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relation</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: words’ sense relation"> <meta name="keywords" content="words’ sense relation"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="words’ sense relation"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 5489</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: words’ sense relation</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5489</span> Formalizing the Sense Relation of Hyponymy from Logical Point of View: A Study of Mathematical Linguistics in Farsi</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Ramezankhani">Maryam Ramezankhani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present research tries to study the possibility of formalizing the sense relation of hyponymy. It applied mathematical tools and also uses mathematical logic concepts especially those from propositional logic. In order to do so, firstly, it goes over the definitions of hyponymy presented in linguistic dictionaries and semantic textbooks. Then, it introduces a formal translation of the sense relation of hyponymy. Lastly, it examines the efficiency of the suggested formula by some examples of natural language. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sense%20relations" title="sense relations">sense relations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyponymy" title=" hyponymy"> hyponymy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formalizing" title=" formalizing"> formalizing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=words%E2%80%99%20sense%20relation" title=" words’ sense relation"> words’ sense relation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formalizing%20sense%20relations" title=" formalizing sense relations"> formalizing sense relations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76340/formalizing-the-sense-relation-of-hyponymy-from-logical-point-of-view-a-study-of-mathematical-linguistics-in-farsi" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76340.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">239</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5488</span> The Cognitive Perspective on Arabic Spatial Preposition ‘Ala</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaqiatul%20Mardiah">Zaqiatul Mardiah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afdol%20Tharik%20Wastono"> Afdol Tharik Wastono</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Muta%27ali"> Abdul Muta'ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In general, the Arabic preposition ‘ala encodes the sense of UP-DOWN schema. However, the use of the preposition ‘ala can has many extended schemas that still have relation to its primary sense. In this paper, we show how the framework of cognitive linguistics (CL) based on image schemas can be applied to analyze the spatial semantic of the use of preposition ‘ala in the horizontal and vertical axes. The preposition ‘ala is usually used in the locative sense in which one physical entity is UP-DOWN relation to another physical entity. In spite of that, the cognitive analysis of ‘ala justifies the use of this preposition in many situations to seemingly encode non-up down-related spatial relations, and non-physical relation. This uncovers some of the unsolved issues concerning prepositions in general and the Arabic prepositions in particular the use of ‘ala as a sample. Using the Arabic corpus data, we reveal that in many cases and situations, the use of ‘ala is extended to depict relations other than the ones where the Trajector (TR) is actually in up-down relation to the Landmark (LM). The instances analyzed in this paper show that ‘ala encodes not only the spatial relations in which the TR and the LM are horizontally or vertically related to each other, but also non-spatial relations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20schema" title="image schema">image schema</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preposition" title=" preposition"> preposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20semantic" title=" spatial semantic"> spatial semantic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=up-down%20relation" title=" up-down relation"> up-down relation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93202/the-cognitive-perspective-on-arabic-spatial-preposition-ala" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93202.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5487</span> The Connection of the Nibbāna with the Six Sense Bases</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wattegama%20Subhavi">Wattegama Subhavi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A being is the working of the six sense bases. The sense bases are the eye, the ear, the nose, the tongue, the body and the mind. Buddhism describes what these sense bases are and how they work. These sense bases can be related to many of the philosophical and psychological teachings of the Buddha. One of the most important teachings of the Buddha is the Four Noble Truths. Buddhism explains that one who needs to attain <em>Nibbāna</em> must understand and realize these Four Noble Truths. These noble truths have a direct connection with the sense bases. The ultimate goal of Buddhism is <em>Nibbāna</em>. But there is no place or a special world called the “<em>Nibbāna</em>”. This paper describes that the noble truths can be identified within one’s own sense bases. The noble truth of suffering occurs within the functioning of the sense bases and the cause of suffering, “craving” operates inside the senses bases and the cessation of suffering, or <em>Nibbāna</em> is also experienced in the Sense Bases. Relevant material will be drawn for this paper directly from the <em>Pāli</em> canonical sources. The major finding is that the first three noble truths can be experienced through the six sense bases. The conclusion derived from the study is that the sense bases have direct relevance to <em>Nibbāna</em>, which is not to be conceived as another place or another dimension, but phenomena that can be experienced through one’s own sense bases, and that the other noble truths are also to be experienced in relation to one’s own sense bases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Four%20Noble%20Truths" title=" Four Noble Truths"> Four Noble Truths</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sense%20bases" title=" sense bases"> sense bases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nibb%C4%81na" title=" Nibbāna"> Nibbāna</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74800/the-connection-of-the-nibbana-with-the-six-sense-bases" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74800.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">181</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5486</span> Contextual SenSe Model: Word Sense Disambiguation using Sense and Sense Value of Context Surrounding the Target</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vishal%20Raj">Vishal Raj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noorhan%20Abbas"> Noorhan Abbas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ambiguity in NLP (Natural language processing) refers to the ability of a word, phrase, sentence, or text to have multiple meanings. This results in various kinds of ambiguities such as lexical, syntactic, semantic, anaphoric and referential am-biguities. This study is focused mainly on solving the issue of Lexical ambiguity. Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is an NLP technique that aims to resolve lexical ambiguity by determining the correct meaning of a word within a given context. Most WSD solutions rely on words for training and testing, but we have used lemma and Part of Speech (POS) tokens of words for training and testing. Lemma adds generality and POS adds properties of word into token. We have designed a novel method to create an affinity matrix to calculate the affinity be-tween any pair of lemma_POS (a token where lemma and POS of word are joined by underscore) of given training set. Additionally, we have devised an al-gorithm to create the sense clusters of tokens using affinity matrix under hierar-chy of POS of lemma. Furthermore, three different mechanisms to predict the sense of target word using the affinity/similarity value are devised. Each contex-tual token contributes to the sense of target word with some value and whichever sense gets higher value becomes the sense of target word. So, contextual tokens play a key role in creating sense clusters and predicting the sense of target word, hence, the model is named Contextual SenSe Model (CSM). CSM exhibits a noteworthy simplicity and explication lucidity in contrast to contemporary deep learning models characterized by intricacy, time-intensive processes, and chal-lenging explication. CSM is trained on SemCor training data and evaluated on SemEval test dataset. The results indicate that despite the naivety of the method, it achieves promising results when compared to the Most Frequent Sense (MFS) model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20sense%20disambiguation%20%28wsd%29" title="word sense disambiguation (wsd)">word sense disambiguation (wsd)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contextual%20sense%20model%20%28csm%29" title=" contextual sense model (csm)"> contextual sense model (csm)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=most%20frequent%20sense%20%28mfs%29" title=" most frequent sense (mfs)"> most frequent sense (mfs)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=part%20of%20speech%20%28pos%29" title=" part of speech (pos)"> part of speech (pos)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing%20%28nlp%29" title=" natural language processing (nlp)"> natural language processing (nlp)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oov%20%28out%20of%20vocabulary%29" title=" oov (out of vocabulary)"> oov (out of vocabulary)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lemma_pos%20%28a%20token%20where%20lemma%20and%20pos%20of%20word%20are%20joined%20by%20underscore%29" title=" lemma_pos (a token where lemma and pos of word are joined by underscore)"> lemma_pos (a token where lemma and pos of word are joined by underscore)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20retrieval%20%28ir%29" title=" information retrieval (ir)"> information retrieval (ir)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20translation%20%28mt%29" title=" machine translation (mt)"> machine translation (mt)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174306/contextual-sense-model-word-sense-disambiguation-using-sense-and-sense-value-of-context-surrounding-the-target" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174306.