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</li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bernarr Macfadden</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernarr_Macfadden" title="Bernarr Macfadden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bernarr Macfadden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D8%AF%D9%86" title="برنار مک‌فدن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنار مک‌فدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بيرنار ماكفادين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيرنار ماكفادين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3" title="ベルナール・マクファデン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベルナール・マクファデン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernarr_Macfadden" title="Bernarr Macfadden – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bernarr Macfadden" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernarr_Macfadden" title="Bernarr Macfadden 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Bernarr Macfadden</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernarr_Macfadden_c1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bernarr_Macfadden_c1910.jpg/220px-Bernarr_Macfadden_c1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bernarr_Macfadden_c1910.jpg/330px-Bernarr_Macfadden_c1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bernarr_Macfadden_c1910.jpg/440px-Bernarr_Macfadden_c1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="920" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Macfadden, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Bernard Adolphus McFadden<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1868-08-16</span>)</span>August 16, 1868<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Mill_Spring,_Missouri" title="Mill Spring, Missouri">Mill Spring, Missouri</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 12, 1955<span style="display:none">(1955-10-12)</span> (aged 87)<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a>, U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery_(Bronx,_New_York)" title="Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)">Woodlawn Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Bodybuilder, author, magazine publisher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Founder of <a href="/wiki/Macfadden_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Macfadden Publications">Macfadden Publications</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autograph_Bernarr_Macfadden.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Autograph_Bernarr_Macfadden.svg/150px-Autograph_Bernarr_Macfadden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Autograph_Bernarr_Macfadden.svg/225px-Autograph_Bernarr_Macfadden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Autograph_Bernarr_Macfadden.svg/300px-Autograph_Bernarr_Macfadden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="102" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bernarr Macfadden</b> (born <b>Bernard Adolphus McFadden</b>, August 16, 1868 – October 12, 1955) was an American proponent of <a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">physical culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a combination of <a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">bodybuilding</a> with nutritional and health theories. He founded the long-running <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a> company <a href="/wiki/Macfadden_Communications_Group" title="Macfadden Communications Group">Macfadden Publications</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernarr_Macfadden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernarr_Macfadden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Mill_Spring,_Missouri" title="Mill Spring, Missouri">Mill Spring, Missouri</a>, Macfadden changed his first and last names to give them a greater appearance of strength.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thought "Bernarr" sounded like the roar of a lion, and that "Macfadden" was a more masculine spelling of his last name. </p><p>As a young child, Macfadden was weak and sickly. After being orphaned by the time he was 11, he was placed with a farmer and began working on the farm. The hard work and wholesome food on the farm turned him into a strong and fit boy. When he was 13, however, he moved to <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> and took a desk job. Quickly his health reverted again and by 16 he described himself as a "physical wreck". He started exercising again with <a href="/wiki/Dumbbells" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumbbells">dumbbells</a>, walking up to six miles a day with a lead weight in his clothes, and he became a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a>. He quickly regained his previous health.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing_and_writings">Publishing and writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernarr_Macfadden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publishing and writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1899, Macfadden founded <i>Physical Culture</i> (1899–1951?),<sup id="cite_ref-onlinebooks/physicalculture_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinebooks/physicalculture-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archivessearch.bsu.edu/3226_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivessearch.bsu.edu/3226-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-starkcenter/physical-culture_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starkcenter/physical-culture-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an American magazine on bodybuilding, health, and fitness,<sup id="cite_ref-saturdayeveningpost/original-wellness-guru_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saturdayeveningpost/original-wellness-guru-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was editor up to the August 1912 issue.<sup id="cite_ref-newyorker/1950/physical-culture_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newyorker/1950/physical-culture-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DAHS/bernarr-macfadden_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAHS/bernarr-macfadden-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1919, readers letters to <i>Physical Culture</i> magazine which told their personal stories resulted in a new magazine, <i>True Story</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-bernarrmacfadden/5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernarrmacfadden/5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, later, <i><a href="/wiki/True_Detective_(magazine)" title="True Detective (magazine)">True Detective</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/True_Story_(magazine)" title="True Story (magazine)">True Story</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Romance_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="True Romance (magazine) (page does not exist)">True Romance (magazine)</a></i>. </p><p>Aided by long-time Supervising Editor <a href="/wiki/Fulton_Oursler" title="Fulton Oursler">Fulton Oursler</a>, Macfadden eventually grew a publishing empire, including <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1924%E2%80%931950)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1924–1950)">Liberty</a></i>, <i>Dream World</i>, <i>Ghost Stories</i>, the once-familiar movie magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Photoplay" title="Photoplay">Photoplay</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloid</a> newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Graphic" title="New York Graphic">The New York Evening Graphic</a></i>. Macfadden's magazines included <i><a href="/wiki/SPORT_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="SPORT (magazine)">SPORT</a></i>, a preeminent <a href="/wiki/Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports">sports</a> magazine prior to <a href="/wiki/Time_Inc." title="Time Inc.">Time Inc.</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a>.</i> </p><p><i>Ghost Stories</i> was a nod in the direction of the rapidly growing field of <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp magazines</a>, though it was a large-size magazine that preserved Macfadden's confessional style for most of its stories.