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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deception_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Weather </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_order_of_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_order_of_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 German order of battle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-German_order_of_battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle German order of battle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-German_order_of_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cotentin_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cotentin_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cotentin Peninsula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cotentin_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grandcamps_Sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grandcamps_Sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Grandcamps Sector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grandcamps_Sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forces_around_Caen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forces_around_Caen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Forces around Caen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forces_around_Caen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atlantic_Wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atlantic_Wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Atlantic Wall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atlantic_Wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armoured_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armoured_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Armoured reserves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armoured_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_order_of_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_order_of_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Allied order of battle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Allied_order_of_battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Allied order of battle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Allied_order_of_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-US_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 US zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_and_Canadian_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_and_Canadian_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 British and Canadian zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_and_Canadian_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordination_with_the_French_Resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordination_with_the_French_Resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Coordination with the French Resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordination_with_the_French_Resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Naval activity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Naval_activity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Naval activity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Naval_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Naval_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Naval losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bombardment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombardment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bombardment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombardment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airborne_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airborne_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Airborne operations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Airborne_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Airborne operations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Airborne_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_and_Canadian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_and_Canadian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 British and Canadian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_and_Canadian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beach_landings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beach_landings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Beach landings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beach_landings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Beach landings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Beach_landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tanks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Tanks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utah_Beach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utah_Beach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Utah Beach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utah_Beach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pointe_du_Hoc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pointe_du_Hoc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Pointe du Hoc </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pointe_du_Hoc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omaha_Beach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omaha_Beach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Omaha Beach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omaha_Beach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gold_Beach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gold_Beach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 Gold Beach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gold_Beach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juno_Beach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juno_Beach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.6 Juno Beach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juno_Beach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sword_Beach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sword_Beach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.7 Sword Beach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sword_Beach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_memorials_and_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_memorials_and_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 War memorials and tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_memorials_and_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Normandy landings</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" > 64 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_van_Normandi%C3%AB" title="Slag van Normandië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slag van Normandië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="إنزال النورماندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنزال النورماندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Normand%C3%ADa" title="Batalla de Normandía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Batalla de Normandía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_%C9%99m%C9%99liyyat%C4%B1" title="Neptun əməliyyatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Neptun əməliyyatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="নরম্যান্ডি অবতরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নরম্যান্ডি অবতরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%C2%BB" title="Аперацыя «Нептун» – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аперацыя «Нептун»" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Десант в Нормандия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Десант в Нормандия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilestradeg_Normandi" title="Dilestradeg Normandi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dilestradeg Normandi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desembarcament_de_Normandia" title="Desembarcament de Normandia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Desembarcament de Normandia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vylod%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_v_Normandii" title="Vylodění v Normandii – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vylodění v Normandii" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-dag" title="D-dag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="D-dag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Neptune" title="Operation Neptune – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Operation Neptune" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia_dessant" title="Normandia dessant – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Normandia dessant" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Απόβαση στη Νορμανδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απόβαση στη Νορμανδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desembarco_de_Normandia" title="Desembarco de Normandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desembarco de Normandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-tago" title="D-tago – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="D-tago" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandiako_Lehorreratzea" title="Normandiako Lehorreratzea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Normandiako Lehorreratzea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="پیاده‌سازی در نرماندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیاده‌سازی در نرماندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9barquement_de_Normandie" title="Débarquement de Normandie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Débarquement de Normandie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dul_i_dT%C3%ADr_sa_Normainn_1944" title="Dul i dTír sa Normainn 1944 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dul i dTír sa Normainn 1944" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desembarco_de_Normand%C3%ADa" title="Desembarco de Normandía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Desembarco de Normandía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%9D%EB%94%94_%EC%83%81%EB%A5%99" title="노르망디 상륙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노르망디 상륙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="नारमैण्डी अवतरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नारमैण्डी अवतरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskrcavanja_u_Normandiji" title="Iskrcavanja u Normandiji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Iskrcavanja u Normandiji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalio_di_Normandia" title="Batalio di Normandia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Batalio di Normandia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendaratan_Normandia" title="Pendaratan Normandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendaratan Normandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innr%C3%A1sin_%C3%AD_Normand%C3%AD" title="Innrásin í Normandí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Innrásin í Normandí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbarco_in_Normandia" title="Sbarco in Normandia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sbarco in Normandia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="הפלישה לנורמנדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפלישה לנורמנדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ოპერაცია ნეპტუნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპერაცია ნეპტუნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izcel%C5%A1an%C4%81s_Normandij%C4%81" title="Izcelšanās Normandijā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izcelšanās Normandijā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasioun_vun_der_Normandie" title="Invasioun vun der Normandie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Invasioun vun der Normandie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1silaipinimas_Normandijoje" title="Išsilaipinimas Normandijoje – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Išsilaipinimas Normandijoje" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbarch_in_Normandia" title="Sbarch in Normandia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sbarch in Normandia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandiai_partrasz%C3%A1ll%C3%A1s" title="Normandiai partraszállás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Normandiai partraszállás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Десант на Нормандија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Десант на Нормандија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="نرماندی جنگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نرماندی جنگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendaratan_Normandy" title="Pendaratan Normandy – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendaratan Normandy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatie_Neptune" title="Operatie Neptune – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Operatie Neptune" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E4%B8%8A%E9%99%B8%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%A6" title="ノルマンディー上陸作戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノルマンディー上陸作戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbarco_%27n_Nurmannia" title="Sbarco 'n Nurmannia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sbarco 'n Nurmannia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desbarcament_de_Normandia" title="Desbarcament de Normandia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Desbarcament de Normandia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%85dowanie_w_Normandii" title="Lądowanie w Normandii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lądowanie w Normandii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desembarques_da_Normandia" title="Desembarques da Normandia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desembarques da Normandia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C8%9Biunea_Neptun" title="Operațiunea Neptun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Operațiunea Neptun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Высадка в Нормандии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Высадка в Нормандии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/u_%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E7%AC%AC%E7%99%BB%E9%99%B8_hananay_nikalalais_sakatusaay_nu_kitakit_satabakiyay_masasungayaw" title="u 諾曼第登陸 hananay nikalalais sakatusaay nu kitakit satabakiyay masasungayaw – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="u 諾曼第登陸 hananay nikalalais sakatusaay nu kitakit satabakiyay masasungayaw" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulja_n%C3%AB_Normandi%C3%AB" title="Ulja në Normandië – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ulja në Normandië" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="නෝමැන්ඩි ගොඩබැසීම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නෝමැන්ඩි ගොඩබැසීම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Normandy landings" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izkrcanje_v_Normandiji_(1944)" title="Izkrcanje v Normandiji (1944) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izkrcanje v Normandiji (1944)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="نیشتنەوەی نۆرماندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیشتنەوەی نۆرماندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Искрцавање у Нормандији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Искрцавање у Нормандији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Normandiju" title="Bitka za Normandiju – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka za Normandiju" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaatio_Neptunus" title="Operaatio Neptunus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Operaatio Neptunus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landstigningen_i_Normandie" title="Landstigningen i Normandie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Landstigningen i Normandie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நார்மாண்டி படையிறக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நார்மாண்டி படையிறக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="การยกพลขึ้นบกที่นอร์ม็องดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การยกพลขึ้นบกที่นอร์ม็องดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandiya_%C3%87%C4%B1karmas%C4%B1" title="Normandiya Çıkarması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Normandiya Çıkarması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%C2%BB" title="Операція «Нептун» – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Операція «Нептун»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%82%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D9%82%D9%84%DB%87%D9%82%D9%82%D8%A7_%DA%86%D9%89%D9%82%D9%89%D8%B4_%D8%AC%DB%90%DA%AD%D9%89" title="نورماندىدا قۇرۇقلۇققا چىقىش جېڭى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نورماندىدا قۇرۇقلۇققا چىقىش جېڭى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_d%E1%BB%8Bch_Neptune" title="Chiến dịch Neptune – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến dịch Neptune" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E7%AC%AC%E7%99%BB%E9%99%B8" title="諾曼第登陸 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="諾曼第登陸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E5%BA%95%E7%99%BB%E9%99%86" title="诺曼底登陆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="诺曼底登陆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16470#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Normandy_landings&params=49.34_N_0.60_W_region:FR-NOR">49°20′N 0°36′W / 49.34°N 0.60°W / 49.34; -0.60</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/D-Day_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="D-Day (disambiguation)">D-Day (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Neptune_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Operation Neptune (disambiguation)">Operation Neptune (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jour_J_(comics)" title="Jour J (comics)">Jour J (comics)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Normandy landings</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/300px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/450px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/600px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2963" data-file-height="2385" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death" title="Into the Jaws of Death">Into the Jaws of Death</a>: men of the <a href="/wiki/16th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="16th Infantry Regiment (United States)">16th Infantry Regiment</a> wade ashore on <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>6 June 1944; 80 years ago (6 June 1944)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Normandy_landings&params=49.34_N_0.60_W_region:FR-NOR">49°20′N 0°36′W / 49.34°N 0.60°W / 49.34; -0.60</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009342-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> Five Allied beachheads established in Normandy</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovakia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009492-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile"><img alt="Polish government-in-exile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West" title="Polish Armed Forces in the West">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200982-1">[1]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government-in-exile" title="Dutch government-in-exile">Netherlands</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200999-4">[4]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Nygaardsvold%27s_Cabinet" title="Nygaardsvold's Cabinet">Norway</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200982-1">[1]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200925-5">[5]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-in-exile" title="Greek government-in-exile">Greece</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarner2019-6">[6]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeadows2016-7">[7]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeadows2016-7">[7]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">S.H.A.E.F.</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="First United States Army">First Army</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">J. Lawton Collins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_B._Ridgway" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew B. Ridgway">Matthew B. Ridgway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_T._Gerow" title="Leonard T. Gerow">Leonard T. Gerow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Clarence_R._Huebner" title="Clarence R. Huebner">Clarence R. Huebner</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Second Army (United Kingdom)">Second Army</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Miles_Dempsey" title="Miles Dempsey">Miles Dempsey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Bucknall" title="Gerard Bucknall">Gerard Bucknall</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Alexander_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Alexander Graham">Douglas Graham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/John_Crocker" title="John Crocker">John Crocker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Percy_Hobart" title="Percy Hobart">Percy Hobart</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Commander-in-Chief:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">Army Group B</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/5th_Panzer_Army" title="5th Panzer Army">5th Panzer Army</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Geyr_von_Schweppenburg" title="Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg">L. Schweppenburg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Feuchtinger" title="Edgar Feuchtinger">Edgar Feuchtinger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Oppeln-Bronikowski" title="Hermann von Oppeln-Bronikowski">H. Oppeln-Bronikowski</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Luck" title="Hans von Luck">Hans von Luck</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/7th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="7th Army (Wehrmacht)">7th Army</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Dollmann" title="Friedrich Dollmann">Friedrich Dollmann</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Marcks" title="Erich Marcks">Erich Marcks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Karl-Wilhelm_von_Schlieben" title="Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben">Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Kraiss" title="Dietrich Kraiss">Dietrich Kraiss</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Richter" title="Wilhelm Richter">Wilhelm Richter</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_States)" title="First Army (United States)">First Army</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Omaha Beach: <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(United_States)" title="V Corps (United States)">V Corps</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Division (United States)">1st Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="29th Infantry Division (United States)">29th Infantry Division</a></li></ul> Utah Beach: <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/VII_Corps_(United_States)" title="VII Corps (United States)">VII Corps</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="4th Infantry Division (United States)">4th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">82nd Airborne Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/90th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="90th Infantry Division (United States)">90th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Second Army (United Kingdom)">Second Army</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Gold Beach: <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XXX Corps (United Kingdom)">XXX Corps</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/50th_(Northumbrian)_Infantry_Division" title="50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division">50th Infantry Division</a></li></ul> Juno Beach: <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">I Corps</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division" title="3rd Canadian Division">3rd Canadian Infantry Division</a></li></ul> Sword Beach: <dl><dt>I Corps</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Division (United Kingdom)">3rd Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="6th Airborne Division (United Kingdom)">6th Airborne Division</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/5th_Panzer_Army" title="5th Panzer Army">5th Panzer Army</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> South of Caen: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">21st Panzer Division</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/7th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="7th Army (Wehrmacht)">7th Army</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Omaha Beach: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/352nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="352nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">352nd Infantry Division</a></li></ul> Utah Beach: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/709th_Static_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="709th Static Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">709th Static Division</a></li></ul> Gold, Juno, and Sword Beaches: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/716th_Static_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="716th Static Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">716th Static Division</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 156,000 soldiers<a href="#cite_note-Allied_strength-10">[a]</a> 195,700 