdonald 1969</a>, p. 108: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Cornish, kor'nish, adj. of Cornwall.—n. the people or former language of Cornwall. </blockquote></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cornish">Cornish</a> (4th ed.), dictionary.reference.com, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828040450/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cornish">archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornish&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=dictionary.reference.com&rft.date=2004&rft.au=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fcornish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Cor⋅nish adjective: <ul> <li>of, pertaining to, or characteristic of Cornwall, Great Britain, its inhabitants, or the Cornish language.</li> </ul> </blockquote></li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-22">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ReferenceB_22-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ReferenceB_22-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ReferenceB_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cornish-people-formally-declared-a-national-minority-along-with-scots-welsh-and-irish-9278725.html">"Cornish people formally declared a national minority along with Scots, Welsh and Irish"</a>. The Independent. 23 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424100108/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cornish-people-formally-declared-a-national-minority-along-with-scots-welsh-and-irish-9278725.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Cornish+people+formally+declared+a+national+minority+along+with+Scots%2C+Welsh+and+Irish&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fcornish-people-formally-declared-a-national-minority-along-with-scots-welsh-and-irish-9278725.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Magocsi379-23">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-7">h</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-8">i</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-9">j</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-10">k</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-11">l</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-12">m</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-13">n</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-14">o</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-15">p</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-16">q</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi379_23-17">r</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMagocsi1999">Magocsi 1999</a>, p. 379</li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> Ian Saltern, Cornish National Minority Report 2, 2011</li> <li id="cite_note-cornwall.gov.uk-25">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cornwall.gov.uk_25-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cornwall.gov.uk_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page%3D26948">"2011 Census: Cornish identity"</a>. Cornwall Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316020636/http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page%3D26948">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornwall+Council&rft.atitle=2011+Census%3A+Cornish+identity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornwall.gov.uk%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fpage%3D26948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder160-26">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Snyder160_26-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Snyder160_26-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Snyder160_26-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Snyder160_26-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Snyder160_26-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSnyder2003">Snyder 2003</a>, p. 160.</li> <li id="cite_note-Magnag2-27">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magnag2_27-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magnag2_27-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magnag2_27-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magnag2_27-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magnag2_27-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMagnaghi2008">Magnaghi 2008</a>, pp. 2–3.</li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> In this period however land travel was far more difficult than travel by sea.</li> <li id="cite_note-Rough360-29">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rough360_29-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rough360_29-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rough360_29-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rough360_29-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rough360_29-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rough360_29-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rough360_29-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rough360_29-7">h</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rough360_29-8">i</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAndrewsBrownHumphreysLee2006">Andrews et al. 2006</a>, p. 360</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFPayton1999">Payton 1999</a>, p. 54.</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2410383.stm">"Cornish gains official recognition"</a>, BBC News, 6 November 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010134459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2410383.stm">archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Cornish+gains+official+recognition&rft.date=2002-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2F2410383.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-revagain-32">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-revagain_32-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-revagain_32-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-revagain_32-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-revagain_32-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugan2009" class="citation cs2">Dugan, Emily (6 June 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-cornish-they-revolted-in-1497-now-theyre-at-it-again-1782535.html">"The Cornish: They revolted in 1497, now they're at it again"</a>, The Independent, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909182150/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-cornish-they-revolted-in-1497-now-theyre-at-it-again-1782535.html">archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Cornish%3A+They+revolted+in+1497%2C+now+they%27re+at+it+again&rft.date=2009-06-06&rft.aulast=Dugan&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2Fthe-cornish-they-revolted-in-1497-now-theyre-at-it-again-1782535.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ther243-33">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ther243_33-0">a</a> <a 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028072728/http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2012/120703.html">"Genetic map of Britain goes on display"</a>. University of Oxford. 3 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2012/120703.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Oxford&rft.atitle=Genetic+map+of+Britain+goes+on+display&rft.date=2012-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Fnews_stories%2F2012%2F120703.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Stolye1-35">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Stolye1_35-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Stolye1_35-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Stolye1_35-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Stolye1_35-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Stolye1_35-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Stolye1_35-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoyle2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_Stoyle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark Stoyle">Stoyle, Mark</a> (1 January 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/cornish_nation_01.shtml">The Cornish: A Neglected Nation?