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, Macfadden made more overt moves into the pulps with, for example, <i>Red Blooded Stories</i> (1928–29), <i>Flying Stories</i> (1928–29), and <i>Tales of Danger and Daring</i> (1929). These were all unsuccessful. In 1929, Macfadden underwrote <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hersey" title="Harold Hersey">Harold Hersey</a>'s pulp chain, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Good_Story_Magazine_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Good Story Magazine Company (page does not exist)">Good Story Magazine Company</a>. Macfadden titles like <i>Ghost Stories</i> and <i>Flying Stories</i> continued as Good Story publications. Other intended Macfadden pulps, like <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrills_of_the_Jungle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thrills of the Jungle (page does not exist)">Thrills of the Jungle</a></i> (1929) and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Love_and_War_Stories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Love and War Stories (page does not exist)">Love and War Stories</a></i> (1930), originated as Good Story magazines. In 1931, Macfadden purchased the assets of the Mackinnon-Fly magazine publishers, which gave him the pioneering sci-fi pulp <a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a>, and several other titles; they were published under the Teck Publications imprint. This apparently made Good Story expendable and financial support was withdrawn almost immediately. The Teck titles lasted under Macfadden control until being sold in the late '30s, after which Macfadden was absent from the pulp field. </p><p>Macfadden also contributed to many articles and books including <i>The Virile Powers of Superb Manhood</i> (1900), <i>MacFadden's Encyclopedia of Physical Culture</i> (1911–1912), <i>Fasting for Health</i> (1923), and <i>The Milk Diet</i> (1923). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_advocacy">Health advocacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernarr_Macfadden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Health advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_Bernar_MacFadden_in_Warm_Springs,_Georgia_-_NARA_-_196721.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_Bernar_MacFadden_in_Warm_Springs%2C_Georgia_-_NARA_-_196721.jpg/220px-Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_Bernar_MacFadden_in_Warm_Springs%2C_Georgia_-_NARA_-_196721.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_Bernar_MacFadden_in_Warm_Springs%2C_Georgia_-_NARA_-_196721.jpg/330px-Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_Bernar_MacFadden_in_Warm_Springs%2C_Georgia_-_NARA_-_196721.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_Bernar_MacFadden_in_Warm_Springs%2C_Georgia_-_NARA_-_196721.jpg/440px-Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_Bernar_MacFadden_in_Warm_Springs%2C_Georgia_-_NARA_-_196721.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2415" /></a><figcaption>With <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs,_Georgia" title="Warm Springs, Georgia">Warm Springs, Georgia</a>, 1931</figcaption></figure> <p>Macfadden popularized the practice of <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> that previously had been associated with illnesses such as <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-griffith_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffith-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He felt strongly that fasting was one of the surest ways to physical health. Many of his subjects would fast for a week to rejuvenate their body. He claimed that through fasting "a person could exercise unqualified control over virtually all types of disease while revealing a degree of strength and stamina such as would put others to shame". He saw fasting as an instrument with which to prove a man's superiority over other men. </p><p>Macfadden had photographs of himself taken before and after fasts to demonstrate their positive effects on the body. For example, one photograph showed Macfadden lifting a 100-pound dumbbell over his head immediately after a seven-day fast. Macfadden acknowledged the difficulties of fasting and did not support it as an ascetic practice, but rather because he believed its ultimate benefits outweighed its costs.<sup id="cite_ref-griffith_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffith-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was particularly opposed to the consumption of white bread, which he called the "staff of death".<sup id="cite_ref-Bread_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bread-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macfadden established many "healthatoriums" in the eastern and midwestern states. These institutions offered educational programs, such as "The Physical Culture Training School". Although he gained his reputation for physical culture and fitness, he gained much notoriety for his views on sexual behavior. He viewed intercourse as a healthy activity and not solely a procreative one; this was a different attitude than most physicians had at the time. He also attempted to found a "Physical Culture City" in <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Township,_Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey">Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey</a>, which folded after a few years and became the vacation-cabin neighborhood, and, later, suburban development of Outcalt. </p><p>Nicknamed "Body Love Macfadden" by <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time</a></i> – a moniker he detested – he was branded a "kook" and a charlatan by many, arrested on obscenity charges<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (August 2024)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup>, and denounced by the medical establishment. Throughout his life, he campaigned tirelessly against "pill-pushers", processed foods, and prudery. </p><p>Macfadden made an unsuccessful attempt to found a religion, "cosmotarianism", based on physical culture.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claimed that his regimen would enable him to reach the age of 150. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Bernarr_Macfadden_TCS_1.2400.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="c. 1905"><img alt="c. 1905" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Bernarr_Macfadden_TCS_1.2400.jpg/274px-Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Bernarr_Macfadden_TCS_1.2400.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Bernarr_Macfadden_TCS_1.2400.jpg/411px-Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Bernarr_Macfadden_TCS_1.2400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Bernarr_Macfadden_TCS_1.2400.jpg/548px-Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Bernarr_Macfadden_TCS_1.2400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1647" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1905</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernarr_Macfadden_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In 1923"><img alt="In 1923" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bernarr_Macfadden_1923.jpg/228px-Bernarr_Macfadden_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bernarr_Macfadden_1923.jpg/342px-Bernarr_Macfadden_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bernarr_Macfadden_1923.jpg/455px-Bernarr_Macfadden_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In 1923</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_enterprises">Other enterprises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernarr_Macfadden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other enterprises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernarr_Macfadden_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bernarr_Macfadden_1951.jpg/170px-Bernarr_Macfadden_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bernarr_Macfadden_1951.jpg/255px-Bernarr_Macfadden_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bernarr_Macfadden_1951.jpg/340px-Bernarr_Macfadden_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption>Macfadden skydiving in 1951</figcaption></figure> <p>At the peak of his career, Macfadden owned several hotels and a major building in <a href="/wiki/Dansville,_Livingston_County,_New_York" title="Dansville, Livingston County, New York">Dansville, New York</a>. He also opened a restaurant in New York City in 1902 called Physical Culture, which was one of the city's first vegetarian venues. Physical Culture vegetarian restaurants were established in other cities such as Philadelphia and Chicago. By 1911, there were twenty such restaurants. Macfadden was a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">raw foodism</a> and a follower of <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Graham" title="Sylvester Graham">Sylvester Graham</a>'s philosophies.