naval personnel<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison196267-11">[10]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 50,350+<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200960,_63,_118–120-12">[11]</a> 170 coastal artillery guns<a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 10,000+ casualties; 4,414 confirmed dead<a href="#cite_note-Allied_casualties-16">[c]</a> 185 <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> tanks<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapier201572-17">[14]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 4,000–9,000 killed, wounded, missing, or captured<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortsmouth_Museum_Services-18">[15]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Normandy" title="Template:Campaignbox Normandy"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Normandy" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Normandy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Normandy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Normandy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operation_Overlord(Battle_of_Normandy)8089" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> (Battle of Normandy)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Prelude <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Bodyguard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fortitude" title="Operation Fortitude">Fortitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Zeppelin_(deception_plan)" title="Operation Zeppelin (deception plan)">Zeppelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic">Titanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Day_naval_deceptions" title="D-Day naval deceptions">Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Combined Bomber Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointblank_directive" title="Pointblank directive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Plan" title="Transport Plan">Transport Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Postage_Able" title="Operation Postage Able">Postage Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tarbrush" title="Operation Tarbrush">Tarbrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Tiger" title="Exercise Tiger">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Fabius" title="Exercise Fabius">Fabius</a></li></ul> Airborne assault British Sector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tonga" title="Operation Tonga">Tonga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Caen_canal_and_Orne_river_bridges" title="Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges">Caen canal and Orne river bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Battle of Merville Gun Battery">Merville Battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mallard" title="Operation Mallard">Mallard</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/American_airborne_landings_in_Normandy" title="American airborne landings in Normandy">American Sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Albany" title="Mission Albany">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Boston" title="Mission Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Chicago" title="Mission Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Detroit" title="Mission Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Elmira" title="Mission Elmira">Elmira</a></li></ul> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Normandy landings</a> American Sector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_du_Hoc" title="Pointe du Hoc">Pointe du Hoc</a></li></ul> Anglo-Canadian Sector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gambit" title="Operation Gambit">Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port-en-Bessin" title="Battle of Port-en-Bessin">Port-en-Bessin</a></li></ul> Logistics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="American logistics in the Normandy campaign">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Operation Chastity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="British logistics in the Normandy campaign">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">Pluto</a></li></ul></li></ul> Ground campaign American Sector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9court_Manor_Assault" title="Brécourt Manor Assault">Brécourt Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graignes" title="Battle of Graignes">Graignes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Haye-du-Puits" title="Battle of La Haye-du-Puits">La Haye-du-Puits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Battle of Saint-Lô">Saint-Lô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Carentan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Gulch" title="Battle of Bloody Gulch">Hill 30</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Cherbourg" title="Bombardment of Cherbourg">Naval</a></li></ul></li></ul> Anglo-Canadian Sector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A9ville" title="Battle of Bréville">Bréville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Perch" title="Operation Perch">Perch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-Bocage" title="Battle of Villers-Bocage">Villers-Bocage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Mesnil-Patry" title="Battle of Le Mesnil-Patry">Le Mesnil-Patry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_massacres" title="Normandy massacres">Normandy massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardenne_Abbey_massacre" title="Ardenne Abbey massacre">Ardenne Abbey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douvres_Radar_Station" title="Battle of Douvres Radar Station">Douvres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martlet" title="Operation Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Epsom" title="Operation Epsom">Epsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charnwood" title="Operation Charnwood">Charnwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jupiter_(1944)" title="Operation Jupiter (1944)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Odon" title="Second Battle of the Odon">2nd Odon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Goodwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" title="Battle of Verrières Ridge">Verrières Ridge</a></li></ul> Breakout <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Cobra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring" title="Operation Spring">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bluecoat" title="Operation Bluecoat">Bluecoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Totalize" title="Operation Totalize">Totalize</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Hill_140" title="Battle for Hill 140">Hill 140</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_L%C3%BCttich" title="Operation Lüttich">Lüttich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tractable" title="Operation Tractable">Tractable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_262" title="Hill 262">Hill 262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chambois" title="Battle of Chambois">Chambois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falaise_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Falaise Pocket">Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Malo" title="Battle of Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine_River_Crossing_at_Mantes-Gassicourt" title="Seine River Crossing at Mantes-Gassicourt">Mantes-Gassicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li></ul> Air and Sea operations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1944)" title="Battle of Ushant (1944)">Ushant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_raid_on_La_Caine_HQ" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF raid on La Caine HQ">La Caine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Cherbourg" title="Bombardment of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pierres_Noires" title="Battle of Pierres Noires">Pierres Noires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Audierne_Bay" title="Battle of Audierne Bay">Audierne Bay</a></li></ul> Supporting operations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jedburgh" title="Operation Jedburgh">Jedburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dingson" title="Operation Dingson">Dingson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Samwest" title="Operation Samwest">Samwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic">Titanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cooney" title="Operation Cooney">Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bulbasket" title="Operation Bulbasket">Bulbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Houndsworth" title="Operation Houndsworth">Houndsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Loyton" title="Operation Loyton">Loyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kipling" title="Operation Kipling">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Wallace_and_Hardy" title="Operations Wallace and Hardy">Wallace & Hardy</a></li></ul> <hr /> Aftermath <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_cemeteries_in_Normandy" title="List of military cemeteries in Normandy">Cemeteries</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Normandy landings were the <a href="/wiki/Landing_operation" title="Landing operation">landing operations</a> and associated airborne operations on 6 June 1944 of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> invasion of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Codenamed Operation Neptune and often referred to as D-Day (after <a href="/wiki/D-Day_(military_term)" title="D-Day (military term)">the military term</a>), it is the largest seaborne invasion in history. The operation began the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">liberation of France</a>, and the rest of Western Europe, and laid the foundations of the Allied victory on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a>. Planning for the operation began in 1943. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allies conducted a substantial <a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">military deception</a>, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Operation Bodyguard</a>, to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings. The weather on the day selected for D-Day was not ideal, and the operation had to be delayed 24 hours; a further postponement would have meant a delay of at least two weeks, as the planners had requirements for the phase of the moon, the tides, and time of day, that meant only a few days each month were deemed suitable. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> placed <a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> in command of German forces and developing fortifications along the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a> in anticipation of an invasion. US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> placed Major General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> in command of Allied forces. The invasion began shortly after midnight on the morning of 6 June with extensive aerial and naval bombardment as well as an <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne assault</a>—the <a href="/wiki/American_airborne_landings_in_Normandy" title="American airborne landings in Normandy">landing of 24,000 American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tonga" title="Operation Tonga">British, and Canadian airborne troops</a>. The early morning aerial assault was soon followed by <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Allied amphibious landings</a> on the coast of France <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 06:30. The target 50-mile (80 km) stretch of the Normandy coast was divided into five sectors: <a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword</a>. Strong winds blew the landing craft east of their intended positions, particularly at Utah and Omaha. The men landed under heavy fire from <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">gun emplacements</a> overlooking the beaches, and the shore was <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">mined</a> and covered with obstacles such as wooden stakes, <a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">metal tripods</a>, and barbed wire, making the work of the beach-clearing teams difficult and dangerous. The highest number of casualties was at Omaha, with its high cliffs. At Gold, Juno, and Sword, several fortified towns were cleared in <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">house-to-house fighting</a>, and two major gun emplacements at Gold were disabled using specialised tanks. The Allies were able to establish <a href="/wiki/Beachhead" title="Beachhead">beachheads</a> at each of the five landing sites on the first day, but <a href="/wiki/Carentan" title="Carentan">Carentan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Saint-Lô">Saint-Lô</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bayeux" title="Bayeux">Bayeux</a> remained in German hands. <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, a major objective, was not captured until 21 July. Only two of the beaches (Juno and Gold) were linked on the first day, and all five beachheads were not connected until 12 June. German casualties on D-Day have been estimated at 4,000 to 9,000 men. Allied casualties were at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> After the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">German Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded the Soviet Union</a> in June 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> began pressing his new allies for the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–45:_The_Second_Front" title="Western Front (World War II)">second front</a> in western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga20098–9-19">[16]</a> In late May 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> made a joint announcement that a "... full understanding was reached with regard to the urgent tasks of creating a second front in Europe in 1942."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolliard1942-20">[17]</a> However, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> persuaded US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to postpone the promised invasion as, even with US help, the Allies did not have adequate forces for such an activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200910-21">[18]</a> Instead of an immediate return to France, the western Allies staged offensives in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean Theatre of Operations</a>, where <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British troops</a> were already stationed. By mid-1943, the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">campaign in North Africa</a> had been won. The Allies then launched the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">invasion of Sicily</a> in July 1943 and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">invaded the Italian mainland</a> in September the same year. By then, Soviet forces were on the offensive and had won a major victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>. The decision to undertake a cross-channel invasion within the next year was taken at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Conference_(1943)" title="Washington Conference (1943)">Trident Conference</a> in Washington in May 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200910–11-22">[19]</a> Initial planning was constrained by the number of available landing craft, most of which were already committed in the Mediterranean and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997177–178,_chart_p._180-23">[20]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> in November 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill promised Stalin that they would open the long-delayed second front in May 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1951404-24">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_of_the_Supreme_Command,_Allied_Expeditionary_Force,_London,_1_February_1944_TR1631.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Meeting_of_the_Supreme_Command%2C_Allied_Expeditionary_Force%2C_London%2C_1_February_1944_TR1631.jpg/300px-Meeting_of_the_Supreme_Command%2C_Allied_Expeditionary_Force%2C_London%2C_1_February_1944_TR1631.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Meeting_of_the_Supreme_Command%2C_Allied_Expeditionary_Force%2C_London%2C_1_February_1944_TR1631.jpg/450px-Meeting_of_the_Supreme_Command%2C_Allied_Expeditionary_Force%2C_London%2C_1_February_1944_TR1631.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Meeting_of_the_Supreme_Command%2C_Allied_Expeditionary_Force%2C_London%2C_1_February_1944_TR1631.jpg/600px-Meeting_of_the_Supreme_Command%2C_Allied_Expeditionary_Force%2C_London%2C_1_February_1944_TR1631.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3914" data-file-height="3023" /></a><figcaption>Meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force</a> (SHAEF), 1 February 1944. Front row: <a href="/wiki/Air_chief_marshal" title="Air chief marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">Sir Arthur Tedder</a>; <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>; <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery,_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein">Sir Bernard Montgomery</a>. Back row: <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a>; <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Ramsay" title="Bertram Ramsay">Sir Bertram Ramsay</a>; Air Chief Marshal <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Leigh-Mallory" title="Trafford Leigh-Mallory">Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory</a>; Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Allies considered four sites for the landings: <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a>, Normandy, and the <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a>. As Brittany and Cotentin are peninsulas, it would have been possible for the Germans to cut off the Allied advance at a relatively narrow isthmus, so these sites were rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200913–14-25">[22]</a> With the Pas-de-Calais being the closest point in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> to Britain, the Germans considered it to be the most likely initial landing zone, so it was the most heavily fortified region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200933–34-26">[23]</a> But it offered few opportunities for expansion, as the area is bounded by numerous rivers and canals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997170-27">[24]</a> whereas, landings on a broad front in Normandy would permit simultaneous threats against the port of <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg-Octeville" title="Cherbourg-Octeville">Cherbourg</a>, coastal ports further west in Brittany, and an overland attack towards <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and eventually into Germany. Normandy was hence chosen as the landing site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose199473–74-28">[25]</a> The most serious drawback of the Normandy coast—the lack of port facilities—would be overcome through the development of artificial <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbours</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200914-29">[26]</a> A series of modified tanks, nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Hobart%27s_Funnies" title="Hobart's Funnies">Hobart's Funnies</a>, dealt with specific requirements expected for the Normandy Campaign such as mine clearing, demolishing bunkers, and mobile bridging.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997182-30">[27]</a> The Allies planned to launch the invasion on 1 May 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997170-27">[24]</a> The initial draft of the plan was accepted at the <a href="/wiki/First_Quebec_Conference" title="First Quebec Conference">Quebec Conference</a> in August 1943. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989491-31">[28]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a> was named commander of the <a href="/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a>, which comprised all land forces involved in the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200912–13-32">[29]</a> On 31 December 1943, Eisenhower and Montgomery first saw the plan, which proposed amphibious landings by three divisions with two more divisions in support. The two generals insisted that the scale of the initial invasion be expanded to five divisions, with airborne descents by three additional divisions, to allow operations on a wider front and to hasten the capture of Cherbourg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200913-33">[30]</a> The need to acquire or produce extra landing craft for the expanded operation meant that the invasion had to be delayed to June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200913-33">[30]</a> Eventually, thirty-nine Allied divisions would be committed to the Battle of Normandy: twenty-two American, twelve British, three Canadian, one Polish, and one French, totalling over a million troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1995684-34">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> was the name assigned to the establishment of a large-scale <a href="/wiki/Lodgement" title="Lodgement">lodgement</a> on the continent. The first phase, the amphibious invasion and establishment of a secure foothold, was codenamed Operation Neptune.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200914-29">[26]</a> To gain the air superiority needed to ensure a successful invasion, the Allies undertook a bombing campaign (codenamed <a href="/wiki/Pointblank_directive" title="Pointblank directive">Operation Pointblank</a>) that targeted German aircraft production, fuel supplies, and airfields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200914-29">[26]</a> Elaborate deceptions, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Operation Bodyguard</a>, were undertaken in the months leading up to the invasion to prevent the Germans from learning the timing and location of the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor20093-35">[32]</a> The landings were to be preceded by airborne operations near Caen on the eastern flank to secure the <a href="/wiki/Orne_(river)" title="Orne (river)">Orne River</a> bridges and north of Carentan on the western flank. The Americans, assigned to land at Utah Beach and Omaha Beach, were to attempt to capture Carentan and Saint-Lô the first day, then cut off the Cotentin Peninsula and eventually capture the port facilities at <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg-en-Cotentin" title="Cherbourg-en-Cotentin">Cherbourg</a>. The British at <a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold Beaches</a> and the Canadians at <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a> would protect the US flank and attempt to establish airfields near Caen on the first day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1951592–593-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009Map,_inside_front_cover-37">[34]</a> (A sixth beach, code-named "Band", was considered to the east of the Orne).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddick-Adams2019136-38">[35]</a> A secure lodgement would be established with all invading forces linked together, with an attempt to hold all territory north of the <a href="/wiki/Avranches" title="Avranches">Avranches</a>-<a href="/wiki/Falaise,_Calvados" title="Falaise, Calvados">Falaise</a> line within the first three weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1951592–593-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009Map,_inside_front_cover-37">[34]</a> Montgomery envisaged a ninety-day battle, lasting until all Allied forces reached the River <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1995698-39">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deception_plans">Deception plans</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/D-Day_naval_deceptions" title="D-Day naval deceptions">D-Day naval deceptions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghost_Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ghost_Army.jpg/220px-Ghost_Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ghost_Army.jpg/330px-Ghost_Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ghost_Army.jpg/440px-Ghost_Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption>Shoulder patches were designed for units of the fictitious <a href="/wiki/First_United_States_Army_Group" title="First United States Army Group">First United States Army Group</a> under <a href="/wiki/George_Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="George Patton">George Patton</a>. </figcaption></figure> Under the overall umbrella of Operation Bodyguard, the Allies conducted several subsidiary operations designed to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the Allied landings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1995680-40">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fortitude" title="Operation Fortitude">Operation Fortitude</a> included Fortitude North, a misinformation campaign using fake radio traffic to lead the Germans into expecting an attack on Norway,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2007465-41">[38]</a> and Fortitude South, a major deception involving the creation of a fictitious <a href="/wiki/First_United_States_Army_Group" title="First United States Army Group">First United States Army Group</a> under Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>, supposedly located in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>. Fortitude South was intended to deceive the Germans into believing that the main attack would take place at <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor20093-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke200471–72-42">[39]</a> Genuine radio messages from 21st Army Group were first routed to Kent via landline and then broadcast, to give the Germans the impression that most of the Allied troops were stationed there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200927-43">[40]</a> Patton was stationed in England until 6 July, thus continuing to deceive the Germans into believing a second attack would take place at Calais.