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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Forms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extraterrestrial_Organic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraterrestrial_Organic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Extraterrestrial Organic compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraterrestrial_Organic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_Mars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Mars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>On Mars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Mars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Ceres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Ceres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>On Ceres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Ceres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Enceladus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Enceladus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>On Enceladus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Enceladus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Comet_67P" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Comet_67P"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>On Comet 67P</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Comet_67P-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inorganic_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inorganic_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Inorganic materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inorganic_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rare_inorganics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rare_inorganics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Rare inorganics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rare_inorganics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carbon_Ices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_Ices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>Carbon Ices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_Ices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Landforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_of_giant_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_of_giant_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Surface of giant planets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_of_giant_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Where the material of a planetary mass's outer crust contacts its atmosphere or outer space</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/220px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/330px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/440px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3912" data-file-height="3936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> astronaut <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> walking on the <a href="/wiki/Selenography" title="Selenography">surface</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, which consists of <a href="/wiki/Lunar_regolith" title="Lunar regolith">lunar regolith</a> (photographed by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, July 1969).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSIRIS-REX_SamCam_TAGSAM_Event_2020-10-20_small.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/OSIRIS-REX_SamCam_TAGSAM_Event_2020-10-20_small.gif/220px-OSIRIS-REX_SamCam_TAGSAM_Event_2020-10-20_small.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/OSIRIS-REX_SamCam_TAGSAM_Event_2020-10-20_small.gif/330px-OSIRIS-REX_SamCam_TAGSAM_Event_2020-10-20_small.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/OSIRIS-REX_SamCam_TAGSAM_Event_2020-10-20_small.gif/440px-OSIRIS-REX_SamCam_TAGSAM_Event_2020-10-20_small.gif 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a> collecting a surface sample from asteroid <a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">101955 Bennu</a> in 2020<br />— <i>(<a href="/wiki/File:OSIRIS-REX_SamCam_TAGSAM_Event_2020-10-20.gif" title="File:OSIRIS-REX SamCam TAGSAM Event 2020-10-20.gif">Full-sized image</a>)</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>planetary surface</b> is where the solid or liquid material of certain types of <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical objects</a> contacts the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> or <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>. Planetary surfaces are found on solid objects of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_mass" title="Planetary mass">planetary mass</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planets</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimals</a> and many other <a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">small Solar System bodies</a> (SSSBs).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of planetary surfaces is a field of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">planetary geology</a> known as <b>surface geology</b>, but also a focus on a number of fields including <a href="/wiki/Planetary_cartography" title="Planetary cartography">planetary cartography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric sciences">atmospheric sciences</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>. <b>Land</b> (or <b>ground</b>) is the term given to non-liquid planetary surfaces. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Landing" title="Landing">landing</a></i> is used to describe the collision of an object with a planetary surface and is usually at a velocity in which the object can remain intact and remain attached. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Planetary_differentiation" title="Planetary differentiation">differentiated</a> bodies, the surface is where the crust meets the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundary_layer" title="Planetary boundary layer">planetary boundary layer</a>. Anything below this is regarded as being sub-surface or sub-marine. Most bodies more massive than <a href="/wiki/Super-Earth" title="Super-Earth">super-Earths</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a>, as well as smaller <a href="/wiki/Gas_dwarf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas dwarf">gas dwarfs</a>, transition contiguously between phases, including gas, liquid, and solid. As such, they are generally regarded as lacking surfaces. </p><p>Planetary surfaces and surface life are of particular interest to <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> as it is the primary <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> of the species, which has <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_locomotion" title="Terrestrial locomotion">to move over land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathe</a> <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>. Human <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">space colonization</a> therefore focuses heavily on them. Humans have only directly explored the surface of Earth and the Moon. The vast distances and complexities of space makes direct exploration of even <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">near-Earth objects</a> dangerous and expensive. As such, all other exploration has been indirect via <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a>. </p><p>Indirect observations by flyby or orbit currently provide insufficient information to confirm the composition and properties of planetary surfaces. Much of what is known is from the use of techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">astronomical spectroscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sample_return" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample return">sample return</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander spacecraft</a> have explored the surfaces of planets <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>. Mars is the only other planet to have had its surface explored by a mobile surface probe (rover). <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> is the only non-planetary object of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_mass" title="Planetary mass">planetary mass</a> to have been explored by lander. Landers have explored several smaller bodies including <a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/25143_Itokawa" title="25143 Itokawa">25143 Itokawa</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a> (2014), <a href="/wiki/162173_Ryugu" title="162173 Ryugu">162173 Ryugu</a> (2018) and <a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">101955 Bennu</a> (2020). Surface samples have been collected from the Moon (returned 1969), 25143 Itokawa (returned 2010), 162173 Ryugu and 101955 Bennu. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_conditions">Distribution and conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution and conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Planetary surfaces are found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, from the inner <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planets</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>, the natural satellites of the <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a> and beyond to the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a>. Surface conditions, temperatures and <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">terrain</a> vary significantly due to a number of factors including <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a> often generated by the surfaces itself. Measures of surface conditions include <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">surface gravity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planetary_equilibrium_temperature" title="Planetary equilibrium temperature">surface temperature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure#Surface_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">surface pressure</a>. Surface stability may be affected by erosion through <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">Aeolian processes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> activity. Some surfaces are dynamic while others remain unchanged for millions of years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration">Exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HSF_0163_0681410921_308ECM_N0110001HELI00000_000085J_Perseverance_Spotted_By_Ingenuity%27s_colour_camera_On_Its_11th_Flight.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/HSF_0163_0681410921_308ECM_N0110001HELI00000_000085J_Perseverance_Spotted_By_Ingenuity%27s_colour_camera_On_Its_11th_Flight.gif/330px-HSF_0163_0681410921_308ECM_N0110001HELI00000_000085J_Perseverance_Spotted_By_Ingenuity%27s_colour_camera_On_Its_11th_Flight.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/HSF_0163_0681410921_308ECM_N0110001HELI00000_000085J_Perseverance_Spotted_By_Ingenuity%27s_colour_camera_On_Its_11th_Flight.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>First self-propelled flying extraterrestrial probe <a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Ingenuity</a> on Mars, hovering over its serface and being watched by its parent rover <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a> rover.</figcaption></figure> <p>Distance, gravity, atmospheric conditions (extremely low or extremely high <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>) and unknown factors make exploration both costly and risky. This necessitates the space probes for early exploration of planetary surfaces. Many probes are stationary have a limited study range and generally survive on extraterrestrial surfaces for a short period, however mobile probes (rovers) have surveyed larger surface areas. <a href="/wiki/Sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample return mission">Sample return missions</a> allow scientist to study extraterrestrial surface materials on Earth without having to send a crewed mission, however is generally only feasible for objects with low gravity and atmosphere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Past_missions">Past missions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Past missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Planetary_surface" title="Special:EditPage/Planetary surface">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first extraterrestrial planetary surface to be explored was the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar surface">lunar surface</a> by <a href="/wiki/Luna_2" title="Luna 2">Luna 2</a> in 1959. The first and only human exploration of an extraterrestrial surface was the Moon, the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> included the first moonwalk on July 20, 1969, and successful return of extraterrestrial surface samples to Earth. <a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a> was the first landing of a probe on another planet on December 15, 1970. <a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a> "soft landed" and returned data from Mars on August 22, 1972, the first rover on Mars was <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> in 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> has been studying the surface of the red planet since 2004. <a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a> was the first to soft land on an asteroid – <a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a> in February 2001 while <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a> was the first to return samples from <a href="/wiki/25143_Itokawa" title="25143 Itokawa">25143 Itokawa</a> on 13 June 2010. <i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i> soft landed and returned data from <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> on January 14, 2005. </p><p>There have been many failed attempts, more recently <a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a>, a sample return mission aimed at exploring the surface of <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output 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img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 535px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 530px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foto_de_Venera_9.