</a>, BBC, p. 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522004757/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/cornish_nation_01.shtml">archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cornish%3A+A+Neglected+Nation%3F&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.aulast=Stoyle&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fcornish_nation_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Magocsi381-36">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi381_36-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi381_36-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMagocsi1999">Magocsi 1999</a>, p. 381.</li> <li id="cite_note-Indy-37">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Indy_37-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Indy_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugan2009" class="citation news cs1">Dugan, Emily (6 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-cornish-they-revolted-in-1497-now-theyre-at-it-again-1782535.html">"They revolted in 1497. Now they're at it again"</a>. The Independent. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909182150/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-cornish-they-revolted-in-1497-now-theyre-at-it-again-1782535.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=They+revolted+in+1497.+Now+they%27re+at+it+again&rft.date=2009-09-06&rft.aulast=Dugan&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2Fthe-cornish-they-revolted-in-1497-now-theyre-at-it-again-1782535.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusk2012" class="citation web cs1">Husk, Kerryn Michael (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/handle/10026.1/906">"Ethnic group affiliation and social exclusion in Cornwall; analysis, adjustment and extension of the 2001 England and Wales Census data"</a>. University of Plymouth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217072122/https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/handle/10026.1/906">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Plymouth&rft.atitle=Ethnic+group+affiliation+and+social+exclusion+in+Cornwall%3B+analysis%2C+adjustment+and+extension+of+the+2001+England+and+Wales+Census+data&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Husk&rft.aufirst=Kerryn+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpearl.plymouth.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F10026.1%2F906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFThomas2005">Thomas 2005</a>, p. 270.</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFIrvine2003">Irvine 2003</a>, p. 160.</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViner2004" class="citation cs2">Viner, Brian (31 January 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312064435/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/phil-vickery-the-long-journey-from-farm-boy-to-world-champion-575067.html">"Phil Vickery: the long journey from farm boy to world champion"</a>, The Independent, London, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/phil-vickery-the-long-journey-from-farm-boy-to-world-champion-575067.html">the original</a> on 12 March 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Phil+Vickery%3A+the+long+journey+from+farm+boy+to+world+champion&rft.date=2004-01-31&rft.aulast=Viner&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fsport%2Frugby%2Frugby-union%2Fphil-vickery-the-long-journey-from-farm-boy-to-world-champion-575067.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613165420/http://www.irb.com/jwc/news/newsid%253D2038641.html%23matavesi%2Bcornish%2Bfijian%2Bfeels%2Bhome">"Matavesi the Cornish Fijian feels at home"</a>. International Rugby Board. 12 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.irb.com/jwc/news/newsid%3D2038641.html%23matavesi%2Bcornish%2Bfijian%2Bfeels%2Bhome">the original</a> on 13 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Rugby+Board&rft.atitle=Matavesi+the+Cornish+Fijian+feels+at+home&rft.date=2010-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irb.com%2Fjwc%2Fnews%2Fnewsid%3D2038641.html%23matavesi%2Bcornish%2Bfijian%2Bfeels%2Bhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAger2003" class="citation book cs1">Ager, D. 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BBC News. 3 March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314051604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/3527673.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Welsh+patriotism+is+stronger+than+English+national+pride%2C+according+to+a+study&rft.date=2004-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2F3527673.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillett2008" class="citation journal cs1">Willett, Joanie (2008). Payton, Philip (ed.). 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Payton, Philip (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/30234939/Dun_2011_Xians_via_Yish.pdf">"Xians-via-Yish?: Language Attitudes and Cultural Identities on Britain's Celtic Periphery"</a> (PDF). Cornish Studies. 19 (19). Exeter: University of Exeter Press: 60–83. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1386%252Fcorn.19.1.60_1">10.1386/corn.19.1.60_1</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155290393">155290393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornish+Studies&rft.atitle=Xians-via-Yish%3F%3A+Language+Attitudes+and+Cultural+Identities+on+Britain%27s+Celtic+Periphery&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=60-83&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fcorn.19.1.60_1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155290393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dunmore&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pure.ed.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F30234939%2FDun_2011_Xians_via_Yish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dickinson, Robert (2010). Payton, Philip (ed.). "Meanings of Cornishness: A Study of Contemporary Cornish Identity". Cornish Studies. 18 (18). 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This is Cornwall. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.thisiscornwall.co.uk/news/Cameron-Cornwall-cuts-coalition/article-2943680-detail/article.html">the original</a> on 9 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+is+Cornwall&rft.atitle=David+Cameron+must+have+thought+he+had+Cornwall+sewn+up&rft.date=2010-11-27&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Calmer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisiscornwall.co.uk%2Fnews%2FCameron-Cornwall-cuts-coalition%2Farticle-2943680-detail%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8389745.stm">"MPs reject 'Cornish' nationality on 2011 census"</a>. BBC News. 1 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314013629/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8389745.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=MPs+reject+%27Cornish%27+nationality+on+2011+census&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fpolitics%2F8389745.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-12670728">"Stephen Gilbert MP calls for 'Cornish' Census answers"</a>. BBC News. 7 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308054449/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-12670728">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Stephen+Gilbert+MP+calls+for+%27Cornish%27+Census+answers&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-cornwall-12670728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907051219/http://db.cornwall.gov.uk/documents/download.aspx?doc%3D102495">"Census code document"</a>. Cornwall Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://db.cornwall.gov.uk/documents/download.aspx?doc%3D102495">the original</a> on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornwall+Council&rft.atitle=Census+code+document&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdb.cornwall.