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<li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Provost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bailies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bailies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bailies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bailies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burgesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burgesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Burgesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burgesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dean_of_Guild" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dean_of_Guild"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Dean of Guild</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dean_of_Guild-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trading_privileges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trading_privileges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Trading privileges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trading_privileges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Toponymy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Toponymy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Burgh" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Burgh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Burgh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BA%D0%BB%C4%95_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ирĕклĕ хула – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ирĕклĕ хула" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Burgh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B7_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Ελεύθερη πόλη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελεύθερη πόλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh_(%C3%89cosse)" title="Burgh (Écosse) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Burgh (Écosse)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Burgh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Burgh" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh_(Schotland)" title="Burgh (Schotland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Burgh (Schotland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9_(%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA)" title="バラ (スコットランドの行政区) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バラ (スコットランドの行政区)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Burgh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Burgh" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Burgh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_(%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Бург (Шотландия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бург (Шотландия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Burgh" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Burgh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="บะระ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บะระ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Burgh" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q254978#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Burgh" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former autonomous corporate entity in Scotland and Northern England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Burgh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Burgh (disambiguation)">Burgh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Burgh_of_Culross,_Fife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Royal_Burgh_of_Culross%2C_Fife.jpg/300px-Royal_Burgh_of_Culross%2C_Fife.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Royal_Burgh_of_Culross%2C_Fife.jpg/450px-Royal_Burgh_of_Culross%2C_Fife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Royal_Burgh_of_Culross%2C_Fife.jpg/600px-Royal_Burgh_of_Culross%2C_Fife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>The Royal Burgh of <a href="/wiki/Culross" title="Culross">Culross</a> in Fife</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>burgh</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ʌr/: 'urr' in 'hurry'">ʌr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BURR</span>-ə</i></a>) is an <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomous</a> <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">municipal corporation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, usually a <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a>, <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">town</a>, or <b>toun</b> in <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>. This type of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative division</a> existed from the 12th century, when <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">King David I</a> created the first <a href="/wiki/Royal_burgh" title="Royal burgh">royal burghs</a>. Burgh status was broadly analogous to <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough status</a>, found in the rest of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Scotland)_Act_1973" title="Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973">local government reorganisation in 1975</a>, the title of "royal burgh" remains in use in many towns, but now has little more than ceremonial value. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordnancegazettee03groouoft_raw_0284.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ordnancegazettee03groouoft_raw_0284.png/220px-Ordnancegazettee03groouoft_raw_0284.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ordnancegazettee03groouoft_raw_0284.png/330px-Ordnancegazettee03groouoft_raw_0284.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ordnancegazettee03groouoft_raw_0284.png/440px-Ordnancegazettee03groouoft_raw_0284.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Seal of <a href="/wiki/Haddington,_East_Lothian" title="Haddington, East Lothian">Haddington</a> town: "David Dei Gratia Rex Scottorum. Sigillum commune burgi de Hadington"</figcaption></figure> <p>The first burgh was <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick</a>. By 1130, <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a> (r. 1124–53) had established other burghs including <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haddington,_East_Lothian" title="Haddington, East Lothian">Haddington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumfries" title="Dumfries">Dumfries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jedburgh" title="Jedburgh">Jedburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montrose,_Angus" title="Montrose, Angus">Montrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutherglen" title="Rutherglen">Rutherglen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lanark" title="Lanark">Lanark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the burghs granted charters in his reign probably already existed as settlements. Charters were copied almost verbatim from those used in England,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and early burgesses usually invited <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flemings" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemings">Flemish</a> settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-MacQuarrie2004pp136-40_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacQuarrie2004pp136-40-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were able to impose tolls and fines on traders within a region outside their settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-MacQuarrie2004pp136-40_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacQuarrie2004pp136-40-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Properties known as <a href="/wiki/Burgage" title="Burgage">Burgage</a> tenures were a key feature, whose tenants had to be of the <a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a> class, known as a "<a href="/wiki/Burgess_(title)" title="Burgess (title)">Burgesses</a>", and therefore eligible to participate in trade within the town, and to elect town officials. Most of the early burghs were on the east coast, and among them were the largest and wealthiest, including <a href="/wiki/Old_Aberdeen" title="Old Aberdeen">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Aberdeen" title="New Aberdeen">New Aberdeen</a>, Berwick, Perth and Edinburgh, whose growth was facilitated by trade with other <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> ports on the continent, in particular in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, as well as ports on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. In the south-west, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayr" title="Ayr">Ayr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirkcudbright" title="Kirkcudbright">Kirkcudbright</a> were aided by the less profitable sea trade with Ireland and to a lesser extent France and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchinson2002p78_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchinson2002p78-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burgh_Seal_of_Crail,_Fife_(reverse).