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His Macfadden Foundation established two boarding schools for young boys and girls in <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County, New York</a>: the Macfadden School in <a href="/wiki/Briarcliff_Manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Briarcliff Manor">Briarcliff Manor</a> (Scarborough), originally for ages 4 – 12,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Tarrytown School in <a href="/wiki/Tarrytown,_New_York" title="Tarrytown, New York">Tarrytown</a>. On March 7, 1943, the advertisement in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a></i> for the Tarrytown School read: "To Meet the Needs of a Nation at War". The boys at the Tarrytown School wore uniforms and were subject to military-type discipline and corporal punishment. The Macfadden School operated from 1936<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 1950,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Tarrytown School operated from 1943 to 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brochure_for_Macfadden_Tarrytown_School_-_For_Parents.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page from Tarrytown School Brochure"><img alt="Page from Tarrytown School Brochure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Brochure_for_Macfadden_Tarrytown_School_-_For_Parents.jpg/120px-Brochure_for_Macfadden_Tarrytown_School_-_For_Parents.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Brochure_for_Macfadden_Tarrytown_School_-_For_Parents.jpg/180px-Brochure_for_Macfadden_Tarrytown_School_-_For_Parents.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Brochure_for_Macfadden_Tarrytown_School_-_For_Parents.jpg/240px-Brochure_for_Macfadden_Tarrytown_School_-_For_Parents.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="421" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page from Tarrytown School Brochure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boys_in_dress_uniform,_1948_or_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boys in dress uniform, 1948 or 1949, Macfadden's Tarrytown School"><img alt="Boys in dress uniform, 1948 or 1949, Macfadden's Tarrytown School" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Boys_in_dress_uniform%2C_1948_or_1949.jpg/120px-Boys_in_dress_uniform%2C_1948_or_1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Boys_in_dress_uniform%2C_1948_or_1949.jpg/180px-Boys_in_dress_uniform%2C_1948_or_1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Boys_in_dress_uniform%2C_1948_or_1949.jpg/240px-Boys_in_dress_uniform%2C_1948_or_1949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boys in dress uniform, 1948 or 1949, Macfadden's Tarrytown School</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grad2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graduation exercises, June 1953, Macfadden's Tarrytown School"><img alt="Graduation exercises, June 1953, Macfadden's Tarrytown School" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Grad2.jpg/120px-Grad2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Grad2.jpg/180px-Grad2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Grad2.jpg/240px-Grad2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="1503" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graduation exercises, June 1953, Macfadden's Tarrytown School</div> </li> </ul> <p>The Macfadden Foundation also operated Castle Heights Military Academy in Lebanon, Tennessee.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundation began in 1931 when he gave $50 million to it.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernarr_Macfadden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Bernarr_Macfadden_in_Sarasota,_Florida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Bernarr_Macfadden_in_Sarasota%2C_Florida.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Bernarr_Macfadden_in_Sarasota%2C_Florida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Bernarr_Macfadden_in_Sarasota%2C_Florida.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Bernarr_Macfadden_in_Sarasota%2C_Florida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Bernarr_Macfadden_in_Sarasota%2C_Florida.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Bernarr_Macfadden_in_Sarasota%2C_Florida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Macfadden in 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>Macfadden was married four times and had eight children. His son Jack appeared on <a href="/wiki/Groucho_Marx" title="Groucho Marx">Groucho Marx</a>'s show <i><a href="/wiki/You_Bet_Your_Life" title="You Bet Your Life">You Bet Your Life</a></i> (December 31, 1953) and talked about his father, who was then 84 years old. </p><p>He met his third wife, Mary Williamson Macfadden, in England when she won a contest "for the most perfect specimen of England womanhood," sponsored by Macfadden; she was a champion British swimmer.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mighty_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mighty-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had eight children: Helen, Byrne, Byrnece, Beulah, Beverly, Brewster, Berwyn, and Braunda.<sup id="cite_ref-Mighty_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mighty-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernarr and Mary separated in 1932, and they divorced in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Mighty_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mighty-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macfadden had ambitions for political office. He sought election as <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">US Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even US president.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two of Macfadden's children<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> died for lack of medical care, as Macfadden viewed all doctors as quacks.<sup id="cite_ref-cohen_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When one of his daughters died of a heart condition, he remarked, "It's better she's gone; she only would have disgraced me."<sup id="cite_ref-One_Summer_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One_Summer-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernarr_Macfadden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Macfadden died in 1955 after refusing medical treatment for a digestive disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is interred in <a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery_(Bronx)" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx)">Woodlawn Cemetery</a> in The <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">Bronx</a>, New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his death, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Longstreet_Bodin" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Longstreet Bodin">Edward Longstreet Bodin</a> became the president of the Bernarr Macfadden Foundation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernarr_Macfadden&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Critical reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Macfadden has drawn criticism for suggesting in his books that readers not consult any professional <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>. Macfadden supported unorthodox ideas that are widely derided as <a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">quackery</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Grape_therapy" title="Grape therapy">grape therapy</a> supposedly healing <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Morris_Fishbein" title="Morris Fishbein">Morris Fishbein</a> wrote that "In his campaign, Bernarr Macfadden aligned himself with the border-line cultists that oppose scientific medicine and devote themselves to the promotion of some single conception of disease causation, prevention, and treatment."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of Macfadden's publications also drew criticism for their <a href="/wiki/Erotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotic">erotic</a> and sexual content.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was targeted by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Society_for_the_Suppression_of_Vice" title="New York Society for the Suppression of Vice">Society for the Suppression of Vice</a> for producing "pornographic" posters to promote one of his Physical Culture Exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macfadden's legacy after his death has largely been tarnished by details<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of his private life. <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Whorton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Whorton (page does not exist)">James Whorton</a>, PhD, notes that the glamorous and eccentric character of Macfadden's life has led to a predilection for "the amusing tale or shocking incident" in describing it. Whorton argued that this distracts from Macfadden's real beliefs and significance, causing research to be directed "to the outer person, to actions rather than motives."