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</a> <ul id="toc-1740s_to_1800-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1800_to_1867" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1800_to_1867"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1800 to 1867</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1800_to_1867-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Colonies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Colonies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Colonies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alaska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alaska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Alaska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alaska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missionary_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missionary_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Missionary activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missionary_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purchase_of_Alaska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purchase_of_Alaska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Purchase of Alaska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purchase_of_Alaska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_settlements_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_settlements_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Russian settlements in North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_settlements_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Natives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الاستعمار الروسي للأمريكيتين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاستعمار الروسي للأمريكيتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%A1_kolonizace_Ameriky" title="Ruská kolonizace Ameriky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruská kolonizace Ameriky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Ρωσικός αποικισμός της Αμερικής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωσικός αποικισμός της Αμερικής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizaci%C3%B3n_rusa_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Colonización rusa de América – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colonización rusa de América" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia_koloniigo_de_Ameriko" title="Rusia koloniigo de Ameriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rusia koloniigo de Ameriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_russe_de_l%27Am%C3%A9rique" title="Colonisation russe de l'Amérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonisation russe de l'Amérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisasi_Amerika_oleh_Rusia" title="Kolonisasi Amerika oleh Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolonisasi Amerika oleh Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizzazione_russa_dell%27America" title="Colonizzazione russa dell'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colonizzazione russa dell'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="വടക്കേ അമേരിക്കയിലെ റഷ്യൻ കോളനിവൽക്കരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വടക്കേ അമേരിക്കയിലെ റഷ്യൻ കോളനിവൽക്കരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96" title="ロシアによるアメリカ大陸の植民地化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシアによるアメリカ大陸の植民地化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosyjska_kolonizacja_Ameryki_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocnej" title="Rosyjska kolonizacja Ameryki Północnej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rosyjska kolonizacja Ameryki Północnej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_russa_da_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Colonização russa da América – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colonização russa da América" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizarea_rus%C4%83_a_Americii" title="Colonizarea rusă a Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Colonizarea rusă a Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Русская колонизация Америки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русская колонизация Америки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryska_koloniseringen_av_Amerika" title="Ryska koloniseringen av Amerika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryska koloniseringen av Amerika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika%27n%C4%B1n_Ruslar_taraf%C4%B1ndan_s%C3%B6m%C3%BCrgele%C5%9Ftirilmesi" title="Amerika'nın Ruslar tarafından sömürgeleştirilmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika'nın Ruslar tarafından sömürgeleştirilmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%B1%9E%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E" title="俄属北美 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄属北美" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Russian America<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Русская Америка</span></span><br /><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Russkaya Amerika</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1741–1867</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Russian-American_Company,_1806_Replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Russian America"><img alt="Flag of Russian America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Russian-American_Company%2C_1806_Replica.jpg/125px-Flag_of_the_Russian-American_Company%2C_1806_Replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Russian-American_Company%2C_1806_Replica.jpg/188px-Flag_of_the_Russian-American_Company%2C_1806_Replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Russian-American_Company%2C_1806_Replica.jpg/250px-Flag_of_the_Russian-American_Company%2C_1806_Replica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3980" data-file-height="2388" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Alaska" title="Flag of Alaska">Flag (1806–1867)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire_in_Russian_America.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Russian America"><img alt="Coat of arms of Russian America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire_in_Russian_America.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire_in_Russian_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire_in_Russian_America.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire_in_Russian_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire_in_Russian_America.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire_in_Russian_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia#1721–1917:_Russian_Empire" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></span></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_America_Settlements_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Russian_America_Settlements_Map.png/220px-Russian_America_Settlements_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Russian_America_Settlements_Map.png/330px-Russian_America_Settlements_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Russian_America_Settlements_Map.png/440px-Russian_America_Settlements_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="619" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Russian_Creoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Creoles">Russian Creole</a> settlements</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russian_America,_1835.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Map_of_Russian_America%2C_1835.gif/220px-Map_of_Russian_America%2C_1835.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Map_of_Russian_America%2C_1835.gif/330px-Map_of_Russian_America%2C_1835.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Map_of_Russian_America%2C_1835.gif/440px-Map_of_Russian_America%2C_1835.gif 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1528" /></a></span><br />Russian possessions in North America (1835)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Regional_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional anthem">Anthem</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">"<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Tsar!" title="God Save the Tsar!"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Боже, Царя храни!</span></span></a>"<br /><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Bozhe Tsarya khrani!</i></span> (1833–1867)<br />("God Save the Tsar!")<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="117" data-mwtitle="Bozhe,_tsarya_khrani!.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Bozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Bozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg/Bozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=fi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fi" label="suomi ‪(fi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska" title="Kodiak, Alaska">Kodiak</a> (1799–1804)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Novo-Arkhangelsk</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Creole_people" title="Alaskan Creole people">Alaskan Creole</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> • Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&params=57_03_N_135_19_W_type:country_source:kolossus-eswiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">57°03′N</span> <span class="longitude">135°19′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">57.050°N 135.317°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">57.050; -135.317</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company#Chief_managers" title="Russian-American Company">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1799–1818 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andreyevich_Baranov" title="Alexander Andreyevich Baranov">Alexander Baranov</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1863–1867 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Petrovich_Maksutov" title="Dmitry Petrovich Maksutov">Dmitry Maksutov</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 July 1741</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 October 1867</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives"><span class="nowrap">Alaska Natives</span></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska"><span class="nowrap">Department of Alaska</span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 18em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: gold;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">History of Alaska</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/135px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/203px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/270px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Alaska" title="Prehistory of Alaska">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian America</a> (1733–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Department of Alaska</a> (1867–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">District of Alaska</a> (1884–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory of Alaska</a> (1912–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska#Statehood" title="Alaska">State of Alaska</a> (1959–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Alaska" title="Category:History of Alaska">Other topics</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alaska_History_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Alaska History sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alaska_History_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Alaska History sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alaska_History_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alaska History sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From 1732 to 1867, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> laid claim to northern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Coast">Pacific Coast</a> territories in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. Russian colonial possessions in the Americas were collectively known as <b>Russian America</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Русская Америка</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Russkaya Amerika</i></span>; 1799 to 1867). It consisted mostly of present-day <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, but also included the outpost of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ross,_California" title="Fort Ross, California">Fort Ross</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russian_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Creole">Russian Creole</a> settlements were concentrated in Alaska, including the capital, <a href="/wiki/New_Archangel" class="mw-redirect" title="New Archangel">New Archangel</a> (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Novo-<a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></i></span>), which is now <a href="/wiki/Sitka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitka">Sitka</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russian expansion eastward</a> began in 1552, and in 1639 Russian explorers reached the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. In 1725, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> ordered navigator <a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Vitus Bering</a> to explore the North Pacific for potential colonization. The Russians were primarily interested in the abundance of fur-bearing mammals on Alaska's coast, as stocks had been depleted by <a href="/wiki/Siberian_fur_trade" title="Siberian fur trade">overhunting in Siberia</a>. Bering's <a href="/wiki/First_Kamchatka_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="First Kamchatka expedition">first voyage</a> was foiled by thick fog and ice, but in 1741 a <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">second voyage</a> by Bering and <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Aleksei Chirikov</a> made sight of the North American mainland. Bering claimed the Alaskan country for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-charlespwohlforth_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charlespwohlforth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia later confirmed its rule over the territory with the <a href="/wiki/Ukase_of_1799" title="Ukase of 1799"><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Ukase</i></span> of 1799</a> which established the southern border of Russian America along the <a href="/wiki/55th_parallel_north" title="55th parallel north">55th parallel north</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ukase_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukase-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decree also provided monopolistic privileges to the state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> in Alaska. </p><p>Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Promyshlenniki" title="Promyshlenniki">promyshlenniki</a></i></span> (trappers and hunters) quickly developed the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_fur_trade" title="Maritime fur trade">maritime fur trade</a>, which instigated several conflicts between the <a href="/wiki/Aleut_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut people">Aleuts</a> and Russians in the 1760s. The fur trade proved to be a lucrative enterprise, capturing the attention of other European nations. In response to potential competitors, the Russians extended their claims eastward from the <a href="/wiki/Commander_Islands" title="Commander Islands">Commander Islands</a> to the shores of Alaska. In 1784, with encouragement from Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, explorer <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Shelekhov" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigory Shelekhov">Grigory Shelekhov</a> founded Russia's first permanent settlement in Alaska at <a href="/wiki/Three_Saints_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Saints Bay">Three Saints Bay</a>. Ten years later, the first group of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a> missionaries began to arrive, evangelizing thousands of Native Americans, many of whose descendants continue to maintain the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1780s, trade relations had opened with the <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlingit people">Tlingits</a>, and in 1799 the <a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a> (RAC) was formed in order to monopolize the fur trade, also serving as an imperialist vehicle for the <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a>. </p><p>Angered by encroachment on their land and other grievances, the indigenous peoples' relations with the Russians deteriorated. In 1802, Tlingit warriors destroyed several Russian settlements, most notably <a href="/wiki/Old_Sitka_Site" title="Old Sitka Site">Redoubt Saint Michael</a> (Old Sitka), leaving <a href="/wiki/New_Russia_(trading_post)" title="New Russia (trading post)">New Russia</a> as the only remaining outpost on mainland Alaska. This failed to expel the Russians, who re-established their presence two years later following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sitka" title="Battle of Sitka">Battle of Sitka</a>. (Peace negotiations between the Russians and Native Americans would later establish a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi" title="Modus vivendi">modus vivendi</a></i></span>, a situation that, with few interruptions, lasted for the duration of Russian presence in Alaska.) In 1808, Redoubt Saint Michael was rebuilt as <a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">New Archangel</a> and became the capital of Russian America after the previous colonial headquarters were moved from <a href="/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska" title="Kodiak, Alaska">Kodiak</a>. A year later, the RAC began expanding its operations to more abundant <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otter</a> grounds in <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Ross">Fort Ross</a> was built in 1812. </p><p>By the middle of the 19th century, profits from Russia's North American colonies were in steep decline. Competition with the British <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> had brought the sea otter to near extinction, while the population of bears, wolves, and foxes on land was also nearing depletion. Faced with the reality of periodic Native American revolts, the political ramifications of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, and unable to fully colonize the Americas to their satisfaction, the Russians concluded that their North American colonies were too expensive to retain. Eager to release themselves of the burden, the Russians sold Fort Ross in 1841, and in 1867, after less than a month of negotiations, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> accepted Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a>'s offer to sell Alaska. The <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a> for $7.2 million (equivalent to $157 million in 2023) ended Imperial Russia's colonial presence in the Americas. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration">Exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Russian_discoveries_in_northwestern_America_(18th_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of northwesterna America, East Asia and the northern Pacific. The coast of northwestern America is only very roughly outlined." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_of_the_Russian_discoveries_in_northwestern_America_%2818th_century%29.jpg/220px-Map_of_the_Russian_discoveries_in_northwestern_America_%2818th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_of_the_Russian_discoveries_in_northwestern_America_%2818th_century%29.jpg/330px-Map_of_the_Russian_discoveries_in_northwestern_America_%2818th_century%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_of_the_Russian_discoveries_in_northwestern_America_%2818th_century%29.jpg/440px-Map_of_the_Russian_discoveries_in_northwestern_America_%2818th_century%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7742" data-file-height="5543" /></a><figcaption>A 1773 map of northwestern America based on reports from Russian explorers.