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Burgh_Seal_of_Crail%2C_Fife_%28reverse%29.JPG/160px-Burgh_Seal_of_Crail%2C_Fife_%28reverse%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Burgh_Seal_of_Crail%2C_Fife_%28reverse%29.JPG/240px-Burgh_Seal_of_Crail%2C_Fife_%28reverse%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Burgh_Seal_of_Crail%2C_Fife_%28reverse%29.JPG/320px-Burgh_Seal_of_Crail%2C_Fife_%28reverse%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="2215" /></a><figcaption>Reverse side of the burgh seal of <a href="/wiki/Crail" title="Crail">Crail</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a> fishing port</figcaption></figure> <p>Burghs were typically settlements under the protection of a castle and usually had a market place, with a widened high street or junction, marked by a <a href="/wiki/Mercat_cross" title="Mercat cross">mercat cross</a>, beside houses for the burgesses and other inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-MacQuarrie2004pp136-40_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacQuarrie2004pp136-40-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founding of 16 royal burghs can be traced to the reign of David I (1124–53)<sup id="cite_ref-Stringer2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stringer2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is evidence of 55 burghs by 1296.<sup id="cite_ref-Webster1997pp122-3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster1997pp122-3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the major <a href="/wiki/Royal_burgh" title="Royal burgh">royal burghs</a>, the late Middle Ages saw the proliferation of baronial and ecclesiastical burghs, with 51 created between 1450 and 1516. Most of these were much smaller than their royal counterparts. Excluded from foreign trade, they acted mainly as local markets and centres of craftsmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchinson2002p78_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchinson2002p78-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burghs were centres of basic crafts, including the manufacture of shoes, clothes, dishes, pots, joinery, bread and ale, which would normally be sold to "indwellers" and "outdwellers" on market days.<sup id="cite_ref-MacQuarrie2004pp136-40_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacQuarrie2004pp136-40-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, burghs carried out far more local trading with their hinterlands, on which they relied for food and raw materials, than trading nationally or abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-Wormald1991pp41-55_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wormald1991pp41-55-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burghs had rights to representation in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union of 1707</a> many became <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_burghs" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary burghs">parliamentary burghs</a>, represented in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reform_Act_1832" title="Scottish Reform Act 1832">Scottish Reform Act 1832</a>, 32 years after the merger of the Parliament of Great Britain into the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>, the boundaries of burghs for parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elections</a> ceased to be necessarily their boundaries for other purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were several types of burgh, including; </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_burgh" title="Royal burgh">Royal burgh</a>, founded by royal charter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_of_regality" title="Burgh of regality">Burgh of regality</a>, granted to a nobleman or "lord of regality".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_of_barony" title="Burgh of barony">Burgh of barony</a>, granted to a tenant-in-chief, with narrower powers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_burgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary burgh">Parliamentary burgh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Burgh_constituency" title="Burgh constituency">burgh constituency</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary constituency">parliamentary constituency</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_burgh" title="Police burgh">Police burgh</a>, a burgh operating a "police system" of town government.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linlithgow_Burgh_sign.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Linlithgow_Burgh_sign.gif/220px-Linlithgow_Burgh_sign.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Linlithgow_Burgh_sign.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption>A sign in <a href="/wiki/Linlithgow" title="Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Until 1833, each burgh had a different constitution or "sett". The government of the burgh was often in the hands of a self-nominating corporation, and few local government functions were performed: these were often left to <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a> bodies. </p><p>Two pieces of reforming legislation were enacted in 1833: The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Burghs_(Scotland)_Act_1833" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Burghs (Scotland) Act 1833">Royal Burghs (Scotland) Act 1833</a> (<a href="/wiki/3_%26_4_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="3 & 4 Will. 4">3 & 4 Will. 4</a>. c. 76) and the <a href="/wiki/Burgh_Police_(Scotland)_Act_1833" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1833">Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1833</a> (<a href="/wiki/3_%26_4_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="3 & 4 Will. 4">3 & 4 Will. 4</a>. c. 46). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Burghs_(Scotland)_Act_1833" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Burghs (Scotland) Act 1833">Royal Burghs (Scotland) Act 1833</a> (<a href="/wiki/3_%26_4_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="3 & 4 Will. 4">3 & 4 Will. 4</a>. c. 76) provided for the election of magistrates and councillors. Each burgh was to have a common council consisting of a provost (or lord provost), magistrates (or bailies) and councillors. Every parliamentary elector living within the "royalty" or area of the royal burgh, or within seven statute miles of its boundary, was entitled to vote in burgh elections. One third of the common council was elected each year. The councillors selected a number of their members to be bailies, who acted as a magistrates bench for the burgh and dealt with such issues as licensing. The provost, or chief magistrate, was elected from among the council every three years. The Royal Burghs Act was also extended to the 12 <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_burgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary burgh">parliamentary burghs</a> which had recently been enfranchised. These were growing industrial centres, and apart from the lack of a charter, they had identical powers and privileges to the royal burghs.<sup id="cite_ref-atkinson_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atkinson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Royal Burghs retained the right to corporate property or "common good". This property was used for the advantage of the inhabitants of the burgh, funding such facilities as public parks, museums and civic events. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Burgh_Police_(Scotland)_Act_1833" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1833">Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1833</a> (<a href="/wiki/3_%26_4_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="3 & 4 Will. 4">3 & 4 Will. 4</a>. c. 46) allowed the inhabitants of royal burghs, <a href="/wiki/Burgh_of_regality" title="Burgh of regality">burghs of regality</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Burgh_of_barony" title="Burgh of barony">bBarony</a> to adopt a "police system". "Police" in this sense did not refer to law enforcement, but to various local government activities summarised in the act as <i>"paving, lighting, cleansing, watching, supplying with water, and improving such Burghs respectively, as may be necessary and expedient"</i>. The act could be adopted following its approval in a poll of householders in the burgh. Burghs reformed or created under this and later legislation became known as <a href="/wiki/Police_burgh" title="Police burgh">police burghs</a>. The governing body of a police burgh were the police commissioners. The commissioners were elected by the existing town council of the burgh, not by the electorate at large. The town council of a burgh could by a three-quarters majority become police commissioners for the burgh. In many cases this led to the existence of two parallel burgh administrations, the town council and the police commissioners, each with the same membership, but separate legal identity and powers.