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fdownload.aspx%3Fdoc%3D102495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907082518/http://cornish-census2011.org/">"Cornish Census 2011"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://cornish-census2011.org/">the original</a> on 7 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cornish+Census+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcornish-census2011.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page%3D26948">"Cornish ethnicity and national identity"</a>. Cornwall Council. 3 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928143504/http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page%3D26948">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornwall+Council&rft.atitle=Cornish+ethnicity+and+national+identity&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornwall.gov.uk%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fpage%3D26948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-autogenerated1_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html%23tab-conclusions">"Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales 2011"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 11 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110031509/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html%23tab-conclusions">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+National+Identity+in+England+and+Wales+2011&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Frpt-ethnicity.html%23tab-conclusions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/nationalidentityenglandandwales/census2021">"National identity, England and Wales: Census 2021"</a>. Office for National Statistics. 29 November 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+identity%2C+England+and+Wales%3A+Census+2021&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2022-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fculturalidentity%2Fethnicity%2Fbulletins%2Fnationalidentityenglandandwales%2Fcensus2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinchinBecquart2022" class="citation news cs1">Minchin, Rod; Becquart, Charlotte (30 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cornwalllive.com/news/cornwall-news/nearly-100000-people-identify-cornish-7875032">"Over 100,000 people identify as Cornish in latest census"</a>. CornwallLive. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Over+100%2C000+people+identify+as+Cornish+in+latest+census&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft.aulast=Minchin&rft.aufirst=Rod&rft.au=Becquart%2C+Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornwalllive.com%2Fnews%2Fcornwall-news%2Fnearly-100000-people-identify-cornish-7875032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.co.uk-57">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_57-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-16391310">"School census shows rise in children who are Cornish"</a>. BBC News. 3 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115163114/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-16391310">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=School+census+shows+rise+in+children+who+are+Cornish&rft.date=2012-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-devon-16391310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a> Ethnicity breakdown from the schools census, Table: Summary of Pupils Ethnic Background in Cornwall taken at January in 2006 and 2007, Cornwall Council</li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a> Ethnicity breakdown from the schools census, Table: Summary of Pupils Ethnic Background in Cornwall taken at January in 2008, 2009 and 2010, Cornwall Council</li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/media/ferfi4do/final-cornish-minority-report-2014-pr7.pdf">Cornish Minority Report 2014</a> (PDF). Cornwall Council. 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornish+Minority+Report+2014&rft.pub=Cornwall+Council&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornwall.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2Fferfi4do%2Ffinal-cornish-minority-report-2014-pr7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-SnowCelt-61">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-SnowCelt_61-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-SnowCelt_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dan_Snow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dan Snow">Dan Snow</a> (presenter) (7 June 2009). "A New Civilization". How the Celts Saved Britain. Episode 1. 36—40 minutes in. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Four?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Four">BBC Four</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Celts+Saved+Britain&rft.series=Episode+1&rft.date=2009-06-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-United-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-United_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2007" class="citation cs2">Wade, Nicholas (6 March 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/06/science/06brits.html">"A United Kingdom? Maybe"</a>, The New York Times</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+United+Kingdom%3F+Maybe&rft.date=2007-03-06&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F03%2F06%2Fscience%2F06brits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Stolye2-63">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Stolye2_63-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Stolye2_63-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Stolye2_63-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoyle2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_Stoyle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark Stoyle">Stoyle, Mark</a> (1 January 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/cornish_nation_02.shtml">The Cornish: A Neglected Nation?</a>, BBC, p. 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609021816/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/cornish_nation_02.shtml">archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cornish%3A+A+Neglected+Nation%3F&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.aulast=Stoyle&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fcornish_nation_02.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlalde2017" class="citation biorxiv cs1">Olalde, I; et al. (May 2017). "The Beaker Phenomenon and the Genomic Transformation of Northwest Europe". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1101%252F135962">10.1101/135962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=bioRxiv&rft.atitle=The+Beaker+Phenomenon+and+the+Genomic+Transformation+of+Northwest+Europe&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F135962%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.aulast=Olalde&rft.aufirst=I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> Iron Age Britain by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barry Cunliffe">Barry Cunliffe</a>. Batsford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-8839-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-8839-5">0-7134-8839-5</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">^</a> Schiffels, S. et al. (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26783965">Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history</a>, Nature Communications 7, Article number:10408 doi:10.1038/ncomms10408</li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">^</a> Martiniano, R., Caffell, A., Holst, M. et al. Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons. 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"Anglia et Cornubia". Cornwall: A History (Revised and Updated ed.). Exeter: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Exeter_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Exeter Press">University of Exeter Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-232-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-232-2"><bdi>978-0-85989-232-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Latin-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22la%22%3EAnglia+et+Cornubia%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Latin-language+text&rft.btitle=Cornwall%3A+A+History&rft.place=Exeter&rft.edition=Revised+and+Updated&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-85989-232-2&rft.aulast=Payton&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Borlase-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Borlase_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorlase1769" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Borlase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Borlase">Borlase, William</a> (1769). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DR2dTAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA352-IA8">Antiquities, Historical and Monumental, of the County of Cornwall</a> (2nd ed.). 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Cornwall Council. 2 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornwall+Council&rft.atitle=Election+results+by+party%2C+2+May+2013&rft.date=2013-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdemocracy.cornwall.gov.uk%2FmgElectionResults.aspx%3FID%3D15%26RPID%3D4025451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/35522/Revised%2520Implications%2520of%2520Brexit%2520on%2520Structural%2520Funding%2520Programmes%252008-11-18.pdf;sequence%3D3">"Why Did Cornwall Vote for Brexit? Assessing the Implications for EU Structural Funding Programmes by Willett, JMA; Tidy, R; Tregidga, G; et al.under exeter university, 18 Jan 2019"</a>. 9 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Did+Cornwall+Vote+for+Brexit%3F+Assessing+the+Implications+for+EU+Structural+Funding+Programmes+by+Willett%2C+JMA%3B+Tidy%2C+R%3B+Tregidga%2C+G%3B+et+al.under+exeter+university%2C+18+Jan+2019&rft.date=2023-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fore.exeter.ac.uk%2Frepository%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10871%2F35522%2FRevised%2520Implications%2520of%2520Brexit%2520on%2520Structural%2520Funding%2520Programmes%252008-11-18.pdf%3Bsequence%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/business-trading-and-licences/economic-development/the-cornwall-and-isles-of-scilly-growth-programme/%23:~:text%3DThe%2520Growth%2520Programme%2520is%2520the">"The Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Growth Programme by Cornwall Council, 24/05/2022"</a>. 9 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cornwall+and+Isles+of+Scilly+Growth+Programme+by+Cornwall+Council%2C+24%2F05%2F2022&rft.date=2023-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornwall.gov.uk%2Fbusiness-trading-and-licences%2Feconomic-development%2Fthe-cornwall-and-isles-of-scilly-growth-programme%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Growth%2520Programme%2520is%2520the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.falmouthpacket.co.uk/news/18407598.no-cornish-tick-box-2021-census-despite-national-minority/">"Anger over no Cornish tick box on next census AGAIN – despite minority status"</a>. Falmouth Packet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Falmouth+Packet&rft.atitle=Anger+over+no+Cornish+tick+box+on+next+census+AGAIN+%E2%80%93+despite+minority+status&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.falmouthpacket.co.uk%2Fnews%2F18407598.no-cornish-tick-box-2021-census-despite-national-minority%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewsBrownHumphreysLee2006" class="citation cs2">Andrews, Robert; Brown, Jules; Humphreys, Rob; Lee, Phil; Reid, Donald; Whitfield, Paul (2006), The Rough Guide to Britain, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rough_Guides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-686-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-686-4"><bdi>978-1-84353-686-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Britain&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-686-4&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Brown%2C+Jules&rft.au=Humphreys%2C+Rob&rft.au=Lee%2C+Phil&rft.au=Reid%2C+Donald&rft.au=Whitfield%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallFife1993" class="citation cs2">Ball, Martin John; Fife, James (1993), The Celtic Languages, Routledge, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01035-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01035-1"><bdi>978-0-415-01035-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-01035-1&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Martin+John&rft.au=Fife%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshawRoberts2003" class="citation cs2">Bradshaw, Brendan; Roberts, Peter (2003), British Consciousness and Identity: the Making of Britain, 1533–1707, Cambridge University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-89361-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-89361-5"><bdi>0-521-89361-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Consciousness+and+Identity%3A+the+Making+of+Britain%2C+1533%E2%80%931707&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-89361-5&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavendish2002" class="citation cs2">Cavendish, Marshall (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zenodo.org/record/1429670">"Peoples of Europe"</a>, Nature, 110 (2771), Marshall Cavendish: 768, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1922Natur.110..768R">1922Natur.110..768R</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252F110768e0">10.1038/110768e0</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7378-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7378-7"><bdi>978-0-7614-7378-7</bdi></a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4080467">4080467</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Peoples+of+Europe&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2771&rft.pages=768&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F110768e0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4080467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1922Natur.110..768R&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7378-7&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1429670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClegg2005" class="citation cs2">Clegg, David (2005), Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly: the complete guide (2nd ed.), Troubador, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904744-99-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904744-99-3"><bdi>978-1-904744-99-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornwall+and+the+Isles+of+Scilly%3A+the+complete+guide&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Troubador&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-904744-99-3&rft.aulast=Clegg&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2003" class="citation cs2">Cooper, John P. 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(2003), Propaganda and the Tudor State: political culture in the Westcountry, Oxford University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926387-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926387-5"><bdi>978-0-19-926387-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+the+Tudor+State%3A+political+culture+in+the+Westcountry&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926387-5&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=John+P.