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009282-44">[41]</a> Many of the German radar stations on the French coast were destroyed in preparation for the landings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200934-45">[42]</a> In addition, on the night before the invasion, a small group of <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> operators deployed dummy paratroopers over <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isigny-sur-Mer" title="Isigny-sur-Mer">Isigny</a>. These dummies led the Germans to believe that an additional airborne landing had occurred. On that same night, in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Taxable" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Taxable">Operation Taxable</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._617_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 617 Squadron RAF">No. 617 Squadron RAF</a> dropped strips of "window", <a href="/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure)">metal foil</a> that caused a radar return which was mistakenly interpreted by German radar operators as a naval convoy near Le Havre. The illusion was bolstered by a group of small vessels towing <a href="/wiki/Barrage_balloon" title="Barrage balloon">barrage balloons</a>. A similar deception was undertaken near <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a> in the Pas de Calais area by <a href="/wiki/No._218_(Gold_Coast)_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 218 (Gold Coast) Squadron RAF">No. 218 Squadron RAF</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Glimmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Glimmer">Operation Glimmer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickers199419–21-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200976-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weather">Weather</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting_for_Operation_Overlord" title="Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord">Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord</a></div> The invasion planners determined a set of conditions involving the phase of the moon, the tides, and the time of day that would be satisfactory on only a few days in each month. A full moon was desirable, as it would provide illumination for aircraft pilots and have the <a href="/wiki/Tide#Range_variation:_springs_and_neaps" title="Tide">highest tides</a>. The Allies wanted to schedule the landings for shortly before dawn, midway between low and high tide, with the tide coming in. This would improve the visibility of obstacles on the beach while minimising the amount of time the men would be exposed in the open.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200931-47">[44]</a> Eisenhower had tentatively selected 5 June as the date for the assault. However, on 4 June, conditions were unsuitable for a landing: high winds and heavy seas made it impossible to launch landing craft, and low clouds would prevent aircraft from finding their targets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200933-48">[45]</a> The weather forecast that reported the storms was sent from a weather station on the western coast of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraub2024-49">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ddayweather.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ddayweather.jpg/220px-Ddayweather.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ddayweather.jpg/330px-Ddayweather.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ddayweather.jpg/440px-Ddayweather.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Surface_weather_analysis" title="Surface weather analysis">Surface weather analysis</a> map showing <a href="/wiki/Weather_front" title="Weather front">weather fronts</a> on 5 June</figcaption></figure> Group Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Stagg" title="James Stagg">James Stagg</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) met Eisenhower on the evening of 4 June. He and his meteorological team predicted that the weather would improve enough for the invasion to proceed on 6 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200921-50">[47]</a> The next available dates with the required tidal conditions (but without the desirable full moon) would be two weeks later, from 18 to 20 June. Postponement of the invasion would have required recalling men and ships already in position to cross the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and would have increased the chance that the invasion plans would be detected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997224-51">[48]</a> After much discussion with the other senior commanders, Eisenhower decided that the invasion should go ahead on 6 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997224–226-52">[49]</a> A major storm battered the Normandy coast from 19 to 22 June, which would have made the beach landings impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200933-48">[45]</a> Allied control of the Atlantic meant German meteorologists had less information than the Allies on incoming weather patterns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200934-45">[42]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> meteorological centre in Paris was predicting two weeks of stormy weather, many Wehrmacht commanders left their posts to attend <a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">war games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, and men in many units were given leave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009131-53">[50]</a> Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> returned to Germany for his wife's birthday and to petition Hitler for additional <a href="/wiki/Panzers" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzers">Panzer</a> divisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200942–43-54">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_order_of_battle">German order of battle</h2></div> Germany had at its disposal fifty divisions in France and the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, with another eighteen stationed in Denmark and Norway. Fifteen divisions were in the process of formation in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997144-55">[52]</a> Combat losses throughout the war, particularly on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, meant that the Germans no longer had a pool of able young men from which to draw. German soldiers were now on average six years older than their Allied counterparts. Many in the Normandy area were <a href="/wiki/Ostlegionen" title="Ostlegionen">Ostlegionen</a> (eastern legions)—conscripts and volunteers from Russia, Mongolia, and other areas of the Soviet Union. They were provided mainly with unreliable captured equipment and lacked motorised transport.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancois2013118-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger199416–19-57">[54]</a> Many German units were under strength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200937-58">[55]</a> In early 1944, the German Western Front (<a href="/wiki/OB_West" title="OB West">OB West</a>) was significantly weakened by personnel and materiel transfers to the Eastern Front. During the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">Dnieper–Carpathian offensive</a> (24 December 1943 – 17 April 1944), the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres">German High Command</a> was forced to transfer the entire <a href="/wiki/II_SS_Panzer_Corps" title="II SS Panzer Corps">II SS Panzer Corps</a> from France, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/9th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hohenstaufen" title="9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen">9th</a> and <a href="/wiki/10th_SS_Panzer_Division_Frundsberg" title="10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg">10th</a> SS Panzer Divisions, as well as the <a href="/wiki/349th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="349th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">349th Infantry Division</a>, 507th Heavy Panzer Battalion and the 311th and 322nd StuG Assault Gun Brigades. All told, the German forces stationed in France were deprived of 45,827 troops and 363 tanks, assault guns, and self-propelled anti-tank guns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiedtke2015227–228,_235-59">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" title="1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">1st SS Panzer Division "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler"</a>, <a href="/wiki/9th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="9th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">9th</a>, <a href="/wiki/11th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">11th</a>, <a href="/wiki/19th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">19th</a> and <a href="/wiki/116th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="116th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">116th</a> Panzer divisions, alongside the <a href="/wiki/2nd_SS_Panzer_Division_Das_Reich" title="2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich">2nd SS Panzer Division "Das Reich"</a>, had only arrived in France in March–May 1944 for extensive refit after being badly damaged during the Dnieper-Carpathian operation. Seven of the eleven panzer or panzergrenadier divisions stationed in France were not fully operational or only partially mobile in early June 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiedtke2015224–225-60">[57]</a> German Supreme commander: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> <ul><li>Oberbefehlshaber West (Supreme Commander West; <a href="/wiki/OB_West" title="OB West">OB West</a>): Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Panzer_Group_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer Group West">Panzer Group West</a>: General <a href="/wiki/Leo_Geyr_von_Schweppenburg" title="Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg">Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg</a>)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">Army Group B</a>: Field Marshal Erwin Rommel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="7th Army (Wehrmacht)">7th Army</a>: <a href="/wiki/Colonel_general" title="Colonel general">Generaloberst</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Dollmann" title="Friedrich Dollmann">Friedrich Dollmann</a> <ul><li>LXXXIV Corps under <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Artillery_(Germany)" title="General of the Artillery (Germany)">General der Artillerie</a> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Marcks" title="Erich Marcks">Erich Marcks</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cotentin_Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</h3></div> Allied forces attacking Utah Beach faced the following German units stationed on the Cotentin Peninsula: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:709th_Infanterie-Division_Logo_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/709th_Infanterie-Division_Logo_1.svg/25px-709th_Infanterie-Division_Logo_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/709th_Infanterie-Division_Logo_1.svg/38px-709th_Infanterie-Division_Logo_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/709th_Infanterie-Division_Logo_1.svg/50px-709th_Infanterie-Division_Logo_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="71" data-file-height="85" /></a> <a href="/wiki/709th_Static_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="709th Static Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">709th Static Infantry Division</a> <ul><li>under Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Karl-Wilhelm_von_Schlieben" title="Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben">Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben</a> numbered 12,320 men, many of them <a href="/wiki/Ostlegionen" title="Ostlegionen">Ostlegionen</a> (non-German conscripts recruited from Soviet prisoners of war).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009118-61">[58]</a></li> <li>729th Grenadier Regiment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009122-62">[59]</a></li> <li>739th Grenadier Regiment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009122-62">[59]</a></li> <li>919th Grenadier Regiment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009122-62">[59]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grandcamps_Sector">Grandcamps Sector</h3></div> Americans assaulting Omaha Beach faced the following troops: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:352nd_Infanterie-Division_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/352nd_Infanterie-Division_logo.jpg/25px-352nd_Infanterie-Division_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/352nd_Infanterie-Division_logo.jpg/38px-352nd_Infanterie-Division_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/352nd_Infanterie-Division_logo.jpg/50px-352nd_Infanterie-Division_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="339" /></a> <a href="/wiki/352nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="352nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">352nd Infantry Division</a> <ul><li>under Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Kraiss" title="Dietrich Kraiss">Dietrich Kraiss</a>, a full-strength unit of around 12,000 brought in by Rommel on 15 March and reinforced by two additional regiments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200960,_63-63">[60]</a></li> <li>914th Grenadier Regiment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200963-64">[61]</a></li> <li>915th Grenadier Regiment (as reserves)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200963-64">[61]</a></li> <li>916th Grenadier Regiment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200963-64">[61]</a></li> <li>726th Infantry Regiment (from 716th Infantry Division)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200963-64">[61]</a></li> <li>352nd Artillery Regiment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200963-64">[61]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> Allied forces at Gold and Juno faced the following elements of the 352nd Infantry Division: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><ul><li>914th Grenadier Regiment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009275-65">[62]</a></li> <li>915th Grenadier Regiment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009275-65">[62]</a></li> <li>916th Grenadier Regiment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009275-65">[62]</a></li> <li>352nd Artillery Regiment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009275-65">[62]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forces_around_Caen">Forces around Caen</h3></div> Allied forces attacking Gold, Juno, and Sword Beaches faced the following German units: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:716th_Infanterie-Division_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/716th_Infanterie-Division_Logo.svg/30px-716th_Infanterie-Division_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/716th_Infanterie-Division_Logo.svg/45px-716th_Infanterie-Division_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/716th_Infanterie-Division_Logo.svg/60px-716th_Infanterie-Division_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="123" /></a> <a href="/wiki/716th_Static_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="716th Static Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">716th Static Infantry Division</a> <ul><li>under Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Richter" title="Wilhelm Richter">Wilhelm Richter</a>. At 7,000 troops, the division was significantly understrength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200960-66">[63]</a></li> <li>736th Infantry Regiment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009206-67">[64]</a></li> <li>1716th Artillery Regiment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009206-67">[64]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:21st_Panzer_Division_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/21st_Panzer_Division_logo.svg/15px-21st_Panzer_Division_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/21st_Panzer_Division_logo.svg/23px-21st_Panzer_Division_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/21st_Panzer_Division_logo.svg/30px-21st_Panzer_Division_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="1338" /></a> <a href="/wiki/21st_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">21st Panzer Division</a>, (south of Caen) <ul><li>under Generalmajor <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Feuchtinger" title="Edgar Feuchtinger">Edgar Feuchtinger</a> included 146 tanks and 50 <a href="/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">assault guns</a>, plus supporting infantry and artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200973-68">[65]</a></li> <li>100th Panzer Regiment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009275-65">[62]</a> (at Falaise under <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Oppeln-Bronikowski" title="Hermann von Oppeln-Bronikowski">Hermann von Oppeln-Bronikowski</a>; renamed 22nd Panzer Regiment in May 1944 to avoid confusion with 100th Panzer Battalion)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargaritis2019414–418-69">[66]</a></li> <li>125th Panzergrenadier Regiment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009275-65">[62]</a>(under <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Luck" title="Hans von Luck">Hans von Luck</a> from April 1944)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargaritis2019321-70">[67]</a></li> <li>192nd Panzergrenadier Regiment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009275-65">[62]</a></li> <li>155th Panzer Artillery Regiment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009275-65">[62]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atlantic_Wall">Atlantic Wall</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantikwall.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Atlantikwall.png/220px-Atlantikwall.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Atlantikwall.png/330px-Atlantikwall.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Atlantikwall.png/440px-Atlantikwall.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a>, shown in yellow<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Axis and occupied countries</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Allies and occupied countries</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Neutral countries</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-719-0240-26,_Pas_de_Calais,_Atlantikwall,_Panzersperren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-719-0240-26%2C_Pas_de_Calais%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Panzersperren.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-719-0240-26%2C_Pas_de_Calais%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Panzersperren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-719-0240-26%2C_Pas_de_Calais%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Panzersperren.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-719-0240-26%2C_Pas_de_Calais%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Panzersperren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-719-0240-26%2C_Pas_de_Calais%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Panzersperren.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-719-0240-26%2C_Pas_de_Calais%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Panzersperren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehogs</a> deployed on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a> near <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> </figcaption></figure> Alarmed by the raids on <a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe</a> in 1942, Hitler had ordered the construction of fortifications all along the Atlantic coast, from Spain to Norway, to protect against an expected Allied invasion. He envisioned 15,000 emplacements manned by 300,000 troops, but shortages, particularly of concrete and manpower, meant that most of the strongpoints were never built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200930-71">[68]</a> As it was expected to be the site of the invasion, the Pas de Calais was heavily defended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200930-71">[68]</a> In the Normandy area, the best fortifications were concentrated at the port facilities at Cherbourg and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200913-33">[30]</a> Rommel was assigned to oversee the construction of further fortifications along the expected invasion front, which stretched from the Netherlands to Cherbourg,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200930-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200933-72">[69]</a> and was given command of the newly re-formed Army Group B, which included the 7th Army, the <a href="/wiki/15th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="15th Army (Wehrmacht)">15th Army</a>, and the forces guarding the Netherlands. Reserves for this group included the <a href="/wiki/116th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="116th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">2nd</a>, 21st, and <a href="/wiki/116th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="116th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">116th Panzer</a> divisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger199412-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200912-74">[71]</a> Rommel believed that the Normandy coast could be a possible landing point for the invasion, so he ordered the construction of extensive defensive works along that shore. In addition to concrete gun emplacements at strategic points along the coast, he ordered wooden stakes, metal tripods, mines, and large anti-tank obstacles to be placed on the beaches to delay the approach of landing craft and impede the movement of tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200954–56-75">[72]</a> Expecting the Allies to land at high tide so that the infantry would spend less time exposed on the beach, he ordered many of these obstacles to be placed at the <a href="/wiki/High_water_mark" title="High water mark">high water mark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200931-47">[44]</a> Tangles of barbed wire, <a href="/wiki/Booby_trap" title="Booby trap">booby traps</a>, and the removal of ground cover made the approach hazardous for infantry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200954–56-75">[72]</a> On Rommel's order, the number of mines along the coast was tripled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200913-33">[30]</a> The Allied <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">air offensive over Germany</a> had crippled the Luftwaffe and established <a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">air supremacy</a> over western Europe, so Rommel knew he could not expect effective air support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983263-76">[73]</a> The Luftwaffe could muster only 815 aircraft<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983280-77">[74]</a> over Normandy in comparison to the Allies' 9,543.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999283-78">[75]</a> Rommel arranged for booby-trapped stakes known as Rommelspargel (<a href="/wiki/Rommel%27s_asparagus" title="Rommel's asparagus">Rommel's asparagus</a>) to be installed in meadows and fields to deter airborne landings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200913-33">[30]</a> German armaments minister <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> notes in his 1969 autobiography that the German high command, concerned about the susceptibility of the airports and port facilities along the North Sea coast, held a conference on 6–8 June 1944 to discuss reinforcing defences in that area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeer1971483–484-79">[76]</a> Speer wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In Germany itself we scarcely had any troop units at our disposal. If the airports at Hamburg and Bremen could be taken by parachute units and the ports of these cities seized by small forces, invasion armies debarking from ships would, I feared, meet no resistance and would be occupying Berlin and all of Germany within a few days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeer1971482-80">[77]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armoured_reserves">Armoured reserves</h2></div> Rommel believed that Germany's best chance was to stop the invasion at the shore. He requested that the mobile reserves, especially tanks, be stationed as close to the coast as possible. Rundstedt, Geyr, and other senior commanders objected. They believed that the invasion could not be stopped on the beaches. Geyr argued for a conventional doctrine: keeping the Panzer formations concentrated in a central position around Paris and Rouen and deploying them only when the main Allied beachhead had been identified. He also noted that in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a>, the armoured units stationed near the coast had been damaged by naval bombardment. Rommel's opinion was that because of Allied air supremacy, the large-scale movement of tanks would not be possible once the invasion was under way. Hitler made the final decision, which was to leave three <a href="/wiki/Panzer_division_(Wehrmacht)" title="Panzer division (Wehrmacht)">Panzer divisions</a> under Geyr's command and give Rommel operational control of three more as reserves. Hitler took personal control of four divisions as strategic reserves, not to be used without his direct orders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200931-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200915-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997192-83">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allied_order_of_battle">Allied order of battle</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_forces_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="List of Allied forces in the Normandy campaign">List of Allied forces in the Normandy campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg/290px-Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg/435px-Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg/580px-Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>D-day assault routes into Normandy</figcaption></figure> Commander, SHAEF: General Dwight D. Eisenhower Commander, 21st Army Group: General Bernard Montgomery<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh2009Map,_p._12-84">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_zones">US zones</h3></div> Commander, <a href="/wiki/First_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="First United States Army">First Army</a>: Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh2009Map,_p._12-84">[81]</a> The First Army contingent totalled approximately 73,000 men, including 15,600 from the airborne divisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortsmouth_Museum_Services-18">[15]</a> <dl><dt>Utah Beach</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:US_VII_Corps_SSI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/US_VII_Corps_SSI.png/25px-US_VII_Corps_SSI.