<sup id="cite_ref-atkinson_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atkinson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further legislation, the <a href="/wiki/Police_(Scotland)_Act_1850" class="mw-redirect" title="Police (Scotland) Act 1850">Police (Scotland) Act 1850</a> (<a href="/wiki/13_%26_14_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="13 & 14 Vict.">13 & 14 Vict.</a> c. 33), allowed "populous places" other than existing burghs to become police burghs. </p><p>In 1893, most of the anomalies in the administration of burghs were removed: police commissioners were retitled as councillors and all burghs were to consist of a single body corporate, ending the existence of parallel burghs. All burghs of barony and regality that had not adopted a police system were abolished.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (May 2018)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Burgh#Abolished_1893?" title="Talk:Burgh">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Councils were to be headed by a chief magistrate using the "customary title" of the burgh.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, the chief magistrate of every burgh was to be known as the provost – except in burghs granted a <a href="/wiki/Lord_provost" title="Lord provost">lord provost</a>. </p><p>The last major legislation to effect burghs came into effect in 1930. The <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Scotland)_Act_1929" title="Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929">Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929</a> (<a href="/wiki/19_%26_20_Geo._5" class="mw-redirect" title="19 & 20 Geo. 5">19 & 20 Geo. 5</a>. c. 25) divided burghs into three classes: </p> <ul><li>"Counties of cities": the four largest royal burghs, they combined the powers of a burgh and county council.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Large_burgh" title="Large burgh">Large burghs</a>": independent of the county council except in major services such as police and education.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Small_burgh" title="Small burgh">Small burghs</a>": performing minor local government functions such as street-cleaning, housing, lighting and drainage..</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Scotland)_Act_1973" title="Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973">Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973</a> (c. 65) formally abolished burghs. Section 1(5) of the act stated: <i>On 16 May 1975, all local government areas existing immediately before that date, that is to say, all counties, counties of cities, large burghs, small burghs and districts, shall cease to exist, and the council of every such area shall also cease to exist.</i> The use of the title continues in informal use, however. </p><p>The common good properties and funds of the royal burghs continue to exist. They are administered by the present <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">area councils</a>, who must make "have regard to the interests of the inhabitants of the area to which the common good formerly related". The use of these assets are to be for the benefit of the inhabitants of the former burgh.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any person or body holding the honorary freedom <i>of any place... formerly having the status of a city, burgh or royal burgh</i> continued to enjoy that status after the 1975 reorganisation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provost">Provost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Provost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Council_Chamber,_Leith.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Council_Chamber%2C_Leith.JPG/220px-Council_Chamber%2C_Leith.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Council_Chamber%2C_Leith.JPG/330px-Council_Chamber%2C_Leith.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Council_Chamber%2C_Leith.JPG/440px-Council_Chamber%2C_Leith.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="2557" /></a><figcaption>The Council Chamber in <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a> which ceased to be an autonomous burgh in 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>The chief magistrate or convener of a burgh, equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a>, was called a <a href="/wiki/Provost_(civil)" title="Provost (civil)">provost</a>. Many different titles were in use until the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Town_Councils_(Scotland)_Act_1900&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Town Councils (Scotland) Act 1900 (page does not exist)">Town Councils (Scotland) Act 1900</a> standardised the term as "provost", except in cities with a lord provost. Since 1975 local authorities have been free to choose the title of their convener and provosts are appointed to chair a number of <a href="/wiki/Council_areas_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Council areas of Scotland">area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community_council" title="Community council">community councils</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bailies">Bailies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bailies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the provost were <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrates</a> or <a href="/wiki/Baillie" class="mw-redirect" title="Baillie">baillies</a> who both acted as councillors, and in the enforcement of laws. As well as general tasks, they often had specific tasks such as inspecting wine, or ale, or other products sold at market. The title of bailie ceased to have any statutory meaning in 1975, although modern area councils do sometimes make appointments to the office on a purely ceremonial basis. For example, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_City_Council" title="Glasgow City Council">Glasgow City Council</a> grants the title in an honorary capacity to senior councillors, while <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Stirling Council">Stirling Council</a> appoints four bailies to act in lieu of the provost in specific geographical areas.<sup id="cite_ref-glasgow_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glasgow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burgesses">Burgesses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Burgesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A resident granted the rights of a "freeman" of the burgh, was styled a <a href="/wiki/Burgess_(title)" title="Burgess (title)">burgess</a> (<i>pl. burgesses</i>), a title also used in English boroughs. These freemen and their wives were a class which did not include dependants (e.g. apprentices) and servants, though they were not guaranteed to be wealthy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dean_of_Guild">Dean of Guild</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dean of Guild"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This was a title held by one of the bailies of the burgh who presided over a <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Guild" title="Dean of Guild">Dean of Guild</a> Court which was given the specific duty of building control. The courts were abolished in 1975, with building regulation transferred to the relevant local authority.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appointments to the office of Dean of Guild are still made in some areas: for instance the Lord Dean of Guild of <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> is described as the "second citizen of Glasgow" after the Lord Provost although the appointment is in the hands of the Merchants House of Glasgow, and not the city council.