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partial_bibliography">Partial bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernarr_Macfadden&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Partial bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Macfadden wrote over 100 books. This is a partial list of titles: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macfaddensphysic00macf/"><i>Physical Training</i></a>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Training&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacfaddensphysic00macf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/39002086348480.med.yale.edu/"><i>Fasting, Hydropathy, and Exercise</i></a>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fasting%2C+Hydropathy%2C+and+Exercise&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F39002086348480.med.yale.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/virilepowersofsu00macf/"><i>Virile Powers of Superb Manhood</i></a>. New York, Physical culture publishing company. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virile+Powers+of+Superb+Manhood&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Physical+culture+publishing+company&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvirilepowersofsu00macf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerbeautyofsup00macf/"><i>Power and Beauty of Superb Womanhood</i></a>. 1901.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Beauty+of+Superb+Womanhood&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowerbeautyofsup00macf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28058409/"><i>Strength from Eating</i></a>. 1901.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strength+from+Eating&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb28058409%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strongeyeshowwea00macfrich"><i>Strong Eyes</i></a>. New York, Physical culture publishing co. 1901.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strong+Eyes&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Physical+culture+publishing+co.&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrongeyeshowwea00macfrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalculturec00rich/"><i>Physical Culture Cook Book</i></a>. with Mary Richardson, assisted by George Propheter. 1901.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Culture+Cook+Book&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicalculturec00rich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28067150"><i>Natural Cure for Rupture</i></a>. 1902.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Cure+for+Rupture&rft.date=1902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb28067150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Vaccination Superstition</i>. 1902.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaccination+Superstition&rft.date=1902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28101959"><i>Marriage: a Lifelong Honeymoon</i></a>. 1903.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage%3A+a+Lifelong+Honeymoon&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb28101959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buildingofvitalp00macfrich/"><i>Building of Vital Power</i></a>. 1904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+of+Vital+Power&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuildingofvitalp00macfrich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Creative and Sexual Science</i>. 1904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creative+and+Sexual+Science&rft.date=1904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28138077/"><i>Health, Beauty, and Sexuality</i></a>. 1904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health%2C+Beauty%2C+and+Sexuality&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb28138077%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.202108"><i>How Success Is Won</i></a>. 1904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Success+Is+Won&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.202108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Perfect Beauty</i>. 1904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Perfect+Beauty&rft.date=1904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalculturef00macf"><i>Physical Culture for Babies</i></a>. 1904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Culture+for+Babies&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicalculturef00macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strenuousloverro00macf"><i>A Strenuous Lover</i></a>. 1904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Strenuous+Lover&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrenuousloverro00macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Muscular Power and Beauty</i>. 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muscular+Power+and+Beauty&rft.date=1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Macfadden Prosecution: A Curious Story of Wrong and Oppression</i>. 1908.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macfadden+Prosecution%3A+A+Curious+Story+of+Wrong+and+Oppression&rft.date=1908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vitalitysupreme00macf/"><i>Vitality Supreme</i></a>. New York City, Physical Culture Publishing Co. 1915.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vitality+Supreme&rft.pub=New+York+City%2C+Physical+Culture+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvitalitysupreme00macf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Brain Energy</i>. 1916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brain+Energy&rft.date=1916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manhoodmarriage00macf"><i>Manhood and Marriage</i></a>. New York city, Physical culture publishing co. 1916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manhood+and+Marriage&rft.pub=New+York+city%2C+Physical+culture+publishing+co&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanhoodmarriage00macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womanhoodmarriag00macfiala"><i>Womanhood and Marriage</i></a>. 1918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Womanhood+and+Marriage&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomanhoodmarriag00macfiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strengtheningeye00macf"><i>Strengthening the Eyes</i></a>. 1918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strengthening+the+Eyes&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrengtheningeye00macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingoldbodiesy00macf"><i>Making Old Bodies Young</i></a>. New York, Physical culture publishing company. 1919.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Old+Bodies+Young&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Physical+culture+publishing+company&rft.date=1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingoldbodiesy00macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Truth About Tobacco</i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+About+Tobacco&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Miracle of Milk</i>. 1923.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Miracle+of+Milk&rft.date=1923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fastingforhealth00macf"><i>Fasting for Health</i></a>. New York, Macfadden publications. 1923.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fasting+for+Health&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Macfadden+publications&rft.date=1923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffastingforhealth00macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constipationitsc00macf"><i>Constipation: Its Cause, Effect, and Treatment</i></a>. New York, Macfadden publications. 1924.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constipation%3A+Its+Cause%2C+Effect%2C+and+Treatment&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Macfadden+publications&rft.date=1924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstipationitsc00macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>How to Raise a Strong Baby</i>. 1924.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Raise+a+Strong+Baby&rft.date=1924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Walking Cure, Pep and Power from Walking – How to Cure Disease</i>. 