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Venera 9 returned the first view and this first clear image from the surface of another planet in 1975 (Venus).[4]"><img alt="Venera 9 returned the first view and this first clear image from the surface of another planet in 1975 (Venus).[5]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png/500px-Foto_de_Venera_9.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png/750px-Foto_de_Venera_9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png/1000px-Foto_de_Venera_9.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a> returned the first view and this first clear image from the surface of another planet in 1975 (<a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploration of Venus">Venus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The surfaces of Solar System objects, other than the four <a href="/wiki/Outer_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Solar System">Outer Solar System</a> giant planets, are mostly solid, with few having liquid surfaces. </p><p>In general <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planets</a> have either <a href="/wiki/Ice_planet" title="Ice planet">surfaces of ice</a>, or surface <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crusts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> or <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a>, with distinct <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">terrains</a>. Water ice predominates surfaces in the Solar System beyond the <a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">frost line</a> in the Outer Solar System, with a range of <a href="/wiki/Ice_planet" title="Ice planet">icy celestial bodies</a>. Rock and regolith is <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_solar_terrestrial_planets" title="Geology of solar terrestrial planets">common in the Inner Solar System</a> until Mars. </p><p>The only Solar System object having a mostly liquid surface is Earth, with its global <a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean surface">ocean surface</a> comprising 70.8 % of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's surface">Earth's surface</a>, filling its <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">oceanic basins</a> and covering Earth's <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a>, making Earth an <a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">ocean world</a>. The remaining part of its surface consists of rocky or organic carbon and silicon rich <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_lakes_on_titan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Liquid_lakes_on_titan.jpg/220px-Liquid_lakes_on_titan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Liquid_lakes_on_titan.jpg/330px-Liquid_lakes_on_titan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Liquid_lakes_on_titan.jpg/440px-Liquid_lakes_on_titan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Perspective radar view of Titan's <a href="/wiki/Bolsena_Lacus" title="Bolsena Lacus">Bolsena Lacus</a> (lower right) and other northern hemisphere hydrocarbon lakes</figcaption></figure> <p>Liquid water as surface, beside on Earth, has only been found, as <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes</a>, as well as past occurrences, and suspected at the <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zones</a> of other <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planetary systems</a>. Surface liquid of any kind, has been found notably on <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, having large <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> lakes, some of which are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_lakes_and_seas_in_the_Solar_System" title="List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System">largest known lakes in the Solar System</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">Volcanism</a> can cause flows such as <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> on the surface of geologically active bodies (the largest being the <a href="/wiki/Amirani_(volcano)" title="Amirani (volcano)">Amirani (volcano)</a> flow on Io). Many of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rocks</a> are formed through processes rare elsewhere, such as the presence of volcanic magma and water. Surface mineral deposits such as <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> discovered on Mars by lunar rovers provide direct evidence of past stable <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">water on the surface of Mars</a>. </p><p>Apart from water, many other abundant surface materials are unique to Earth in the Solar System as they are not only <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> but have formed due to the presence of life – these include <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_hardgrounds" title="Carbonate hardgrounds">carbonate hardgrounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Artificial" class="extiw" title="wikt:Artificial">artificial</a> structures although the latter is present due to probe exploration (see also <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_extra-terrestrial_surfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artificial objects on extra-terrestrial surfaces">List of artificial objects on extra-terrestrial surfaces</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraterrestrial_Organic_compounds">Extraterrestrial Organic compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Extraterrestrial Organic compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Increasingly organic compounds are being found on objects throughout the Solar System. While unlikely to indicate the presence of extraterrestrial life, all known life is based on these compounds. Complex carbon molecules may form through various complex chemical interactions or delivered through impacts with small solar system objects and can combine to form the "building blocks" of <a href="/wiki/Carbon-based_life" title="Carbon-based life">Carbon-based life</a>. As organic compounds are often <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile</a>, their persistence as a solid or liquid on a planetary surface is of scientific interest as it would indicate an intrinsic source (such as from the object's interior) or residue from larger quantities of organic material preserved through special circumstances over geological timescales, or an extrinsic source (such as from past or recent collision with other objects).