<sup id="cite_ref-glasgow_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glasgow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trading_privileges">Trading privileges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trading privileges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early Burghs were granted the power to trade, which allowed them to control trade until the 19th century. The population of <a href="/wiki/Burgess_(title)" title="Burgess (title)">burgesses</a> could be roughly divided between <a href="/wiki/Merchants" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchants">merchants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">craftsmen</a>, and the tensions between the interests of the two classes was often a feature of the cities. Craftsmen were usually organised into <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>. Merchants also had a guild, but many merchants did not belong to it, and it would be run by a small group of the most powerful merchants. The class of merchants included all traders, from stall-holders and pack-men to shop-holders and traders of considerable wealth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As used in this article, the <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a> word <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">burgh</i></span> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Burh</i></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> it refers to corporate entities whose <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">legality</a> is peculiar to Scotland. (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish law">Scottish law</a> was protected and preserved as distinct from laws of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union of 1707</a>.) Another variant pronunciation, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/90\/En-borough.ogg\/En-borough.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-borough.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/En-borough.ogg/En-borough.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-borough.ogg" title="File:En-borough.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, is heard in several Cumbrian place names, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Burgh_by_Sands" title="Burgh by Sands">Burgh by Sands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longburgh" title="Longburgh">Longburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drumburgh" title="Drumburgh">Drumburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayburgh_Henge" title="Mayburgh Henge">Mayburgh Henge</a>. </p><p>The English language <i>borough</i>, like the Scots <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">Burgh</i></span>, is derived from the same <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English language</a> word <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">burh</a></i></span> (whose dative singular and nominative/accusative plural form <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">byrig</i></span> sometimes underlies modern place-names, and which had dialectal variants including <i>"burg"</i>; it was also sometimes confused with <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">beorh</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">beorg</i></span>, 'mound, hill', on which see Hall 2001, 69–70). The <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word was originally used for a fortified town or proto-<a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a> (e.g. at <a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Burgh_Castle_Roman_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgh Castle Roman Site">Burgh Castle</a>) and was related to the verb <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">beorgan</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> Dutch and German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">bergen</i></span>) 'to keep, save, make secure'. In the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg" class="extiw" title="de:Burg">Burg</a></i></span> means '<a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortress</a>', though so many towns grew up around castles that it almost came to mean <i><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a></i>, and is incorporated into many <a href="/wiki/Placenames" class="mw-redirect" title="Placenames">placenames</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flensburg" title="Flensburg">Flensburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strasburg,_Germany" title="Strasburg, Germany">Strasburg</a>. </p><p>The word has cognates in other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>. For example, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">burg</i></span> in German, and <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">borg</i></span> in both <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>. The equivalent word is also to be found in <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>. Burgh in placenames is found in its greatest UK concentration in the <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> region of southern England, where also the word has taken the form <i>bury</i>, as in Canterbury.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of other <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> languages have cognate words which were borrowed from the Germanic languages during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, including <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">brog</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">bwr</i></span> or <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">bwrc</i></span>, meaning 'wall, rampart' in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bourg</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">borgo</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">burgo</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (hence the place-name <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>). </p><p>The most obviously derivative words are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/burgher" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/burgher">burgher</a> in English, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrger" class="extiw" title="de:Bürger">Bürger</a></i></span> in German or <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">burger</i></span> in Dutch (literally '<a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizen</a>', with connotations of <a href="/wiki/Middle-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-class">middle-class</a> in English and other Germanic languages). Also related are the words <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a></i></span> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">belfry</a></i> (both from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Burglar" class="mw-redirect" title="Burglar">burglar</a></i>. More distantly, it is related to words meaning '<a href="/wiki/Hill" title="Hill">hill</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountain</a>' in a number of languages (cf. the second element of <i><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">iceberg</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burgh is commonly used as a <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">suffix</a> in place names in Great Britain, particularly Scotland and northern England, and other places where Britons settled, examples: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alburgh" title="Alburgh">Alburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldeburgh" title="Aldeburgh">Aldeburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamburgh" title="Bamburgh">Bamburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnburgh" title="Barnburgh">Barnburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawburgh" title="Bawburgh">Bawburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blythburgh" title="Blythburgh">Blythburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burghfield" title="Burghfield">Burghfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrawburgh" title="Carrawburgh">Carrawburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chedburgh" title="Chedburgh">Chedburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickleburgh" title="Dickleburgh">Dickleburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumburgh" title="Drumburgh">Drumburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstanburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunstanburgh">Dunstanburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleggburgh" title="Fleggburgh">Fleggburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flookburgh" title="Flookburgh">Flookburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundisburgh" title="Grundisburgh">Grundisburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happisburgh" title="Happisburgh">Happisburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoo_St_Werburgh" title="Hoo St Werburgh">Hoo St Werburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ickburgh" title="Ickburgh">Ickburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettleburgh" title="Kettleburgh">Kettleburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longburgh" title="Longburgh">Longburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayburgh_Henge" title="Mayburgh