1924.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+Cure%2C+Pep+and+Power+from+Walking+%E2%80%93+How+to+Cure+Disease&rft.date=1924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Hair Culture</i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hair+Culture&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Diabetes: Its Cause, Nature and Treatment</i>. 1925.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diabetes%3A+Its+Cause%2C+Nature+and+Treatment&rft.date=1925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/headacheshowcaus00macf"><i>Headaches: How Caused and How Cured</i></a></span>. New York, Macfadden publications. 1925.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Headaches%3A+How+Caused+and+How+Cured&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Macfadden+publications&rft.date=1925&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheadacheshowcaus00macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Strengthening the Spine</i>. 1925.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strengthening+the+Spine&rft.date=1925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Tooth Troubles</i>. 1925.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tooth+Troubles&rft.date=1925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Asthma and Hay Fever</i>. 1926.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asthma+and+Hay+Fever&rft.date=1926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coldscoughscatar00macf"><i>Colds, Coughs, and Catarrh</i></a>. New York, Macfadden Publications. 1926.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colds%2C+Coughs%2C+and+Catarrh&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Macfadden+Publications&rft.date=1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoldscoughscatar00macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Foot Troubles</i>. 1926.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foot+Troubles&rft.date=1926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Predetermine Your Baby's Sex</i>. 1926.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Predetermine+Your+Baby%27s+Sex&rft.date=1926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Rheumatism, Its Cause, Nature and Treatment</i>. 1926.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rheumatism%2C+Its+Cause%2C+Nature+and+Treatment&rft.date=1926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/skintroublesthei00macf"><i>Skin Troubles</i></a>. New York, Macfadden publications. 1927.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skin+Troubles&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Macfadden+publications&rft.date=1927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fskintroublesthei00macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Digestive Troubles</i>. 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digestive+Troubles&rft.date=1928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Talks to a Young Man About Sex</i>. 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talks+to+a+Young+Man+About+Sex&rft.date=1928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tuberculosisitsc00macf"><i>Tuberculosis</i></a>. 1929.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tuberculosis&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftuberculosisitsc00macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Home Health Manual</i>. 1930.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Health+Manual&rft.date=1930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>After 40 – What?</i>. 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+40+%E2%80%93+What%3F&rft.date=1935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Practical Birth Control</i>. 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Birth+Control&rft.date=1935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Woman's Sex Life</i>. 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman%27s+Sex+Life&rft.date=1935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>How to Gain Weight</i>. 1936.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Gain+Weight&rft.date=1936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>How to Reduce Weight</i>. 1936.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Reduce+Weight&rft.date=1936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Be Married and Like It</i>. 1937.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Be+Married+and+Like+It&rft.date=1937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macfaddensencycl01macf"><i>Macfadden's Encyclopedia of Physical Culture</i></a>. Vol. 1. New York city, Physical culture publishing company. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macfadden%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Physical+Culture&rft.pub=New+York+city%2C+Physical+culture+publishing+company&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacfaddensencycl01macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macfaddensencycl02macf"><i>Macfadden's Encyclopedia of Physical Culture</i></a>. Vol. 2. New York city, Physical culture publishing company. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macfadden%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Physical+Culture&rft.pub=New+York+city%2C+Physical+culture+publishing+company&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacfaddensencycl02macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macfaddensencycl03macf"><i>Macfadden's Encyclopedia of Physical Culture</i></a>. Vol. 3. New York city, Physical culture publishing company. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macfadden%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Physical+Culture&rft.pub=New+York+city%2C+Physical+culture+publishing+company&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacfaddensencycl03macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macfaddensencycl04macf"><i>Macfadden's Encyclopedia of Physical Culture</i></a>. Vol. 4. New York city, Physical culture publishing company. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macfadden%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Physical+Culture&rft.pub=New+York+city%2C+Physical+culture+publishing+company&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacfaddensencycl04macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macfaddensencycl05macf"><i>Macfadden's Encyclopedia of Physical Culture</i></a>. Vol. 5. New York city, Physical culture publishing company. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macfadden%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Physical+Culture&rft.pub=New+York+city%2C+Physical+culture+publishing+company&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacfaddensencycl05macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernarr_Macfadden&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernarr_Macfadden&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bernarr-Macfadden">Bernarr Macfadden</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacfaddenGauvreau1953" class="citation book cs1">Macfadden, Mary; Gauvreau, Emile (1953). <i>Dumbbells and Carrot Strips: the Story of Bernarr Macfadden</i>. New York: Holt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dumbbells+and+Carrot+Strips%3A+the+Story+of+Bernarr+Macfadden&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Macfadden&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Gauvreau%2C+Emile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Dustbin of History: Bernarr Macfadden". <a href="/wiki/Uncle_John%27s_Bathroom_Reader" title="Uncle John's Bathroom Reader"><i>Uncle John's Triumphant 20th Anniversary Bathroom Reader</i></a>. 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"Apostles of abstinence: Fasting and masculinity during the Progressive Era". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Quarterly" title="American Quarterly">American Quarterly</a></i>. <b>52</b> (4): 599–638. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faq.2000.0047">10.1353/aq.2000.0047</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16850570">16850570</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40920930">40920930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Apostles+of+abstinence%3A+Fasting+and+masculinity+during+the+Progressive+Era&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=599-638&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40920930%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16850570&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Faq.2000.0047&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bread-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bread_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopeland2012" class="citation web cs1">Copeland, Libby (April 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2012/04/a_review_of_white_bread_a_new_book_about_our_nation_s_fear_of_flour_.single.html">"White Bread Kills"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media+History+Monographs&rft.atitle=The+Feminism+of+Bernarr+Macfadden%3A+Physical+Culture+Magazine+and+the+Empowerment+of+Women&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Endres&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacstaff.elon.edu%2Fdcopeland%2Fmhm%2Fmhmjour13-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurstyn1996" class="citation book cs1">Burstyn, Joan N. (1996). "Biographies: 1866–1920, Macfadden". <i>Past and Promise: Lives of New Jersey Women</i>. Syracuse University Press. pp. 167–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0418-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0418-1"><bdi>978-0-8156-0418-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biographies%3A+1866%E2%80%931920%2C+Macfadden&rft.btitle=Past+and+Promise%3A+Lives+of+New+Jersey+Women&rft.pages=167-168&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0418-1&rft.aulast=Burstyn&rft.aufirst=Joan+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mighty-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mighty_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mighty_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mighty_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2012" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Jim (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0a4OBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA87"><i>Mighty Macfadden: An Amazing Life Story</i></a>. lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-300-54172-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-300-54172-1"><bdi>978-1-300-54172-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mighty+Macfadden%3A+An+Amazing+Life+Story&rft.pub=lulu.com&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-300-54172-1&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0a4OBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2013" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Bruce (September 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/news/a23610/strange-tale-historic-fitness-guru-bernarr-macfadden/">"The Strange Tale of a World-Changing Fitness and Sleaze Titan"</a>. <i>www.esquire.com</i>. Esquire.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.esquire.com&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Tale+of+a+World-Changing+Fitness+and+Sleaze+Titan&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquire.com%2Fnews-politics%2Fnews%2Fa23610%2Fstrange-tale-historic-fitness-guru-bernarr-macfadden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaugherty2015" class="citation web cs1">Daugherty, Greg (October 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.com/wackiest-millionaire-ever-run-president/">"Meet the Wackiest Millionaire Ever to Run for President"</a>. <i>Money.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201013614/https://money.com/wackiest-millionaire-ever-run-president/">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Money.com&rft.atitle=Meet+the+Wackiest+Millionaire+Ever+to+Run+for+President&rft.date=2015-10-16&rft.aulast=Daugherty&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.com%2Fwackiest-millionaire-ever-run-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohen-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cohen_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2000" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Daniel (2000). <i>Yellow Journalism</i>. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0761315020" title="Special:BookSources/0761315020"><bdi>0761315020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yellow+Journalism&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0761315020&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-One_Summer-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-One_Summer_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryson2014" class="citation book cs1">Bryson, Bill (2014). <i>One Summer: America, 1927</i>. Anchor. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1941-8"><bdi>978-0-7679-1941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Summer%3A+America%2C+1927&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Anchor&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-1941-8&rft.aulast=Bryson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2016" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Jim (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7jWmDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT487"><i>Muscles, Sex, Money, & Fame</i></a>. Lulu.com. pp. 487–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-365-55689-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-365-55689-0"><bdi>978-1-365-55689-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muscles%2C+Sex%2C+Money%2C+%26+Fame&rft.pages=487-&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-365-55689-0&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7jWmDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosengren1980" class="citation book cs1">Rosengren, William R. (1980). <i>Sociology of Medicine: Diversity, Conflict, and Change</i>. Harper & Row. p. 213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+of+Medicine%3A+Diversity%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Change&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Rosengren&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Gardner, Martin</a>. (2012 edition, originally published in 1957). <i><a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></i>. Dover Publications. pp. 186–192. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20394-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20394-8">0-486-20394-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishbein1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morris_Fishbein" title="Morris Fishbein">Fishbein, Morris</a> (1925). <i>The Medical Follies: An Analysis of the Foibles of Some Healing Cults</i>. Boni & Liveright. p. 175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medical+Follies%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Foibles+of+Some+Healing+Cults&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Boni+%26+Liveright&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Fishbein&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1989" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, William R. (1989). <i>Body Love: The Amazing Career of Bernarr Macfadden</i>. Bowling Green State University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-463-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87972-463-3"><bdi>0-87972-463-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Body+Love%3A+The+Amazing+Career+of+Bernarr+Macfadden&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Bowling+Green+State+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-87972-463-3&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1987" class="citation journal cs1">Todd, Jan (1987). "Bernarr Macfadden: Reformer of Feminine Form". <i>Journal of Sport History</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 61–75. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11617513">11617513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sport+History&rft.atitle=Bernarr+Macfadden%3A+Reformer+of+Feminine+Form&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-75&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11617513&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhorton1991" class="citation journal cs1">Whorton, James (1991). "Weakness is a Crime: The Life of Bernarr Macfadden". <i>Bulletin of the History of Medicine</i>. <b>65</b> (4): 599–600.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Weakness+is+a+Crime%3A+The+Life+of+Bernarr+Macfadden&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=599-600&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Whorton&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernarr+Macfadden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernarr_Macfadden&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, Mark. <i>Mr. America: How Muscular Millionaire Bernarr Macfadden Transformed the Nation Through Sex, Salad, and the Ultimate Starvation Diet.</i> NY: HarperCollins, 2009.</li> <li>Deutsch, Ronald M. <i>The Nuts Among the Berries.</i> New York: Ballantine Books, rev. ed. 1967.