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">107</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5485</span> Remodeling English Language Arts Lessons: Critical Thinking- Based Pedagogy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majed%20Al-Quran">Majed Al-Quran</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Language arts, as a domain of learning, principally covers the study of literature and the arts of reading and writing. These three areas deal with the art of conceptualizing and representing in language how people live and might live their lives. And all three are significantly concerned with gaining command of language and expression. Of course, there is no command of language separate from the command of thought. The paper addresses how EFL learners can develop insight and sense into what can be earned from literature and a sense of putting experiences into words. It further shows how critical thinking-based instruction helps students develop command of their own ideas, which consequently requires command over the words in which they express them. Critical thinking stipulates that in words and ideas, there is the power to create systems of beliefs and multiple conceptions of life. Remodeling language lessons aim at overcoming the challenge of stimulating learners to cultivate a new and different conception of language skills, including those of reading and writing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20arts" title="language arts">language arts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remodeling" title=" remodeling"> remodeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20thinking" title=" critical thinking"> critical thinking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pedagogy" title=" pedagogy"> pedagogy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166702/remodeling-english-language-arts-lessons-critical-thinking-based-pedagogy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166702.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5484</span> Bag of Words Representation Based on Weighting Useful Visual Words</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatma%20Abdedayem">Fatma Abdedayem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The most effective and efficient methods in image categorization are almost based on bag-of-words (BOW) which presents image by a histogram of occurrence of visual words. In this paper, we propose a novel extension to this method. Firstly, we extract features in multi-scales by applying a color local descriptor named opponent-SIFT. Secondly, in order to represent image we use Spatial Pyramid Representation (SPR) and an extension to the BOW method which based on weighting visual words. Typically, the visual words are weighted during histogram assignment by computing the ratio of their occurrences in the image to the occurrences in the background. Finally, according to classical BOW retrieval framework, only a few words of the vocabulary is useful for image representation. Therefore, we select the useful weighted visual words that respect the threshold value. Experimentally, the algorithm is tested by using different image classes of PASCAL VOC 2007 and is compared against the classical bag-of-visual-words algorithm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BOW" title="BOW">BOW</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=useful%20visual%20words" title=" useful visual words"> useful visual words</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weighted%20visual%20words" title=" weighted visual words"> weighted visual words</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bag%20of%20visual%20words" title=" bag of visual words"> bag of visual words</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14009/bag-of-words-representation-based-on-weighting-useful-visual-words" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14009.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">436</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5483</span> Sense of Place in Historic City</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiba%20Alkhalaf">Hiba Alkhalaf</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Historic cities and places of cultural significance is continuously under the pressure of economic development and social change that threaten its natural and cultural environment. The challenge here is to find a balance between preserving the cultural character while ensuring the socio-economic gains and continuity of its uniqueness. That is by sustaining the use, character, meaning and social interaction associated with the place, in other words the sense of place. The main argument here is what we attempt to conserve is the cultural physical and non-physical dimensions of the historic city. It is based on the proposition that what give the historic city its character is its strong sense of place- whether it is historic or current. When properly identified, its various dimensions (use, meaning and form) would help determine what to sustain and what not by making the development meaningfully related to the uniqueness of the historic place. Accordingly, those socio-economic features within the context of a changing historic environment needed to be clarified. This paper, thus, explores the various perspectives of the role of sense of place within the historic city and its connection to cultural heritage. It also reviews urban conservation practice as it is currently understood in the context of historic city development. It concludes that sense of place lies in complex interrelated relationships between various users of the place and the physical, economic, cultural, political, and environmental contexts in which they interact. This calls for the need to sustain the sense of place as part of the overall urban development and conservation strategies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20heritage" title="cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=historic%20urban%20areas" title=" historic urban areas"> historic urban areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20development" title=" urban development"> urban development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sense%20of%20place" title=" sense of place"> sense of place</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20475/sense-of-place-in-historic-city" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20475.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">521</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5482</span> The Non-Existence of Perfect 2-Error Correcting Lee Codes of Word Length 7 over Z</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Catarina%20Cruz">Catarina Cruz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ana%20Breda"> Ana Breda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tiling problems have been capturing the attention of many mathematicians due to their real-life applications. In this study, we deal with tilings of Zⁿ by Lee spheres, where n is a positive integer number, being these tilings related with error correcting codes on the transmission of information over a noisy channel. We focus our attention on the question ‘for what values of n and r does the n-dimensional Lee sphere of radius r tile Zⁿ?’