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/US_VII_Corps_SSI.png/38px-US_VII_Corps_SSI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/US_VII_Corps_SSI.png/50px-US_VII_Corps_SSI.png 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="1191" /></a> <a href="/wiki/VII_Corps_(United_States)" title="VII Corps (United States)">VII Corps</a>, commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">J. Lawton Collins</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009125-85">[82]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg/25px-4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg/38px-4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg/50px-4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="715" /></a> <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="4th Infantry Division (United States)">4th Infantry Division</a>: Major General <a href="/wiki/Raymond_O._Barton" title="Raymond O. Barton">Raymond O. Barton</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009125-85">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:82nd_Airborne_Division_CSIB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/82nd_Airborne_Division_CSIB.svg/20px-82nd_Airborne_Division_CSIB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/82nd_Airborne_Division_CSIB.svg/30px-82nd_Airborne_Division_CSIB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/82nd_Airborne_Division_CSIB.svg/40px-82nd_Airborne_Division_CSIB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="402" /></a> <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">82nd Airborne Division</a>: Major General <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway">Matthew Ridgway</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009125-85">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:90th_Infantry_Division.patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/90th_Infantry_Division.patch.svg/20px-90th_Infantry_Division.patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/90th_Infantry_Division.patch.svg/30px-90th_Infantry_Division.patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/90th_Infantry_Division.patch.svg/40px-90th_Infantry_Division.patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="211" /></a> <a href="/wiki/90th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="90th Infantry Division (United States)">90th Infantry Division</a>: Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Jay_W._MacKelvie" title="Jay W. MacKelvie">Jay W. MacKelvie</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009125-85">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:US_101st_Airborne_Division_patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/US_101st_Airborne_Division_patch.svg/20px-US_101st_Airborne_Division_patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/US_101st_Airborne_Division_patch.svg/30px-US_101st_Airborne_Division_patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/US_101st_Airborne_Division_patch.svg/40px-US_101st_Airborne_Division_patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="354" /></a> <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a>: Major General <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Maxwell D. Taylor</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009125-85">[82]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Omaha Beach</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:V_Corps.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/V_Corps.svg/25px-V_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/V_Corps.svg/38px-V_Corps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/V_Corps.svg/50px-V_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="215" /></a> <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(United_States)" title="V Corps (United States)">V Corps</a>, commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Leonard_T._Gerow" title="Leonard T. Gerow">Leonard T. Gerow</a>, making up 34,250 men<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200953-86">[83]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:1st_Infantry_Division_SSI_(1918-2015).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1st_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg/18px-1st_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1st_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg/27px-1st_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1st_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg/36px-1st_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="273" /></a> <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Division (United States)">1st Infantry Division</a>: Major General <a href="/wiki/Clarence_R._Huebner" title="Clarence R. Huebner">Clarence R. Huebner</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200966-87">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:29th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/29th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg/23px-29th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/29th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg/35px-29th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/29th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg/46px-29th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="329" /></a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._29th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. 29th Infantry Division">29th Infantry Division</a>: Major General <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Gerhardt" title="Charles H. Gerhardt">Charles H. Gerhardt</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200966-87">[84]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_and_Canadian_zones">British and Canadian zones</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Marine_Commandos_attached_to_3rd_Division_move_inland_from_Sword_Beach_on_the_Normandy_coast,_6_June_1944._B5071.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Royal_Marine_Commandos_attached_to_3rd_Division_move_inland_from_Sword_Beach_on_the_Normandy_coast%2C_6_June_1944._B5071.jpg/170px-Royal_Marine_Commandos_attached_to_3rd_Division_move_inland_from_Sword_Beach_on_the_Normandy_coast%2C_6_June_1944._B5071.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Royal_Marine_Commandos_attached_to_3rd_Division_move_inland_from_Sword_Beach_on_the_Normandy_coast%2C_6_June_1944._B5071.jpg/255px-Royal_Marine_Commandos_attached_to_3rd_Division_move_inland_from_Sword_Beach_on_the_Normandy_coast%2C_6_June_1944._B5071.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Royal_Marine_Commandos_attached_to_3rd_Division_move_inland_from_Sword_Beach_on_the_Normandy_coast%2C_6_June_1944._B5071.jpg/340px-Royal_Marine_Commandos_attached_to_3rd_Division_move_inland_from_Sword_Beach_on_the_Normandy_coast%2C_6_June_1944._B5071.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1778" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Marine_Commandos" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Marine Commandos">Royal Marine Commandos</a> attached to <a href="/wiki/3rd_Mechanised_Division_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Mechanised Division (United Kingdom)">3rd Infantry Division</a> move inland from <a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword Beach</a>, 6 June 1944. An armoured bridgelayer tank is in the background</figcaption></figure> Commander, <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Second Army (United Kingdom)">Second Army</a>: Lieutenant General Sir <a href="/wiki/Miles_Dempsey" title="Miles Dempsey">Miles Dempsey</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh2009Map,_p._12-84">[81]</a> Overall, the Second Army contingent consisted of 83,115 men, 61,715 of them British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortsmouth_Museum_Services-18">[15]</a> The British and Commonwealth air and naval support units included a large number of personnel from Allied nations, including several RAF squadrons manned almost exclusively by overseas air crew. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_Battle_of_Normandy" title="Australian contribution to the Battle of Normandy">Australian contribution</a> to the operation included a regular <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> (RAAF) squadron, nine <a href="/wiki/Article_XV_squadrons" title="Article XV squadrons">Article XV squadrons</a>, and hundreds of personnel posted to RAF units and RN warships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley2004-88">[85]</a> The RAF supplied two-thirds of the aircraft involved in the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2014-89">[86]</a> <dl><dt>Gold Beach</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:XXX_Corps_1944-1945_shoulder_flash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/XXX_Corps_1944-1945_shoulder_flash.jpg/22px-XXX_Corps_1944-1945_shoulder_flash.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/XXX_Corps_1944-1945_shoulder_flash.jpg/33px-XXX_Corps_1944-1945_shoulder_flash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/XXX_Corps_1944-1945_shoulder_flash.jpg/44px-XXX_Corps_1944-1945_shoulder_flash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1934" data-file-height="1831" /></a> <a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XXX Corps (United Kingdom)">XXX Corps (UK)</a>, commanded by Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Bucknall" title="Gerard Bucknall">Gerard Bucknall</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009271-90">[87]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:50_inf_div_-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/50_inf_div_-vector.svg/22px-50_inf_div_-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/50_inf_div_-vector.svg/33px-50_inf_div_-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/50_inf_div_-vector.svg/44px-50_inf_div_-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/50th_(Northumbrian)_Infantry_Division" title="50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division">50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division</a>: Major General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Alexander_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Alexander Graham">Douglas Graham</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009271-90">[87]</a></li> <li>reinforced with <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:56th_Independent_Infantry_Brigade.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/56th_Independent_Infantry_Brigade.svg/22px-56th_Independent_Infantry_Brigade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/56th_Independent_Infantry_Brigade.svg/33px-56th_Independent_Infantry_Brigade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/56th_Independent_Infantry_Brigade.svg/44px-56th_Independent_Infantry_Brigade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="337" /></a> <a href="/wiki/56th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="56th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">56th Infantry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:8th_armoured_brigade.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/8th_armoured_brigade.svg/22px-8th_armoured_brigade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/8th_armoured_brigade.svg/33px-8th_armoured_brigade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/8th_armoured_brigade.svg/44px-8th_armoured_brigade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/8th_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="8th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)">8th Armoured Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._47_(Royal_Marine)_Commando" title="No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando">47th (Royal Marine) Commando</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Juno Beach</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach_order_of_battle" title="Juno Beach order of battle">Juno Beach order of battle</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:I_Corps.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/I_Corps.svg/22px-I_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/I_Corps.svg/33px-I_Corps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/I_Corps.svg/44px-I_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="559" /></a> British <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">I Corps</a>, commanded by Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/John_Crocker" title="John Crocker">John Crocker</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009270-91">[88]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division_Patch_(Modern_Correct_Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division_Patch_%28Modern_Correct_Pantone%29.svg/22px-3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division_Patch_%28Modern_Correct_Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division_Patch_%28Modern_Correct_Pantone%29.svg/33px-3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division_Patch_%28Modern_Correct_Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division_Patch_%28Modern_Correct_Pantone%29.svg/44px-3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division_Patch_%28Modern_Correct_Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="152" /></a> <a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division" title="3rd Canadian Division">3rd Canadian Division</a>: Major General <a href="/wiki/Rod_Keller" title="Rod Keller">Rod Keller</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009270-91">[88]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Sword Beach</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:I_Corps.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/I_Corps.svg/22px-I_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/I_Corps.svg/33px-I_Corps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/I_Corps.svg/44px-I_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="559" /></a> British I Corps, commanded by Lieutenant General John Crocker<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009200-92">[89]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:British_3rd_Infantry_Division2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/British_3rd_Infantry_Division2.svg/22px-British_3rd_Infantry_Division2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/British_3rd_Infantry_Division2.svg/33px-British_3rd_Infantry_Division2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/British_3rd_Infantry_Division2.svg/44px-British_3rd_Infantry_Division2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="87" /></a> <a href="/wiki/3rd_Mechanised_Division_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Mechanised Division (United Kingdom)">3rd Infantry Division</a>: Major General <a href="/wiki/Tom_Rennie" title="Tom Rennie">Tom Rennie</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009200-92">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:UK_6th_Airborne_Division_Patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/UK_6th_Airborne_Division_Patch.svg/22px-UK_6th_Airborne_Division_Patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/UK_6th_Airborne_Division_Patch.svg/33px-UK_6th_Airborne_Division_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/UK_6th_Airborne_Division_Patch.svg/44px-UK_6th_Airborne_Division_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="153" /></a> <a href="/wiki/6th_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="6th Airborne Division (United Kingdom)">6th Airborne Division (UK)</a>: Major General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nelson_Gale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Nelson Gale">Richard Gale</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009200-92">[89]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/File:79th_armoured_division_badge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/79th_armoured_division_badge.jpg/22px-79th_armoured_division_badge.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/79th_armoured_division_badge.jpg/33px-79th_armoured_division_badge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/79th_armoured_division_badge.jpg/44px-79th_armoured_division_badge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="149" /></a> <a href="/wiki/79th_Armoured_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="79th Armoured Division">79th Armoured Division</a>: Major General <a href="/wiki/Percy_Hobart" title="Percy Hobart">Percy Hobart</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009201-93">[90]</a> provided specialised armoured vehicles which supported the landings on all beaches in Second Army's sector. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coordination_with_the_French_Resistance">Coordination with the French Resistance</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FTP-p012904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/FTP-p012904.jpg/220px-FTP-p012904.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/FTP-p012904.jpg/330px-FTP-p012904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/FTP-p012904.jpg/440px-FTP-p012904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3116" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> and the US 82nd Airborne division during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Battle of Normandy</a> in 1944.</figcaption></figure> Through the London-based État-major des Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur (<a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">French Forces of the Interior</a>), the British <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> orchestrated a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> to be implemented by the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a>. The Allies developed four plans for the Resistance to execute on D-Day and the following days: <ul><li>Plan Vert was a 15-day operation to sabotage the rail system.</li> <li>Plan Bleu dealt with destroying electrical facilities.</li> <li>Plan Tortue was a delaying operation aimed at the enemy forces that would potentially reinforce Axis forces at Normandy.</li> <li>Plan Violet dealt with cutting underground telephone and teleprinter cables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouthit198823-94">[91]</a></li></ul> The resistance was alerted to carry out these tasks by messages personnels transmitted by the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Londres" title="Radio Londres">BBC's French service</a> from London. Several hundred of these messages, which might be snippets of poetry, quotations from literature, or random sentences, were regularly transmitted, <a href="/wiki/Steganography" title="Steganography">masking</a> the few that were actually significant. In the weeks preceding the landings, lists of messages and their meanings were distributed to resistance groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEscott2010138-95">[92]</a> An increase in radio activity on 5 June was correctly interpreted by German intelligence to mean that an invasion was imminent or underway. However, because of the barrage of previous false warnings and misinformation, most units ignored the warning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200943-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997229-97">[94]</a> A 1965 report from the Counter-insurgency Information Analysis Center details the results of the French Resistance's sabotage efforts: "In the southeast, 52 locomotives were destroyed on 6 June and the railway line cut in more than 500 places. Normandy was isolated as of 7 June."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpecial_Operations_Research_Office196551–52-98">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_activity">Naval activity</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_warships_in_the_Normandy_landings" title="List of Allied warships in the Normandy landings">List of Allied warships in the Normandy landings</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D-Day_map,_Southwick_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/D-Day_map%2C_Southwick_House.jpg/220px-D-Day_map%2C_Southwick_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/D-Day_map%2C_Southwick_House.jpg/330px-D-Day_map%2C_Southwick_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/D-Day_map%2C_Southwick_House.jpg/440px-D-Day_map%2C_Southwick_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3060" /></a><figcaption>D-Day planning map, used at <a href="/wiki/Southwick_House" title="Southwick House">Southwick House</a> near <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lci-convoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lci-convoy.jpg/220px-Lci-convoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lci-convoy.jpg/330px-Lci-convoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lci-convoy.jpg/440px-Lci-convoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5631" data-file-height="4497" /></a><figcaption>Large landing craft <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoy</a> crosses the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> on 6 June 1944</figcaption></figure> Naval operations for the invasion were described by historian <a href="/wiki/Correlli_Barnett" title="Correlli Barnett">Correlli Barnett</a> as a "never surpassed masterpiece of planning".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYung2006133-99">[96]</a> In overall command was British Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Ramsay" title="Bertram Ramsay">Bertram Ramsay</a>, who had served as <a href="/wiki/Flag_officer" title="Flag officer">Flag officer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a> four years earlier. He had also been responsible for the naval planning of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">invasion of North Africa</a> in 1942, and one of the two fleets carrying troops for the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">invasion of Sicily</a> the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger19946-100">[97]</a> The invasion fleet, which was drawn from eight different navies, comprised 6,939 vessels: 1,213 warships, 4,126 landing craft of various types, 736 ancillary craft, and 864 merchant vessels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortsmouth_Museum_Services-18">[15]</a> The majority of the fleet was supplied by the UK, which provided 892 warships and 3,261 landing craft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2014-89">[86]</a> In total there were 195,700 naval personnel involved; of these 112,824 were from the Royal Navy with another 25,000 from the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Navy_(United_Kingdom)" title="Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)">Merchant Navy</a>; 52,889 were American; and 4,998 sailors from other allied countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortsmouth_Museum_Services-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison196267-11">[10]</a> The invasion fleet was split into the <a href="/wiki/Western_Naval_Task_Force" title="Western Naval Task Force">Western Naval Task Force</a> (under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alan_G._Kirk" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan G. Kirk">Alan G. Kirk</a>) supporting the US sectors and the Eastern Naval Task Force (under Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Philip_Vian" title="Philip Vian">Philip Vian</a>) in the British and Canadian sectors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1951594-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger19946-100">[97]</a> Available to the fleet were five battleships, 20 cruisers, 65 destroyers, and two monitors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200930-102">[99]</a> German ships in the area on D-Day included three torpedo boats, 29 <a href="/wiki/Fast_attack_craft" title="Fast attack craft">fast attack craft</a>, 36 <a href="/wiki/R_boat" title="R boat">R boats</a>, and 35 auxiliary <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper" title="Minesweeper">minesweepers</a> and patrol boats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009205-103">[100]</a> The Germans also had several <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> available, and all the approaches had been heavily mined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200931-47">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_losses">Naval losses</h3></div> At 05:10, German <a href="/wiki/German_torpedo_boats_of_World_War_II" title="German torpedo boats of World War II">torpedo boats</a> reached the Eastern Task Force and launched fifteen torpedoes, sinking the Norwegian destroyer <a href="/wiki/HNoMS_Svenner_(G03)" title="HNoMS Svenner (G03)">HNoMS Svenner</a> off Sword Beach but missing the British battleships <a href="/wiki/HMS_Warspite_(03)" title="HMS Warspite (03)">HMS Warspite</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ramillies_(07)" title="HMS Ramillies (07)">Ramillies</a>. After attacking, the German vessels turned away and fled east into a <a href="/wiki/Smoke_screen" title="Smoke screen">smoke screen</a> that had been laid by the RAF to shield the fleet from the long-range battery at Le Havre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009233-104">[101]</a> Allied losses to mines included the American destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Corry_(DD-463)" title="USS Corry (DD-463)">USS Corry</a> off Utah and <a href="/wiki/Submarine_chaser" title="Submarine chaser">submarine chaser</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_PC-1261" title="USS PC-1261">USS PC-1261</a>, a 173-foot patrol craft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeigley1981136–137-105">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bombardment">Bombardment</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Bombardments_on_D-Day.