<sup id="cite_ref-EhrenfreundSpaans2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EhrenfreundSpaans2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radiation makes the detection of organic matter difficult, making its detection on atmosphereless objects closer to the Sun extremely difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Anders1989_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anders1989-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of likely occurrences include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholins</a> – many Trans Neptunian Objects including Pluto-Charon,<sup id="cite_ref-GrundyCruikshank2016_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrundyCruikshank2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titan,<sup id="cite_ref-McCordHansen2006_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCordHansen2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Triton,<sup id="cite_ref-Grundy_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grundy-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brown-AJ2005-635_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-AJ2005-635-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/90377_Sedna" class="mw-redirect" title="90377 Sedna">Sedna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 28978 Ixion,<sup id="cite_ref-Boehnhardt2004_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boehnhardt2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 90482 Orcus,<sup id="cite_ref-deBergh2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deBergh2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/24_Themis" title="24 Themis">24 Themis</a><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rivkin2010_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivkin2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrate" title="Methane clathrate">Methane clathrate</a> (CH<sub>4</sub>·5.75H<sub>2</sub>O) – <a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, 90482 Orcus, <a href="/wiki/Comet_67P" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet 67P">Comet 67P</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On_Mars">On Mars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: On Mars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Martian exploration including samples taken by on the ground rovers and spectroscopy from orbiting satellites have revealed the presence of a number of complex organic molecules, some of which could be biosignatures in the search for life. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiophene" title="Thiophene">Thiophene</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>S</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-Voosen2018_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voosen2018-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polythiophene" title="Polythiophene">Polythiophene</a> (polymer of <span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>S</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-MukbanianiAneli2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MukbanianiAneli2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>SH</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-EigenbrodeSummons2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EigenbrodeSummons2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide" title="Dimethyl sulfide">Dimethyl sulfide</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>S</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-EigenbrodeSummons2018_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EigenbrodeSummons2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On_Ceres">On Ceres</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: On Ceres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_bicarbonate" title="Ammonium bicarbonate">Ammonium bicarbonate</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>HCO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilsonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilsonite">Gilsonite</a><sup id="cite_ref-De_SanctisAmmannito2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_SanctisAmmannito2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On_Enceladus">On Enceladus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: On Enceladus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a>/Ethylamine<sup id="cite_ref-KhawajaPostberg2019_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KhawajaPostberg2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl">CH<sub>3</sub></a> <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">NH<sub>2</sub></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a><sup id="cite_ref-KhawajaPostberg2019_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KhawajaPostberg2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl">CH<sub>3</sub></a> <a href="/wiki/Formyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Formyl">CHO</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On_Comet_67P">On Comet 67P</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: On Comet 67P"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The space probe <a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae (spacecraft)</a> discovered the following organic compounds on the surface of Comet 67P:.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo20150730_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo20150730-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esa20150730_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20150730-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20150731_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20150731-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>CONH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a> (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>NCO</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>CHO</span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inorganic_materials">Inorganic materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Inorganic materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titan_dunes_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Titan_dunes_crop.png/170px-Titan_dunes_crop.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Titan_dunes_crop.png/255px-Titan_dunes_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Titan_dunes_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Sand dunes in the <a href="/wiki/Namib_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Namib Desert">Namib Desert</a> on Earth (top), compared with dunes in Belet on Titan</figcaption></figure> <p>The following is a non-exhaustive list of surface materials that occur on more than one planetary surface along with their locations in order of distance from the Sun. Some have been detected by spectroscopy or direct imaging from orbit or flyby. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>) – Mercury (polar); Earth-Moon system;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mars (polar); <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some asteroids such as <a href="/wiki/24_Themis" title="24 Themis">24 Themis</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jupiter moons – <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-waterworld_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waterworld-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>; <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>,;<sup id="cite_ref-EncycSolSys-Triton_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycSolSys-Triton-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saturn moons – Titan and <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (moon)">Enceladus</a>; Uranus moons – <a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> objects including <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>-<a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a> system, <a href="/wiki/Haumea_(dwarf_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haumea (dwarf planet)">Haumea</a>, <a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">28978 Ixion</a>, <a href="/wiki/90482_Orcus" class="mw-redirect" title="90482 Orcus">90482 Orcus</a>, <a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">50000 Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">Silicate</a> rock – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, asteroids, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>, Moon, Triton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">Regolith</a> – Mercury;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venus,<sup id="cite_ref-ScottPain2009_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottPain2009-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earth-Moon system; Mars (and its moons <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a>); asteroids (including <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pieters2012_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pieters2012-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); Titan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_nitrogen" title="Solid nitrogen">Nitrogen ice</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">N</span>) – <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>–Charon,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> objects, <a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">Sulphur</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">S</span>) – Mercury; Earth; Mars; Jupiter moons – Io and Europa</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rare_inorganics">Rare inorganics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rare inorganics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">Salts</a> – Earth, Mars, Ceres, Europa and Jupiter Trojans,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enceladus<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_mineral" title="Clay mineral">Clays</a> – Earth; Mars;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asteroids including Ceres<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-NapierWickramasinghe2007_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NapierWickramasinghe2007-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europa<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a> – Earth, Mars, Titan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">Calcium carbonate</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">CaCO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>) – Earth, Mars<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark2007_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark2007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">Sodium carbonate</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>) – Earth, Ceres<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20160629_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20160629-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewin_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewin-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-De_Sanctis_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Sanctis-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Carbon_Ices">Carbon Ices</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Carbon Ices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">Dry ice</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>) – Mars (polar);<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ariel;<sup id="cite_ref-Grundy_Young_et_al._2006_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grundy_Young_et_al._2006-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Umbriel;<sup id="cite_ref-Grundy_Young_et_al._2006_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grundy_Young_et_al._2006-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titania;<sup id="cite_ref-Grundy_Young_et_al._2006_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grundy_Young_et_al._2006-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ganymede;<sup id="cite_ref-JonesKaiser2014_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesKaiser2014-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Callisto<sup id="cite_ref-JonesKaiser2014_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesKaiser2014-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a> ice (<span class="chemf nowrap">CO</span>) - Triton<sup id="cite_ref-Lellouchde_Bergh2010_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lellouchde_Bergh2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landforms">Landforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Landforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NH-Pluto-SputnikPlanum-HillaryMontes-NorgayMontes-20150714.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/NH-Pluto-SputnikPlanum-HillaryMontes-NorgayMontes-20150714.jpg/220px-NH-Pluto-SputnikPlanum-HillaryMontes-NorgayMontes-20150714.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/NH-Pluto-SputnikPlanum-HillaryMontes-NorgayMontes-20150714.jpg/330px-NH-Pluto-SputnikPlanum-HillaryMontes-NorgayMontes-20150714.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/NH-Pluto-SputnikPlanum-HillaryMontes-NorgayMontes-20150714.jpg/440px-NH-Pluto-SputnikPlanum-HillaryMontes-NorgayMontes-20150714.