. It seems that the n-dimensional Lee sphere of radius r does not tile Zⁿ for n ≥ 3 and r ≥ 2. Here, we prove that is not possible to tile Z⁷ with Lee spheres of radius 2 presenting a proof based on a combinatorial method and faithful to the geometric idea of the problem. The non-existence of such tilings has been studied by several authors being considered the most difficult cases those in which the radius of the Lee spheres is equal to 2. The relation between these tilings and error correcting codes is established considering the center of a Lee sphere as a codeword and the other elements of the sphere as words which are decoded by the central codeword. When the Lee spheres of radius r centered at elements of a set M ⊂ Zⁿ tile Zⁿ, M is a perfect r-error correcting Lee code of word length n over Z, denoted by PL(n, r). Our strategy to prove the non-existence of PL(7, 2) codes are based on the assumption of the existence of such code M. Without loss of generality, we suppose that O ∈ M, where O = (0, ..., 0). In this sense and taking into account that we are dealing with Lee spheres of radius 2, O covers all words which are distant two or fewer units from it. By the definition of PL(7, 2) code, each word which is distant three units from O must be covered by a unique codeword of M. These words have to be covered by codewords which dist five units from O. We prove the non-existence of PL(7, 2) codes showing that it is not possible to cover all the referred words without superposition of Lee spheres whose centers are distant five units from O, contradicting the definition of PL(7, 2) code. We achieve this contradiction by combining the cardinality of particular subsets of codewords which are distant five units from O. There exists an extensive literature on codes in the Lee metric. Here, we present a new approach to prove the non-existence of PL(7, 2) codes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Golomb-Welch%20conjecture" title="Golomb-Welch conjecture">Golomb-Welch conjecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lee%20metric" title=" Lee metric"> Lee metric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perfect%20Lee%20codes" title=" perfect Lee codes"> perfect Lee codes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tilings" title=" tilings"> tilings</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95455/the-non-existence-of-perfect-2-error-correcting-lee-codes-of-word-length-7-over-z" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95455.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5481</span> Cerrado and Vereda: A Survey of Portuguese Lexicon for Brazilian Biomes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Marra">Daniel Marra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper analyses from a semantic-diachronic viewpoint the change of meanings that two lexical items of Brazilian-Portuguese language have gone through. Cerrado and Vereda designate currently the second largest Brazilian biome and one of its most important subsystems. Nevertheless, these two words have long individual histories that can be traced back to their Latin etymons. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to highlight the process by which meaning instantiated itself in these words’ formation and to discuss how semantic change installed subsequently in them. As this paper shows, the aforementioned words have been, in different past, synchronizes, created, and undergone changes of meanings by metaphor and metonymy. Besides, it is argued here that semantic change takes place due to external causes, such as generalization and specialization of meaning. It happens when a specialized use of a lexical item, restricted to a particular linguistic group, is adopted by other groups, having its meaning generalized by them. In these processes, the etymological idea of the word is generally lost, which gains, in the new group, less specific meaning in relation to its etymology, sometimes with no relation to the original idea. As a final point, it is claimed that both the creation of a lexical item and its change of meaning involve pragmatic goals, such as the need the language users have to express a new meaning related to a certain reality in the empirical world. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brazilian%20biomes" title="Brazilian biomes">Brazilian biomes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metaphor%20and%20metonymy" title=" metaphor and metonymy"> metaphor and metonymy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Portuguese%20lexicon" title=" Portuguese lexicon"> Portuguese lexicon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantic%20change" title=" semantic change"> semantic change</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120025/cerrado-and-vereda-a-survey-of-portuguese-lexicon-for-brazilian-biomes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120025.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5480</span> Leveraging Large Language Models to Build a Cutting-Edge French Word Sense Disambiguation Corpus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mouheb%20Mehdoui">Mouheb Mehdoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amel%20Fraisse"> Amel Fraisse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mounir%20Zrigui"> Mounir Zrigui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the increasing amount of data circulating over the Web, there is a growing need to develop and deploy tools aimed at unraveling semantic nuances within text or sentences. The challenges in extracting precise meanings arise from the complexity of natural language, while words usually have multiple interpretations depending on the context. The challenge of precisely interpreting words within a given context is what the task of Word Sense Disambiguation meets. It is a very old domain within the area of Natural Language Processing aimed at determining a word’s meaning that it is going to carry in a particular context, hence increasing the correctness of applications processing the language. Numerous linguistic resources are accessible online, including WordNet, thesauri, and dictionaries, enabling exploration of diverse contextual meanings. However, several limitations persist. These include the scarcity of resources for certain languages, a limited number of examples within corpora, and the challenge of accurately detecting the topic or context covered by text, which significantly impacts word sense disambiguation. This paper will discuss the different approaches to WSD and review corpora available for this task. We will contrast these approaches, highlighting the limitations, which will allow us to build a corpus in French, targeted for WSD. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantic%20enrichment" title="semantic enrichment">semantic enrichment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disambiguation" title=" disambiguation"> disambiguation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=context%20fusion" title=" context fusion"> context fusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing" title=" natural language processing"> natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilingual%20applications" title=" multilingual applications"> multilingual applications</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193871/leveraging-large-language-models-to-build-a-cutting-edge-french-word-sense-disambiguation-corpus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193871.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">6</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5479</span> The Repetition of New Words and Information in Mandarin-Speaking Children: A Corpus-Based Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jian-Jun%20Gao">Jian-Jun Gao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Repetition is used for a variety of functions in conversation. When young children first learn to speak, they often repeat words from the adult’s recent utterance with the learning and social function. The objective of this study was to ascertain whether the repetitions are equivalent in indicating attention to new words and the initial repeat of information in conversation. Based on the observation of naturally occurring language use in Taiwan Corpus of Child Mandarin (TCCM), the results in this study provided empirical support to the previous findings that children are more likely to repeat new words they are offered than to repeat new information. When children get older, there would be a drop in the repetition of both new words and new information. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acquisition" title="acquisition">acquisition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corpus" title=" corpus"> corpus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mandarin" title=" mandarin"> mandarin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20words" title=" new words"> new words</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20information" title=" new information"> new information</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repetition" title=" repetition"> repetition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106580/the-repetition-of-new-words-and-information-in-mandarin-speaking-children-a-corpus-based-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106580.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5478</span> The Family Sense of Coherence of Early Childhood Education Students</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Demir">M. Demir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Demir"> A. Demir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study is to examine the family sense of coherence of early childhood education students. The Family Sense of Coherence Inventory has applied to 233 (108 girls and 125 boys) early childhood education students in Turkey. At the stage of data collection, with the aim of determining the family sense of coherence of early childhood education students, Family Sense of Coherence Inventory which was developed by Çeçen (2007) was used. In the process of the analysis of data, independent samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA were used. According to the results of the study, there were significant differences between some demographic variables in terms of the family sense of coherence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family%20sense%20of%20coherence" title="family sense of coherence">family sense of coherence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=early%20childhood%20education%20students" title=" early childhood education students"> early childhood education students</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113400/the-family-sense-of-coherence-of-early-childhood-education-students" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113400.