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest written accounts indicate that the Eurasian Russians were the first Europeans to reach Alaska. There is an unofficial assumption that Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> navigators reached the coast of Alaska long before the 18th century. </p><p>In 1648, <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Semyon Dezhnev</a> sailed from the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Kolyma_(river)" title="Kolyma (river)">Kolyma River</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> and around the eastern tip of Asia to the <a href="/wiki/Anadyr_(river)" title="Anadyr (river)">Anadyr River</a>. One legend holds that some of his boats were carried off course and reached Alaska. However, no evidence of settlement survives. Dezhnev's discovery was never forwarded to the central government, leaving open the question of whether or not <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> was connected to North America.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first sighting of the Alaskan coastline was in 1732; this sighting was made by the Russian maritime explorer and navigator <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fedorov_(navigator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Fedorov (navigator)">Ivan Fedorov</a> from sea near present-day <a href="/wiki/Cape_Prince_of_Wales" title="Cape Prince of Wales">Cape Prince of Wales</a> on the eastern boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a> opposite Russian <a href="/wiki/Cape_Dezhnev" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Dezhnev">Cape Dezhnev</a>. He did not land. </p><p>The first landfall happened in southern <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> in 1741 during the Russian exploration by <a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Vitus Bering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Aleksei Chirikov</a>. In the early 1720s, Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> called for another expedition. As a part of the 1733–1743 <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Second Kamchatka expedition</a>, the <i>Sv. Petr</i> under the Danish-born Russian <a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Vitus Bering</a> and the <i>Sv. Pavel</i> under the Russian <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Alexei Chirikov</a> set sail from the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatkan</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky" title="Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky">Petropavlovsk</a> in June 1741. They were soon separated, but each continued sailing east.<sup id="cite_ref-Black2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 15, Chirikov sighted land, probably the west side of <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Alaska)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Alaska)">Prince of Wales Island</a> in southeast Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sent a group of men ashore in a longboat, making them the first Europeans to land on the northwestern coast of North America. On roughly July 16, Bering and the crew of <i>Sv. Petr</i> sighted <a href="/wiki/Mount_Saint_Elias" title="Mount Saint Elias">Mount Saint Elias</a> on the Alaskan mainland; they turned westward toward Russia soon afterward. Meanwhile, Chirikov and the <i>Sv. Pavel</i> headed back to Russia in October with news of the land they had found. In November, Bering's ship was wrecked on <a href="/wiki/Bering_Island" title="Bering Island">Bering Island</a>. There Bering fell ill and died, and high winds dashed the <i>Sv. Petr</i> to pieces. After the stranded crew wintered on the island, the survivors built a boat from the wreckage and set sail for Russia in August 1742. Bering's crew reached the shore of Kamchatka in 1742, carrying word of the expedition. The high quality of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otter</a> pelts they brought sparked Russian settlement in Alaska. </p><p>Due to the distance from central authority in St. Petersburg, and combined with the difficult geography and lack of adequate resources, the next state-sponsored expedition would wait more than two decades until 1766, when captains Pyotr Krenitsyn and Mikhail Levashov embarked for the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>, eventually reaching their destination after initially been wrecked on <a href="/wiki/Bering_Island" title="Bering Island">Bering Island</a>. Between 1774 and 1800 <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Spain</a> also led <a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">several expeditions to Alaska</a> in order to assert its claim over the Pacific Northwest. These claims were later abandoned at the turn of the 19th century following the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Crisis</a>. Count <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Rumyantsev" title="Nikolay Rumyantsev">Nikolay Rumyantsev</a> funded <a href="/wiki/First_Russian_circumnavigation" title="First Russian circumnavigation">Russia's first naval circumnavigation</a> under the joint command of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Johann_von_Krusenstern" title="Adam Johann von Krusenstern">Adam Johann von Krusenstern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rezanov" title="Nikolai Rezanov">Nikolai Rezanov</a> in 1803–1806, and was instrumental in the outfitting of the voyage of the <i>Riurik</i>'s circumnavigation of 1814–1816, which provided substantial scientific information on Alaska's and California's flora and fauna, and important ethnographic information on Alaskan and Californian (among other) natives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trading_company">Trading company</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Trading company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a></div> <p>Imperial Russia was unique among European empires for having no state sponsorship of foreign expeditions or territorial (conquest) settlement. The first state-protected <a href="/wiki/Trading_company" title="Trading company">trading company</a> for sponsoring such activities in the Americas was the <a href="/wiki/Shelikhov-Golikov_Company" title="Shelikhov-Golikov Company">Shelikhov-Golikov Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Shelikhov" title="Grigory Shelikhov">Grigory Shelikhov</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Larionovich_Golikov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Larionovich Golikov (page does not exist)">Ivan Larionovich Golikov</a>. A number of other companies were operating in <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a> during the 1780s. Shelikhov petitioned the government for exclusive control, but in 1788 <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II</a> decided to grant his company a monopoly only over the area it had already occupied. Other traders were free to compete elsewhere. Catherine's decision was issued as the imperial <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ukase" title="Ukase">ukase</a></i></span> (proclamation) of September 28, 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shelikhov-Golikov Company formed the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a> (RAC). Its charter was laid out in a 1799, by the new <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Russia">Paul I</a>, which granted the company monopolistic control over trade in the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> and the North America mainland, south to <a href="/wiki/55th_parallel_north" title="55th parallel north">55° north latitude</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Black2004_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 102">: 102 </span></sup> The RAC was Russia's first <a href="/wiki/Joint_stock_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint stock company">joint stock company</a>, and came under the direct authority of the Ministry of Commerce of Imperial Russia. Siberian merchants based in <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a> were initial major stockholders, but soon replaced by Russia's nobility and aristocracy based in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>. The company constructed settlements in what is today Alaska, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nhlsum_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian_colonization">Russian colonization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Russian colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1740s_to_1800">1740s to 1800</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1740s to 1800"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Promyshlenniki" title="Promyshlenniki">promyshlenniki</a></div> <p>Beginning in 1743, small associations of <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">fur-traders</a> began to sail from the shores of the Russian Pacific coast to the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Isto2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isto2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bering_Strait.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bering_Strait.jpeg/220px-Bering_Strait.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bering_Strait.jpeg/330px-Bering_Strait.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bering_Strait.jpeg/440px-Bering_Strait.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>, where Russia's east coast lies closest to Alaska's west coast. Early Russian colonization occurred well south of the strait, in the Aleutian Islands.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advancement_of_the_Promyshlenniki_to_the_East.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Advancement_of_the_Promyshlenniki_to_the_East.jpg/220px-Advancement_of_the_Promyshlenniki_to_the_East.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Advancement_of_the_Promyshlenniki_to_the_East.jpg/330px-Advancement_of_the_Promyshlenniki_to_the_East.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Advancement_of_the_Promyshlenniki_to_the_East.jpg/440px-Advancement_of_the_Promyshlenniki_to_the_East.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2266" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>Sibero-Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Promyshlenniki" title="Promyshlenniki">promyshlenniki</a></i></span> (hunter-trapper frontiersmen)</figcaption></figure> <p>Rather than hunting the marine life themselves, the Sibero-Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Promyshlenniki" title="Promyshlenniki">promyshlenniki</a></i></span> forced the <a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleuts</a> to do the work for them, often by taking hostage family members in exchange for hunted seal-furs.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pattern of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial exploitation</a> resembled some of the <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">promyshlenniki</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Siberian_fur_trade" title="Siberian fur trade">practices in their expansion</a> into <a href="/wiki/History_of_Siberia" title="History of Siberia">Siberia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As word spread of the potential riches in furs, competition among Russian companies increased and a large number of Aleuts were apparently <a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">enserfed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-alaskananthology_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alaskananthology-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter2015_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Russian-American_Company,_1806_Replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Russian-American_Company%2C_1806_Replica.jpg/110px-Flag_of_the_Russian-American_Company%2C_1806_Replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Russian-American_Company%2C_1806_Replica.jpg/165px-Flag_of_the_Russian-American_Company%2C_1806_Replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Russian-American_Company%2C_1806_Replica.jpg/220px-Flag_of_the_Russian-American_Company%2C_1806_Replica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3980" data-file-height="2388" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a> (1806–1881).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitka_Island_Chief_Katlian_With_His_Wife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sitka_Island_Chief_Katlian_With_His_Wife.jpg/220px-Sitka_Island_Chief_Katlian_With_His_Wife.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sitka_Island_Chief_Katlian_With_His_Wife.jpg/330px-Sitka_Island_Chief_Katlian_With_His_Wife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sitka_Island_Chief_Katlian_With_His_Wife.jpg/440px-Sitka_Island_Chief_Katlian_With_His_Wife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a> Chieftain of <a href="/wiki/Sitka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitka">Sitka</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As the animal populations declined, the Aleuts, already too dependent on the new <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter-economy</a> fostered by the Russian fur-trade, were increasingly coerced into taking greater and greater risks in the highly dangerous waters of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">North Pacific</a> to hunt for more otter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Shelikhov-Golikov_Company" title="Shelikhov-Golikov Company">Shelekhov-Golikov Company</a> of 1783–1799 developed a monopoly, its use of skirmishes and violent incidents turned into systematic violence as a tool of colonial exploitation of the indigenous people. When the Aleutian serfs revolted and won some victories, the <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">promyshlenniki</i></span> retaliated, killing many and destroying their boats and hunting gear, leaving them no means of survival.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The most devastating effects came from disease: during the first two generations (1741–1759 & 1781–1799) of Sibero-Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">promyshlenniki</i></span> contact, 80 percent of the Aleut population died from Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infectious diseases</a>; these were by then endemic among Eurasians, but the Aleuts had no <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a> against the diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the Alaskan <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> was never very profitable because of the costs of transportation, most Russian traders were determined to keep the land for themselves. In 1784, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Shelikhov" title="Grigory Shelikhov">Grigory Ivanovich Shelekhov</a>, who later set up the <a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that developed into the Alaskan colonial administration, arrived in <a href="/wiki/Three_Saints_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Saints Bay">Three Saints Bay</a> on <a href="/wiki/Kodiak_Island" title="Kodiak Island">Kodiak Island</a> with two ships, the <i>Three Saints</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Три Святителя</span>) and the <i>St. Simon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Koniag <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> harassed the Russian party and Shelekhov responded by killing hundreds and taking hostages to enforce the obedience of the rest. Having established his authority on Kodiak Island, Shelekhov founded the second permanent Russian settlement in Alaska (after <a href="/wiki/Unalaska,_Alaska" title="Unalaska, Alaska">Unalaska</a>, permanently settled since 1774) on the island's Three Saints Bay.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1790, Shelekhov, back in Russia, hired <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andreyevich_Baranov" title="Alexander Andreyevich Baranov">Alexander Andreyevich Baranov</a> to manage his Alaskan fur-enterprise. Baranov moved the colony to the northeast end of Kodiak Island, where <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">timber</a> was available. The site later developed as what is now the city of <a href="/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska" title="Kodiak, Alaska">Kodiak</a>. Russian colonists took Koniag wives and started families whose surnames continue today, such as Panamaroff, Petrikoff, and Kvasnikoff.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1795 Baranov, concerned by the sight of non-Russian Europeans trading with the natives in southeast Alaska, established Mikhailovsk six miles (9.7 km) north of present-day <a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Sitka</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He bought the land from the <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a>, but in 1802, while Baranov was away, Tlingit from a neighboring settlement attacked and destroyed Mikhailovsk. Baranov returned with a Russian warship and razed the Tlingit village. He built the settlement of New Archangel (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Ново-Архангельск</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Novo-Arkhangelsk</i></span>) on the ruins of Mikhailovsk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It became the capital of Russian America – and later the city of Sitka.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As Baranov secured the Russians' settlements in Alaska, the Shelekhov family continued to work among the top <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leaders</a> to win a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on Alaska's fur trade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1799 Shelekhov's son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rezanov" title="Nikolai Rezanov">Nikolay Petrovich Rezanov</a>, had acquired a monopoly on the American fur trade from Emperor <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a>. Rezanov formed the <a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a>. As part of the deal, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a> expected the company to establish new settlements in Alaska and to carry out an expanded colonization program.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1800_to_1867">1800 to 1867</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1800 to 1867"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Sitka_by_Louis_S_Glanzman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Battle_of_Sitka_by_Louis_S_Glanzman.jpg/290px-Battle_of_Sitka_by_Louis_S_Glanzman.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Battle_of_Sitka_by_Louis_S_Glanzman.jpg/435px-Battle_of_Sitka_by_Louis_S_Glanzman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Battle_of_Sitka_by_Louis_S_Glanzman.jpg/580px-Battle_of_Sitka_by_Louis_S_Glanzman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleutian</a> & <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> allied forces defeat the <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit tribe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sitka" title="Battle of Sitka">Battle of Sitka</a>, 1804.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1804, Baranov, now manager of the Russian–American Company, had consolidated the company's hold on fur trade activities in the Americas following his suppression of the Tlingit clan at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sitka" title="Battle of Sitka">Battle of Sitka</a>. The Russians never fully colonized Alaska. For the most part, they clung to the coast and shunned the interior.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tikhanov_-_Alexandr_Andreyevich_Baranov_(1818).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tikhanov_-_Alexandr_Andreyevich_Baranov_%281818%29.png/170px-Tikhanov_-_Alexandr_Andreyevich_Baranov_%281818%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tikhanov_-_Alexandr_Andreyevich_Baranov_%281818%29.png/255px-Tikhanov_-_Alexandr_Andreyevich_Baranov_%281818%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tikhanov_-_Alexandr_Andreyevich_Baranov_%281818%29.png/340px-Tikhanov_-_Alexandr_Andreyevich_Baranov_%281818%29.