</li> <li>Endres, Kathleen L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.elon.edu/mhm/files/2017/03/mhmjour13-2.pdf">"The Feminism of Bernarr Macfadden: Physical Culture Magazine and the Empowerment of Women"</a>. <i>Media History Monographs</i>. Vol. 13, No. 2 (2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1940-8862">1940-8862</a> <a href="/wiki/Elon_University" title="Elon University">Elon University</a></li> <li>Ernst, Robert. <i>Weakness Is a Crime: The Life of Bernarr Macfadden.</i> Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1991.</li> <li>Fishbein, Morris. <i>The Medical Follies: An Analysis of the Foibles of Some Healing Cults, including Osteopathy, Homeopathy, Chiropractic, and the Electronic Reactions of Abrams, with Essays on the Anti-Vivisectionists, Health Legislation, Physical Culture, Birth Control, and Rejuvenation.</i> NY: Boni & Liveright, 1925.</li> <li>Fitzpatrick, Shanon. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674268012">True Story: How a Pulp Empire Remade Mass Media</a></i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2022.</li> <li>Hunt, William R. <i>Body Love: The Amazing Career of Bernarr Macfadden.</i> Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1989.</li> <li>Oursler, Fulton. <i>The True Story of Bernarr Macfadden.</i> NY: Lewis Copeland Company, 1929.</li> <li>Stuart, John, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/360519StuartMacfaddenfromporntopolitics">"Bernarr Macfadden: From Pornography to Politics,"</a> <i>The New Masses,</i> May 19, 1936, pp. 8–11.</li> <li>Warner, Chas W. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015063162377&view=1up&seq=91"><i>Bernarr Macfadden</i></a>. In <i>Quacks</i>. Jackson, Mississippi.</li> <li>Wood, Clement. <i>Bernarr Macfadden: A Study in Success.</i> NY: Lewis Copeland Company, 1929.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernarr_Macfadden&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bernarr_Macfadden" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bernarr Macfadden">Bernarr Macfadden</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bernarrmacfadden.com/">BernarrMacfadden.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/8570">Works by Bernarr Macfadden</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Macfadden%2C%20Bernarr%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bernarr%20Macfadden%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Macfadden%2C%20Bernarr%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bernarr%20Macfadden%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Macfadden%2C%20B%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Bernarr%20Macfadden%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Macfadden%2C%20Bernarr%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bernarr%20Macfadden%22%29%20OR%20%28%221868-1955%22%20AND%20Macfadden%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Bernarr Macfadden</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=enJ_Z9yujL4C&dq=Emile+Gauvreau&pg=PA99">My Last Million Readers by Emile Gauvreau</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909025410/http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/Macfadden/macfadden-intro.htm">Bernarr Macfadden, the Father of Physical Culture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19208">Project Gutenberg: <i>Vitality Supreme</i> (1915) by Bernarr Macfadden</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222000306/http://www.magazineart.org:80/main.php/v/healthandfitness/physicalculture">Online archive</a> of the covers of <i>Physical Culture</i> magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milk-diet.com/classics/macfadden/macfaddenmain.html">"The Milk Diet: How to Use the Milk Diet Scientifically at Home"</a> (1923) by Bernarr Macfadden</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.starkcenter.org/omeka/cou-pc">Ottley Coulter Collection</a> provides digital access to <i>Physical Culture</i> published from 1899 to 1910.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dmr.bsu.edu/cdm4/collection.php?CISOROOT=/PhyCul">The Physical Culture Magazine collection</a> provides electronic access to editions of <i>Physical Culture</i> from 1910 to 1948.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antecedents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths">Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn" title="Friedrich Ludwig Jahn">Friedrich Ludwig Jahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Krebs" title="Johann Baptist Krebs">Johann Baptist Krebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Henrik_Ling" title="Pehr Henrik Ling">Pehr Henrik Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Nachtegall" title="Franz Nachtegall">Franz Nachtegall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Amor%C3%B3s_y_Ondeano" title="Francisco Amorós y Ondeano">Francisco Amorós y Ondeano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Spiess" title="Adolf Spiess">Adolf Spiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Topham" title="Thomas Topham">Thomas Topham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Assirati" title="Bert Assirati">Bert Assirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bankier" title="William Bankier">William Bankier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Barton-Wright" title="Edward William Barton-Wright">Edward William Barton-Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zishe_Breitbart" title="Zishe Breitbart">Zishe Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bukh" title="Niels Bukh">Niels Bukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Dane" title="Victor Dane">Victor Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Delsarte" title="François Delsarte">François Delsarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Desbonnet" title="Edmond Desbonnet">Edmond Desbonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launceston_Elliot" title="Launceston Elliot">Launceston Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Emmott" title="Tony Emmott">Tony Emmott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ferrero" title="Juan Ferrero">Juan Ferrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Fowler" title="Eileen Fowler">Eileen Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fitzsimmons" title="Bob Fitzsimmons">Bob Fitzsimmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fri%C5%A1tensk%C3%BD" title="Gustav Frištenský">Gustav Frištenský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Margaret_Garrud" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Margaret Garrud">Edith Margaret Garrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6rner" title="Hermann Görner">Hermann Görner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hackenschmidt" title="George Hackenschmidt">George Hackenschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_H%C3%A9bert" title="Georges Hébert">Georges Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Heidenstam" title="Oscar Heidenstam">Oscar Heidenstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Hornibrook" title="F. A. Hornibrook">F. A. Hornibrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Inch" title="Thomas Inch">Thomas Inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lees_(bodybuilder)" title="John Lees (bodybuilder)">John Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_McLeod_(wrestler)" title="Dan McLeod (wrestler)">Dan McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Jørgen Peter Müller">Jørgen Peter Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartvig_Nissen_(gymnast)" title="Hartvig Nissen (gymnast)">Hartvig Nissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reg_Park" title="Reg Park">Reg Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pullum" title="William Pullum">William Pullum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Rhodes" title="Joan Rhodes">Joan Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Sandow" title="Eugen Sandow">Eugen Sandow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Saxon" title="Arthur Saxon">Arthur Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schlaffhorst" title="Clara Schlaffhorst">Clara Schlaffhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokol_(sport_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokol (sport organization)">Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bagot_Stack" title="Mary Bagot Stack">Mary Bagot Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Strongfort" title="Lionel Strongfort">Lionel Strongfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxalding" title="Maxalding">Maxalding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Sick" title="Max Sick">Maxick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Saldo" title="Monte