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5477</span> Factors Affecting Sense of Community in Residential Communities Case Study: Residential Communities in Tehran, Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parvin%20Foroughifar">Parvin Foroughifar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The concept of sense of community refers to residents’ sense of attachment and commitment to the other residents in a residential community. It is implicitly indicative of the mental image of a physical environment in which the residents enjoy strong social ties. Sense of community, a crucial factor in improving quality of life and social welfare, leads to life satisfaction in a residential community. Despite the important functions of such a notion, few empirical studies, to the best of the authors' knowledge, have been so far carried out in Iran to investigate the effective factors in sharpening the sense of community in residential communities. This survey research examined sense of community in 360 above 20-year old residents of three residential communities in Tehran, Iran using cluster sampling and questionnaire. The study yielded the result that variables of local social ties, social control and trust, sense of security, length of residence, use of public spaces, and mixed land use have a significant relationship with sense of community. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sense%20of%20community" title="sense of community">sense of community</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20social%20ties" title=" local social ties"> local social ties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sense%20of%20security" title=" sense of security"> sense of security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20space" title=" public space"> public space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residential%20community" title=" residential community"> residential community</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tehran" title=" Tehran"> Tehran</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128887/factors-affecting-sense-of-community-in-residential-communities-case-study-residential-communities-in-tehran-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128887.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">188</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5476</span> A Sense of Home: Study of Walk-up Apartment Housing Units In Yangon, Myanmar</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phyo%20Kyaw%20Kyaw">Phyo Kyaw Kyaw</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the Yangon urban landscape, one could not help, but notice old buildings from the colonial period along with condominium developments recently, and many walk-up apartment buildings to accommodate the urbanization, growing population and social-economic status of Myanmar people. Walk-up apartments were built and popular after the British colonial period (around 1950s) and are still built up to today due to its cost-effectiveness and to accommodate low to mid-income residents in the metropolitan Yangon. Approximately 90% of apartment buildings are walk-up apartments. The common impression of walk-up apartments in Yangon appears to be old rectangular box shape, homogenous envelope and limited square feet dull interior small space. In other words, the buildings are full of constraints, lack of good user experiences, and they are not well-fitted in the modern days. Therefore, the resident suffers consequently many years, some may live in the apartment their entire lives. Thousands of people living in the walk-up apartment on a daily basis are being shaped by the space and its inadequate quality of living. Can it be called “Home” by the dwellers or is the place a temporary shelter?. Online semi-structured interviews of 15 apartments’ residents and online questionnaire surveys of 70 apartment residents are conducted. This research aims to explore what makes “Home” “A sense of Home” for walk-up apartment users in Yangon, Myanmar by studying subjective responses shaped by the interior and experience of the spaces in apartment to understand the perception of the residents and improve the quality of living. The result reflects the priority level of important factors in relation to the sense of home framework. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=home" title="home">home</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=living%20quality" title=" living quality"> living quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space" title=" space"> space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perception" title=" perception"> perception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residents" title=" residents"> residents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=walk-up%20apartment" title=" walk-up apartment"> walk-up apartment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yangon" title=" Yangon"> Yangon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151791/a-sense-of-home-study-of-walk-up-apartment-housing-units-in-yangon-myanmar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151791.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">108</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5475</span> How Do Undergraduates of Ethnic Minorities Perceive Their Sense of Belonging to School? A Mixed Study in China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiao-Fang%20Wang">Xiao-Fang Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Researchers of educational psychology have proved that students' sense of belonging to school is conducive to their academic achievement, social relations and mental health. However, little attention is paid to undergraduates' sense of belonging, especially, the distinctive student group, i.e., undergraduate students of ethnic minorities. This article utilized a mixed study approach to investigate the perceptions of undergraduates of ethnic minority toward their sense of belonging to school. The findings from qualitative and quantitative data indicate: 1) generally, the sense of belonging to school of ethnic minority undergraduate students was at the middle level. 2) Gender had an important impact on the sense of belonging, and the sense of girls was much larger than boys’. 3) The sense of belonging to school of students who come from city and town was much larger than the one of students who come from the countryside. 4) The category of subjects had significantly effected on the sense of belonging to school, and, the students from social and art science was larger than those from engineer science. The article is concluded with some valuable and relevant suggestions for university' student management activities and teachers' teaching practice. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethnic%20minority" title="ethnic minority">ethnic minority</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=undergraduate%20students" title=" undergraduate students"> undergraduate students</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sense%20of%20belonging" title=" sense of belonging"> sense of belonging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=China" title=" China"> China</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35691/how-do-undergraduates-of-ethnic-minorities-perceive-their-sense-of-belonging-to-school-a-mixed-study-in-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35691.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">449</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5474</span> A Word-to-Vector Formulation for Word Representation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandra%20Rizkallah">Sandra Rizkallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20F.%20Atiya"> Amir F. Atiya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work presents a novel word to vector representation that is based on embedding the words into a sphere, whereby the dot product of the corresponding vectors represents the similarity between any two words. Embedding the vectors into a sphere enabled us to take into consideration the antonymity between words, not only the synonymity, because of the suitability to handle the polarity nature of words. For example, a word and its antonym can be represented as a vector and its negative. Moreover, we have managed to extract an adequate vocabulary. The obtained results show that the proposed approach can capture the essence of the language, and can be generalized to estimate a correct similarity of any new pair of words. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing" title="natural language processing">natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20to%20vector" title=" word to vector"> word to vector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20similarity" title=" text similarity"> text similarity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20mining" title=" text mining"> text mining</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81808/a-word-to-vector-formulation-for-word-representation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">275</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5473</span> Teaching Pragmatic Coherence in Literary Text: Analysis of Chimamanda Adichie’s Americanah</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joy%20Aworo-Okoroh">Joy Aworo-Okoroh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Literary texts are mirrors of a real-life situation. Thus, authors choose the linguistic items that would best encode their intended meanings and messages. However, words mean more than they seem. The meaning of words is not static rather, it is dynamic as they constantly enter into relationships within a context. Literary texts can only be meaningful if all pragmatic cues are identified and interpreted. Drawing upon Teun Van Djik's theory of local pragmatic coherence, it is established that words enter into relations in a text and these relations account for sequential speech acts in the texts. Comprehension of the text is dependent on the interpretation of these relations.To show the relevance of pragmatic coherence in literary text analysis, ten conversations were selected in Americanah in order to give a clear idea of the pragmatic relations used. The conversations were analysed, identifying the speech act and epistemic relations inherent in them. A subtle analysis of the structure of the conversations was also carried out. It was discovered that justification is the most commonly used relation and the meaning of the text is dependent on the interpretation of these instances' pragmatic coherence. The study concludes that to effectively teach literature in English, pragmatic coherence should be incorporated as words mean more than they say. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pragmatic%20coherence" title="pragmatic coherence">pragmatic coherence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epistemic%20coherence" title=" epistemic coherence"> epistemic coherence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speech%20act" title=" speech act"> speech act</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Americanah" title=" Americanah"> Americanah</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156923/teaching-pragmatic-coherence-in-literary-text-analysis-of-chimamanda-adichies-americanah" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156923.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5472</span> Accounting as Addressed in the Qur’aan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahriar%20M.%20Saadullah">Shahriar M. Saadullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul-Quddoos%20Abdul-Basith"> Abdul-Quddoos Abdul-Basith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaki%20K.%20Abushawish"> Zaki K. Abushawish</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As a part of academic research in Islamic Accounting it is important to know how the word Accounting is discussed in the Qur’aan. This paper identifies and analyzes the word Accounting in the Qur’aan, which is significant to know and understand. The paper uses a methodology of identifying the root word of Accounting Hasaba (حسب) in the Qur’aan with the help of Islam 360 software and analyzes the use of the relevant words derived from the root word. Then the paper attempts to connect the findings to the contemporary Accounting issues. The paper finds that the root word of Accounting Hasaba (حسب) appears in the Qur’aan 109 times but it is only used in the sense Account, Accountable, or Accounting 45 times. These words appear in 44 different verses in the Qur’aan, appearing twice in one of the verses. The paper divides these verses into 8 different themes namely, Day of Accounting, without any Accounting, Accounting of Time, Self-Accounting, Swift in Accounting, Accounting is only with God, Awareness and the Good Accounting, and Heedlessness and the Bad Accounting. The way the words Account, Accounting, and Accountable is discussed in the Qur’aan links to the contemporary accounting issues including Ethics, Agency Theory, and Internal Control. The links discovered in the paper clearly shows the timeless nature of the message of the Qur’aan. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accounting" title="accounting">accounting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contemporary%20accounting%20issues" title=" contemporary accounting issues"> contemporary accounting issues</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qur%27aan" title=" Qur'aan"> Qur'aan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=root%20word%20of%20accounting%20hasaba" title=" root word of accounting hasaba"> root word of accounting hasaba</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99304/accounting-as-addressed-in-the-quraan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99304.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">419</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5471</span> Weighted-Distance Sliding Windows and Cooccurrence Graphs for Supporting Entity-Relationship Discovery in Unstructured Text</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paolo%20Fantozzi">Paolo Fantozzi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luigi%20Laura"> Luigi Laura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Umberto%20Nanni"> Umberto Nanni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The problem of Entity relation discovery in structured data, a well covered topic in literature, consists in searching within unstructured sources (typically, text) in order to find connections among entities. These can be a whole dictionary, or a specific collection of named items. In many cases machine learning and/or text mining techniques are used for this goal. These approaches might be unfeasible in computationally challenging problems, such as processing massive data streams. A faster approach consists in collecting the cooccurrences of any two words (entities) in order to create a graph of relations - a cooccurrence graph. Indeed each cooccurrence highlights some grade of semantic correlation between the words because it is more common to have related words close each other than having them in the opposite sides of the text. Some authors have used sliding windows for such problem: they count all the occurrences within a sliding windows running over the whole text. In this paper we generalise such technique, coming up to a Weighted-Distance Sliding Window, where each occurrence of two named items within the window is accounted with a weight depending on the distance between items: a closer distance implies a stronger evidence of a relationship. We develop an experiment in order to support this intuition, by applying this technique to a data set consisting in the text of the Bible, split into verses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooccurrence%20graph" title="cooccurrence graph">cooccurrence graph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entity%20relation%20graph" title=" entity relation graph"> entity relation graph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unstructured%20text" title=" unstructured text"> unstructured text</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weighted%20distance" title=" weighted distance"> weighted distance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96407/weighted-distance-sliding-windows-and-cooccurrence-graphs-for-supporting-entity-relationship-discovery-in-unstructured-text" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96407.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5470</span> Morphological Rules of Bangla Repetition Words for UNL Based Machine Translation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nawab%20Yousuf%20Ali">Nawab Yousuf Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Golam"> S. Golam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ameer"> A. Ameer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashok%20Toru%20Roy"> Ashok Toru Roy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper develops new morphological rules suitable for Bangla repetition words to be incorporated into an inter lingua representation called Universal Networking Language (UNL). The proposed rules are to be used to combine verb roots and their inflexions to produce words which are then combined with other similar types of words to generate repetition words. This paper outlines the format of morphological rules for different types of repetition words that come from verb roots based on the framework of UNL provided by the UNL centre of the Universal Networking Digital Language (UNDL) foundation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Universal%20Networking%20Language%20%28UNL%29" title="Universal Networking Language (UNL)">Universal Networking Language (UNL)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=universal%20word%20%28UW%29" title=" universal word (UW)"> universal word (UW)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=head%20word%20%28HW%29" title=" head word (HW)"> head word (HW)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bangla-UNL%20Dictionary" title=" Bangla-UNL Dictionary"> Bangla-UNL Dictionary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphological%20rule" title=" morphological rule"> morphological rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enconverter%20%28EnCo%29" title=" enconverter (EnCo)"> enconverter (EnCo)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18524/morphological-rules-of-bangla-repetition-words-for-unl-based-machine-translation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18524.