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andreyevich_Baranov" title="Alexander Andreyevich Baranov">Alexander Andreyevich Baranov</a>, called "Lord of Alaska" by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hector_Chevigny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hector Chevigny (page does not exist)">Hector Chevigny</a>, played an active role in the Russian–American Company and was the first governor of Russian America.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1812 to 1841, the Russians operated <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ross,_California" title="Fort Ross, California">Fort Ross, California</a>. From 1814 to 1817, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Fort_Elizabeth" title="Russian Fort Elizabeth">Russian Fort Elizabeth</a> was operating in the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Kingdom of Hawaii</a>. By the 1830s, the Russian monopoly on trade was weakening. The British <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> was leased the southern edge of Russian America in 1839 under the <a href="/wiki/RAC%E2%80%93HBC_Agreement" title="RAC–HBC Agreement">RAC-HBC Agreement</a>, establishing <a href="/wiki/Fort_Stikine" title="Fort Stikine">Fort Stikine</a> which began siphoning off trade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A company ship visited the Russian American outposts only every two or three years to give provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the limited stock of supplies, trading was incidental compared to trapping operations under the Aleutian laborers.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This left the Russian outposts dependent upon British and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> merchants for sorely needed food and materials; in such a situation Baranov knew that the RAC establishments "could not exist without trading with foreigners."<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ties with Americans were particularly advantageous since they could sell furs at <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, closed to the Russians at the time. The downside was that American hunters and <a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">trappers</a> encroached on territory Russians considered theirs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Starting with the destruction of the <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(1794)" title="Phoenix (1794)">Phoenix</a></i> in 1799, several RAC ships sank or were damaged in storms, leaving the RAC outposts with scant resources. On June 24, 1800, an American vessel sailed to Kodiak Island. Baranov negotiated the sale of over 12,000 rubles worth of goods carried on the ship, averting "imminent starvation."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his tenure Baranov traded over 2 million rubles worth of furs for American supplies, to the consternation of the board of directors.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1806 to 1818 Baranov shipped 15 million rubles worth of furs to Russia, only receiving under 3 million rubles in provisions, barely half of the expenses spent solely on the Saint Petersburg company office.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russo-American_Treaty_of_1824" title="Russo-American Treaty of 1824">Russo-American Treaty of 1824</a> recognized exclusive Russian rights to the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> north of latitude 54°40'N, with the American rights and claims restricted to below that line. This division was repeated in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1825)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1825)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg</a>, a parallel agreement with the British in 1825 (which also settled most of the border with <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>). However, the agreements soon went by the wayside, and with the retirement of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andreyevich_Baranov" title="Alexander Andreyevich Baranov">Alexandr Baranov</a> in 1818, the Russian hold on Alaska was further weakened. </p><p>When the Russian-American Company's <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> was renewed in 1821, it stipulated that the chief managers from then on be naval <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officers</a>. Most naval officers did not have any experience in the fur trade, so the company suffered. The second charter also tried to cut off all contact with <a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">foreigners</a>, especially the competitive Americans. This strategy backfired since the Russian colony had become used to relying on American supply ships, and the United States had become a valued customer for furs. Eventually the Russian–American Company entered into an agreement with the Hudson's Bay Company, which gave the British rights to sail through Russian territory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonies">Colonies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:19em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom: 0.45em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;font-size: 145%; padding: 0.15em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization<br />of the Americas</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.65em; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/125px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/188px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top: 0.40em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_wave_of_European_colonization" title="First wave of European colonization">First wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Basque colonization of the Americas">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Curonian colonization of the Americas">Curonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="German colonization of the Americas">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Hospitaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_and_the_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Italy and the colonization of the Americas">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Swedish colonies in the Americas">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Colonization of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonization of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">Decolonization</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Euromericas" title="Template:Euromericas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Euromericas" title="Template talk:Euromericas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Euromericas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Euromericas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first Russian <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> in Alaska was founded in 1784 by <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Shelikhov" title="Grigory Shelikhov">Grigory Shelikhov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Black2004_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 102">: 102 </span></sup> Subsequently, Russian explorers and settlers continued to establish trading posts in mainland Alaska, on the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alaska">Alaska</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alaska"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a> was formed in 1799 with the influence of <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Rezanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Rezanov">Nikolay Rezanov</a> for the purpose of hunting <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otters</a> for their fur.<sup id="cite_ref-Black2004_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40">: 40 </span></sup> The peak population of the Russian colonies was about 4,000 although almost all of these were <a href="/wiki/Aleut_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut people">Aleuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlingit people">Tlingits</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Native_Alaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Alaskan">Native Alaskans</a>. The number of Russians rarely exceeded 500 at any one time.<sup id="cite_ref-Black2004_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xiii">: xiii </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California">California</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ross,_California" title="Fort Ross, California">Fort Ross, California</a></div> <p>The Russians established an outpost called <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ross,_California" title="Fort Ross, California">Fortress Ross</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Крѣпость Россъ</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Krepost' Ross</i></span>) in 1812 near <a href="/wiki/Bodega_Bay" title="Bodega Bay">Bodega Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Black2004_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 181">: 181 </span></sup> north of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a>. The Fort Ross colony included a sealing station on the <a href="/wiki/Farallon_Islands" title="Farallon Islands">Farallon Islands</a> off San Francisco.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1818 Fort Ross had a population of 128, consisting of 26 Russians and of 102 Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Black2004_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 181">: 181 </span></sup> The Russians maintained it until 1841, when they left the region.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Fort Ross is a Federal <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historical Landmark">National Historical Landmark</a> on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>. It is preserved—restored in California's <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ross_State_Historic_Park" title="Fort Ross State Historic Park">Fort Ross State Historic Park</a>, about 80 miles (130 km) northwest of San Francisco.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish concern about Russian colonial intrusion prompted the authorities in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> to initiate<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the upper <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Las_Californias" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Californias">Las Californias</a></span></span> Province settlement, with <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">presidios</a></i></span> (forts), <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">pueblos</a></i></span> (villages), and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">California missions</a>. After declaring their independence in 1821, the Mexicans also asserted themselves in opposition to the Russians: the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Francisco_de_Solano" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission San Francisco de Solano">Mission San Francisco de Solano</a></i></span> (Sonoma Mission, 1823) specifically responded to the presence of the Russians at Fort Ross; and Mexico established the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_Sonoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidio of Sonoma">El Presidio Real de Sonoma</a></i></span> or Sonoma Barracks in 1836, with General <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Guadalupe_Vallejo" title="Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo">Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo</a></span></span> as the Commandant of the Northern Frontier of the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a></span></span> Province. The fort was the northernmost Mexican outpost to halt any further Russian settlement southward.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The restored Presidio and mission are in the present-day city of <a href="/wiki/Sonoma,_California" title="Sonoma, California">Sonoma, California</a>. </p><p>In 1920 a one-hundred-pound (45 kg) bronze church bell was unearthed in an orange grove near <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Fernando_Rey_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Mission San Fernando Rey de España">Mission San Fernando Rey de España</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_San_Fernando_Valley_to_1915" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the San Fernando Valley to 1915">San Fernando Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>. It has an inscription in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> (translated here): "In the year 1796, in the month of January, this bell was cast on the Island of Kodiak by the blessing of <a href="/wiki/Juvenaly_of_Alaska" title="Juvenaly of Alaska">Juvenaly of Alaska</a>, during the sojourn of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andreyevich_Baranov" title="Alexander Andreyevich Baranov">Alexander Andreyevich Baranov</a>."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> How this <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska" title="Kodiak, Alaska">Kodiak</a> church artifact from <a href="/wiki/Kodiak_Island" title="Kodiak Island">Kodiak Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> arrived at a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Roman Catholic Mission</a> Church in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> remains unknown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missionary_activity">Missionary activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Missionary activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Creole_people" title="Alaskan Creole people">Alaskan Creole people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg/220px-Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg/330px-Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg/440px-Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral_(Sitka,_Alaska)" title="St. Michael's Cathedral (Sitka, Alaska)">cathedral</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Sitka</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Peter_the_Aleut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Peter_the_Aleut.jpg/220px-Saint_Peter_the_Aleut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Peter_the_Aleut.jpg/330px-Saint_Peter_the_Aleut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Peter_the_Aleut.jpg/440px-Saint_Peter_the_Aleut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2604" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Aleut" title="Peter the Aleut">St.Peter the Aleut</a>, a martyred <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Creole_people" title="Alaskan Creole people">Aleutian Creole</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AleutianManWoman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/AleutianManWoman.jpg/220px-AleutianManWoman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/AleutianManWoman.jpg/330px-AleutianManWoman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/AleutianManWoman.jpg/440px-AleutianManWoman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>An Aleutian man and woman.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitka,_Alaska_-_St_Michael%27s_Orthodox_Cathedral_-_Interior_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sitka%2C_Alaska_-_St_Michael%27s_Orthodox_Cathedral_-_Interior_%282%29.jpg/220px-Sitka%2C_Alaska_-_St_Michael%27s_Orthodox_Cathedral_-_Interior_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sitka%2C_Alaska_-_St_Michael%27s_Orthodox_Cathedral_-_Interior_%282%29.jpg/330px-Sitka%2C_Alaska_-_St_Michael%27s_Orthodox_Cathedral_-_Interior_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sitka%2C_Alaska_-_St_Michael%27s_Orthodox_Cathedral_-_Interior_%282%29.jpg/440px-Sitka%2C_Alaska_-_St_Michael%27s_Orthodox_Cathedral_-_Interior_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral_(Sitka,_Alaska)" title="St. Michael's Cathedral (Sitka, Alaska)">St.Michael's Cathedral</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At Three Saints Bay, Shelekov built a school to teach the natives to read and write <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, and introduced the first resident missionaries and clergymen who spread the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> faith. This faith (with its liturgies and texts, translated into Aleut at a very early stage) had been informally introduced, in the 1740s–1780s. Some fur traders founded local families or symbolically adopted Aleut trade partners as godchildren to gain their loyalty through this special personal bond. The missionaries soon opposed the exploitation of the indigenous populations, and their reports provide evidence of the violence exercised to establish colonial rule in this period. </p><p>The RAC's monopoly was continued by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> in 1821, on the condition that the company would financially support missionary efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordlander_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordlander-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company board ordered chief manager <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Adolf_Ethol%C3%A9n" title="Arvid Adolf Etholén">Arvid Adolf Etholén</a> to build <a href="/wiki/Russian_Bishop%27s_House" title="Russian Bishop's House">a residency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">New Archangel</a> for bishop <a href="/wiki/Innocent_of_Alaska" title="Innocent of Alaska">Veniaminov</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nordlander_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordlander-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a <a href="/wiki/Sitka_Lutheran_Church" title="Sitka Lutheran Church">Lutheran church</a> was planned for the <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finnish</a> population of New Archangel, Veniamiov prohibited any Lutheran priests from proselytizing to neighboring Tlingits.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordlander_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordlander-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veniamiov faced difficulties in exercising influence over the Tlingit people outside New Archangel, due to their political independence from the RAC leaving them less receptive to Russian cultural influences than Aleuts.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordlander_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordlander-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kan_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A smallpox epidemic spread throughout Alaska in 1835-1837 and the medical aid given by Veniamiov created converts to Orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-Kan_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inspired by the same pastoral theology as <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">St. Francis Xavier</a>, the origins of which were in early Christianity's need to adapt to the cultures of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a>, missionaries in Russian America applied a strategy that placed value on local cultures and encouraged indigenous leadership in parish life and missionary activity. When compared to later Protestant missionaries, the Orthodox policies "in retrospect proved to be relatively sensitive to indigenous Alaskan cultures."