Saldo">Monte Saldo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcana" title="Vulcana">Vulcana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Walker_(weightlifter)" title="Ronald Walker (weightlifter)">Ronald Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Diana_Watts" title="Emily Diana Watts">Emily Diana Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Welsh" title="Freddie Welsh">Freddie Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Agniel" title="Marguerite Agniel">Marguerite Agniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Atlas" title="Charles Atlas">Charles Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Bass" title="Clarence Bass">Clarence Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bennett" title="Sanford Bennett">Sanford Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Berry_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Berry (author)">Mark Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bonomo_(strongman)" title="Joe Bonomo (strongman)">Joe Bonomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brosius" title="George Brosius">George Brosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Sr." title="Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr.">Drexel Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Bjelke_Petersen" title="Marie Bjelke Petersen">Marie Bjelke Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blaikie" title="William Blaikie">William Blaikie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bragg" title="Paul Bragg">Paul Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Calvert" title="Alan Calvert">Alan Calvert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Checkley" title="Edwin Checkley">Edwin Checkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Ward_Crampton" title="C. Ward Crampton">C. Ward Crampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Delinger" title="Jack Delinger">Jack Delinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Durlacher" title="Ludwig Durlacher">Ludwig Durlacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eiferman" title="George Eiferman">George Eiferman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrica_Le_Favre" title="Carrica Le Favre">Carrica Le Favre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keene_Fitzpatrick" title="Keene Fitzpatrick">Keene Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Forest" title="Mark Forest">Mark Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Fury" title="Ed Fury">Ed Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Gagnon" title="John B. Gagnon">John B. Gagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Gironda" title="Vince Gironda">Vince Gironda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Greenstein" title="Joe Greenstein">Joe Greenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grimek" title="John Grimek">John Grimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_Hastings" title="Milo Hastings">Milo Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hilligenn" title="Roy Hilligenn">Roy Hilligenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hoffman_(sports_promoter)" title="Bob Hoffman (sports promoter)">Bob Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Jowett" title="George F. Jowett">George F. Jowett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Kellerman" title="Annette Kellerman">Annette Kellerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegmund_Klein" title="Siegmund Klein">Siegmund Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_LaLanne" title="Jack LaLanne">Jack LaLanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._R._C._Latson" title="W. R. C. Latson">W. R. C. Latson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian_Lewis" title="Diocletian Lewis">Diocletian Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilman_Low" title="Gilman Low">Gilman Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lurie" title="Dan Lurie">Dan Lurie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bernarr Macfadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artie_McGovern" title="Artie McGovern">Artie McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Muldoon" title="William Muldoon">William Muldoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Parcaut" title="Ralph Parcaut">Ralph Parcaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kid_Parker" title="Kid Parker">Kid Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Paschall" title="Harry Paschall">Harry Paschall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Pearl" title="Bill Pearl">Bill Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Reeves" title="Steve Reeves">Steve Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Robert" title="Leo Robert">Leo Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rollino" title="Joe Rollino">Joe Rollino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Sansone" title="Tony Sansone">Tony Sansone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Allen_Sargent" title="Dudley Allen Sargent">Dudley Allen Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Scott_(bodybuilder)" title="Larry Scott (bodybuilder)">Larry Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg" title="Amos Alonzo Stagg">Amos Alonzo Stagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Stebbins" title="Genevieve Stebbins">Genevieve Stebbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_P._Swoboda" title="Alois P. Swoboda">Alois P. Swoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Tanny" title="Armand Tanny">Armand Tanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vic_Tanny" title="Vic Tanny">Vic Tanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Terpak" title="John Terpak">John Terpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Lincoln_Travis" title="Warren Lincoln Travis">Warren Lincoln Travis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Treloar" title="Al Treloar">Al Treloar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turners" title="Turners">Turners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_physical_culture_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional physical culture of India">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodybuilding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manohar_Aich" title="Manohar Aich">Manohar Aich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Balsekar" title="Ramesh Balsekar">Ramesh Balsekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gama" title="The Great Gama">The Great Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh" title="Bishnu Charan Ghosh">B. C. Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_Charan_Guha" title="Ambika Charan Guha">Ambika Charan Guha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Charan_Guho" title="Jatindra Charan Guho">Jatindra Charan Guho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hanuman" title="Guru Hanuman">Guru Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Iyer" title="K. V. Iyer">K. V. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodi_Rammurthy_Naidu" title="Kodi Rammurthy Naidu">Kodi Rammurthy Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandgi_Ram" title="Chandgi Ram">Chandgi Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotosh_Roy" title="Monotosh Roy">Monotosh Roy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yogic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnamacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnamacharya">Krishnamacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvalayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuvalayananda">Kuvalayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seetharaman_Sundaram" title="Seetharaman Sundaram">Seetharaman Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Shri Yogendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malladihalli_Raghavendra" title="Malladihalli Raghavendra">Tiruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawanrao_Shriniwasrao_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi">Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Systems" title="Battle of the Systems">Battle of the Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_culture" title="Fitness culture">Fitness culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muscular_religion" title="Category:Muscular religion">Muscular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Natural hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilates" title="Pilates">Pilates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_culture" title="Category:Physical culture">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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