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Naval_Bombardments_on_D-Day.png/220px-Naval_Bombardments_on_D-Day.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Naval_Bombardments_on_D-Day.png/330px-Naval_Bombardments_on_D-Day.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Naval_Bombardments_on_D-Day.png/440px-Naval_Bombardments_on_D-Day.png 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>Map of the invasion area showing channels cleared of mines, location of vessels engaged in bombardment, and targets on shore</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Normandy" title="Bombing of Normandy">Bombing of Normandy</a> began around midnight with more than 2,200 British, Canadian, and US bombers attacking targets along the coast and further inland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200931-47">[44]</a> The coastal bombing attack was largely ineffective at Omaha, because low cloud cover made the assigned targets difficult to see. Concerned about inflicting casualties on their own troops, many bombers delayed their attacks too long and failed to hit the beach defences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997255-106">[103]</a> The Germans had 570 aircraft stationed in Normandy and the Low Countries on D-Day, and another 964 in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200931-47">[44]</a> Minesweepers began clearing channels for the invasion fleet shortly after midnight and finished just after dawn without encountering the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger199482-107">[104]</a> The Western Task Force included the battleships <a href="/wiki/USS_Arkansas_(BB-33)" title="USS Arkansas (BB-33)">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Nevada_(BB-36)" title="USS Nevada (BB-36)">Nevada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Texas_(BB-35)" title="USS Texas (BB-35)">Texas</a>, plus eight cruisers, twenty-eight destroyers, and one monitor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200981,_117-108">[105]</a> The Eastern Task Force included the battleships <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ramillies_(07)" title="HMS Ramillies (07)">Ramillies</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Warspite_(03)" title="HMS Warspite (03)">Warspite</a> and the monitor <a href="/wiki/HMS_Roberts_(F40)" title="HMS Roberts (F40)">Roberts</a>, twelve cruisers, and thirty-seven destroyers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200982-1">[1]</a> Naval bombardment of areas behind the beach commenced at 05:45, while it was still dark, with the gunners switching to pre-assigned targets on the beach as soon as it was light enough to see, at 05:50.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200969-109">[106]</a> Since troops were scheduled to land at Utah and Omaha starting at 06:30 (an hour earlier than the British beaches), these areas received only about 40 minutes of naval bombardment before the assault troops began to land on the shore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200951–52,_69-110">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Airborne_operations">Airborne operations</h2></div> The success of the amphibious landings depended on the establishment of a secure lodgement from which to expand the beachhead to allow the build-up of a well-supplied force capable of breaking out. The amphibious forces were especially vulnerable to strong enemy counter-attacks before the arrival of sufficient forces in the beachhead could be accomplished. To slow or eliminate the enemy's ability to organise and launch counter-attacks during this critical period, <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne operations</a> were used to seize key objectives such as bridges, road crossings, and terrain features, particularly on the eastern and western flanks of the landing areas. The airborne landings some distance behind the beaches were also intended to ease the egress of the amphibious forces off the beaches, and in some cases to neutralise German coastal defence batteries and more quickly expand the area of the beachhead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009114-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997175-112">[109]</a> The US 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions were assigned to objectives west of Utah Beach, where they hoped to capture and control the few narrow causeways through terrain that had been intentionally flooded by the Germans. Reports from Allied intelligence in mid-May of the arrival of the German <a href="/wiki/91st_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="91st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">91st Infantry Division</a> meant the intended drop zones had to be shifted eastward and to the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009125,_128–129-113">[110]</a> The British 6th Airborne Division, on the eastern flank, was assigned to capture intact the bridges over the <a href="/wiki/Caen_Canal" title="Caen Canal">Caen Canal</a> and River <a href="/wiki/Orne_(river)" title="Orne (river)">Orne</a>, destroy five bridges over the <a href="/wiki/Dives_(river)" title="Dives (river)">Dives</a> 6 miles (9.7 km) to the east, and destroy the <a href="/wiki/Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Merville Gun Battery">Merville Gun Battery</a> overlooking Sword Beach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997234-114">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a> paratroopers from the British <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Troops" title="Special Air Service Troops">SAS Brigade</a> were assigned to objectives in Brittany from 5 June until August in Operations <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dingson" title="Operation Dingson">Dingson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Samwest" title="Operation Samwest">Samwest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cooney" title="Operation Cooney">Cooney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorta1952159-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorta199765–78-116">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> war correspondent Robert Barr described the scene as paratroopers prepared to board their aircraft: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Their faces were darkened with cocoa; sheathed knives were strapped to their ankles; tommy guns strapped to their waists; bandoliers and hand grenades, coils of rope, pick handles, spades, rubber dinghies hung around them, and a few personal oddments, like the lad who was taking a newspaper to read on the plane ... There was an easy familiar touch about the way they were getting ready, as though they had done it often before. Well, yes, they had kitted up and climbed aboard often just like this—twenty, thirty, forty times some of them, but it had never been quite like this before. This was the first combat jump for every one of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr1944-117">[114]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_airborne_landings_in_Normandy" title="American airborne landings in Normandy">American airborne landings in Normandy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_glider_reinforcements_arrive_on_D-Day_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/US_glider_reinforcements_arrive_on_D-Day_1944.jpg/170px-US_glider_reinforcements_arrive_on_D-Day_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/US_glider_reinforcements_arrive_on_D-Day_1944.jpg/255px-US_glider_reinforcements_arrive_on_D-Day_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/US_glider_reinforcements_arrive_on_D-Day_1944.jpg/340px-US_glider_reinforcements_arrive_on_D-Day_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Gliders delivered reinforcements to the Cotentin Peninsula towed by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">Douglas C-47 Skytrains</a> on the evening of 6 June 1944</figcaption></figure> The US airborne landings began with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(military)" title="Pathfinder (military)">pathfinders</a> at 00:15. Navigation was difficult because of a bank of thick cloud, and as a result, only one of the five paratrooper drop zones was accurately marked with radar signals and <a href="/wiki/Aldis_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldis lamp">Aldis lamps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009133-118">[115]</a> Paratroopers of the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions, numbering over 13,000 men, were delivered by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">Douglas C-47 Skytrains</a> of the <a href="/wiki/IX_Troop_Carrier_Command" title="IX Troop Carrier Command">IX Troop Carrier Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009134-119">[116]</a> To avoid flying over the invasion fleet, the planes arrived from the west over the Cotentin Peninsula and exited over Utah Beach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200927-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009133-118">[115]</a> Paratroops from 101st Airborne were dropped beginning around 01:30, tasked with controlling the causeways behind Utah Beach and destroying road and rail bridges over the <a href="/wiki/Douve_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Douve River">Douve River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997243-121">[118]</a> The C-47s could not fly in a tight formation because of thick cloud cover, and many paratroopers were dropped far from their intended landing zones. Many planes came in so low that they were under fire from both <a href="/wiki/Flak" class="mw-redirect" title="Flak">flak</a> and machine-gun fire. Some paratroopers were killed on impact when their parachutes did not have time to open, and others drowned in the flooded fields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200961–64-122">[119]</a> Gathering together into fighting units was made difficult by a shortage of radios and by the <a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">bocage</a> terrain, with its <a href="/wiki/Hedgerow" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedgerow">hedgerows</a>, stone walls, and marshes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009166–167-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009116-124">[121]</a> Some units did not arrive at their targets until afternoon, by which time several of the causeways had already been cleared by members of the 4th Infantry Division moving up from the beach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009139-125">[122]</a> Troops of the 82nd Airborne began arriving around 02:30, with the primary objective of capturing two bridges over the River <a href="/wiki/Merderet" title="Merderet">Merderet</a> and destroying two bridges over the Douve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997243-121">[118]</a> On the east side of the river, 75 per cent of the paratroopers landed in or near their drop zone, and within two hours they captured the important crossroads at <a href="/wiki/Sainte-M%C3%A8re-%C3%89glise" title="Sainte-Mère-Église">Sainte-Mère-Église</a> (the first town liberated in the invasion)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200967-126">[123]</a> and began working to protect the western flank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997244-127">[124]</a> Because of the failure of the pathfinders to accurately mark their drop zone, the two regiments dropped on the west side of the Merderet were extremely scattered, with only four per cent landing in the target area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997244-127">[124]</a> Many landed in nearby swamps, with much loss of life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009145-128">[125]</a> Paratroopers consolidated into small groups, usually a combination of men of various ranks from different units, and attempted to concentrate on nearby objectives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200969-129">[126]</a> They captured but failed to hold the Merderet River bridge at La Fière, and fighting for the crossing continued for several days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009149–150-130">[127]</a> Reinforcements arrived by <a href="/wiki/Military_glider" title="Military glider">glider</a> around 04:00 (<a href="/wiki/Mission_Chicago" title="Mission Chicago">Mission Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mission_Detroit" title="Mission Detroit">Mission Detroit</a>), and 21:00 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mission_Keokuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mission Keokuk (page does not exist)">Mission Keokuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mission_Elmira" title="Mission Elmira">Mission Elmira</a>), bringing additional troops and heavy equipment. Like the paratroopers, many landed far from their drop zones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009151-131">[128]</a> Even those that landed on target experienced difficulty, with heavy cargo such as <a href="/wiki/Willys_MB" title="Willys MB">Jeeps</a> shifting during landing, crashing through the wooden fuselage, and in some cases crushing personnel on board.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200971-132">[129]</a> After 24 hours, only 2,500 men of the 101st and 2,000 of the 82nd Airborne were under the control of their divisions, approximately a third of the force dropped. This wide dispersal had the effect of confusing the Germans and fragmenting their response.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009167-133">[130]</a> The 7th Army received notification of the parachute drops at 01:20, but Rundstedt did not initially believe that a major invasion was underway. The destruction of radar stations along the Normandy coast in the week before the invasion meant that the Germans did not detect the approaching fleet until 02:00.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997246–247-134">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_and_Canadian">British and Canadian</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tonga" title="Operation Tonga">Operation Tonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mallard" title="Operation Mallard">Operation Mallard</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0176,_Normandie,_zerst%C3%B6rter_Lastensegler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0176%2C_Normandie%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Lastensegler.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0176%2C_Normandie%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Lastensegler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0176%2C_Normandie%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Lastensegler.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0176%2C_Normandie%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Lastensegler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0176%2C_Normandie%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Lastensegler.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0176%2C_Normandie%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Lastensegler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>A destroyed <a href="/wiki/Waco_CG-4" title="Waco CG-4">Waco CG-4</a> glider is examined by German troops</figcaption></figure> The first Allied action of D-Day was the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Caen_canal_and_Orne_river_bridges" title="Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges">capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges</a> via a glider assault at 00:16 (since renamed <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Bridge" title="Pegasus Bridge">Pegasus Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horsa_Bridge" title="Horsa Bridge">Horsa Bridge</a>). Both bridges were quickly captured intact, with light casualties by the <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_and_Buckinghamshire_Light_Infantry" title="Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry">Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry</a> Regiment. They were then reinforced by members of the <a href="/wiki/5th_Parachute_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="5th Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)">5th Parachute Brigade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/7th_(Light_Infantry)_Parachute_Battalion" title="7th (Light Infantry) Parachute Battalion">7th (Light Infantry) Parachute Battalion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200952–53-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997238–239-136">[133]</a> The five bridges over the Dives were destroyed with minimal difficulty by the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Parachute_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="3rd Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)">3rd Parachute Brigade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997240-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200957-138">[135]</a> Meanwhile, the pathfinders tasked with setting up radar beacons and lights for further paratroopers (scheduled to begin arriving at 00:50 to clear the landing zone north of <a href="/wiki/Ranville" title="Ranville">Ranville</a>) were blown off course and had to set up the navigation aids too far east. Many paratroopers, also blown too far east, landed far from their intended drop zones; some took hours or even days to be reunited with their units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997239-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009222-140">[137]</a> Major General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gale_(British_Army_officer)" title="Richard Gale (British Army officer)">Richard Gale</a> arrived in the third wave of gliders at 03:30, along with equipment, such as antitank guns and jeeps, and more troops to help secure the area from counter-attacks, which were initially staged only by troops in the immediate vicinity of the landings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009228,_230-141">[138]</a> At 02:00, the commander of the German 716th Infantry Division ordered Feuchtinger to move his 21st Panzer Division into position to counter-attack. However, as the division was part of the armoured reserve, Feuchtinger was obliged to seek clearance from <a href="/wiki/OKW" class="mw-redirect" title="OKW">OKW</a> before he could commit his formation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009230-142">[139]</a> Feuchtinger did not receive orders until nearly 09:00, but in the meantime on his own initiative he put together a battle group (including tanks) to fight the British forces east of the Orne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997282-143">[140]</a> Only 160 men out of the 600 members of the <a href="/wiki/9th_(Eastern_and_Home_Counties)_Parachute_Battalion" title="9th (Eastern and Home Counties) Parachute Battalion">9th Battalion</a> tasked with eliminating the enemy battery at Merville arrived at the rendezvous point. Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Terence_Otway" title="Terence Otway">Terence Otway</a>, in charge of the operation, decided to proceed regardless, as the emplacement had to be destroyed by 06:00 to prevent it firing on the invasion fleet and the troops arriving on Sword Beach. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Battle of Merville Gun Battery">Battle of Merville Gun Battery</a>, Allied forces disabled the guns with plastic explosives at a cost of 75 casualties. The emplacement was found to contain 75 mm guns rather than the expected 150 mm heavy coastal artillery. Otway's remaining force withdrew with the assistance of a few members of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Parachute_Battalion" title="1st Canadian Parachute Battalion">1st Canadian Parachute Battalion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200956–58-144">[141]</a> With this action, the last of the D-Day goals of the British 6th Airborne Division was achieved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997242-145">[142]</a> They were reinforced at 12:00 by commandos of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Special_Service_Brigade" title="1st Special Service Brigade">1st Special Service Brigade</a>, who landed on Sword Beach, and by the <a href="/wiki/6th_Airlanding_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="6th Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom)">6th Airlanding Brigade</a>, who arrived in gliders at 21:00 in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mallard" title="Operation Mallard">Operation Mallard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009Map,_pp._216–217-146">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beach_landings">Beach landings</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_D-Day_landings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Map_of_the_D-Day_landings.svg/220px-Map_of_the_D-Day_landings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Map_of_the_D-Day_landings.svg/330px-Map_of_the_D-Day_landings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Map_of_the_D-Day_landings.svg/440px-Map_of_the_D-Day_landings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2151" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>Map of the beaches and first day advances</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanks">Tanks</h3></div> Some of the landing craft had been modified to provide close support fire, and self-propelled amphibious <a href="/wiki/DD_tank" title="DD tank">Duplex-Drive tanks</a> (DD tanks), specially designed for the Normandy landings, were to land shortly before the infantry to provide covering fire. However, few arrived in advance of the infantry, and at Omaha many sank before reaching the shore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger199484-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200973-148">[145]</a> Other specialist tanks landed in the early waves to clear the beach defences. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utah_Beach">Utah Beach</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah Beach</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normandy_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Normandy_1.jpg/220px-Normandy_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Normandy_1.jpg/330px-Normandy_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Normandy_1.jpg/440px-Normandy_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2827" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Carrying their equipment, US assault troops move onto Utah Beach. Landing craft can be seen in the background.</figcaption></figure> Utah Beach was in the area defended by two battalions of the 919th Grenadier Regiment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009130-149">[146]</a> Members of the <a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="8th Infantry Regiment (United States)">8th Infantry Regiment</a> of the 4th Infantry Division were the first to land, arriving at 06:30. Their landing craft were pushed to the south by strong currents, and they found themselves about 2,000 yards (1.8 km) from their intended landing zone. This site turned out to be better, as there was only one strongpoint nearby rather than two, and bombers of <a href="/wiki/IX_Bomber_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="IX Bomber Command">IX Bomber Command</a> had bombed the defences from lower than their prescribed altitude, inflicting considerable damage. In addition, the strong currents had washed ashore many of the underwater obstacles. The assistant commander of the 4th Infantry Division, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Jr.">Theodore Roosevelt Jr.</a>, the first senior officer ashore, made the decision to "start the war from right here," and ordered further landings to be re-routed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009131,_160–161-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200950–51-151">[148]</a> The initial assault battalions were quickly followed by 28 DD tanks and several waves of engineer and demolition teams to remove beach obstacles and clear the area directly behind the beach of obstacles and mines. Gaps were blown in the sea wall to allow quicker access for troops and tanks. Combat teams began to exit the beach at around 09:00, with some infantry wading through the flooded fields rather than travelling on the single road. They skirmished throughout the day with elements of the 919th Grenadier Regiment, who were armed with antitank guns and rifles. The main strongpoint in the area and another 1,300 yards (1.2 km) to the south were disabled by noon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009158–159,_164-152">[149]</a> The 4th Infantry Division did not meet all of their D-Day objectives at Utah Beach, partly because they had arrived too far to the south, but they landed 21,000 troops at the cost of only 197 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200951-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009165-154">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pointe_du_Hoc">Pointe du Hoc</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rangers-pointe-du-hoc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rangers-pointe-du-hoc.jpg/170px-Rangers-pointe-du-hoc.