<sup id="cite_ref-Nordlander_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordlander-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cultural policy was originally intended to gain the loyalty of the indigenous populations by establishing the authority of Church and State as protectors of over 10,000 inhabitants of Russian America. (The number of ethnic Russian settlers had always been less than the record 812, almost all concentrated in Sitka and Kodiak). </p><p>Difficulties arose in training Russian priests to attain fluency in any of the various Indigenous Alaskan languages. To redress this, Veniaminov opened a seminary for mixed race and native candidates for the Church in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordlander_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordlander-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promising students were sent to additional schools in either <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a>, the later city becoming the original seminary's new location in 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordlander_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordlander-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Holy Synod instructed for the opening of four missionary schools in 1841, to be located in <a href="/wiki/Amlia" title="Amlia">Amlia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiniak,_Alaska" title="Chiniak, Alaska">Chiniak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenai,_Alaska" title="Kenai, Alaska">Kenai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nushagak,_Alaska" title="Nushagak, Alaska">Nushagak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordlander_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordlander-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veniamiov established the curriculum, which included Russian history, literacy, mathematics, and religious studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordlander_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordlander-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A side effect of the missionary strategy was the development of a new and autonomous form of indigenous identity. Many native traditions survived within local "Russian" Orthodox tradition and in the religious life of the villages. Part of this modern indigenous identity is an alphabet and the basis for written literature in nearly all of the ethnic-linguistic groups in the Southern half of Alaska. Father Ivan Veniaminov (later St. <a href="/wiki/Innocent_of_Alaska" title="Innocent of Alaska">Innocent of Alaska</a>), famous throughout Russian America, developed an Aleut <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a> for hundreds of language and dialect words based on the <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian alphabet</a>. </p><p>The most visible trace of the Russian colonial period in contemporary Alaska is the nearly 90 Russian Orthodox parishes with a membership of over 20,000 men, women, and children, almost exclusively indigenous people. These include several <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabascan</a> groups of the interior, very large <a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik" title="Yup'ik">Yup'ik</a> communities, and quite nearly all of the Aleut and Alutiiq populations. Among the few Tlingit Orthodox parishes, the large group in <a href="/wiki/Juneau,_Alaska" title="Juneau, Alaska">Juneau</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Russian_Orthodox_Church_(Juneau,_Alaska)" title="St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church (Juneau, Alaska)">adopted</a> Orthodox Christianity only after the Russian colonial period, in an area where there had been no Russian settlers nor missionaries. The widespread and continuing local Russian Orthodox practices are likely the result of the <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> of local beliefs with Christianity. </p><p>Observers noted that while their religious ties were tenuous, before the sale of Alaska there were 400 native converts to Orthodoxy in New Archangel.<sup id="cite_ref-Kan_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tlingit practitioners declined in number after the lapse of Russian rule, until there were only 117 practitioners in 1882 residing in the place, by then renamed as <a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Sitka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kan_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purchase_of_Alaska">Purchase of Alaska</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Purchase of Alaska"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaska_Purchase_(hi-res).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg/220px-Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg/330px-Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg/440px-Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3135" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Check</a> used for the purchase of Alaska</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlaskaMap1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AlaskaMap1867.jpg/280px-AlaskaMap1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AlaskaMap1867.jpg/420px-AlaskaMap1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AlaskaMap1867.jpg/560px-AlaskaMap1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1909" /></a><figcaption>A map depicting the territory of Alaska in 1867, immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></div> <p>By the 1860s, the Russian government was ready to abandon its Russian America colony. Over-hunting had severely reduced the fur-bearing animal population, and competition from the British and Americans exacerbated the situation. This, combined with the difficulties of supplying and protecting such a distant colony, reduced interest in the territory. In addition, Russia was in a difficult financial position and feared losing Russian Alaska without compensation in some future conflict, especially to the British. The Russians believed that in a dispute with Britain, their hard-to-defend region might become a prime target for British aggression from <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, and would be easily captured. So following the Union victory in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> instructed the Russian minister to the United States, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_de_Stoeckl" title="Eduard de Stoeckl">Eduard de Stoeckl</a>, to enter into negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> in the beginning of March 1867. At the instigation of Seward the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> approved the purchase, known as the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. The cost was set at 2 cents an acre, which came to a total of $7,200,000 on April 9, 1867. The canceled check is in the present day <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Archives">United States National Archives</a>. </p><p>After Russian America was sold to the U.S. in 1867, for $7.2 million (2 cents per acre, equivalent to $156,960,000 in 2023), all the holdings of the Russian–American Company were liquidated. </p><p>Following the transfer, many elders of the local <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlingit people">Tlingit</a> tribe maintained that "<a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_(Sitka,_Alaska)" title="Castle Hill (Sitka, Alaska)">Castle Hill</a>" comprised the only land that Russia was entitled to sell. Other indigenous groups also argued that they had never given up their land; the Americans had encroached on it and taken it over. Native land claims were not fully addressed until the latter half of the 20th century, with the signing by Congress and leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_Claims_Settlement_Act" title="Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act">Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act</a>. </p><p>At the height of Russian America, the Russian population had reached 700, compared to 40,000 Aleuts. They and the <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creoles</a>, who had been guaranteed the privileges of citizens in the United States, were given the opportunity of becoming citizens within a three-year period, but few decided to exercise that option. General <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_C._Davis" title="Jefferson C. Davis">Jefferson C. Davis</a> ordered the Russians out of their homes in Sitka, maintaining that the dwellings were needed for the Americans. The Russians complained of rowdiness of and assaults by the American troops. Many Russians returned to Russia, while others migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR) released a <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coins_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Commemorative coins of the Soviet Union">series of commemorative coins</a> in 1990 and 1991 to mark the 250th anniversary of the first sighting of and claiming domain over <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>–<a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a>. The commemoration consisted of a <a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">silver coin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Platinum_coin" title="Platinum coin">platinum coin</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Palladium_coin" title="Palladium coin">palladium coins</a> in both years. </p><p>At the beginning of the 21st century, a resurgence of Russian ultra-nationalism has spurred regret and recrimination over the sale of Alaska to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are periodic <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> stories in the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> that <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> was not sold to the United States in the 1867 <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a>, but only leased for 99 years (= to 1966), or 150 years (= to 2017)—and would be returned to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, such statements reappeared in Russian media. Those claims of illegitimacy derive from wrong or misleading interpretations of a policy of the Russian Federation to re-acquire formerly held properties.<sup id="cite_ref-v720_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v720-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Alaska Purchase Treaty clearly states that the agreement was for a complete Russian <a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">cession</a> of the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-w918_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w918-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Natives" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaskan Natives">Alaskan Native</a> peoples, in their struggle for democracy and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">indigenous rights</a>, take issue with the legitimacy of colonial rule itself rather than the purchase from the Russian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-n332_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n332-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian_settlements_in_North_America">Russian settlements in North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Russian settlements in North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_New_Archangel,_1837.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif/lossy-page1-220px-View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif/lossy-page1-330px-View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif/lossy-page1-440px-View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="2811" /></a><figcaption>New Archangel (present-day <a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Sitka, Alaska</a>), the capital of Russian America, in 1837</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unalaska,_Alaska" title="Unalaska, Alaska">Unalaska, Alaska</a> – 1774</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Saints_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Saints Bay">Three Saints Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> – 1784</li> <li>Fort St. George in <a href="/wiki/Kasilof,_Alaska" title="Kasilof, Alaska">Kasilof, Alaska</a> – 1786<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Alaska" title="St. Paul, Alaska">St. Paul, Alaska</a> – 1788</li> <li>Fort St. Nicholas in <a href="/wiki/Kenai,_Alaska" title="Kenai, Alaska">Kenai, Alaska</a> – 1791<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska" title="Kodiak, Alaska">Pavlovskaya, Alaska</a> (now Kodiak) – 1791</li> <li>Fort Saints Constantine and Helen on Nuchek Island, Alaska – 1793<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Fort on <a href="/wiki/Hinchinbrook_Island_(Alaska)" title="Hinchinbrook Island (Alaska)">Hinchinbrook Island</a>, Alaska – 1793<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Russia_(trading_post)" title="New Russia (trading post)">New Russia</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Yakutat,_Alaska" title="Yakutat, Alaska">Yakutat, Alaska</a> – 1796</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sitka_Site" title="Old Sitka Site">Redoubt St. Archangel Michael, Alaska</a> near Sitka – 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Novo-Arkhangelsk, Alaska</a> (now Sitka) – 1804</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ross,_California" title="Fort Ross, California">Fort Ross, California</a> – 1812</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fort_Elizabeth" title="Russian Fort Elizabeth">Fort Elizabeth</a> near Waimea, <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kaua'i, Hawai'i</a> – 1817</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Alexander_(Hawaii)" title="Fort Alexander (Hawaii)">Fort Alexander</a> near Hanalei, Kaua'i, Hawai'i – 1817</li> <li>Fort Barclay-de-Tolly near Hanalei, Kaua'i, Hawai'i – 1817<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Fort (New) Alexandrovsk at <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bay" title="Bristol Bay">Bristol Bay</a>, Alaska – 1819<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolmakov_Redoubt_Site" title="Kolmakov Redoubt Site">Kolmakov Redoubt, Alaska</a> – 1832</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael,_Alaska" title="St. Michael, Alaska">Redoubt St. Michael, Alaska</a> – 1833</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nulato,_Alaska" title="Nulato, Alaska">Nulato, Alaska</a> – 1834</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Stikine" title="Fort Stikine">Redoubt St. Dionysius</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Wrangell,_Alaska" title="Wrangell, Alaska">Wrangell, Alaska</a> (now Fort Stikine) – 1834</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mission,_Alaska" title="Russian Mission, Alaska">Pokrovskaya Mission, Alaska</a> – 1837</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninilchik,_Alaska" title="Ninilchik, Alaska">Ninilchik, Alaska</a> – 1847</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/32px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/48px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/64px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Alaska" title="Portal:Alaska">Alaska portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <p><b>Native Americans</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juana_Maria" title="Juana Maria">Juana Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Aleut" title="Peter the Aleut">Peter the Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Netsvetov" title="Jacob Netsvetov">Jacob Netsvetov</a></li></ul> <p><b>Russians</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_explorers" title="List of Russian explorers">List of Russian explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_of_Alaska" title="Herman of Alaska">Herman of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tebenkov" title="Mikhail Tebenkov">Mikhail Tebenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Hampus_Furuhjelm" title="Johan Hampus Furuhjelm">Johan Hampus Furuhjelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rezanov" title="Nikolai Rezanov">Nikolai Rezanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Vitus Bering</a></li></ul> <p><b>History</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Colonialism">Russian Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Russia" title="Territorial evolution of Russia">Territorial evolution of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Fur_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Fur Rush">California Fur Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awa%27uq_Massacre" title="Awa'uq Massacre">Awa'uq Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-American_Treaty_of_1824" title="Russo-American Treaty of 1824">Russo-American Treaty of 1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">History of the west coast of North America</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other topics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Russian-American_Company" title="Flag of the Russian-American Company">Flag of the Russian-American Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Creole_people" title="Alaskan Creole people">Alaskan Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93American_Telegraph" title="Russian–American Telegraph">Russian–American Telegraph</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Voice_of_America" title="Slavic Voice of America">Slavic Voice of America</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukase_of_1821" title="Ukase of 1821"><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Ukase</i></span> of 1821</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-charlespwohlforth-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-charlespwohlforth_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCharles_P._Wohlforth2011" class="citation book cs1">Charles P. Wohlforth (2011). <i>Alaska For Dummies</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alaska+For+Dummies&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Charles+P.+Wohlforth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ukase-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ukase_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EusnAAAAYAAJ">"Text of Ukase of 1779"</a> in <i>Behring Sea Arbitration</i> (London: Harrison and Sons, 1893), pp. 25–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergei2014" class="citation book cs1">Sergei, Kan (2014). <i>Memory Eternal: Tlingit Culture and Russian Orthodox Christianity Through Two Centuries</i>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295805344" title="Special:BookSources/9780295805344"><bdi>9780295805344</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/901270092">901270092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory+Eternal%3A+Tlingit+Culture+and+Russian+Orthodox+Christianity+Through+Two+Centuries&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F901270092&rft.isbn=9780295805344&rft.aulast=Sergei&rft.aufirst=Kan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2007" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GuNHnZfE3DcC&pg=PA1"><i>In Darkest Alaska: Travel and Empire Along the Inside Passage</i></a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4021-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4021-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-4021-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Darkest+Alaska%3A+Travel+and+Empire+Along+the+Inside+Passage&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4021-4&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGuNHnZfE3DcC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black2004-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black2004_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black2004_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black2004_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black2004_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black2004_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black2004_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black2004_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2004" class="citation book cs1">Black, Lydia T. (2004). <i>Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867</i>. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russians+in+Alaska%2C+1732%E2%80%931867&rft.place=Fairbanks&rft.pub=University+of+Alaska+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Lydia+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030413182257/http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/science_under_sail/people.