Henge">Mayburgh Henge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Newburgh (disambiguation)">Newburgh (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxburgh_Hall" title="Oxburgh Hall">Oxburgh Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumburgh" title="Rumburgh">Rumburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryburgh" title="Ryburgh">Ryburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Shuckburgh" title="Lower Shuckburgh">Shuckburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallburgh" title="Smallburgh">Smallburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Southburgh">Southburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Werburghs" title="St Werburghs">St Werburghs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasburgh" title="Tasburgh">Tasburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Whinburgh">Whinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfrith_Newburgh" title="Winfrith Newburgh">Winfrith Newburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarburgh" title="Yarburgh">Yarburgh</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branderburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Branderburgh">Branderburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryburgh" title="Dryburgh">Dryburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraserburgh" title="Fraserburgh">Fraserburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helensburgh" title="Helensburgh">Helensburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedburgh" title="Jedburgh">Jedburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverburgh" title="Leverburgh">Leverburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryburgh" title="Maryburgh">Maryburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musselburgh" title="Musselburgh">Musselburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Newburgh (disambiguation)">Newburgh (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairsie" title="Dairsie">Osnaburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxburgh" title="Roxburgh">Roxburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsburgh" title="Salsburgh">Salsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchburgh" title="Winchburgh">Winchburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley,_Renfrewshire" title="Paisley, Renfrewshire">Williamsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsburgh,_Skye" title="Kingsburgh, Skye">Kingsburgh, Skye</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenburgh,_New_York" title="Greenburgh, New York">Greenburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamptonburgh,_New_York" title="Hamptonburgh, New York">Hamptonburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plattsburgh,_New_York" title="Plattsburgh, New York">Plattsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh,_New_York" title="Newburgh, New York">Newburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh,_Indiana" title="Edinburgh, Indiana">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edithburgh" title="Edithburgh">Edithburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enosburg_Falls,_Vermont" title="Enosburg Falls, Vermont">Enosburg Falls, Vermont, United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisburgh,_County_Mayo" title="Louisburgh, County Mayo">Louisburgh, County Mayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> <p>And as a placename on its own, in the <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> countries: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh,_Renfrewshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burgh, Renfrewshire (page does not exist)">Burgh, Renfrewshire</a>, Scotland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgh (Netherlands)">Burgh (Netherlands)</a> - a town in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Schouwen-Duiveland" title="Schouwen-Duiveland">Schouwen-Duiveland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh,_Suffolk" title="Burgh, Suffolk">Burgh, Suffolk</a>, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_by_Sands" title="Burgh by Sands">Burgh by Sands</a>, Cumbria, England (<i>pronounced Bruff by Sands</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_Castle" title="Burgh Castle">Burgh Castle</a>, Suffolk, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_le_Marsh" title="Burgh le Marsh">Burgh le Marsh</a>, Lincolnshire, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_on_Bain" title="Burgh on Bain">Burgh on Bain</a>, Lincolnshire, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_Island" title="Burgh Island">Burgh Island</a>, Devon, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_next_Aylsham" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgh next Aylsham">Burgh next Aylsham</a>, Norfolk, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleggburgh" title="Fleggburgh">Burgh St Margaret</a>, Norfolk, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_St_Peter" title="Burgh St Peter">Burgh St Peter</a>, Norfolk, England</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burgh Hill (page does not exist)">Burgh Hill</a>, (Wealdon), Sussex</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burgh Hill (page does not exist)">Burgh Hill</a>, (Rother), Sussex</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_Heath" title="Burgh Heath">Burgh Heath</a>, Surrey</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Scotland" title="Cities of Scotland">Cities of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">Borough</a></li> 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href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Template:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Template talk:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Designations_for_types_of_administrative_division433" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Designations for types of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative division</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="English_terms433" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="List of terms for administrative divisions">English terms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Common_English_terms39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_area" title="Local government area">Local government area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Areas_Board" title="Special Areas Board">Special area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unorganized_area" title="Unorganized area">Unorganized area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">Borough</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">County borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canton_(administrative_division)" title="Canton (administrative division)">Canton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Half-canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-canton">Half-canton</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital" title="Federal capital">Federal capital</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capital_city#Origins" title="Capital city">Imperial capital</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_city" title="Autonomous city">Autonomous city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter city">Charter city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated city">Incorporated city</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial city">Imperial city</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial city</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Royal_free_city" title="Royal free city">Royal free city</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_(administrative_division)" title="Community (administrative division)">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_community" title="Residential community">Residential community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County" title="County">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_county" title="Administrative county">Administrative county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_county" title="Autonomous county">Autonomous county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">County town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_county_municipality" title="Regional county municipality">Regional county municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscountcy">Viscounty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas country">Overseas country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_(administrative_division)" title="Department (administrative division)">Department</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">Overseas