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCubitt1998" class="citation cs2">Cubitt, Geoffrey (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/imaginingnations00geof">Imagining Nations</a>, Manchester University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5460-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5460-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-5460-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Nations&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5460-0&rft.aulast=Cubitt&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimaginingnations00geof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" 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Netherton & Worth</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Compendium+of+the+History+of+Cornwall&rft.place=Truro&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Netherton+%26+Worth&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Daniell&rft.aufirst=John+Jeremiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facompendiumhist00danigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1974" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Berresford_Ellis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Berresford Ellis">Ellis, Peter Berresford</a> (1974), The Cornish Language and its Literature, Routledge, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-7928-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-7928-2"><bdi>978-0-7100-7928-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cornish+Language+and+its+Literature&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-7928-2&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Peter+Berresford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcherMacCulloch2008" class="citation cs2">Fletcher, Anthony; MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2008), Tudor Rebellions (5th ed.), Pearson Education, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-7432-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-7432-8"><bdi>978-1-4058-7432-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+Rebellions&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-7432-8&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=MacCulloch%2C+Diarmaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2002" class="citation cs2">Harvey, David (2002), Celtic Geographies: Old Culture, New Times, Routledge, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22396-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22396-6"><bdi>978-0-415-22396-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Geographies%3A+Old+Culture%2C+New+Times&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-22396-6&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHechter1999" class="citation cs2">Hechter, Michael (1999), Internal Colonialism: the Celtic fringe in British National Development (2nd ed.), Transaction, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0475-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0475-4"><bdi>978-0-7658-0475-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internal+Colonialism%3A+the+Celtic+fringe+in+British+National+Development&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Transaction&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0475-4&rft.aulast=Hechter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHempton2006" class="citation cs2">Hempton, David (2006), Methodism: Empire of the Spirit, Yale University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11976-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11976-3"><bdi>978-0-300-11976-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodism%3A+Empire+of+the+Spirit&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11976-3&rft.aulast=Hempton&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchinsDrew1824" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fortescue_Hitchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortescue Hitchins">Hitchins, Fortescue</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samuel_Drew?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samuel Drew">Drew, Samuel</a> (1824), The History of Cornwall: from the earliest records and traditions, to the present time, W. Penaluna</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Cornwall%3A+from+the+earliest+records+and+traditions%2C+to+the+present+time&rft.pub=W.+Penaluna&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=Hitchins&rft.aufirst=Fortescue&rft.au=Drew%2C+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvine2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Derry_Irvine,_Baron_Irvine_of_Lairg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Derry Irvine, Baron Irvine of Lairg">Irvine, Alexander Andrew Mackay</a> (2003), Human Rights, Constitutional Law and the Development of the English Legal System: selected essays, Hart, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84113-411-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84113-411-6"><bdi>978-1-84113-411-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights%2C+Constitutional+Law+and+the+Development+of+the+English+Legal+System%3A+selected+essays&rft.pub=Hart&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84113-411-6&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Andrew+Mackay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJupp2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Jupp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Jupp">Jupp, James</a> (2001), The Australian People: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people, and their origins (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80789-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80789-0"><bdi>978-0-521-80789-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+People%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+the+nation%2C+its+people%2C+and+their+origins&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80789-0&rft.aulast=Jupp&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald1969" class="citation cs2">Macdonald, A. M. (1969), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/chambersnewcompa00macd">Chambers Compact Dictionary</a>, Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-550-10605-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-550-10605-7"><bdi>0-550-10605-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chambers+Compact+Dictionary&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=W.+%26+R.+Chambers&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-550-10605-7&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchambersnewcompa00macd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod2007" class="citation cs2">MacLeod, Christine (2007), Heroes of Invention: technology, Liberalism and British identity, 1750–1914, Cambridge University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87370-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87370-3"><bdi>978-0-521-87370-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroes+of+Invention%3A+technology%2C+Liberalism+and+British+identity%2C+1750%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87370-3&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1999), Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples, University of Toronto Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2938-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2938-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-2938-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Canada%27s+Peoples&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-2938-6&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnaghi2008" class="citation cs2">Magnaghi, Russell M. (2008), Cornish in Michigan, MSU Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-787-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-787-7"><bdi>978-0-87013-787-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornish+in+Michigan&rft.pub=MSU+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-87013-787-7&rft.aulast=Magnaghi&rft.aufirst=Russell+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2002" class="citation cs2">Minahan, James (2002), Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32384-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32384-3"><bdi>978-0-313-32384-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Stateless+Nations%3A+S-Z&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32384-3&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2000" class="citation cs2">Minahan, James (2000), One Europe, Many Nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, Greenwood Publishing Group, 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicholas_Orme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicholas Orme">Orme, Nicholas</a> (2000), The Saints of Cornwall, Oxford University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820765-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820765-8"><bdi>978-0-19-820765-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saints+of+Cornwall&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820765-8&rft.aulast=Orme&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayton1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_Payton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip Payton">Payton, Philip</a> (1999), The Cornish Overseas, Fowey: Alexander Associates, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899526-95-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-899526-95-6"><bdi>978-1-899526-95-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cornish+Overseas&rft.place=Fowey&rft.pub=Alexander+Associates&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-899526-95-6&rft.aulast=Payton&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittaway2003" class="citation cs2">Pittaway, Mark; et al., eds. (2003), Globalization and Europe, Open University Worldwide, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7492-9612-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7492-9612-4"><bdi>978-0-7492-9612-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Europe&rft.pub=Open+University+Worldwide&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7492-9612-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittock1999" class="citation cs2">Pittock, Murray (1999), Celtic Identity and the British Image, Manchester University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5826-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5826-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-5826-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Identity+and+the+British+Image&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5826-4&rft.aulast=Pittock&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2000" class="citation cs2">Price, Glanville (2000), Languages in Britain and Ireland, Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21581-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21581-3"><bdi>978-0-631-21581-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+in+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21581-3&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Glanville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrijver2006" class="citation cs2">Schrijver, Frans (2006), Regionalism after Regionalisation: Spain, France and the United Kingdom, Amsterdam University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5629-428-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5629-428-1"><bdi>978-90-5629-428-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regionalism+after+Regionalisation%3A+Spain%2C+France+and+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-5629-428-1&rft.aulast=Schrijver&rft.aufirst=Frans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmelt2006" class="citation cs2">Smelt, Maurice (2006), 101 Cornish Lives, Penzance: Alison Hodge, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906720-50-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-906720-50-8"><bdi>0-906720-50-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=101+Cornish+Lives&rft.place=Penzance&rft.pub=Alison+Hodge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-906720-50-8&rft.aulast=Smelt&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1998" class="citation cs2">Smyth, Alfred P. (1998), Medieval Europeans: studies in ethnic identity and national perspectives in Medieval Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21301-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21301-5"><bdi>978-0-312-21301-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Europeans%3A+studies+in+ethnic+identity+and+national+perspectives+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-312-21301-5&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Alfred+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2003" class="citation cs2">Snyder, Christopher Allen (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/britons00snyd">The Britons</a>, Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22260-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22260-6"><bdi>978-0-631-22260-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Britons&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22260-6&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritons00snyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton1947" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank_Stenton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank Stenton">Stenton, F. M.</a> (1947), Anglo-Saxon England (2nd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=F.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteves2007" class="citation cs2">Steves, Rick (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/rickstevesenglan00rick">Rick Steves' England 2008</a>, Avalon Travel, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59880-097-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59880-097-5"><bdi>978-1-59880-097-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rick+Steves%27+England+2008&rft.pub=Avalon+Travel&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59880-097-5&rft.aulast=Steves&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frickstevesenglan00rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoyle1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_Stoyle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark Stoyle">Stoyle, Mark</a> (1999), "The Dissidence of Despair: Rebellion and Identity in Early Modern Cornwall", Journal of British Studies, 38 (4): 423–444, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1086%252F386202">10.1086/386202</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162279176">162279176</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Dissidence+of+Despair%3A+Rebellion+and+Identity+in+Early+Modern+Cornwall&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=423-444&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F386202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162279176%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stoyle&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bryan_Sykes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bryan Sykes">Sykes, Bryan</a> (2006), Blood of the Isles, Bantam Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05652-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05652-3"><bdi>978-0-593-05652-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+of+the+Isles&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-593-05652-3&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2006" class="citation cs2">Tanner, Marcus (2006), The Last of the Celts, Yale University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11535-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11535-2"><bdi>978-0-300-11535-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+of+the+Celts&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11535-2&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThernstrom1980" class="citation cs2">Thernstrom, Stephan (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther">Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups</a> (2nd ed.), Harvard University Press, <a 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(2005), The English and the Normans: ethnic hostility, assimilation, and identity 1066-c. 1220, Oxford University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927886-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927886-2"><bdi>978-0-19-927886-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+and+the+Normans%3A+ethnic+hostility%2C+assimilation%2C+and+identity+1066-c.+1220&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927886-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThriftWilliams1987" class="citation cs2">Thrift, N. J.; Williams, Peter (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/classspacemaking0054unse">Class and Space: the Making of Urban Society</a>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0230-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0230-7"><bdi>978-0-7102-0230-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+and+Space%3A+the+Making+of+Urban+Society&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7102-0230-7&rft.aulast=Thrift&rft.aufirst=N.+J.