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The People You May Visit"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Russia's Great Voyages</i>. California Academy of Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/science_under_sail/people.html">the original</a> on April 13, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russia%27s+Great+Voyages&rft.atitle=%22The+People+You+May+Visit%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calacademy.org%2Fexhibits%2Fscience_under_sail%2Fpeople.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPethick1976" class="citation book cs1">Pethick, Derek (1976). <i>First Approaches to the Northwest Coast</i>. Vancouver: J.J. Douglas. pp. 26–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88894-056-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88894-056-4"><bdi>0-88894-056-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Approaches+to+the+Northwest+Coast&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pages=26-33&rft.pub=J.J.+Douglas&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-88894-056-4&rft.aulast=Pethick&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhlsum-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018122811/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=190&ResourceType=Structure">"Russian Fort"</a>. <i>National Historic Landmark summary listing</i>. National Park Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=190&ResourceType=Structure">the original</a> on October 18, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historic+Landmark+summary+listing&rft.atitle=Russian+Fort&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftps.cr.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Fdetail.cfm%3FResourceId%3D190%26ResourceType%3DStructure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isto2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isto2012_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsto2012" class="citation book cs1">Isto, Sarah Crawford (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYfvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">"Chapter One: The Russian Period 1749–1866"</a>. <i>The Fur Farms of Alaska: Two Centuries of History and a Forgotten Stampede</i>. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60223-171-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60223-171-9"><bdi>978-1-60223-171-9</bdi></a>. <q>Russian merchants along the route from Kamchatka to Kiakhta must have been elated when Vitus Bering's expedition returned in 1742 to report that the northern coast of America was nearby and that its waters teemed with fur seals and sea otters. By the following year, the first commercial vessel had already been constructed in Kamchatka and had set off for a two-year voyage to the Aleutians. [...] A rush of fur-seeking expeditions followed</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+One%3A+The+Russian+Period+1749%E2%80%931866&rft.btitle=The+Fur+Farms+of+Alaska%3A+Two+Centuries+of+History+and+a+Forgotten+Stampede&rft.place=Fairbanks&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+of+Alaska+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60223-171-9&rft.aulast=Isto&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Crawford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrYfvCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carpenter2015-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter2015_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter2015_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2015" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Roger M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ihUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA231"><i><span></span>'Times Are Altered with Us': American Indians from First Contact to the New Republic</i></a>. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 231–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-73315-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-73315-8"><bdi>978-1-118-73315-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Times+Are+Altered+with+Us%27%3A+American+Indians+from+First+Contact+to+the+New+Republic&rft.pages=231-232&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-118-73315-8&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Roger+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ihUBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtkind2011" class="citation book cs1">Etkind, Alexander (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lpz5q44VVk0C"><i>Internal Colonization: Russia's Imperial Experience</i></a>. Cambridge: John Wiley & Sons (published 2013). p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745673547" title="Special:BookSources/9780745673547"><bdi>9780745673547</bdi></a>. <q>Agreeing with <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Solovyov_(historian)" title="Sergey Solovyov (historian)">Soloviev</a> that the history of Russia was the history of colonization, <a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Shchapov" title="Afanasy Shchapov">Shchapov</a> described the process .... Two methods of colonization were primary: 'fur colonization,' with hunters harvesting and depleting the habitats of fur animals and moving further and further across Siberia all the way to Alaska; and 'fishing colonization,' which supplied Russian centers with fresh- or salt-water fish and caviar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internal+Colonization%3A+Russia%27s+Imperial+Experience&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780745673547&rft.aulast=Etkind&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlpz5q44VVk0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alaskananthology-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alaskananthology_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_W._Haycox,_Mary_Childers_Mangusso2011" class="citation book cs1">Stephen W. Haycox, Mary Childers Mangusso (2011). <i>An Alaska Anthology: Interpreting the Past</i>. University of Washington Press. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Alaska+Anthology%3A+Interpreting+the+Past&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Stephen+W.+Haycox%2C+Mary+Childers+Mangusso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrinëv2016" class="citation book cs1">Grinëv, Andrei Val'terovic (2016). "Russian Promyshlenniki in Alaska at the end of the Eighteenth Century". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WV0DwAAQBAJ"><i>Russian Colonization of Alaska: Preconditions, Discovery, and Initial Development, 1741–1799</i></a> [<i>Predposylki rossiisoi kolonizatsii Alyaski, ee otkrytie i pervonachal'noye osnovanie</i>]. Translated by Bland, Richard L. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press (published 2018). p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781496210852" title="Special:BookSources/9781496210852"><bdi>9781496210852</bdi></a>. <q>The Aleuts and other dependent Natives of the Russian colonies could never be considered slaves, or feudal serfs, or civilian workers in the usual sense of the terms. ... Up to the 1790s the Natives were obligated to pay tribute to the royal treasury, demonstrating personal dependence on the Russian emperor. Some of the Natives, evidently making up from a twelfth to an eighth of the adult population, belonged to the so-called kayury, whose position was in fact that of slaves, since they received nothing for their labor besides scanty clothing and food. However, this was not slavery as once existed in ancient Rome or in the American South ....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russian+Promyshlenniki+in+Alaska+at+the+end+of+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.btitle=Russian+Colonization+of+Alaska%3A+Preconditions%2C+Discovery%2C+and+Initial+Development%2C+1741%E2%80%931799&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781496210852&rft.aulast=Grin%C3%ABv&rft.aufirst=Andrei+Val%27terovic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8WV0DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwenn2015" class="citation book cs1">Gwenn, Miller (2015). "Introduction". <i>Kodiak Kreol: Communities of Empire in Early Russian America</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University (published 2010). p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0069-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0069-9"><bdi>978-1-5017-0069-9</bdi></a>. <q>The people of Kodiak kept some slaves, <i>kalgi</i>, outsiders whom they acquired through trading and warfare with people from other areas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Kodiak+Kreol%3A+Communities+of+Empire+in+Early+Russian+America&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cornell+University&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-0069-9&rft.aulast=Gwenn&rft.aufirst=Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102172428/http://www.alaska.net/~aleut/Culture_History.html">"Aleut History"</a>. <i>The Aleut Corporation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alaska.net/~aleut/Culture_History.html">the original</a> on November 2, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Aleut+Corporation&rft.atitle=Aleut+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaska.net%2F~aleut%2FCulture_History.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews-Benham2008" class="citation book cs1">Mathews-Benham, Sandra K. (2008). "5: From the Aleutian Chain to Northern California". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mLZzCgAAQBAJ"><i>American Indians in the Early West</i></a>. Cultures in the American West. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851098248" title="Special:BookSources/9781851098248"><bdi>9781851098248</bdi></a>. <q>... before he died, Shelikhov had appointed Alexandr Baranov as governor of the Russian Alaska Company, the first functional and approved Russian monopoly in Alaska.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+From+the+Aleutian+Chain+to+Northern+California&rft.btitle=American+Indians+in+the+Early+West&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.series=Cultures+in+the+American+West&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781851098248&rft.aulast=Mathews-Benham&rft.aufirst=Sandra+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmLZzCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051027110359/http://kodiakisland.net/timeline.html">"Alaska History Timeline"</a>. <i>Kodiakisland.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kodiakisland.net/timeline.html">the original</a> on October 27, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kodiakisland.net&rft.atitle=Alaska+History+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkodiakisland.net%2Ftimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1971" class="citation journal cs1">Wheeler, Mary E. (1971). "Empires in Conflict and Cooperation: The "Bostonians" and the Russian-American Company". <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>40</b> (4): 419–441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3637703">10.2307/3637703</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3637703">3637703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Empires+in+Conflict+and+Cooperation%3A+The+%22Bostonians%22+and+the+Russian-American+Company&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=419-441&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3637703&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3637703%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Mary+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTikhmenev1978" class="citation book cs1">Tikhmenev, P. A. (1978). Pierce, Richard A.; Donnelly, Alton S. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofrussian0000tikh"><i>A History of the Russia-American Company</i></a></span>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofrussian0000tikh/page/63">63–64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295955643" title="Special:BookSources/9780295955643"><bdi>9780295955643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Russia-American+Company&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780295955643&rft.aulast=Tikhmenev&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofrussian0000tikh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenherrFeldmeth1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_A._Schoenherr" title="Allan A. Schoenherr">Schoenherr, Allan A.</a>; Feldmeth, C. Robert (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9ATAQAAIAAJ"><i>Natural History of the Islands of California</i></a>. California natural history guides. Vol. 61. University of California Press. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520211971" title="Special:BookSources/9780520211971"><bdi>9780520211971</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History+of+the+Islands+of+California&rft.series=California+natural+history+guides&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780520211971&rft.aulast=Schoenherr&rft.aufirst=Allan+A.&rft.au=Feldmeth%2C+C.+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj9ATAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528110415/http://www.fortrossinterpretive.org/FortRossCulturalHistory.php">"Fort Ross Cultural History Fort Ross Interpretive Association"</a>. <i>www.fortrossinterpretive.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortrossinterpretive.org/FortRossCulturalHistory.php">the original</a> on May 28, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fortrossinterpretive.org&rft.atitle=Fort+Ross+Cultural+History+Fort+Ross+Interpretive+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortrossinterpretive.org%2FFortRossCulturalHistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=449">"Fort Ross SHP"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort+Ross+SHP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parks.ca.gov%2F%3Fpage_id%3D449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nordlander-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nordlander_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordlander_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordlander_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordlander_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordlander_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordlander_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordlander_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordlander_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordlander_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordlander1995" class="citation journal cs1">Nordlander, David (1995). "Innokentii Veniaminov and the Expansion of Orthodoxy in Russian America". <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>64</b> (1): 19–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3640333">10.2307/3640333</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3640333">3640333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Innokentii+Veniaminov+and+the+Expansion+of+Orthodoxy+in+Russian+America&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-35&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3640333&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3640333%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nordlander&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kan-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kan_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kan_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kan_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kan_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKan1985" class="citation journal cs1">Kan, Sergei (1985). "Russian Orthodox Brotherhoods among the Tlingit: Missionary Goals and Native Response". <i>Ethnohistory</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 196–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F481921">10.2307/481921</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/481921">481921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=Russian+Orthodox+Brotherhoods+among+the+Tlingit%3A+Missionary+Goals+and+Native+Response&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=196-222&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F481921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F481921%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kan&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2014" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Soraya Sarhaddi (April 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/04/01/297835873/not-an-april-fools-joke-russians-petition-to-get-alaska-back">"Not An April Fools' Joke: Russians Petition To Get Alaska Back"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Not+An+April+Fools%27+Joke%3A+Russians+Petition+To+Get+Alaska+Back&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Soraya+Sarhaddi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fparallels%2F2014%2F04%2F01%2F297835873%2Fnot-an-april-fools-joke-russians-petition-to-get-alaska-back&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTetrault-Farber2014" class="citation news cs1">Tetrault-Farber, Gabrielle (March 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/03/31/after-crimea-russians-say-they-want-alaska-back-a33489">"After Crimea, Russians Say They Want Alaska Back"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=150+Years+After+Sale+of+Alaska%2C+Some+Russians+Have+Second+Thoughts&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.aulast=Gershkovich&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F30%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Falaska-russia-sale-150.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaycox2017" class="citation news cs1">Haycox, Steve (May 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adn.com/opinions/2017/05/18/russian-extremists-want-alaska-back/">"Russian extremists want Alaska back"</a>. <i>Anchorage Daily News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alaska+Historical+Society+-+Dedicated+to+the+promotion+of+Alaska+history+by+the+exchange+of+ideas+and+information.&rft.atitle=The+Purchase+of+Alaska%3A+1867+or+1971&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft.aulast=Metcalfe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falaskahistoricalsociety.org%2Fabout-ahs%2Fspecial-projects%2F150treaty%2F150th-resource-library%2Fnew-articles%2Fthe-purchase-of-alaska-1867-or-1971%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=41&page=transcript">"Transcription of the English text of the Alaska Treaty of Cession"</a>. <i>Our Documents</i>. 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March 29, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=There+Are+Two+Versions+of+the+Story+of+How+the+U.S.+Purchased+Alaska+From+Russia&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fwhy-russia-gave-alaska-americas-gateway-arctic-180962714%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_California_history" title="Bibliography of California history">Bibliography of California history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Russian_history_(1613%E2%80%931917)" title="Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)">Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lydia_T._Black" title="Lydia T. Black">Black, Lydia T.</a> (2004). <i>Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867</i>. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889963-05-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-889963-05-1"><bdi>978-1-889963-05-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russians+in+Alaska%2C+1732%E2%80%931867&rft.place=Fairbanks%2C+AK&rft.pub=University+of+Alaska+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-889963-05-1&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Lydia+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackDauenhauerDauenhauer2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lydia_T._Black" title="Lydia T. Black">Black, Lydia T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nora_Marks_Dauenhauer" title="Nora Marks Dauenhauer">Dauenhauer, Nora</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dauenhauer" title="Richard Dauenhauer">Dauenhauer, Richard</a> (2008). <i>Anóoshi Lingít Aaní Ká/Russians in Tlingit America: The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804</i>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98601-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98601-2"><bdi>978-0-295-98601-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An%C3%B3oshi+Ling%C3%ADt+Aan%C3%AD+K%C3%A1%2FRussians+in+Tlingit+America%3A+The+Battles+of+Sitka%2C+1802+and+1804&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98601-2&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Lydia+T.