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">310</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5469</span> Determining the Number of Words Required to Fulfil the Writing Task in an English Proficiency Exam with the Raters’ Scores</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Defne%20Akinci%20Midas">Defne Akinci Midas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to determine the minimum, and maximum number of words that would be sufficient to fulfill the writing task in the local English Proficiency Exam (EPE) produced and administered at the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. The relationship between the number of words and the scores of the written products that had been awarded by two raters in three online EPEs administered in 2020 was examined. The means, standard deviations, percentages, range, minimum and maximum scores as well as correlations of the scores awarded to written products with the words that amount to 0-50, 51-100, 101-150, 151-200, 201-250, 251-300, and so on were computed. The results showed that the raters did not award a full score to texts that had fewer than 100 words. Moreover, the texts that had around 200 words were awarded the highest scores. The highest number of words that earned the highest scores was about 225, and from then onwards, the scores were either stable or lower. A positive low to moderate correlation was found between the number of words and scores awarded to the texts. We understand that the idea of ‘the longer, the better’ did not apply here. The results also showed that words between 101 to about 225 were sufficient to fulfill the writing task to fully display writing skills and language ability in the specific case of this exam. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20proficiency%20exam" title="English proficiency exam">English proficiency exam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=number%20of%20words" title=" number of words"> number of words</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scoring" title=" scoring"> scoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=writing%20task" title=" writing task"> writing task</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136178/determining-the-number-of-words-required-to-fulfil-the-writing-task-in-an-english-proficiency-exam-with-the-raters-scores" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136178.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5468</span> Number Sense Proficiency and Problem Solving Performance of Grade Seven Students</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laissa%20Mae%20Francisco">Laissa Mae Francisco</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Rolex%20Ingreso"> John Rolex Ingreso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Krizel%20Menguito"> Anna Krizel Menguito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Criselda%20Robrigado"> Criselda Robrigado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rej%20Maegan%20%20Tuazon"> Rej Maegan Tuazon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to determine and describe the existing relationship between number sense proficiency and problem-solving performance of grade seven students from Victorino Mapa High School, Manila. A paper pencil exam containing of 50-item number sense test and 5-item problem-solving test which measures their number sense proficiency and problem-solving performance adapted from McIntosh, Reys, and Bana were used as the research instruments. The data obtained from this study were interpreted and analyzed using the Pearson – Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation to determine the relationship between the two variables. It was found out that students who were low in number sense proficiency tend to be the students with poor problem-solving performance and students with medium number sense proficiency are most likely to have an average problem-solving performance. Likewise, students with high number sense proficiency are those who do excellently in problem-solving performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=number%20sense" title="number sense">number sense</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=problem%20solving" title=" problem solving"> problem solving</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proficiency" title=" proficiency"> proficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59954/number-sense-proficiency-and-problem-solving-performance-of-grade-seven-students" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59954.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">437</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5467</span> The Impact of Leadership Style and Sense of Competence on the Performance of Post-Primary School Teachers in Oyo State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Babajide%20S.%20Adeokin">Babajide S. Adeokin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oguntoyinbo%20O.%20Kazeem"> Oguntoyinbo O. Kazeem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The not so pleasing state of the nation's quality of education has been a major area of research. Many researchers have looked into various aspects of the educational system and organizational structure in relation to the quality of service delivery of the staff members. However, there is paucity of research in areas relating to the sense of competence and commitment in relation to leadership styles. Against this backdrop, this study investigated the impact of leadership style and sense of competence on the performance of post-primary school teachers in Oyo state Nigeria. Data were generated across public secondary schools in the city using survey design method. Ibadan as a metropolis has eleven local government areas contained in it. A systematic random sampling technique of the eleven local government areas in Ibadan was done and five local government areas were selected. The selected local government areas are Akinyele, Ibadan North, Ibadan North-East, Ibadan South and Ibadan South-West. Data were obtained from a range of two – three public secondary schools selected in each of the local government areas mentioned above. Also, these secondary schools are a representation of the variations in the constructs under consideration across the Ibadan metropolis. Categorically, all secondary school teachers in Ibadan were clustered into selected schools in those found across the five local government areas. In all, a total of 272 questionnaires were administered to public secondary school teachers, while 241 were returned. Findings revealed that transformational leadership style makes room for job commitment when compared with transactional and laissez-faire leadership styles. Teachers with a high sense of competence are more likely to demonstrate more commitment to their job than others with low sense of competence. We recommend that, it is important an assessment is made of the leadership styles employed by principals and school administrators. This guides administrators and principals in to having a clear, comprehensive knowledge of the style they currently adopt in the management of the staff and the school as a whole; and know where to begin the adjustment process from. Also to make an impact on student achievement, being attentive to teachers’ levels of commitment may be an important aspect of leadership for school principals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leadership%20style" title=" leadership style"> leadership style</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sense%20of%20competence" title=" sense of competence"> sense of competence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teachers" title=" teachers"> teachers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20secondary%20schools" title=" public secondary schools"> public secondary schools</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79290/the-impact-of-leadership-style-and-sense-of-competence-on-the-performance-of-post-primary-school-teachers-in-oyo-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79290.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">292</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5466</span> There's No End in Sight: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Quality of Life in Burning Syndrome Sufferers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20McGrath">R. McGrath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Trace"> A. Trace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Curtin"> S. Curtin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20McCreary"> C. McCreary </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Although, in relation to Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS), much energy has been expended on its definition and etiology, it still remains a contentious issue. There is agreement on the symptoms, but on little else; and approaches to treatment vary widely. However, it has been established that the condition has a detrimental effect on the sufferer’s quality of life. Much research focus has been put on the physical impact of the syndrome. Recently, some literature has turned the focus to social, functional, and psychological factors. However, there is very little qualitative research on how burning mouth syndrome affects the lives of sufferer’s and the present study seeks to remedy this. Method: The study recruited five male participants who took part in semi-structured interviews lasting between 30 and 50 minutes. Data was analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Results: The study identified four super-ordinate themes: Lack of Control