department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/District" title="District">District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital district">Capital district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_district" title="City district">City district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_district" title="Congressional district">Congressional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_government_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government district">Indian government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_district" title="Land district">Land district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Manitoba#Local_government_districts" title="List of municipalities in Manitoba">Local government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan district">Metropolitan district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_district" title="Military district">Military district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_district" title="Municipal district">Municipal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_district" title="Police district">Police district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_district" title="Regional district">Regional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_district" title="Rural district">Rural district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_district" title="Sanitary district">Sanitary district</a></li> <li>Service district <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_service_district_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Educational service district (disambiguation)">Educational service district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_service_district" title="Local service district">Local service district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_school_district" title="Intermediate school district">Intermediate school district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_district" title="Urban district">Urban district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Division_(political_geography)" title="Division (political geography)">Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_division" title="Police division">Police division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue division">Subdivision of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian reserve/reservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="City municipality">City municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_municipality" title="County municipality">County municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipality" title="Direct-controlled municipality">Direct-controlled municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_municipality" title="District municipality">District municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral municipality">Neutral municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_municipality" title="Regional municipality">Regional municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_municipality" title="Resort municipality">Resort municipality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_resort_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain resort municipality">Mountain resort municipality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_municipality" title="Rural municipality">Rural municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized municipality">Specialized municipality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture" title="Prefecture">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">Autonomous prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subprefecture" title="Subprefecture">Subprefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-prefecture">Super-prefecture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefecture</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_province" title="Autonomous province">Autonomous province</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">Overseas province</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrative region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_region" title="Special administrative region">Special administrative region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">Autonomous region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_region" title="Capital region">Capital region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_region" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital region">National capital region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_region" title="Development region">Development region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoregion_(geography)" title="Mesoregion (geography)">Mesoregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microregion" title="Microregion">Microregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas region">Overseas region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subregion_(administrative_division)" title="Subregion (administrative division)">Subregion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">Proto-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_state_(polity)" title="Free state (polity)">Free state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital territory">Capital territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal capital territory">Federal capital territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital territory">National capital territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_territory" title="Federal territory">Federal territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated territory">Incorporated territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territory">Organized incorporated territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas territory">Overseas territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_town" title="Census town">Census town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">Market town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">Township</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_township" title="Charter township">Charter township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Civil township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_township" title="Paper township">Paper township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_township" title="Survey township">Survey township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_township" title="Urban township">Urban township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional unit">Regional unit</a></li> <li>Territorial unit <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_territorial_unit" title="Autonomous territorial unit">Autonomous territorial unit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Economic zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Free economic zone">Free economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_zone" title="Exclusion zone">Exclusion zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_exclusion_zone" title="Military exclusion zone">Military exclusion zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_speech_zone" title="Free speech zone">Free speech zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_zone_(territorial_entity)" title="Neutral zone (territorial entity)">Neutral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-administered_zone" title="Self-administered zone">Self-administered zone</a></li> <li>Trade zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_English_terms39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria#Alpine_resorts" title="Local government in Victoria">Alpine resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banner_(administrative_division)" title="Banner (administrative division)">Banner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(district_subdivision)" title="Block (district subdivision)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">Cadastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_(administrative_division)" title="Circle (administrative division)">Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(administrative_division)" title="Circuit (administrative division)">Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">Condominium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency (administrative division)">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_duchy" title="District duchy">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderships_of_Lithuania" title="Elderships of Lithuania">Eldership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">Enclave and exclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal manor">Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muftiate" title="Muftiate">Muftiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">Neighbourhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_precinct" title="Electoral precinct">Precinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_(urban_subdivision)" title="Quarter (urban subdivision)">Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sector_(administrative_division)" title="Sector (administrative division)">Sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous sector">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townland" title="Townland">Townland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">Village</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_summer_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of summer villages in Alberta">Summer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(administrative_division)" title="Agency (administrative division)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_(county_division)" title="Barony (county division)">Barony</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate" title="Exarchate">Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">Hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Circle">Imperial Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthon" title="Monthon">Monthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency (administrative division)">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residency_(administrative_division)" title="Residency (administrative division)">Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Roman diocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_(administrative_division)" title="Seat (administrative division)">Seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_(administrative_division)" title="Tenth (administrative division)">Tenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing" title="Tithing">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-English_terms_or_loanwords433" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-English terms or loanwords</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amt" title="Amt">Amt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apskritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apskritis">Apskritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhsh" title="Bakhsh">Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashki">Bashki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Bezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarca" title="Comarca">Comarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">Frazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freguesia" title="Freguesia">Freguesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_(administrative_division)" title="Fu (administrative division)">Fu</a></li> <li>Gemeinde <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Germany)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(South_Tyrol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (South Tyrol)">South Tyrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeente_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gemeente (disambiguation)">Gemeente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina" title="Gmina">Gmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hromada" title="Hromada">Hromada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude%C8%9B" title="Județ">Județ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampong" title="Kampong">Kampong</a></li> <li>Kommun/Kunta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden" title="Municipalities of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4n" title="Län">Län (Sweden)</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localit%C3%A0" title="Località">Località</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Maakunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Megye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muban" title="Muban">Muban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukim" title="Mukim">Mukim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%ABsi_administrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Njësi administrative">Njësi administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obec" title="Obec">Obec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblast" title="Autonomous oblast">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okrug" title="Okrug">Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Ostān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Purok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qark" class="mw-redirect" title="Qark">Qark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">Raion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savivaldyb%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Savivaldybė">Savivaldybė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsoviet" title="Selsoviet">Selsoviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni%C5%ABnija" class="mw-redirect" title="Seniūnija">Seniūnija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">Shahrestān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum_(administrative_division)" title="Sum (administrative division)">Sum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sums_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Sums of Inner Mongolia">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BDsla" title="Sýsla">Sýsla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Tehsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Townlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine" title="Vingtaine">Vingtaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commote" title="Commote">Commote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_(territory)" title="Gau (territory)">Gau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heerlijkheid" title="Heerlijkheid">Heerlijkheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komun%C3%AB" title="Komunë">Komunë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ping" title="Köping">Köping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korale" title="Korale">Korale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Län/Lääni</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Landskommun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Maalaiskunta</a></li> <li>Nome <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Prefectures of Greece">Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">Pagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargana" title="Pargana">Pargana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plas%C4%83" title="Plasă">Plasă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rreth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rreth">Rreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socken" title="Socken">Socken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syssel" title="Syssel">Syssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_(administrative_division)" title="Zhou (administrative division)">Zhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in <i>italics</i>. <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration">Autonomous administration</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_by_country" title="List of administrative divisions by country">List of administrative divisions by country</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic-language_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="Template:Slavic-language terms for administrative divisions">Slavic administrative divisions</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J Mackay, The Convention of Royal Burghs of Scotland, From its Origin down to the Completion of the Treaty of Union between England and Scotland in 1707, Co-operative Printing Co. Ltd, Edinburgh 1884, p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. W. S. Barrow, <i>Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000-1306</i> (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1989), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/074860104X" title="Special:BookSources/074860104X">074860104X</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacQuarrie2004pp136-40-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacQuarrie2004pp136-40_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacQuarrie2004pp136-40_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacQuarrie2004pp136-40_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacQuarrie2004pp136-40_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. MacQuarrie, <i>Medieval Scotland: Kinship and Nation</i> (Thrupp: Sutton, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-2977-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-2977-4">0-7509-2977-4</a>, pp. 136-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchinson2002p78-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchinson2002p78_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchinson2002p78_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Mitchison, <i>A History of Scotland</i> (London: Routledge, 3rd edn., 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415278805" title="Special:BookSources/0415278805">0415278805</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stringer2005-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stringer2005_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. J. Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State, 1100-1300", in J. Wormald, ed., <i>Scotland: A History</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198206151" title="Special:BookSources/0198206151">0198206151</a>, pp. 38-76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster1997pp122-3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Webster1997pp122-3_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Webster, <i>Medieval Scotland: the Making of an Identity</i> (St. Martin's Press, 1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333567617" title="Special:BookSources/0333567617">0333567617</a>, pp. 122-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wormald1991pp41-55-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wormald1991pp41-55_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Wormald, <i>Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470-1625</i> (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0748602763" title="Special:BookSources/0748602763">0748602763</a>, pp. 41-55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atkinson-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atkinson_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atkinson_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mabel Atkinson, <i>The Organisation of Local Government in Scotland</i>, <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>, Vol. 18, No. 1. (March, 1903), pp. 59-87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Burgh_Police_(Scotland)_Act_1892" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1892">Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1892</a> (1892 c. 55)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625033648/http://minutes.stirling.gov.uk/pdfs/scouncil/Reports/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20REPCOMGF.pdf">"<i>Report on the Stirling Burgh Common Good Fund, 9 October 1997</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minutes.stirling.gov.uk/pdfs/scouncil/Reports/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20REPCOMGF.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Stirling+Burgh+Common+Good+Fund%2C+9+October+1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminutes.stirling.gov.uk%2Fpdfs%2Fscouncil%2FReports%2FMicrosoft%2520Word%2520-%2520REPCOMGF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Local Government Area Changes (Scotland) Regulations 1977 (<a href="/wiki/SI_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="SI 1977">SI 1977</a>/8) (S. 1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glasgow-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glasgow_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glasgow_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090915190033/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/LordProvostsmessage/History%2Bof%2Bthe%2Boffice%2Bof%2BLord%2BProvost.htm">"Lord Provost and Bailies"</a>. Glasgow City Council. 28 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/LordProvostsmessage/History+of+the+office+of+Lord+Provost.htm">the original</a> on 15 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lord+Provost+and+Bailies&rft.pub=Glasgow+City+Council&rft.date=2007-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glasgow.gov.uk%2Fen%2FAboutGlasgow%2FLordProvostsmessage%2FHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2Boffice%2Bof%2BLord%2BProvost.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stirling.gov.uk/text/index/council/news.htm?id=168854&m=5&y=2008">"Stirling's New Bailies"</a>. Stirling Council. 13 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stirling%27s+New+Bailies&rft.pub=Stirling+Council&rft.date=2008-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stirling.gov.uk%2Ftext%2Findex%2Fcouncil%2Fnews.htm%3Fid%3D168854%26m%3D5%26y%3D2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurgh" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+P...1&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&PageNumber=0&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=1607484&ActiveTextDocId=1607484&filesize=501">"Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 (c. 65) s.227"</a>. <i>UK Statute Law Database</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information" title="Office of Public Sector Information">Office of Public Sector Information</a>. 1975<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Statute+Law+Database&rft.atitle=Local+Government+%28Scotland%29+Act+1973+%28c.+65%29+s.227&rft.date=1975&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAll%2BP...1%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26PageNumber%3D0%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D1607484%26ActiveTextDocId%3D1607484%26filesize%3D501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513092558/http://www.hfweb.co.uk/merchantshouse/about-merchants-house-glasgow.html">"About the Merchants House of Glasgow"</a>. Merchants House of Glasgow. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hfweb.co.uk/merchantshouse/about-merchants-house-glasgow.html">the original</a> on 13 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Merchants+House+of+Glasgow&rft.pub=Merchants+House+of+Glasgow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hfweb.co.uk%2Fmerchantshouse%2Fabout-merchants-house-glasgow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart 1967:193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114232212/http://germazope.uni-trier.de/Projects/WBB/woerterbuecher/dwb/wbgui?lemid=GB04143">"Wörterbuchnetz"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germazope.uni-trier.de/Projects/WBB/woerterbuecher/dwb/wbgui?lemid=GB04143">the original</a> on 14 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=W%C3%B6rterbuchnetz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgermazope.uni-trier.de%2FProjects%2FWBB%2Fwoerterbuecher%2Fdwb%2Fwbgui%3Flemid%3DGB04143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hall, Alaric, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alarichall.org.uk/quaestio2.pdf">'Old MacDonald had a Fyrm, eo, eo, y: Two Marginal Developments of < eo > in Old and Middle English'</a>, Quaestio: Selected Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium in Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic, 2 (2001), 60-90.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Smith" title="William Charles Smith">Smith, William Charles</a> (1878), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Borough"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Borough">"Borough" </a></span>, in Baynes, T. S. (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 4 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. <span class="nowrap">62–</span>64</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Borough&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurgh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Smith" title="William Charles Smith">Smith, William Charles</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mary_Bateson" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Bateson">Bateson, Mary</a> (1911), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Borough"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Borough">"Borough" </a></span>, in <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 4 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">268–</span>273</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Borough&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E268-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William+Charles&rft.au=Bateson%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurgh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Stewart" title="George R. Stewart">Stewart, George R.</a> (1967) <i>Names on the Land.</i> Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burgh&oldid=1269899383">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burgh&oldid=1269899383</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burghs" title="Category:Burghs">Burghs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_subdivision_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Types of subdivision in the United Kingdom">Types of subdivision in the United 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