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Pluto's <a href="/wiki/Tombaugh_Regio" title="Tombaugh Regio">Tombaugh Regio</a> (photographed by <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> flyby on July 14, 2015) appears to exhibit geomorphological features previously thought to be unique to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150724-lg_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150724-lg-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Common rigid surface features include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">Impact craters</a> (though rarer on bodies with thick atmospheres, the largest being <a href="/wiki/Hellas_Planitia" title="Hellas Planitia">Hellas Planitia</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_dune_fields" title="List of extraterrestrial dune fields">Dunes</a> as found on Venus, Earth, Mars and Titan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_volcanoes" title="List of extraterrestrial volcanoes">volcanoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryovolcanoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryovolcanoes">cryovolcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rille" title="Rille">Rilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_mountains_in_the_Solar_System" title="List of tallest mountains in the Solar System">Mountains</a> (the highest being <a href="/wiki/Rheasilvia" title="Rheasilvia">Rheasilvia</a> on <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">Escarpments</a></li> <li>Canyons and <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleys</a> (the largest being <a href="/wiki/Valles_Marineris" title="Valles Marineris">Valles Marineris</a> on Mars)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_tube" title="Lava tube">Lava tubes</a>, found on Venus, Earth, The Moon and Mars</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surface_of_giant_planets">Surface of giant planets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Surface of giant planets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Normally, <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a> are considered to not have a surface, although they might have a solid core of rock or various types of ice, or a liquid core of <a href="/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen" title="Metallic hydrogen">metallic hydrogen</a>. However, the core, if it exists, does not include enough of the planet's mass to be actually considered a surface. Some scientists consider the point at which the atmospheric pressure is equal to 1 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a>, equivalent to the atmospheric pressure at Earth's surface, to be the surface of the planet,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.universetoday.com/22719/surface-of-jupiter/">[1]</a> if the planet has no clear rigid terrain. Therefore the location of the surface of terrestrial planets do not depend on an atmospheric pressure of 1 Bar, even if for example <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Venus has a thick atmosphere</a> with pressures at Venus's surface increasing well above Earth's atmospheric pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary habitability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lunar_habitation" title="Lunar habitation">Lunar habitation</a></div> <p>Planetary surfaces are investigated for the presence of past or present <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Some planetary surfaces of the Solar System and their compositions</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Viking_21i093.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The dry, rocky and icy surface of planet Mars (photographed by Viking Lander 2, May 1979) is composed of iron-oxide rich regolith"><img alt="The dry, rocky and icy surface of planet Mars (photographed by Viking Lander 2, May 1979) is composed of iron-oxide rich regolith" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_Viking_21i093.png/160px-Mars_Viking_21i093.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_Viking_21i093.png/240px-Mars_Viking_21i093.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_Viking_21i093.png/320px-Mars_Viking_21i093.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The dry, rocky and icy surface of planet Mars (photographed by <a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking Lander 2</a>, May 1979) is composed of iron-oxide rich regolith</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huygens_surface_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pebbled plains of Saturn's moon Titan (photographed by Huygens probe, January 14, 2005) composed of heavily compressed states of water ice. This is the only ground-based photograph of an outer Solar System planetary surface"><img alt="Pebbled plains of Saturn's moon Titan (photographed by Huygens probe, January 14, 2005) composed of heavily compressed states of water ice. This is the only ground-based photograph of an outer Solar System planetary surface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Huygens_surface_color.jpg/85px-Huygens_surface_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Huygens_surface_color.jpg/128px-Huygens_surface_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Huygens_surface_color.jpg/170px-Huygens_surface_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pebbled plains of Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> (photographed by <a href="/wiki/Huygens_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Huygens probe">Huygens probe</a>, January 14, 2005) composed of heavily compressed states of water ice. This is the only ground-based photograph of an outer Solar System planetary surface</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA02138.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surface of comet Tempel 1 (photographed by the Deep Impact probe), consists of a fine powder of contains water and carbon dioxide rich clays, carbonates, sodium, and crystalline silicates."><img alt="Shiny silver coin with profile of Washington bust." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/PIA02138.jpg/160px-PIA02138.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/PIA02138.jpg/240px-PIA02138.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/PIA02138.jpg 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="241" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Surface of comet <a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a> (photographed by the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> probe), consists of a fine powder of contains water and carbon dioxide rich clays, carbonates, sodium, and crystalline silicates.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">Extraterrestrial atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsurface ocean">Subsurface ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary radius">Planetary radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_geoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary geoid">Planetary geoid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_surface&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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