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassspacemaking0054unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTregellas2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Hawken_Tregellas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Hawken Tregellas">Tregellas, Walter Hawken</a> (2008), Tourists' Guide to Cornwall and the Scilly Isles, BiblioBazaar, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-554-83977-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-554-83977-6"><bdi>978-0-554-83977-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourists%27+Guide+to+Cornwall+and+the+Scilly+Isles&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-554-83977-6&rft.aulast=Tregellas&rft.aufirst=Walter+Hawken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"> (reissue of the work first published in 1878, Tourists' guide to Cornwall and the Scilly Isles: containing succinct information concerning all the principal places and objects of interest in the county; 7 editions, Seventh ed. Revised by H. Michell Whitley, 1895)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTregidga2000" class="citation cs2">Tregidga, Garry (2000), The Liberal Party in South-west Britain since 1918: political decline, dormancy and rebirth, Presses Université Laval, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-679-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-679-5"><bdi>978-0-85989-679-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liberal+Party+in+South-west+Britain+since+1918%3A+political+decline%2C+dormancy+and+rebirth&rft.pub=Presses+Universit%C3%A9+Laval&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85989-679-5&rft.aulast=Tregidga&rft.aufirst=Garry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrewinWoolfitt2005" class="citation cs2">Trewin, Carol; Woolfitt, Adam (2005), Gourmet Cornwall, Alison Hodge, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906720-39-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906720-39-4"><bdi>978-0-906720-39-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gourmet+Cornwall&rft.pub=Alison+Hodge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-906720-39-4&rft.aulast=Trewin&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=Woolfitt%2C+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2007" class="citation cs2">Wood, Andy (2007), The 1549 Rebellions and the Making of Early Modern England, Cambridge University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83206-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83206-9"><bdi>978-0-521-83206-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1549+Rebellions+and+the+Making+of+Early+Modern+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83206-9&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagorín1982" class="citation cs2">Zagorín, Pérez (1982), Rebels and Rulers, 1500–1660; vol. 2: Provincial rebellion: Revolutionary Civil Wars, 1560–1660, Cambridge University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28712-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28712-8"><bdi>978-0-521-28712-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebels+and+Rulers%2C+1500%E2%80%931660%3B+vol.+2%3A+Provincial+rebellion%3A+Revolutionary+Civil+Wars%2C+1560%E2%80%931660&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28712-8&rft.aulast=Zagor%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A9rez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornish+people" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li>Miles, Sibella Original Cornish Ballads: chiefly founded on stories humorously told by Mr. Tregellas in his popular lectures on "Peculiarities" : to which are appended some drafts of kindred character from the portfolio of the editress: the whole prefixed by an introductory essay on the peculiar characteristics of the Cornish peasantry. London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1846.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:People_of_Cornwall" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:People of Cornwall">People of Cornwall</a>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/">cornwall.gov.uk</a>, the website of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cornishculture.co.uk/">cornishculture.co.uk</a>, an online guide to Cornish Celtic culture</li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title 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.portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style> <div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>: <ul class="portal-bar-content"> <li class="portal-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/21px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/21px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/42px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> </ul> </div>    </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DCornish_people%26oldid%3D1259537673">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&oldid=1259537673</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cornish_people&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 25 November 2024, at 18:38 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2583%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="كورنيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كورنيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornualleses" title="Cornualleses – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cornualleses" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornlar" title="Kornlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kornlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25B4_%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25DB%258C" title="کورنیش خالقی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کورنیش خالقی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D1%258B" title="Корнцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Корнцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D1%258B" title="Корнцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Корнцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cernywiaid" title="Cernywiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cernywiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornid" title="Kornid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kornid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259A%25CE%25BF%25CF%2581%25CE%25BD%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BF%25CE%25AF" title="Κορνουαλοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κορνουαλοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_c%25C3%25B3rnico" title="Pueblo córnico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo córnico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornubiar" title="Kornubiar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kornubiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585_%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="مردم کورنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم کورنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corniques" title="Corniques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Corniques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%25C3%25B2rnaich" title="Còrnaich – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Còrnaich" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_c%25C3%25B3rnico" title="Pobo córnico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo córnico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25BD%2598%25EC%259B%2594%25EC%259D%25B8" title="콘월인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘월인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Cornwall" title="Orang Cornwall – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Cornwall" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornici_(popolo)" title="Cornici (popolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cornici (popolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernowyon" title="Kernowyon – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kernowyon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornai" title="Kornai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kornai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwalliak" title="Cornwalliak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cornwalliak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2583%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="كورنيون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كورنيون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_(volk)" title="Cornish (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cornish (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25B3%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25A6%25E3%2582%25A9%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25AB%25E4%25BA%25BA" title="コーンウォール人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コーンウォール人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornwalijczycy" title="Kornwalijczycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kornwalijczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%25C3%25B3rnicos" title="Córnicos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Córnicos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornici" title="Cornici – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cornici" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D1%258B" title="Корнцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Корнцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cornish people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Корнволци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Корнволци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornvolci" title="Kornvolci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kornvolci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornit" title="Kornit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kornit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernevekler" title="Kernevekler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kernevekler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D1%2596" title="Корнці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Корнці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BA%25B7%25E6%25B2%2583%25E5%25B0%2594%25E4%25BA%25BA" title="康沃尔人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="康沃尔人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 18:38 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-599ml","wgBackendResponseTime":3184,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.474","walltime":"2.845","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13633,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":426095,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24290,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":70,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":513680,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2374.321 1 -total"," 34.17% 811.274 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.47% 486.101 85 Template:Citation"," 10.36% 246.029 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 7.74% 183.840 1 Template:Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom"," 7.58% 179.912 1 Template:Culture_of_region"," 7.47% 177.260 21 Template:Cite_web"," 7.45% 176.883 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.25% 172.228 76 Template:Harvnb"," 7.23% 171.699 10 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.491","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20041618,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAger2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrewsBrownHumphreysLee2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBallFife1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorlase1769\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradshawRoberts2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBusbyBusby2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanada2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavendish2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClegg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCubitt1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunliffe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniell1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeaconSchwartz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDugan2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDunmore2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEveritt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFletcherMacCulloch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHay1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHechter1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHempton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitchinsDrew1824\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusk2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrvine2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJupp2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeats-Rohan1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLysonsLysons1814\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLeod2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonald1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnaghi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKie2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinchinBecquart2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlalde2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppenheimer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrme2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayton1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPittaway2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPittock1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPritchard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrijver2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmelt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmyth1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStenton1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteves2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoyle1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoyle2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSykes2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThernstrom1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThriftWilliams1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTregellas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTregidga1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTregidga2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrewinWoolfitt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTristram2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWade2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaters2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillett2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitterick2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZagorín1982\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"British peoples\"] = 1,\n [\"Celts\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 85,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite bioRxiv\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 21,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"Culture of the United Kingdom\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 6,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 76,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Incomplete short citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 10,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sup\"] = 2,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"·\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","17.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","16.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","12.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","10.1"],["(for generator)","100","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","5.1"],["tostring","40","2.5"],["createBuilder \u003Cmw.html.lua:114\u003E","40","2.5"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","40","2.5"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","20","1.3"],["[others]","360","22.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-599ml","timestamp":"20241203053121","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cornish 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