&rft.au=Dauenhauer%2C+Nora&rft.au=Dauenhauer%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Essig, Edward Oliver. <i>Fort Ross: California Outpost of Russian Alaska, 1812–1841</i> (Kingston, Ont.: Limestone Press, 1991.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2003" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Orcutt (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beringrussiandis0000fros"><i>Bering: The Russian Discovery of America</i></a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10059-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10059-4"><bdi>978-0-300-10059-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bering%3A+The+Russian+Discovery+of+America&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10059-4&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Orcutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fberingrussiandis0000fros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gibson, James R. "Old Russia in the New World: adversaries and adversities in Russian America." in <i>European Settlement and Development in North America</i> (University of Toronto Press, 2019) pp. 46–65.</li> <li>Gibson, James R. <i>Imperial Russia in frontier America: the changing geography of supply of Russian America, 1784–1867</i> (Oxford University Press, 1976)</li> <li>Gibson, James R. "Russian America in 1821." <i>Oregon Historical Quarterly</i> (1976): 174–188. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortross.org/lib/48/russian-america-in-1821.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrinev2008" class="citation book cs1">Grinev, Andrei Valterovich (2008). <i>The Tlingit Indians in Russian America, 1741–1867</i>. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2071-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2071-3"><bdi>978-0-8032-2071-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tlingit+Indians+in+Russian+America%2C+1741%E2%80%931867&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+NE&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-2071-3&rft.aulast=Grinev&rft.aufirst=Andrei+Valterovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Grinëv, Andrei Val’terovich. "The External Threat to Russian America: Myth and Reality." <i>Journal of Slavic Military Studies</i> 30.2 (2017): 266–289.</li> <li>Grinëv, Andrei Val’terovich. <i>Russian Colonization of Alaska: Preconditions, Discovery, and Initial Development, 1741–1799</i> Translated by Richard L. Bland. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4962-0762-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4962-0762-3">978-1-4962-0762-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=54207">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobtzeff1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kobtzeff, Oleg (1985). <i>La Colonization russe en Amérique du Nord: 18 - 19 ème siècles</i> [<i>Russian Colonization in North America, 18th-19th Centuries</i>] (in French). Paris: thesis, University of Paris 1 - Panthéon Sorbonne (available in limited editions in specialized libraries).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Colonization+russe+en+Am%C3%A9rique+du+Nord%3A+18+-+19+%C3%A8me+si%C3%A8cles&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=thesis%2C+University+of+Paris+1+-+Panth%C3%A9on+Sorbonne+%28available+in+limited+editions+in+specialized+libraries%29&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Kobtzeff&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2010" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Gwenn A. (2010). <i>Kodiak Kreol: Communities of Empire in Early Russian America</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4642-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4642-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-4642-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kodiak+Kreol%3A+Communities+of+Empire+in+Early+Russian+America&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4642-9&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Gwenn+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleksa1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oleksa" title="Michael Oleksa">Oleksa, Michael J.</a> (1992). <i>Orthodox Alaska: A Theology of Mission</i>. Yonkers, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-092-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-092-1"><bdi>978-0-88141-092-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Alaska%3A+A+Theology+of+Mission&rft.place=Yonkers%2C+NY&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-88141-092-1&rft.aulast=Oleksa&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleksa2010" class="citation book cs1">Oleksa, Michael J., ed. (2010). <i>Alaskan Missionary Spirituality</i> (2nd ed.). Yonkers, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-340-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-340-3"><bdi>978-0-88141-340-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alaskan+Missionary+Spirituality&rft.place=Yonkers%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-88141-340-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pierce, Richard A. <i>Russian America, 1741–1867: A Biographical Dictionary</i> (Kingston, Ont.: Limestone Press, 1990)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._Frederick_Starr" title="S. Frederick Starr">Starr, S. Frederick</a>, ed. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiasamericanc00star"><i>Russia's American Colony</i></a>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0688-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0688-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-0688-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+American+Colony&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-0688-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiasamericanc00star&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Saul, Norman E. "Empire Maker: Aleksandr Baranov and Russian Colonial Expansion into Alaska and Northern California." <i>Journal of American Ethnic History</i> 36.3 (2017): 91–93.</li> <li>Saul, Norman. "California-Alaska trade, 1851–1867: The American Russian commercial company and the Russian America company and the sale/purchase of Alaska." <i>Journal of Russian American Studies</i> 2.1 (2018): 1–14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ku.edu/jras/article/download/7554/6889">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinkovetsky2011" class="citation book cs1">Vinkovetsky, Ilya (2011). <i>Russian America: An Overseas Colony of a Continental Empire, 1804–1867</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539128-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539128-2"><bdi>978-0-19-539128-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+America%3A+An+Overseas+Colony+of+a+Continental+Empire%2C+1804%E2%80%931867&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539128-2&rft.aulast=Vinkovetsky&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natives">Natives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Natives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grinëv, Andrei V. "Natives and Creoles of Alaska in the maritime service in Russian America." <i>The Historian</i> 82.3 (2020): 328–345. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/65351031/Natives_and_Creoles_in_the_maritime_service_in_RA_fragment_.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PZdGWM0EBQC"><i>The Tlingit Indians in Russian America, 1741–1867</i>, Andreĭ Valʹterovich Grinev (GoogleBooks)</a></li> <li>Luehrmann, Sonja. <i>Alutiiq villages under Russian and US rule</i> (University of Alaska Press, 2008.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith-Peter2013" class="citation journal cs1">Smith-Peter, Susan (2013). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"A Class of People Admitted to the Better Ranks": The First Generation of Creoles in Russian America, 1810s–1820s". <i>Ethnohistory</i>. <b>60</b> (3): 363–384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00141801-2140758">10.1215/00141801-2140758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=%22A+Class+of+People+Admitted+to+the+Better+Ranks%22%3A+The+First+Generation+of+Creoles+in+Russian+America%2C+1810s%E2%80%931820s&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=363-384&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00141801-2140758&rft.aulast=Smith-Peter&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Savelev, Ivan. "Patterns in the Adoption of Russian Linguistic and National Traditions by Alaskan Natives." <i>International Conference on European Multilingualism: Shaping Sustainable Educational and Social Environment EMSSESE, 2019</i>. (Atlantis Press, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125921160.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1972" class="citation journal cs1">Gibson, James R. (1972). "Russian America in 1833: The Survey of Kirill Khlebnikov". <i>The Pacific Northwest Quarterly</i>. <b>63</b> (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40488966">40488966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pacific+Northwest+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Russian+America+in+1833%3A+The+Survey+of+Kirill+Khlebnikov&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40488966%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Golovin, Pavel Nikolaevich, Basil Dmytryshyn, and E. A. P. Crownhart-Vaughan. <i>The end of Russian America: Captain PN Golovin's last report, 1862</i>(Oregon Historical Society Press, 1979.)</li> <li>Khlebnikov, Kyrill T. <i>Colonial Russian America: Kyrill T. Khlebnikov's Reports, 1817–1832</i> (Oregon Historical Society, 1976)</li> <li>baron Wrangel, Ferdinand Petrovich. <i>Russian America: Statistical and ethnographic information</i> (Kingston, Ont.: Limestone Press, 1980)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrinëvBland2010" class="citation journal cs1">Grinëv, Andrei. V.; Bland, Richard L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phr.ucpress.edu/content/79/2/265.full.pdf">"A Brief Survey of the Russian Historiography of Russian America of Recent Years"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>79</b> (2): 265–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fphr.2010.79.2.265">10.1525/phr.2010.79.2.265</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/phr.2010.79.2.265">10.1525/phr.2010.79.2.265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Survey+of+the+Russian+Historiography+of+Russian+America+of+Recent+Years&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=265-278&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fphr.2010.79.2.265&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fphr.2010.79.2.265%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grin%C3%ABv&rft.aufirst=Andrei.+V.&rft.au=Bland%2C+Richard+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphr.ucpress.edu%2Fcontent%2F79%2F2%2F265.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div 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Website of Fort Ross State Historic Park</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528110415/http://www.fortrossinterpretive.org/FortRossCulturalHistory.php">Fort Ross Cultural History Fort Ross Interpretive Association</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_America" title="Template:Russian America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_America" title="Template talk:Russian America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_America:_Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Russian America: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian colonization of the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company#Chief_Managers" title="Russian-American Company">Governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andreyevich_Baranov" title="Alexander Andreyevich Baranov">Alexander Baranov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Hagemeister" title="Ludwig von Hagemeister">Ludwig von Hagemeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Ivanovich_Yanovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Semyon Ivanovich Yanovsky">Semyon Yanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvey_Ivanovich_Muravyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Matvey Ivanovich Muravyev">Matvey Muravyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Igorovich_Chistyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Igorovich Chistyakov">Pyotr Chistyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Ferdinand von Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kupreyanov" title="Ivan Kupreyanov">Ivan Kupreyanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvid_Adolf_Ethol%C3%A9n" title="Arvid Adolf Etholén">Adolf Etholén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tebenkov" title="Mikhail Tebenkov">Mikhail Tebenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Yakovlevich_Rosenberg" title="Nikolay Yakovlevich Rosenberg">Nikolay Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Ilich_Rudakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Ilich Rudakov">Aleksander Rudakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Vasiliyevich_Voyevodsky" title="Stepan Vasiliyevich Voyevodsky">Stepan Voyevodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Hampus_Furuhjelm" title="Johan Hampus Furuhjelm">Johan Furuhjelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Petrovich_Maksutov" title="Dmitry Petrovich Maksutov">Dmitri Maksutov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Vitus Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gvozdev" title="Mikhail Gvozdev">Mikhail Gvozdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasim_Izmailov" title="Gerasim Izmailov">Gerasim Izmailov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kuskov" title="Ivan Kuskov">Ivan Kuskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rezanov" title="Nikolai Rezanov">Nikolai Rezanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Shelikhov" title="Grigory Shelikhov">Grigory Shelikhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evstratii_Delarov" title="Evstratii Delarov">Evstratii Delarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demid_Ilyich_Kulikalov" title="Demid Ilyich Kulikalov">Demid Ilyich Kulikalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrenty_Zagoskin" title="Lavrenty Zagoskin">Lavrenty Zagoskin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joasaph_Bolotov" title="Joasaph Bolotov">Ioasaph Bolotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_of_Alaska" title="Herman of Alaska">Herman of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenaly_of_Alaska" title="Juvenaly of Alaska">Juvenaly of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocent_of_Alaska" title="Innocent of Alaska">Innocent of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Netsvetov" title="Jacob Netsvetov">Iakov Netsvetov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fort_Elizabeth" title="Russian Fort Elizabeth">Fort Elizabeth (Hawai'i)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Alexander_(Hawaii)" title="Fort Alexander (Hawaii)">Fort Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Nikolaevskaia" title="Fort Nikolaevskaia">Fort Nikolaevskaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ross,_California" title="Fort Ross, California">Fort Ross (California)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasilof,_Alaska" title="Kasilof, Alaska">Kasilof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska" title="Kodiak, Alaska">Kodiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">New Archangel (Sitka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Russia_(trading_post)" title="New Russia (trading post)">New Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Stikine" title="Fort Stikine">Redoubt Saint Dionysius (Fort Stikine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sitka_Site" title="Old Sitka Site">Redoubt Saint Michael (Old Sitka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mission,_Alaska" title="Russian Mission, Alaska">Russian Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael,_Alaska" title="St. Michael, Alaska">St. Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Saints_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Saints Bay">Three Saints Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unalaska,_Alaska" title="Unalaska, Alaska">Unalaska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juno_and_Avos_(opera)" title="Juno and Avos (opera)">Juno and Avos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral_(Sitka,_Alaska)" title="St. Michael's Cathedral (Sitka, Alaska)">St. Michael's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awa%27uq_Massacre" title="Awa'uq Massacre">Awa'uq Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sitka" title="Battle of Sitka">Battle of Sitka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Coup attempt (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of<br />Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Central Asian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Guerrilla war in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia war (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign" title="Western Libya campaign">Western Libya campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Alaska" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alaska_history_footer" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Alaska history footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alaska_history_footer" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Alaska history footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alaska_history_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alaska history footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Alaska" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">History of Alaska</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/100px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/150px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/200px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div></td><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline of Alaska</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Alaska" title="Prehistory of Alaska">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America (1733–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Department of Alaska (1867–1884)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">District of Alaska (1884–1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory of Alaska (1912–1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska#Statehood" title="History of Alaska">Recent history (1959–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="388" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">Gold Rush era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_Gold_Rush" title="Nome Gold Rush">Nome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Gold_Rush" title="Fairbanks Gold Rush">Fairbanks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_serum_run_to_Nome" title="1925 serum run to Nome">1925 serum run to Nome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Statehood_Act" title="Alaska Statehood Act">Alaska Statehood Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake" title="1964 Alaska earthquake">1964 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_Claims_Settlement_Act" title="Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act">Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_National_Interest_Lands_Conservation_Act" title="Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act">Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill"><i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anchorage,_Alaska" title="History of Anchorage, Alaska">History of Anchorage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Timeline of Anchorage, Alaska">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fairbanks,_Alaska" title="History of Fairbanks, Alaska">History of Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Alaska" title="Category:History