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rangers-pointe-du-hoc.jpg/255px-Rangers-pointe-du-hoc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rangers-pointe-du-hoc.jpg/340px-Rangers-pointe-du-hoc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4537" data-file-height="5453" /></a><figcaption>US Rangers scaling the wall at Pointe du Hoc</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pointe_du_Hoc" title="Pointe du Hoc">Pointe du Hoc</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">headland</a> situated between Utah and Omaha, was assigned to two hundred men of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Ranger_Battalion" title="2nd Ranger Battalion">2nd Ranger Battalion</a>, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_Rudder" class="mw-redirect" title="James Rudder">James Rudder</a>. Their task was to scale the 30 m (98 ft) cliffs with grappling hooks, ropes, and ladders to destroy the coastal gun battery located at the top. The cliffs were defended by the German 352nd Infantry Division and French collaborators firing from above.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009102-155">[152]</a> Allied destroyers <a href="/wiki/USS_Satterlee_(DD-626)" title="USS Satterlee (DD-626)">USS Satterlee</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Talybont" title="HMS Talybont">HMS Talybont</a> provided fire support. After scaling the cliffs, the Rangers discovered that the guns had already been withdrawn. They located the weapons, unguarded but ready to use, in an orchard some 550 metres (600 yd) south of the point, and disabled them with explosives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009102-155">[152]</a> The Rangers fended off numerous counter-attacks from the German <a href="/wiki/914th_Grenadier_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="914th Grenadier Regiment">914th Grenadier Regiment</a>. The men were isolated, and some were captured. By dawn on 7 June, Rudder had only 90 men able to fight. Relief did not arrive until 8 June, when members of the <a href="/wiki/743rd_Tank_Battalion" title="743rd Tank Battalion">743rd Tank Battalion</a> and others arrived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200995–104-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997263-157">[154]</a> By then, Rudder's men had run out of ammunition and were using captured German weapons. Several men were killed as a result, because the German weapons made a distinctive noise, and the men were mistaken for the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009155-158">[155]</a> By the end of the battle, the Rangers casualties were 135 dead and wounded, while German casualties were 50 killed and 40 captured. An unknown number of French collaborators were executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga200950-159">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009106-160">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Omaha_Beach">Omaha Beach</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Approaching_Omaha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Approaching_Omaha.jpg/220px-Approaching_Omaha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Approaching_Omaha.jpg/330px-Approaching_Omaha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Approaching_Omaha.jpg/440px-Approaching_Omaha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2147" /></a><figcaption>US assault troops in an <a href="/wiki/LCVP_landing_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="LCVP landing craft">LCVP landing craft</a> approach <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a>, 6 June 1944.</figcaption></figure> Omaha, the most heavily defended beach, was assigned to the 1st Infantry Division and <a href="/wiki/29th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="29th Infantry Division (United States)">29th Infantry Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200964–65,_334-161">[158]</a> They faced the 352nd Infantry Division rather than the expected single regiment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200945-162">[159]</a> Strong currents forced many landing craft east of their intended position or caused them to be delayed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200976–77-163">[160]</a> For fear of hitting the landing craft, US bombers delayed releasing their loads and as a result most of the beach obstacles at Omaha remained undamaged when the men came ashore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200991-164">[161]</a> Many of the landing craft ran aground on sandbars, and the men had to wade 50–100m in water up to their necks while under fire to get to the beach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200973-148">[145]</a> In spite of the rough seas, DD tanks of two companies of the <a href="/wiki/741st_Tank_Battalion_(United_States)" title="741st Tank Battalion (United States)">741st Tank Battalion</a> were dropped 5,000 yards (4,600 m) from shore; however, 27 of the 32 flooded and sank, with the loss of 33 crew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200990-165">[162]</a> Some tanks, disabled on the beach, continued to provide <a href="/wiki/Suppressive_fire" title="Suppressive fire">covering fire</a> until their ammunition ran out or they were swamped by the rising tide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200999-4">[4]</a> Casualties were around 2,000, as the men were subjected to fire from the cliffs above.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009333–334-166">[163]</a> Problems clearing the beach of obstructions led to the beachmaster calling a halt to further landings of vehicles at 08:30. A group of destroyers arrived around this time to provide fire support so landings could resume.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200990–91-167">[164]</a> Exit from the beach was possible only via five heavily defended gullies, and by late morning barely 600 men had reached the higher ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200956,_83-168">[165]</a> By noon, as the artillery fire took its toll and the Germans started to run out of ammunition, the Americans were able to clear some lanes on the beaches. They also started clearing the gullies of enemy defences so that vehicles could move off the beach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200956,_83-168">[165]</a> The tenuous beachhead was expanded over the following days, and the D-Day objectives for Omaha were accomplished by 9 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009337-169">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gold_Beach">Gold Beach</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold Beach</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D-day_-_British_Forces_during_the_Invasion_of_Normandy_6_June_1944_B5246.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/D-day_-_British_Forces_during_the_Invasion_of_Normandy_6_June_1944_B5246.jpg/220px-D-day_-_British_Forces_during_the_Invasion_of_Normandy_6_June_1944_B5246.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/D-day_-_British_Forces_during_the_Invasion_of_Normandy_6_June_1944_B5246.jpg/330px-D-day_-_British_Forces_during_the_Invasion_of_Normandy_6_June_1944_B5246.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/D-day_-_British_Forces_during_the_Invasion_of_Normandy_6_June_1944_B5246.jpg/440px-D-day_-_British_Forces_during_the_Invasion_of_Normandy_6_June_1944_B5246.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1785" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption>British troops come ashore at Jig Green sector, <a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold Beach</a></figcaption></figure> The first landings on <a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold Beach</a> were set for 07:25 because of the differences in the tide between there and the US beaches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009276–277-170">[167]</a> High winds made conditions difficult for the landing craft, and the amphibious DD tanks were released close to shore or directly on the beach instead of further out as planned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009281–282-171">[168]</a> Three of the four guns in a large emplacement at the <a href="/wiki/Longues-sur-Mer_battery" title="Longues-sur-Mer battery">Longues-sur-Mer battery</a> were disabled by direct hits from the cruisers HMS <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ajax_(22)" title="HMS Ajax (22)">Ajax</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Argonaut_(61)" title="HMS Argonaut (61)">Argonaut</a> at 06:20. The fourth gun resumed firing intermittently in the afternoon, and its garrison surrendered on 7 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009299-172">[169]</a> Aerial attacks had failed to hit the Le Hamel strongpoint, which had its <a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">embrasure</a> facing east to provide <a href="/wiki/Enfilade" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfilade">enfilade</a> fire along the beach and had a thick concrete wall on the seaward side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009286-173">[170]</a> Its 75 mm gun continued to do damage until 16:00, when an <a href="/wiki/Armoured_Vehicle_Royal_Engineers" title="Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers">Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers</a> (AVRE) tank fired a large demolition charge into its rear entrance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009298–299-174">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997272-175">[172]</a> A second <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemated</a> emplacement at La Rivière containing an 88 mm gun had been neutralised by a tank at 07:30.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009292-176">[173]</a> Meanwhile, infantry began clearing the heavily fortified houses along the shore and advanced on targets further inland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200970-177">[174]</a> The <a href="/wiki/No._47_(Royal_Marine)_Commando" title="No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando">No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando</a> moved toward the small port at <a href="/wiki/Port-en-Bessin" class="mw-redirect" title="Port-en-Bessin">Port-en-Bessin</a> and captured it the following day in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port-en-Bessin" title="Battle of Port-en-Bessin">Battle of Port-en-Bessin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009289–290-178">[175]</a> Company Sergeant Major <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Hollis" title="Stanley Hollis">Stanley Hollis</a> received the only <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> awarded on D-Day for his actions including attacking two pillboxes at the Mont Fleury high point.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009129-179">[176]</a> On the western flank, the 1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hampshire_Regiment" title="Royal Hampshire Regiment">Royal Hampshire Regiment</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Arromanches" class="mw-redirect" title="Arromanches">Arromanches</a> (future site of Mulberry "B"), and contact was made on the eastern flank with the Canadian forces at Juno.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997272–273-180">[177]</a> Bayeux was not captured the first day because of stiff resistance from the 352nd Infantry Division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200970-177">[174]</a> Allied casualties at Gold Beach are estimated at 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortsmouth_Museum_Services-18">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Juno_Beach">Juno Beach</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_JunoBeach_1_RCNCOMMANDO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Canada_JunoBeach_1_RCNCOMMANDO.jpg/220px-Canada_JunoBeach_1_RCNCOMMANDO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Canada_JunoBeach_1_RCNCOMMANDO.jpg/330px-Canada_JunoBeach_1_RCNCOMMANDO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Canada_JunoBeach_1_RCNCOMMANDO.jpg/440px-Canada_JunoBeach_1_RCNCOMMANDO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Royal Canadian Naval Beach Commando "W" land on Mike Beach sector of <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a>, 6 June 1944</figcaption></figure> The landing at <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a> was delayed because of choppy seas, and the men arrived ahead of their supporting armour, suffering many casualties while disembarking. Most of the offshore bombardment had missed the German defences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997274–275-181">[178]</a> Several exits from the beach were created, but not without difficulty. At Mike Beach on the western flank, a large crater was filled using an abandoned AVRE tank and several rolls of <a href="/wiki/Fascine" title="Fascine">fascine</a>, which were then covered by a temporary bridge.<a href="#cite_note-182">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009312–313-183">[179]</a> The beach and nearby streets were clogged with traffic for most of the day, making it difficult to move inland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997275-184">[180]</a> Major German strongpoints with 75 mm guns, machine-gun nests, concrete fortifications, barbed wire, and mines were located at <a href="/wiki/Courseulles-sur-Mer" title="Courseulles-sur-Mer">Courseulles-sur-Mer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer,_Calvados" title="Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, Calvados">St Aubin-sur-Mer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Berni%C3%A8res-sur-Mer" title="Bernières-sur-Mer">Bernières-sur-Mer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009Map,_pp._314–315-185">[181]</a> The towns had to be cleared in house-to-house fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009317-186">[182]</a> Soldiers on their way to <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ny-sur-Mer" title="Bény-sur-Mer">Bény-sur-Mer</a>, 3 miles (5 km) inland, discovered that the road was well covered by machine gun emplacements that had to be outflanked before the advance could proceed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009133–135-187">[183]</a> Elements of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade" title="9th Canadian Infantry Brigade">9th Canadian Infantry Brigade</a> advanced to within sight of the <a href="/wiki/Caen_%E2%80%93_Carpiquet_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Caen – Carpiquet Airport">Carpiquet airfield</a> late in the afternoon, but by this time their supporting armour was low on ammunition so the Canadians dug in for the night. The airfield was not captured until a month later as the area became the scene of fierce fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009135-188">[184]</a> By nightfall, the contiguous Juno and Gold beachheads covered an area 12 miles (19 km) wide and 7 miles (10 km) deep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997276-189">[185]</a> Casualties at Juno were 961 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009131-190">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sword_Beach">Sword Beach</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword Beach</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infantry_waiting_to_move_off_%27Queen_White%27_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Infantry_waiting_to_move_off_%27Queen_White%27_Beach.jpg/220px-Infantry_waiting_to_move_off_%27Queen_White%27_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Infantry_waiting_to_move_off_%27Queen_White%27_Beach.jpg/330px-Infantry_waiting_to_move_off_%27Queen_White%27_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Infantry_waiting_to_move_off_%27Queen_White%27_Beach.jpg/440px-Infantry_waiting_to_move_off_%27Queen_White%27_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4618" data-file-height="4552" /></a><figcaption>British troops take cover after landing on <a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword Beach</a>. </figcaption></figure> On <a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword Beach</a>, 21 of 25 DD tanks of the first wave were successful in getting safely ashore to provide cover for the infantry, who began disembarking at 07:30.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997277-191">[187]</a> The beach was heavily mined and peppered with obstacles, making the work of the beach clearing teams difficult and dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009239–240-192">[188]</a> In the windy conditions, the tide came in more quickly than expected, so manoeuvring the armour was difficult. The beach quickly became congested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009143-193">[189]</a> Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_15th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat">Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat</a> and his 1st Special Service Brigade arrived in the second wave, <a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">piped ashore</a> by Private <a href="/wiki/Bill_Millin" title="Bill Millin">Bill Millin</a>, Lovat's personal piper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009138-194">[190]</a> Members of <a href="/wiki/No._4_Commando" title="No. 4 Commando">No. 4 Commando</a> moved through <a href="/wiki/Ouistreham" title="Ouistreham">Ouistreham</a> to attack from the rear a German gun battery on the shore. A concrete observation and control tower at this emplacement had to be bypassed and was not captured until several days later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009244–245-195">[191]</a> French forces under Commander <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Kieffer" title="Philippe Kieffer">Philippe Kieffer</a> (the first French soldiers to arrive in Normandy) attacked and cleared the heavily fortified strongpoint at the casino at Riva Bella, with the aid of one of the DD tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009244–245-195">[191]</a> The 'Morris' strongpoint near <a href="/wiki/Colleville-sur-Orne" class="mw-redirect" title="Colleville-sur-Orne">Colleville-sur-Orne</a> was captured after about an hour of fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009143-193">[189]</a> The nearby <a href="/wiki/Hillman_Fortress" title="Hillman Fortress">'Hillman' strongpoint</a>, headquarters of the 736th Infantry Regiment, was a large complex defensive work that had come through the morning's bombardment essentially undamaged. It was not captured until 20:15.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009248–249-196">[192]</a> The 2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Shropshire_Light_Infantry" title="King's Shropshire Light Infantry">King's Shropshire Light Infantry</a> began advancing to Caen on foot, coming within a few kilometres of the town, but had to withdraw due to lack of armour support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009143,_148-197">[193]</a> At 16:00, the 21st Panzer Division mounted a counter-attack between Sword and Juno and nearly succeeded in reaching the Channel. It met stiff resistance from the British 3rd Division and was soon recalled to assist in the area between Caen and Bayeux.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009326–327-198">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997283-199">[195]</a> Estimates of Allied casualties on Sword Beach are as high as 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortsmouth_Museum_Services-18">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D-Day5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/D-Day5.jpg/220px-D-Day5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/D-Day5.jpg/330px-D-Day5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/D-Day5.jpg/440px-D-Day5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3619" /></a><figcaption>Situation map for 24:00, 6 June 1944</figcaption></figure> The Normandy landings were the largest seaborne invasion in history, with nearly 5,000 landing and assault craft, 289 escort vessels, and 277 minesweepers participating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200974-200">[196]</a> Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on D-Day,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurst2004521–533-9">[9]</a> with 875,000 men disembarking by the end of June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh2009104-201">[197]</a> Allied casualties on the first day were at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200987-15">[13]</a> and the Germans had 4,000–9,000 casualties (killed, wounded, missing, or captured).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortsmouth_Museum_Services-18">[15]</a> The Germans never achieved Hitler's stated aim of "throwing the Allies back into the sea" on D-Day or at any time thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperial_War_Museum-202">[198]</a> The Allied invasion plans had demanded a rapid build-up of troops and the establishment of a secure bridgehead, which was achieved with fewer casualties than expected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2014275-203">[199]</a> The plan had also called for the capture of Carentan, Saint-Lô, Caen, and Bayeux on the first day, with all the beaches (other than Utah) linked with a front line 10 to 16 kilometres (6 to 10 mi) from the beaches; none of these latter objectives were achieved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009Map,_inside_front_cover-37">[34]</a> At Utah the 4th Division made significant progress inland, making a rendezvous with the airborne troops, and the British and Canadians were between four and seven miles inland (six to eleven kilometres).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2014275-203">[199]</a> The five beachheads were not connected until 12 June, by which time the Allies held a front around 97 kilometres (60 mi) long and 24 kilometres (15 mi) deep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn201013-204">[200]</a> Caen, a major objective, was still in German hands at the end of D-Day and would not be completely captured until 21 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997360-205">[201]</a> The Germans had ordered French civilians other than those deemed essential to the war effort to leave potential combat zones in Normandy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint2009102-206">[202]</a> Civilian casualties on D-Day and D+1 are estimated at 3,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint2009336-207">[203]</a> The Allied victory in Normandy stemmed from several factors. German preparations along the Atlantic Wall were only partially finished; shortly before D-Day Rommel reported that construction was only 18 per cent complete in some areas as resources were diverted elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997290-208">[204]</a> The deceptions undertaken in Operation Fortitude were successful, leaving the Germans obliged to defend a huge stretch of coastline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009343-209">[205]</a> Rommel was in Berlin<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200942–43-54">[51]</a> and the forecasted stormy weather meant that some other German commanders and troops were not present in Normandy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009131-53">[50]</a> The Allies achieved and maintained air supremacy, which meant that the Germans were unable to make observations of the preparations underway in Britain and were unable to interfere via bomber attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997289-210">[206]</a> Infrastructure for transport in France was severely disrupted by Allied bombers and the French Resistance, making it difficult for the Germans to bring up reinforcements and supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200936-211">[207]</a> Some of the opening bombardment was off-target or not concentrated enough to have any impact,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200991-164">[161]</a> but the specialised armour worked well except on Omaha (where most of it had been lost at sea), providing close artillery support for the troops as they disembarked onto the beaches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997291-212">[208]</a> Indecisiveness and an overly complicated command structure on the part of the German high command were also factors in the Allied success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997292-213">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_memorials_and_tourism">War memorials and tourism</h2></div> At Omaha Beach, parts of the Mulberry harbour are still visible, and a few of the beach obstacles remain. A memorial to the US <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a> sits at the location of a former German strongpoint. Pointe du Hoc is little changed from 1944, with the terrain covered with bomb craters and most of the concrete bunkers still in place. The <a href="/wiki/Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial">Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial</a> is nearby, in <a href="/wiki/Colleville-sur-Mer" title="Colleville-sur-Mer">Colleville-sur-Mer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009346-214">[210]</a> A museum about the Utah landings is located at <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Marie-du-Mont,_Manche" title="Sainte-Marie-du-Mont, Manche">Sainte-Marie-du-Mont</a>, and there is one dedicated to the activities of the US airmen at Sainte-Mère-Église. Two German military cemeteries are located nearby.