due to Uncertainty about Condition; Disruption to Internal Sense of Self; Negative Future Expectation due to Chronic Symptoms; and Sense of BMS as an Intrusive Force. Aspects of these themes reflect areas of reduction in quality of life. Conclusion: BMS damages an individual’s quality of life in ways that have not been reflected in self-report surveys of health-related quality of life. The condition has serious implications for the individual's sense of self, identity, and future. The study recommends that further qualitative research be carried out in this area. Also, the use of therapeutic interventions with sufferers from BMS is recommended, which would help not only sufferers but best practice in relation to their treatment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burning%20mouth%20syndrome" title="burning mouth syndrome">burning mouth syndrome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interpretative%20phenomenological%20analysis" title=" interpretative phenomenological analysis"> interpretative phenomenological analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=qualitative%20research" title=" qualitative research"> qualitative research</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20of%20life" title=" quality of life"> quality of life</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34380/theres-no-end-in-sight-an-interpretative-phenomenological-analysis-of-quality-of-life-in-burning-syndrome-sufferers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34380.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">441</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5465</span> The Station and Value of Beauty in Islam Based on the Holy Quran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamidreza%20Qaderi">Hamidreza Qaderi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Beauty is a part of our life and we as Muslims cannot ignore it. Furthermore, Islam did not ignore. God in Quran has used words that mean beauty many times. Zain «زین» and its synonyms are some of that words that are used 46 times in a different meaning of beauty. Some of them are mentioned to worldly beauty and not acceptable beauty and other of them are mentioned to the Moral beauty. In this article, the meaning of Zain 'beauty' in Surah Al Aaraf (The Heights) is explained and described. In fact, there are specific signs about beauty in the 31 and 32 verses of this Surah in which the station of beauty can determine. For clarification of this issue, the analytic philosophy method is used to express the relation between this word and aesthetics and beauty in this article. The results of this research show that the beauty is an important issue in Islam as much as God order to Muslims to be beautiful when they want to pray. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beauty" title="beauty">beauty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Quran" title=" Quran"> Quran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=al%20zinah" title=" al zinah"> al zinah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zain" title=" Zain"> Zain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53962/the-station-and-value-of-beauty-in-islam-based-on-the-holy-quran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53962.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">255</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5464</span> Pudhaiyal: A Maze-Based Treasure Hunt Game for Tamil Words</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aarthy%20Anandan">Aarthy Anandan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anitha%20Narasimhan"> Anitha Narasimhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madhan%20Karky"> Madhan Karky</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Word-based games are popular in helping people to improve their vocabulary skills. Games like ‘word search’ and crosswords provide a smart way of increasing vocabulary skills. Word search games are fun to play, but also educational which actually helps to learn a language. Finding the words from word search puzzle helps the player to remember words in an easier way, and it also helps to learn the spellings of words. In this paper, we present a tile distribution algorithm for a Maze-Based Treasure Hunt Game 'Pudhaiyal’ for Tamil words, which describes how words can be distributed horizontally, vertically or diagonally in a 10 x 10 grid. Along with the tile distribution algorithm, we also present an algorithm for the scoring model of the game. The proposed game has been tested with 20,000 Tamil words. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pudhaiyal" title="Pudhaiyal">Pudhaiyal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamil%20word%20game" title=" Tamil word game"> Tamil word game</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20search" title=" word search"> word search</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scoring" title=" scoring"> scoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maze" title=" maze"> maze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithm" title=" algorithm"> algorithm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81334/pudhaiyal-a-maze-based-treasure-hunt-game-for-tamil-words" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81334.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">440</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5463</span> Pre-Service Teachers’ Reasoning and Sense Making of Variables</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olteanu%20Constanta">Olteanu Constanta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olteanu%20Lucian"> Olteanu Lucian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Researchers note that algebraic reasoning and sense making is essential for building conceptual knowledge in school mathematics. Consequently, pre-service teachers’ own reasoning and sense making are useful in fostering and developing students’ algebraic reasoning and sense making. This article explores the forms of reasoning and sense making that pre-service mathematics teachers exhibit and use in the process of analysing problem-posing tasks with a focus on first-degree equations. Our research question concerns the characteristics of the problem-posing tasks used for reasoning and sense making of first-degree equations as well as the characteristics of pre-service teachers’ reasoning and sense making in problem-posing tasks. The analyses are grounded in a post-structuralist philosophical perspective and variation theory. Sixty-six pre-service primary teachers participated in the study. The results show that the characteristics of reasoning in problem-posing tasks and of pre-service teachers are selecting, exploring, reconfiguring, encoding, abstracting and connecting. The characteristics of sense making in problem-posing tasks and of pre-service teachers are recognition, relationships, profiling, comparing, laddering and verifying. Beside this, the connection between reasoning and sense making is rich in line of flight in problem-posing tasks, while the connection is rich in line of rupture for pre-service teachers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=first-degree%20equations" title="first-degree equations">first-degree equations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=problem%20posing" title=" problem posing"> problem posing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reasoning" title=" reasoning"> reasoning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhizomatic%20assemblage" title=" rhizomatic assemblage"> rhizomatic assemblage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sense-making" title=" sense-making"> sense-making</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variation%20theory" title=" variation theory"> variation theory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143522/pre-service-teachers-reasoning-and-sense-making-of-variables" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143522.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5462</span> The Incidental Linguistic Information Processing and Its Relation to General Intellectual Abilities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evgeniya%20V.%20Gavrilova">Evgeniya V. Gavrilova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sofya%20S.