of Alaska">Other topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FCC200"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:California_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:California history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:California_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:California history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:California_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:California history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">History of California </a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900" title="History of California before 1900">Before 1900</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Native Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#Pre_European_settlement" title="History of California before 1900">Precontact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#European_exploration_(1530–1765)" title="History of California before 1900">First explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#European_exploration_(1765–1821)" title="History of California before 1900">Later explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">Genocide of indigenous population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#Spanish_colonization_and_governance_(1697–1821)" title="History of California before 1900">Spanish colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#California_under_Mexican_rule_(1821–1846)" title="History of California before 1900">Mexican rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War#California_Campaign" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republic" title="California Republic">California Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_California" title="Conquest of California">Conquest of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_government_of_California" title="Interim government of California">Interim government of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#California_under_American_rule_(beginning_1846)" title="History of California before 1900">United States rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)" title="History of California (1900–present)">Since 1900</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#Organized_labor" title="History of California (1900–present)">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#Examples_of_engineering" title="History of California (1900–present)">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_water_wars" title="California water wars">Water wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#Oil,_movies,_and_the_military" title="History of California (1900–present)">Industrial growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#Baby_boomers_and_free_spirits" title="History of California (1900–present)">Postwar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#Economic_power_house" title="History of California (1900–present)">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#The_California_legal_revolution" title="History of California (1900–present)">Legal revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#High-tech_expansion" title="History of California (1900–present)">Tech boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#2000.E2.80.93present" title="History of California (1900–present)">Present day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_California" title="Category:History of California">By topic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_California" title="Etymology of California">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California%27s_state_highway_system" title="History of California's state highway system">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_California" title="Maritime history of California">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_California" title="History of rail transportation in California">Railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchos_of_California" title="Ranchos of California">Ranchos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_California" title="History of slavery in California">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_California" title="Territorial evolution of California">Territorial evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_California" title="List of regions of California">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area">Bay Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_San_Fernando_Valley" title="History of the San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Catalina_Island" title="History of Santa Catalina Island">Santa Catalina Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yosemite_area" title="History of the Yosemite area">Yosemite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_San_Fernando_Valley" title="History of the San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_California" title="List of counties in California">By county</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alameda_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Alameda County, California">Alameda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alpine_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Alpine County, California">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Amador_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Amador County, California">Amador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Butte_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Butte County, California">Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Calaveras_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Calaveras County, California">Calaveras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colusa_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Colusa County, California">Colusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Contra_Costa_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Contra Costa County, California">Contra Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Del_Norte_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Del Norte County, California">Del Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Dorado_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of El Dorado County, California">El Dorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fresno_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fresno County, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Glenn_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Glenn County, California">Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Humboldt_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Humboldt County, California">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Imperial_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Imperial County, California">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Inyo_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Inyo County, California">Inyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kern_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kern County, California">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kings_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kings County, California">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lake_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lake County, California">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lassen_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lassen County, California">Lassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="History of Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madera_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Madera County, California">Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marin_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Marin County, California">Marin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mariposa_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mariposa County, California">Mariposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mendocino_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mendocino County, California">Mendocino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Merced_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Merced County, California">Merced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modoc_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modoc County, California">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mono_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mono County, California">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monterey_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Monterey County, California">Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Napa_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Napa County, California">Napa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Nevada County, California">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Orange_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Orange County, California">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Placer_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Placer County, California">Placer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Plumas_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Plumas County, California">Plumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Riverside_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Riverside County, California">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sacramento_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sacramento County, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Benito_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Benito County, California">San Benito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Bernardino_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Bernardino County, California">San Bernardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Diego_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Diego County, California">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Francisco" title="History of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Joaquin_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Joaquin County, California">San Joaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Luis Obispo County, California">San Luis Obispo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Mateo_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Mateo County, California">San Mateo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Barbara_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Barbara County, California">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="History of Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Cruz_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Cruz County, California">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shasta_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Shasta County, California">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sierra_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sierra County, California">Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Siskiyou_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Siskiyou County, California">Siskiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solano_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Solano County, California">Solano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sonoma_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sonoma County, California">Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Stanislaus_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Stanislaus County, California">Stanislaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sutter_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sutter County, California">Sutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tehama_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tehama County, California">Tehama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinity_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Trinity County, California">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tulare_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tulare County, California">Tulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tuolumne_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tuolumne County, California">Tuolumne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ventura_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ventura County, California">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yolo_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yolo County, California">Yolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuba_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yuba County, California">Yuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_California" title="List of municipalities in California">By city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Los_Angeles" title="History of Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Diego" title="History of San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Jose,_California" title="History of San Jose, California">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Francisco" title="History of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fresno,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sacramento,_California" title="History of Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Long_Beach,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oakland,_California" title="History of Oakland, California">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bakersfield,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anaheim,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anaheim, California">Anaheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Ana,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Riverside,_California" title="History of Riverside, California">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Stockton,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Stockton, California">Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chula_Vista,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chula Vista, California">Chula Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fremont,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fremont, California">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Irvine,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Irvine, California">Irvine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Bernardino,_California" title="History of San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modesto,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modesto, California">Modesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oxnard,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Oxnard, California">Oxnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fontana,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fontana, California">Fontana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moreno_Valley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moreno Valley, California">Moreno Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Glendale,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Glendale, California">Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Huntington_Beach,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Huntington Beach, California">Huntington Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Clarita,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Clarita, California">Santa Clarita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Garden_Grove,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Garden Grove, California">Garden Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Rosa,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oceanside,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Oceanside, California">Oceanside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rancho_Cucamonga,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Rancho Cucamonga, California">Rancho Cucamonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ontario,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ontario, California">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lancaster,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lancaster, California">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Elk_Grove,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Elk Grove, California">Elk Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmdale,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmdale, California">Palmdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Corona,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Corona, California">Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Salinas,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Salinas, California">Salinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomona,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Pomona, California">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Torrance,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Torrance, California">Torrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hayward,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hayward, California">Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Escondido,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Escondido, California">Escondido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sunnyvale,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pasadena,_California" title="History of Pasadena, California">Pasadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fullerton,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fullerton, California">Fullerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Orange,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Orange, California">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thousand_Oaks,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thousand Oaks, California">Thousand Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Visalia,_California" title="History of Visalia, California">Visalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Simi_Valley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Simi Valley, California">Simi Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Concord,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Concord, California">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roseville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Roseville, California">Roseville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Clara,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vallejo,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vallejo, California">Vallejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Victorville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Victorville, California">Victorville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Monte,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of El Monte, California">El Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Berkeley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Downey,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Downey, California">Downey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Costa_Mesa,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Costa Mesa, California">Costa Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Inglewood,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Inglewood, California">Inglewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ventura,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ventura, California">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fairfield,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fairfield, California">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Maria,_California" title="History of Santa Maria, California">Santa Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Redding,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Redding, California">Redding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Monica,_California" title="History of Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Barbara,_California" title="History of Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chico,_California" title="History of Chico, California">Chico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Merced,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Merced, California">Merced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Napa,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Napa, California">Napa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Redwood_City,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Redwood City, California">Redwood City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuba_City,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yuba City, California">Yuba City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madera,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Madera, California">Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Cruz,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Cruz, California">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Rafael,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Rafael, California">San Rafael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Woodland,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Woodland, California">Woodland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hanford,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hanford, California">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Luis_Obispo,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Luis Obispo, California">San Luis Obispo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Centro,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of El Centro, California">El Centro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lompoc,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lompoc, California">Lompoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Martinez,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Martinez, California">Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hollister,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hollister, California">Hollister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eureka,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Eureka, California">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Susanville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Susanville, California">Susanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukiah,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukiah, California">Ukiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oroville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Oroville, California">Oroville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Red_Bluff,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Red Bluff, California">Red Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Auburn,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Auburn, California">Auburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marysville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Marysville, California">Marysville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Piedmont,_California" title="History of Piedmont, California">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Placerville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Placerville, California">Placerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yreka,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yreka, California">Yreka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crescent_City,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Crescent City, California">Crescent City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Willows,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Willows, California">Willows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colusa,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Colusa, California">Colusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sonora,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sonora, California">Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lakeport,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lakeport, California">Lakeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jackson,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jackson, California">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada_City,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Nevada City, California">Nevada City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alturas,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Alturas, California">Alturas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_colonies" title="Template:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_colonies" title="Template talk:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Named territories</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a></dd> <dd><span class="nobold">Sites:</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island#French_Colony" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Isle St-Jean</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island#History" title="Cape Breton Island">Île Royale</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domaine_du_roy" title="Domaine du roy">Domaine du roy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre Neuve</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Annapolis Royal</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in New France">List of towns</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of forts</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Miguel" title="Fort San Miguel">Fort San Miguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Sound" title="Nootka Sound">Nootka Sound</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Expeditions</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Basque_whaling#Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Basque whaling">Newfoundland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas#Nova_Scotia_(1621)" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Nova Scotia (1621)</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal#Port_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Port Royal Colony</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian America</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">Nova Dania</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas#English_colonies_in_North_America" title="British colonization of the Americas">English</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland (1583)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> (?)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">New Britain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">New Yorkshire</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia (1710)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" title="The Canadas">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">United Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia_(Canada)" title="New Caledonia (Canada)">New Caledonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia (1858–1866)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">British Columbia (1866–1871)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Districts of the Northwest Territories">districts</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuper%27s_Cove" title="Cuper's Cove">Cuper's Cove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ferryland" title="Ferryland">Avalon (1620)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/York_Factory" title="York Factory">York Factory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Langley_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Langley National Historic Site">Fort Langley</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_possessions_of_Norway" title="List of possessions of Norway">Norwegian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_Islands" title="Sverdrup Islands">Sverdrup Islands</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution after 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_disputed_by_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States">Areas disputed by Canada and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada">Proposed provinces and territories of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Canada" title="Category:History of Canada">Category</a> </b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20x20px_History_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Americas" title="Template:History of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:History of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20x20px_History_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/20px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/30px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/40px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Americas" title="History of the Americas">History of the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Americas" title="History of the Americas">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesoamerica" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_America" title="History of Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin_America" title="History of Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andean_South_America" title="History of Andean South America">Andean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationAmericas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationAmericas.png/200px-LocationAmericas.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationAmericas.png/300px-LocationAmericas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationAmericas.png/400px-LocationAmericas.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Columbian Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">Decolonization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aztecs" title="History of the Aztecs">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">Inca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maps_of_the_history_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Maps of the history of the Americas">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Culture of the Americas">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Geography of the Americas">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_epidemics_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallpox epidemics in the Americas">Epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="List of pre-Columbian cultures">Pre-Columbian cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_in_the_Americas_by_population" title="List of countries in the Americas by population">Population</a></li> <li>Conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_North_America" title="List of conflicts in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_South_America" title="List of conflicts in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">Archaeology of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">North America by period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Timelines_of_North_American_history" title="Category:Timelines of North American history">North American timelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(Mesoamerica)" title="List of archaeological periods (Mesoamerica)">Mesoamerica by period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerica timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_eras" title="Category:Historical eras">Era</a>: <a href="/wiki/Category:History_by_period" title="Category:History by period">By period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_by_region" title="Category:History by region">By region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Future" title="Category:Future">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thirteen_Colonies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Template:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Template talk:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thirteen_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Colonies" title="Middle Colonies">Middle Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Colonies" title="Chesapeake Colonies">Chesapeake Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_colonies" title="Tobacco colonies">Tobacco Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:1px #ccc solid"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> (1607–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> (1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> (1632–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> (1636–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> (1636–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> (1664–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (1664–1673; 1702–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> (1664–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1681–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a> (1691–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> (1732–1776)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Other British colonial entities in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke</a> (1585–1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popham_Colony" title="Popham Colony">Popham</a> (1607–1608)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> (1607–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Hundred" title="Berkeley Hundred">Berkeley Hundred</a> (1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> (1620–1686; 1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maine" title="Province of Maine">Maine</a> (1622–1658)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix#History" title="Saint Croix">Saint Croix</a> (1625–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolana" title="Carolana">Carolana</a> (1629–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> (1629–1686; 1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> (1635–1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> (1638–1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Confederation" title="New England Confederation">New England Confederation</a> (1643–1654; 1675–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1680</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> (1663–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> (1670–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> (1670–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> (1674–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> (1674–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a> (1686–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(Maine)" title="New Ireland (Maine)">New Ireland</a> (1779–1783; 1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a> (1810–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> (1811–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen Territories</a> (1862–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">Colony of British Columbia</a> (1863–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island</a> (1866–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">Province of British Columbia</a> (1871–1903)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian Viceroyalty</a> (1492–1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> <ul><li>1521–1821; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>, 1565–1763</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a>, 1565–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a>, 1565–1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Captaincy General of Puerto Rico</a>, 1580–1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, 1598–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Captaincy General of Cuba</a>, 1607–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix#History" title="Saint Croix">Spanish Saint Croix</a>, 1650–1651</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>, 1690–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a>, 1767–1804</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>, 1769–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a>, 1776–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">Spanish East Florida</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">Spanish West Florida</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, 1804–1821</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> <ul><li>1534–1763; <a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">French Florida</a>, 1562–1565</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Hospitaller Saint Croix</a>, 1651–1665</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies#Former_French_West_Indian_islands" title="French West Indies">French Saint Croix</a>, 1665–1733</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a>, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> (1614–1667)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Virgin_Islands" title="Dutch Virgin Islands">Dutch Virgin Islands</a> (1625–1672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a> (1638–1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a> (1672–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">Brandenburger Saint Thomas</a> (1685–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico#History" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Krabbeninsel</a> (1689–1693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico#History" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Scottish Darien Company</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a> (1799–1867)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Related Documents</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_Concerning_Western_Planting" title="Discourse Concerning Western Planting">Discourse Concerning Western Planting</a> <small>(1584)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Compact" title="Mayflower Compact">Mayflower Compact</a> <small>(1620)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourt%27s_Relation" title="Mourt's Relation">Mourt's Relation</a> <small>(1622)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Plymouth_Plantation" title="Of Plymouth Plantation">Of Plymouth Plantation</a> <small>(1630–1651)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Orders_of_Connecticut" title="Fundamental Orders of Connecticut">Fundamental Orders of Connecticut</a> <small>(1638)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintipartite_Deed" title="Quintipartite Deed">Quintipartite Deed</a> <small>(1676)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Category:Thirteen Colonies">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_colonization_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_colonization_of_North_America" title="Template:European colonization of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_colonization_of_North_America" title="Template talk:European colonization of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_colonization_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European colonization of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_colonization_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonization of North America">European colonization of North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Tom%C3%A1s_de_Castilla#Belgian_colony" title="Santo Tomás de Castilla">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Curonian colonization of the Americas">Curonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="German colonization of the Americas">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Hospitaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse</a></li> <li>Norwegian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red%27s_Land" title="Erik the Red's Land">Erik the Red's Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen_Land" title="Fridtjof Nansen Land">Fridtjof Nansen Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_Islands" title="Sverdrup Islands">Sverdrup Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Spanish</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Article also discusses colonization in Central and South America and Asia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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