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009346–348-215">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Bridge" title="Pegasus Bridge">Pegasus Bridge</a>, a target of the British 6th Airborne, was the site of some of the earliest action of the Normandy landings. The bridge was replaced in 1994 by one similar in appearance, and the original is housed on the grounds of a nearby museum complex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMémorial_Pegasus-216">[212]</a> Sections of Mulberry Harbour B still sit in the sea at Arromanches, and the well-preserved Longues-sur-Mer battery is nearby.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009352-217">[213]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach_Centre" title="Juno Beach Centre">Juno Beach Centre</a>, opened in 2003, was funded by the Canadian federal and provincial governments, France, and Canadian veterans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke2004349–350-218">[214]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Normandy_Memorial" title="British Normandy Memorial">British Normandy Memorial</a> above Gold Beach was designed by the architect Liam O'Connor and opened in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2021-219">[215]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beny-sur-Mer_Cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery"><img alt="The Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Beny-sur-Mer_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Beny-sur-Mer_Cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Beny-sur-Mer_Cemetery.jpg/330px-Beny-sur-Mer_Cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Beny-sur-Mer_Cemetery.jpg/440px-Beny-sur-Mer_Cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5676" data-file-height="1658" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ny-sur-Mer_Canadian_War_Cemetery" title="Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery">Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cimeti%C3%A8re_allemand_de_La_Cambe_-_pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The La Cambe German war cemetery, near Bayeux"><img alt="The La Cambe German war cemetery, near Bayeux" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cimeti%C3%A8re_allemand_de_La_Cambe_-_pano.jpg/220px-Cimeti%C3%A8re_allemand_de_La_Cambe_-_pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cimeti%C3%A8re_allemand_de_La_Cambe_-_pano.jpg/330px-Cimeti%C3%A8re_allemand_de_La_Cambe_-_pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cimeti%C3%A8re_allemand_de_La_Cambe_-_pano.jpg/440px-Cimeti%C3%A8re_allemand_de_La_Cambe_-_pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="714" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/La_Cambe_German_war_cemetery" title="La Cambe German war cemetery">La Cambe German war cemetery</a>, near Bayeux</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeux_War_Cemetery_-75.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bayeux Commonwealth war cemetery"><img alt="The Bayeux Commonwealth war cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bayeux_War_Cemetery_-75.JPG/220px-Bayeux_War_Cemetery_-75.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bayeux_War_Cemetery_-75.JPG/330px-Bayeux_War_Cemetery_-75.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bayeux_War_Cemetery_-75.JPG/440px-Bayeux_War_Cemetery_-75.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2231" data-file-height="1539" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_war_cemetery" title="Bayeux war cemetery">Bayeux Commonwealth war cemetery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial,_June_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial, overlooking Omaha Beach"><img alt="The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial, overlooking Omaha Beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial%2C_June_2012.jpg/220px-Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial%2C_June_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial%2C_June_2012.jpg/330px-Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial%2C_June_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial%2C_June_2012.jpg/440px-Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial%2C_June_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="888" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial">Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial</a>, overlooking Omaha Beach</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Day_Daily_Telegraph_crossword_security_alarm" title="D-Day Daily Telegraph crossword security alarm">D-Day Daily Telegraph crossword security alarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Tiger" title="Exercise Tiger">Exercise Tiger</a>, a rehearsal for the landings that resulted in many deaths</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Gellhorn" title="Martha Gellhorn">Martha Gellhorn</a>, the only woman to land at Normandy on D-Day</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Allied_strength-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Allied_strength_10-0">^</a> The official British history gives an estimated figure of 156,115 men landed on D-Day. This comprised 57,500 Americans and 75,215 British and Canadians from the sea and 15,500 Americans and 7,900 British from the air.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurst2004521–533-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Includes guns from 100mm to 210mm, as well as 320mm rocket launchers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalogaJohnson200529-13">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allied_casualties-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Allied_casualties_16-0">^</a> The original estimate for Allied casualties was 10,000, of which 2,500 were killed. Research under way by the <a href="/wiki/National_D-Day_Memorial" title="National D-Day Memorial">National D-Day Memorial</a> has confirmed 4,414 deaths, of which 2,499 were American and 1,915 were from other nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200987-15">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> The tank remained in place until 1972 when it was removed and restored by members of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200982-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200982_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200982_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200982_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200982_1-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2009">Beevor 2009</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200976-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200976_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200976_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2009">Beevor 2009</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009492-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009492_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2009">Beevor 2009</a>, p. 492. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200999-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200999_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200999_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2009">Beevor 2009</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200925-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200925_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFordZaloga2009">Ford & Zaloga 2009</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarner2019-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarner2019_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarner2019">Garner 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeadows2016-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeadows2016_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeadows2016_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeadows2016">Meadows 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009342-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009342_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFordZaloga2009">Ford & Zaloga 2009</a>, p. 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurst2004521–533-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurst2004521–533_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurst2004521–533_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllisAllenWarhurst2004">Ellis, Allen & Warhurst 2004</a>, pp. 521–533. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison196267-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison196267_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison196267_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1962">Morison 1962</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200960,_63,_118–120-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200960,_63,_118–120_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFordZaloga2009">Ford & Zaloga 2009</a>, pp. 60, 63, 118–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalogaJohnson200529-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZalogaJohnson200529_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZalogaJohnson2005">Zaloga & Johnson 2005</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200987-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200987_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200987_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitmarsh2009">Whitmarsh 2009</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENapier201572-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapier201572_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNapier2015">Napier 2015</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortsmouth_Museum_Services-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortsmouth_Museum_Services_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortsmouth_Museum_Services_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortsmouth_Museum_Services_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortsmouth_Museum_Services_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortsmouth_Museum_Services_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortsmouth_Museum_Services_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortsmouth_Museum_Services_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortsmouth_Museum_Services_18-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFPortsmouth_Museum_Services">Portsmouth Museum Services</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga20098–9-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga20098–9_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFordZaloga2009">Ford & Zaloga 2009</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolliard1942-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFolliard1942_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFolliard1942">Folliard 1942</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200910-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200910_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFordZaloga2009">Ford & Zaloga 2009</a>, p. 10. </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlint2009336_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlint2009">Flint 2009</a>, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997290-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997290_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilmot1997">Wilmot 1997</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009343-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009343_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFordZaloga2009">Ford & Zaloga 2009</a>, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997289-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997289_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilmot1997">Wilmot 1997</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200936-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200936_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFordZaloga2009">Ford & Zaloga 2009</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997291-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997291_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilmot1997">Wilmot 1997</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997292-213"><a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5661-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5661-4"><bdi>978-0-7524-5661-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heroines+of+SOE%3A+Britain%27s+Secret+Women+in+France&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-5661-4&rft.aulast=Escott&rft.aufirst=Beryl+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlint2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Flint, Edward R (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4017">The development of British civil affairs and its employment in the British Sector of Allied military operations during the Battle of Normandy, June to August 1944</a> (PhD thesis). Cranfield, Bedford: Cranfield University; Cranfield Defence and Security School, Department of Applied Science, Security and Resilience, Security and Resilience Group. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1826%2F4017">1826/4017</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/757064836">757064836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+development+of+British+civil+affairs+and+its+employment+in+the+British+Sector+of+Allied+military+operations+during+the+Battle+of+Normandy%2C+June+to+August+1944&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Cranfield+University%3B+Cranfield+Defence+and+Security+School%2C+Department+of+Applied+Science%2C+Security+and+Resilience%2C+Security+and+Resilience+Group&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1826%2F4017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F757064836&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=Edward+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1826%2F4017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolliard1942" class="citation news cs1">Folliard, Edward T. (12 June 1942). "Molotov's Visit to White House, Postwar Amity Pledge Revealed". The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Molotov%27s+Visit+to+White+House%2C+Postwar+Amity+Pledge+Revealed&rft.date=1942-06-12&rft.aulast=Folliard&rft.aufirst=Edward+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordZaloga2009" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Ken; Zaloga, Steven J. (2009). Overlord: The D-Day Landings. Oxford; New York: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-424-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-424-4"><bdi>978-1-84603-424-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overlord%3A+The+D-Day+Landings&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-424-4&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Zaloga%2C+Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancois2013" class="citation book cs1">Francois, Dominique (13 October 2013). Normandy: From D-Day to the Breakout: June 6 – July 31, 1944. Minneapolis: Voyageur Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-4558-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-4558-0"><bdi>978-0-7603-4558-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normandy%3A+From+D-Day+to+the+Breakout%3A+June+6+%E2%80%93+July+31%2C+1944&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Voyageur+Press&rft.date=2013-10-13&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-4558-0&rft.aulast=Francois&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2019" class="citation web cs1">Garner, Tom (4 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyanswers.co.uk/history-of-war/d-days-forgotten-greeks/">"D-Day's forgotten Greeks"</a>. History of War. 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Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-1788-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-1788-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-1788-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%3A+A+Complete+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=H.+Holt&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-1788-5&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecondworldwar00gilb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinDillonWenger1994" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V.; Wenger, J. Michael (1994). D-Day: The Story and Photographs. McLean, Virginia: Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-881057-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-881057-7"><bdi>978-0-02-881057-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day%3A+The+Story+and+Photographs&rft.place=McLean%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-02-881057-7&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft.au=Dillon%2C+Katherine+V.&rft.au=Wenger%2C+J.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Holland_(author)" title="James Holland (author)">Holland, James</a> (5 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/05/opinion/opinion-d-day-myth-reality/">"D-Day: Exploding the myths of the Normandy landings"</a>. edition.cnn.com. 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London: Arms and Armour. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86019-995-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86019-995-0"><bdi>978-1-86019-995-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eagle+in+Flames%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Luftwaffe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86019-995-0&rft.aulast=Hooton&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn2010" class="citation book cs1">Horn, Bernd (2010). Men of Steel: Canadian Paratroopers in Normandy, 1944. Toronto: Dundurn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-708-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-708-8"><bdi>978-1-55488-708-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+of+Steel%3A+Canadian+Paratroopers+in+Normandy%2C+1944&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55488-708-8&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiedtke2015" class="citation journal cs1">Liedtke, Gregory (2 January 2015). "Lost in the Mud: The (Nearly) Forgotten Collapse of the German Army in the Western Ukraine, March and April 1944". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 28 (1): 215–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518046.2015.998134">10.1080/13518046.2015.998134</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1351-8046">1351-8046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144324751">144324751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Slavic+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=Lost+in+the+Mud%3A+The+%28Nearly%29+Forgotten+Collapse+of+the+German+Army+in+the+Western+Ukraine%2C+March+and+April+1944&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.date=2015-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144324751%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1351-8046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13518046.2015.998134&rft.aulast=Liedtke&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaritis2019" class="citation book cs1">Margaritis, Peter (2019). Countdown to D-Day: The German Perspective: The German High Command in Occupied France, 1944. Philadelphia; Oxford, UK: Casemate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-769-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-769-4"><bdi>978-1-61200-769-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Countdown+to+D-Day%3A+The+German+Perspective%3A+The+German+High+Command+in+Occupied+France%2C+1944&rft.place=Philadelphia%3B+Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-61200-769-4&rft.aulast=Margaritis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeadows2016" class="citation web cs1">Meadows, Ian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salegion.org.uk/south-africans-d-day/">"South Africans in D-Day"</a>. South African Legion. Retrieved 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africans+in+D-Day&rft.pub=South+African+Legion&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Meadows&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salegion.org.uk%2Fsouth-africans-d-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison, Samuel Eliot</a> (1962). History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 11. The invasion of France and Germany, 1944–1945. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/757924260">757924260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+United+States+Naval+Operations+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F757924260&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Williamson_Murray" title="Williamson Murray">Murray, Williamson</a> (1983). Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–45. 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Retrieved 6 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=memorial-pegasus.org&rft.atitle=Pegasus+Bridge%3A+The+Bridge+of+the+Longest+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memorial-pegasus.org%2Fmmp%2Fpont_benouville%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpecial_Operations_Research_Office1965" class="citation book cs1">A Study of Rear Area Security Measures. Washington: Special Operations Research Office, Counter-insurgency Information Analysis Center, United States Army. 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+Rear+Area+Security+Measures&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Special+Operations+Research+Office%2C+Counter-insurgency+Information+Analysis+Center%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeer1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer, Albert</a> (1971) [1969]. <a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Third_Reich" title="Inside the Third Reich">Inside the Third Reich</a>. New York: Avon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-00071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-00071-5"><bdi>978-0-380-00071-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Avon&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-380-00071-5&rft.aulast=Speer&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr1944" class="citation web cs1">Staff (5 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27715250">"D-Day: In the words of the BBC journalists"</a>. bbc.com. BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.com&rft.atitle=D-Day%3A+In+the+words+of+the+BBC+journalists&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-27715250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImperial_War_Museum" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-german-response-to-d-day">"The German Response to D-Day"</a>. Imperial War Museum. London. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imperial+War+Museum&rft.atitle=The+German+Response+to+D-Day&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Fthe-german-response-to-d-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Stanley" title="Peter Stanley">Stanley, Peter</a> (6 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235349/https://www.awm.gov.au/education/talks/australians-and-dday/">"Australians and D-Day"</a>. Anniversary talks. Australian War Memorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/education/talks/australians-and-dday/">the original</a> on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anniversary+talks&rft.atitle=Australians+and+D-Day&rft.date=2004-06-06&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Feducation%2Ftalks%2Faustralians-and-dday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraub2024" class="citation news cs1">Traub, Alex (2 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/02/world/europe/maureen-sweeney-dead.html">"Maureen Flavin Sweeney Dies at 100; Her Weather Report Delayed D-Day"</a>. New York Times. Retrieved 4 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Maureen+Flavin+Sweeney+Dies+at+100%3B+Her+Weather+Report+Delayed+D-Day&rft.date=2024-01-02&rft.aulast=Traub&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F01%2F02%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmaureen-sweeney-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigley1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Weigley" title="Russell Weigley">Weigley, Russell F.</a> (1981). Eisenhower's Lieutenants: The Campaign of France and Germany 1944–1945. Vol. I. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-13333-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-13333-5"><bdi>978-0-253-13333-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eisenhower%27s+Lieutenants%3A+The+Campaign+of+France+and+Germany+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-253-13333-5&rft.aulast=Weigley&rft.aufirst=Russell+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard</a> (1995) [1993]. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2"><bdi>978-0-521-55879-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55879-2&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitmarsh2009" class="citation book cs1">Whitmarsh, Andrew (2009). D-Day in Photographs. Stroud: History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5095-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5095-7"><bdi>978-0-7524-5095-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day+in+Photographs&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-5095-7&rft.aulast=Whitmarsh&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmot1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chester_Wilmot" title="Chester Wilmot">Wilmot, Chester</a> (1997) [1952]. The Struggle For Europe. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-677-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-677-5"><bdi>978-1-85326-677-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+For+Europe&rft.place=Ware%2C+Hertfordshire&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85326-677-5&rft.aulast=Wilmot&rft.aufirst=Chester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYung2006" class="citation book cs1">Yung, Christopher D. (2006). Gators of Neptune: Naval Amphibious Planning for the Normandy Invasion. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-997-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-997-2"><bdi>978-1-59114-997-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gators+of+Neptune%3A+Naval+Amphibious+Planning+for+the+Normandy+Invasion&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-997-2&rft.aulast=Yung&rft.aufirst=Christopher+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalogaJohnson2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Zaloga">Zaloga, Steven J</a>; Johnson, Hugh (2005). D-Day Fortifications in Normandy. Fortress 34. Oxford; New York: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0382-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0382-5"><bdi>978-1-4728-0382-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day+Fortifications+in+Normandy&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.series=Fortress+34&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-0382-5&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga2009" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steven J. (2009). Rangers Lead the Way: Pointe-du-Hoc, D-Day 1944. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-394-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-394-0"><bdi>978-1-84603-394-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rangers+Lead+the+Way%3A+Pointe-du-Hoc%2C+D-Day+1944&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-394-0&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuehlke2004" class="citation book cs1">Zuehlke, Mark (2004). Juno Beach: Canada's D-Day Victory: June 6, 1944. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-050-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-050-8"><bdi>978-1-55365-050-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juno+Beach%3A+Canada%27s+D-Day+Victory%3A+June+6%2C+1944&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-050-8&rft.aulast=Zuehlke&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadsey1990" class="citation book cs1">Badsey, Stephen (1990). Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout. Osprey Campaign Series. Vol. 1. Botley, Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-921-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-921-0"><bdi>978-0-85045-921-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normandy+1944%3A+Allied+Landings+and+Breakout&rft.place=Botley%2C+Oxford&rft.series=Osprey+Campaign+Series&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-921-0&rft.aulast=Badsey&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Buckley_(historian)" title="John Buckley (historian)">Buckley, John</a> (2006). The Normandy Campaign: 1944: Sixty Years On. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-20303-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-20303-1"><bdi>978-1-134-20303-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Normandy+Campaign%3A+1944%3A+Sixty+Years+On&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-20303-1&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collier_(historian)" title="Richard Collier (historian)">Collier, Richard</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ddayjune61944nor0000coll_e8x7">D-Day: 6 June 1944: The Normandy Landings</a>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-841-88031-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-841-88031-0"><bdi>978-1-841-88031-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day%3A+6+June+1944%3A+The+Normandy+Landings&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-841-88031-0&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fddayjune61944nor0000coll_e8x7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Este1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_D%27Este" title="Carlo D'Este">D'Este, Carlo</a> (1983). Decision in Normandy: The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign. London: William Collins Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-217056-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-217056-7"><bdi>978-0-00-217056-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decision+in+Normandy%3A+The+Unwritten+Story+of+Montgomery+and+the+Allied+Campaign&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Collins+Sons&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-00-217056-7&rft.aulast=D%27Este&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolskiEdwardsBuckley2014" class="citation book cs1">Dolski, Michael; Edwards, Sam; Buckley, John, eds. (2014). D-Day in History and Memory: The Normandy Landings in International Remembrance and Commemoration. Denton: University of North Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57441-548-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57441-548-3"><bdi>978-1-57441-548-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day+in+History+and+Memory%3A+The+Normandy+Landings+in+International+Remembrance+and+Commemoration&rft.place=Denton&rft.pub=University+of+North+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-57441-548-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_F._Field" title="Jacob F. Field">Field, Jacob</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ddayinnumbers0000fiel">D-Day in Numbers: The Facts Behind Operation Overlord</a>. London: Michael O'Mara Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-782-43205-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-782-43205-0"><bdi>978-1-782-43205-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day+in+Numbers%3A+The+Facts+Behind+Operation+Overlord&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+O%27Mara+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-782-43205-0&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fddayinnumbers0000fiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Hastings, Max</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/overlordddaybatt0000hast">Overlord: D-Day and the Battle for Normandy</a>. London: Joseph. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-46029-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-46029-3"><bdi>0-671-46029-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overlord%3A+D-Day+and+the+Battle+for+Normandy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Joseph&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-671-46029-3&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foverlordddaybatt0000hast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolderfieldVarhola2001" class="citation book cs1">Holderfield, Randal J.; <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Varhola" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael J. Varhola">Varhola, Michael J.</a> (2001). The Invasion of Normandy, June 6, 1944. Mason City, Iowa: Savas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882810-45-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882810-45-1"><bdi>978-1-882810-45-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invasion+of+Normandy%2C+June+6%2C+1944&rft.place=Mason+City%2C+Iowa&rft.pub=Savas&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-882810-45-1&rft.aulast=Holderfield&rft.aufirst=Randal+J.&rft.au=Varhola%2C+Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Holland_(author)" title="James Holland (author)">Holland, James</a> (2019). Normandy '44: D-Day and the Epic 77-Day Battle for France. New York: Grove Atlantic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4709-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4709-7"><bdi>978-0-8021-4709-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normandy+%2744%3A+D-Day+and+the+Epic+77-Day+Battle+for+France&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Atlantic&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-4709-7&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988">, (in the UK Normandy '44 D-Day and the Battle for France by Bantam Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787631274" title="Special:BookSources/9781787631274">9781787631274</a> )</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowarth1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Howarth_(author)" title="David Howarth (author)">Howarth, David</a> (1959). Dawn of D-Day: These Men Were There, 6 June 1944. London: Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dawn+of+D-Day%3A+These+Men+Were+There%2C+6+June+1944&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (1994). Six Armies in Normandy: From D-Day to the Liberation of Paris. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023542-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023542-5"><bdi>978-0-14-023542-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Armies+in+Normandy%3A+From+D-Day+to+the+Liberation+of+Paris&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-14-023542-5&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giles_Milton" title="Giles Milton">Milton, Giles</a> (2018). D-Day: The Soldiers' Story. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473649019" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473649019"><bdi>978-1473649019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day%3A+The+Soldiers%27+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1473649019&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=Giles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeillands2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Neillands" title="Robin Neillands">Neillands, Robin</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofnormandy0000neil">The Battle of Normandy, 1944</a>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35837-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35837-3"><bdi>978-0-304-35837-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Normandy%2C+1944&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35837-3&rft.aulast=Neillands&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofnormandy0000neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Ryan" title="Cornelius Ryan">Ryan, Cornelius</a> (1959). <a href="/wiki/The_Longest_Day_(book)" title="The Longest Day (book)">The Longest Day</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-20814-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-20814-1"><bdi>978-0-671-20814-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longest+Day&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-671-20814-1&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacey1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C.P._Stacey" class="mw-redirect" title="C.P. Stacey">Stacey, C.P.</a> (1946). Canada's Battle in Normandy: The Canadian Army's Share in the Operations, 6 June – 1 September 1944. Ottawa: King's Printer. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39263107">39263107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Battle+in+Normandy%3A+The+Canadian+Army%27s+Share+in+the+Operations%2C+6+June+%E2%80%93+1+September+1944&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=King%27s+Printer&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39263107&rft.aulast=Stacey&rft.aufirst=C.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacey1960" class="citation book cs1">Stacey, C.P. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221111225/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/Victory_e.pdf">Volume III. The Victory Campaign, The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945</a> (PDF). Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Ottawa: Department of National Defence. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/Victory_e.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+III.+The+Victory+Campaign%2C+The+Operations+in+North-West+Europe+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.series=Official+History+of+the+Canadian+Army+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Department+of+National+Defence&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Stacey&rft.aufirst=C.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca%2Fdhh-dhp%2Fhis%2Fdocs%2FVictory_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuteCostelloHughes1975" class="citation book cs1">Tute, Warren; Costello, John; Hughes, Terry (1975). D-Day. London: Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-24418-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-24418-3"><bdi>978-0-330-24418-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-330-24418-3&rft.aulast=Tute&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft.au=Costello%2C+John&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitlock2004" class="citation book cs1">Whitlock, Flint (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fightingfirst00flin">The Fighting First: The Untold Story of The Big Red One on D-Day</a>. Boulder: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4218-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4218-4"><bdi>978-0-8133-4218-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fighting+First%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+The+Big+Red+One+on+D-Day&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4218-4&rft.aulast=Whitlock&rft.aufirst=Flint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffightingfirst00flin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetterling2000" class="citation book cs1">Zetterling, Niklas (2000). Normandy 1944: German Military Organisation, Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness. Winnipeg: <a href="/wiki/J.J._Fedorowicz_Publishing" title="J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing">J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-921991-56-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-921991-56-4"><bdi>978-0-921991-56-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normandy+1944%3A+German+Military+Organisation%2C+Combat+Power+and+Organizational+Effectiveness&rft.place=Winnipeg&rft.pub=J.J.+Fedorowicz+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-921991-56-4&rft.aulast=Zetterling&rft.aufirst=Niklas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/D-Day_beaches#Q16470" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:D-Day beaches">D-Day beaches</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Normandy_landing_sites" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Normandy landing sites">Battle of Normandy landing sites</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNaxTXfjfXk">Extended onsite interview of Dwight Eisenhower on his D-Day recollections</a> (YouTube, 1:22:15)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Ramsay" title="Bertram Ramsay">Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay</a> (30 October 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38110/data.pdf">"The Assault Phase of the Normandy Landings"</a> (PDF). Supplement to The London Gazette. pp. 5109–5124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Supplement+to+The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Assault+Phase+of+the+Normandy+Landings&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5109-%3C%2Fspan%3E5124&rft.date=1947-10-30&rft.au=Admiral+Sir+Bertram+Ramsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F38110%2Fdata.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trafford_Leigh-Mallory" title="Trafford Leigh-Mallory">Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory</a> (2 January 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37838/data.pdf">"Air Operations by the Allied Expeditionary Air Force in N.W. Europe From November 15th, 1943 to September 30th, 1944"</a> (PDF). Supplement to the London Gazette. pp. 37–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Supplement+to+the+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=Air+Operations+by+the+Allied+Expeditionary+Air+Force+in+N.W.+Europe+From+November+15th%2C+1943+to+September+30th%2C+1944&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=1947-01-02&rft.au=Air+Chief+Marshal+Sir+Trafford+Leigh-Mallory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37838%2Fdata.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36679/data.pdf">"Awards bestowed by King George VI"</a> (PDF). Supplement to the London Gazette. 31 August 1944. pp. 4043–4054.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Supplement+to+the+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=Awards+bestowed+by+King+George+VI&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4043-%3C%2Fspan%3E4054&rft.date=1944-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F36679%2Fdata.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy+landings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/reference/Normandy/normandy.html">The Normandy Invasion</a> at the US Army Center of Military History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320112217/http://www.american-divisions.com/doc.asp?documentid=106">Neptune Operations Plan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsNormandy.htm">Naval details for Overlord</a> at Naval-History.Net</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://normandy.secondworldwar.nl/veterans-of-dday.html">Allied veterans remember D-Day</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/world-war-ii/1944/overlord.html">Naval History and Heritage Command</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Complete_Broadcast_Day_D-Day">Complete Broadcast Day: D-Day (June 6, 1944)</a> from <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio_News" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Radio News">CBS Radio News</a>, available at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fvQnDj4aqw">D-Day to D plus 3 (33m19s)</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>: US Department of Defense, Department of the Army footage from the US National Archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/world-war-ii-d-day-invasion-normandy">Documents on World War II: D-Day, The Invasion of Normandy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Presidential_Library,_Museum_and_Boyhood_Home" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home">Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819231451/http://historicalregistry.com/?page_id=222">Lt. General Omar Bradley's June 6, 1944 D-Day Maps</a></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.2569483">Big Picture: D-Day Convoy to Normandy</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSg0Ry6qnLQ">Dropzone Normandy (1944)</a> – US Government film on the paradrop during the Normandy landings</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25125" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II25125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7698" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_articles_on_the_Battle_of_Normandy,_Western_Front,_World_War_II3299" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Battle_of_Normandy" title="Template:Battle of Normandy"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Battle_of_Normandy" title="Template talk:Battle of Normandy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Battle_of_Normandy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Battle of Normandy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_articles_on_the_Battle_of_Normandy,_Western_Front,_World_War_II3299" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy, <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a> (overall plan)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neptune</a> (assault plan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_airborne_landings_in_Normandy" title="American airborne landings in Normandy">American airborne landings in Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Atlantic</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bluecoat" title="Operation Bluecoat">Bluecoat</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charnwood" title="Operation Charnwood">Charnwood</a> (UK and Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Cobra</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Caen_canal_and_Orne_river_bridges" title="Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges">Capture of Caen and Orne bridges</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Epsom" title="Operation Epsom">Epsom</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fortitude" title="Operation Fortitude">Fortitude</a> (Deception plan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Goodwood</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Odon" title="Second Battle of the Odon">Greenline, Pomegranate and Express</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jupiter_(1944)" title="Operation Jupiter (1944)">Jupiter</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_L%C3%BCttich" title="Operation Lüttich">Lüttich</a> (German)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mallard" title="Operation Mallard">Mallard</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martlet" title="Operation Martlet">Martlet</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Perch" title="Operation Perch">Perch</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring" title="Operation Spring">Spring</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic">Titanic</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tonga" title="Operation Tonga">Tonga</a> (UK 6th Airborne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Totalize" title="Operation Totalize">Totalize</a> (Canada, Poland, UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tractable" title="Operation Tractable">Tractable</a> (Canada, Poland, UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Windsor</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Brest</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A9ville" title="Battle of Bréville">Bréville</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Caen</a> (UK, Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Carentan</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chambois" title="Battle of Chambois">Chambois</a> (Canada, Poland, US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Battle of Merville Gun Battery">Merville Battery</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" title="Battle of Verrières Ridge">Verrières Ridge</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-Bocage" title="Battle of Villers-Bocage">Villers-Bocage</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Landing points (<abbr title="West">W</abbr>→<abbr title="East">E</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha</a> (US) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_du_Hoc" title="Pointe du Hoc">Pointe du Hoc</a> (US)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="American logistics in the Normandy campaign">American logistics in the Normandy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="British logistics in the Normandy campaign">British logistics in the Normandy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">Pluto</a> (Pipe-Line Under The Ocean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Operation Chastity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Gun batteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amfreville_battery" title="Amfreville battery">Amfreville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeville_battery" title="Azeville battery">Azeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisbecq_Battery" title="Crisbecq Battery">Crisbecq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houlgate_battery" title="Houlgate battery">Houlgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longues-sur-Mer_battery" title="Longues-sur-Mer battery">Longues-sur-Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisy_battery" title="Maisy battery">Maisy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Merville Gun Battery">Merville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Canisy_battery" title="Mont Canisy battery">Mont Canisy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">Falaise pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_262" title="Hill 262">Hill 262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillman_Fortress" title="Hillman Fortress">Hillman Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Bridge" title="Pegasus Bridge">Pegasus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_cemeteries_in_Normandy" title="List of military cemeteries in Normandy">Military cemeteries in Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">D-Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Day_naval_deceptions" title="D-Day naval deceptions">D-Day naval deceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobart%27s_Funnies" title="Hobart's Funnies">Hobart's Funnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_tank" title="Rhino tank">Rhino tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_forces_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="List of Allied forces in the Normandy campaign">Allied forces in Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Operation Bodyguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Operation Dragoon</a> (France, UK, US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jedburgh" title="Operation Jedburgh">Operation Jedburgh</a> (France, UK, US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6,_1944,_order_of_the_day" title="June 6, 1944, order of the day">June 6, 1944, order of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Western_Europe_speech" title="People of Western Europe speech">People of Western Europe speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rommel%27s_asparagus" title="Rommel's asparagus">Rommel's asparagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting_for_Operation_Overlord" title="Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord">Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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