%20Belova"> Sofya S. Belova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study was aimed at clarifying the relationship between general intellectual abilities and efficiency in free recall and rhymed words generation task after incidental exposure to linguistic stimuli. The theoretical frameworks stress that general intellectual abilities are based on intentional mental strategies. In this context, it seems to be crucial to examine the efficiency of incidentally presented information processing in cognitive task and its relation to general intellectual abilities. The sample consisted of 32 Russian students. Participants were exposed to pairs of words. Each pair consisted of two common nouns or two city names. Participants had to decide whether a city name was presented in each pair. Thus words’ semantics was processed intentionally. The city names were considered to be focal stimuli, whereas common nouns were considered to be peripheral stimuli. Along with that each pair of words could be rhymed or not be rhymed, but this phonemic aspect of stimuli’s characteristic (rhymed and non-rhymed words) was processed incidentally. Then participants were asked to produce as many rhymes as they could to new words. The stimuli presented earlier could be used as well. After that, participants had to retrieve all words presented earlier. In the end, verbal and non-verbal abilities were measured with number of special psychometric tests. As for free recall task intentionally processed focal stimuli had an advantage in recall compared to peripheral stimuli. In addition all the rhymed stimuli were recalled more effectively than non-rhymed ones. The inverse effect was found in words generation task where participants tended to use mainly peripheral stimuli compared to focal ones. Furthermore peripheral rhymed stimuli were most popular target category of stimuli that was used in this task. Thus the information that was processed incidentally had a supplemental influence on efficiency of stimuli processing as well in free recall as in word generation task. Different patterns of correlations between intellectual abilities and efficiency in different stimuli processing in both tasks were revealed. Non-verbal reasoning ability correlated positively with free recall of peripheral rhymed stimuli, but it was not related to performance on rhymed words’ generation task. Verbal reasoning ability correlated positively with free recall of focal stimuli. As for rhymed words generation task, verbal intelligence correlated negatively with generation of focal stimuli and correlated positively with generation of all peripheral stimuli. The present findings lead to two key conclusions. First, incidentally processed stimuli had an advantage in free recall and word generation task. Thus incidental information processing appeared to be crucial for subsequent cognitive performance. Secondly, it was demonstrated that incidentally processed stimuli were recalled more frequently by participants with high nonverbal reasoning ability and were more effectively used by participants with high verbal reasoning ability in subsequent cognitive tasks. That implies that general intellectual abilities could benefit from operating by different levels of information processing while cognitive problem solving. This research was supported by the “Grant of President of RF for young PhD scientists” (contract № is 14.Z56.17.2980- MK) and the Grant № 15-36-01348a2 of Russian Foundation for Humanities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=focal%20and%20peripheral%20stimuli" title="focal and peripheral stimuli">focal and peripheral stimuli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=general%20intellectual%20abilities" title=" general intellectual abilities"> general intellectual abilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=incidental%20information%20processing" title=" incidental information processing"> incidental information processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70096/the-incidental-linguistic-information-processing-and-its-relation-to-general-intellectual-abilities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70096.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">231</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5461</span> The Seeds of Limitlessness: Dambudzo Marechera's Utopian Thinking</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emily%20S.%20M.%20Chow">Emily S. M. Chow</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The word ‘utopia’ was coined by Thomas More in Utopia (1516). Its Greek roots ‘ou’ means ‘not’ and ‘topos’ means ‘place.’ In other words, it literally refers to ‘no-place.’ However, the possibility of having an alternative and better future society has always been appealing. In fact, at the core of every utopianism is the search for a future alternative state with the anticipation of a better life. Nonetheless, the practicalities of such ideas have never ceased to be questioned. At times, building a utopia presents itself as a divisive act. In addition to the violence that must be employed to sweep away the old regime in order to make space for the new, all utopias carry within them the potential for bringing catastrophic consequences to human life. After all, every utopia seeks to remodel the individual in a very particular way for the benefit of the masses. In this sense, utopian thinking has the potential both to create and destroy the future. While writing during a traumatic transitional period in Zimbabwe’s history, Dambudzo Marechera witnessed an age of upheavals in which different parties battled for power over Zimbabwe. Being aware of the fact that all institutionalized narratives, be they originated from the governance of the UK, Ian Smith’s white minority regime or Zimbabwe’s revolutionary parties, revealed themselves to be nothing more than fiction, Marechera realized the impossibility of determining reality absolutely. As such, this thesis concerns the writing of the Zimbabwean maverick, Dambudzo Marechera. It argues that Marechera writes a unique vision of utopia. In short, for Marechera utopia is not a static entity but a moment of perpetual change. He rethinks utopia in the sense that he phrases it as an event that ceaselessly contests institutionalized and naturalized narratives of a post-colonial self and its relationship to society. Marechera writes towards a vision of an alternative future of the country. Yet, it is a vision that does not constitute a fully rounded sense of utopia. Being cautious about the world and the operation of power upon the people, rather than imposing his own utopian ideals, Marechera chooses to instead peeling away the narrative constitution of the self in relation to society in order to turn towards a truly radical utopian thinking that empowers the individual. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=African%20literature" title="African literature">African literature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marechera" title=" Marechera"> Marechera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-colonial%20literature" title=" post-colonial literature"> post-colonial literature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=utopian%20studies" title=" utopian studies"> utopian studies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35617/the-seeds-of-limitlessness-dambudzo-marecheras-utopian-thinking" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35617.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">412</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5460</span> Towards Kurdish Internet Linguistics: A Case Study on the Impact of Social Media on Kurdish Language</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karwan%20K.%20Abdalrahman">Karwan K. Abdalrahman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the impacts of the internet and social media, new words and expressions enter the Kurdish language, and a number of familiarized words get new meanings. The case is especially true when the technique of transliteration is taken into consideration. Through transliteration, a number of selected words widely used on social media are entering the Kurdish media discourse. In addition, a selected number of Kurdish words get new cultural and psychological meanings. The significance of this study is to delve into the process of word formation in the Kurdish language and explore how new words and expressions are formed by social media users and got public recognition. First, the study investigates the English words that enter the Kurdish language through different social media platforms. All of these words are transliterated and are used in spoken and written discourses. Second, there are a specific number of Kurdish words that got new meanings in social media. As for these words, there are psychological and cultural factors that make people use these expressions for specific political reasons. It can be argued that they have an indirect political message along with their new linguistic usages. This is a qualitative study analyzing video content that was published in the last two years on social media platforms, including Facebook and YouTube. The collected data was analyzed based on the themes discussed above. The findings of the research can be summarized as follows: the widely used transliterated words have entered both the spoken and written discourses. Authors in online and offline newspapers, TV presenters, literary writers, columnists are using these new expressions in their writings. As for the Kurdish words with new meanings, they are also widely used for psychological, cultural, and political reasons. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kurdish%20language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20media" title=" social media"> social media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20meanings" title=" new meanings"> new meanings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transliteration" title=" transliteration"> transliteration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vocabulary" title=" vocabulary"> vocabulary</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142378/towards-kurdish-internet-linguistics-a-case-study-on-the-impact-of-social-media-on-kurdish-language" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142378.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">180</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=words%E2%80%99%20sense%20relation&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=words%E2%80%99%20sense%20relation&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=words%E2%80%99%20sense%20relation&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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