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href="#Appearance_and_personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Appearance and personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance_and_personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Andrew_Jackson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Andrew_Jackson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relationship with Andrew Jackson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Andrew_Jackson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1828_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1828_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Election of 1828 and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1828_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Popular culture depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rachel Jackson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="راشيل جاكسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راشيل جاكسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey%C3%A7el_Cekson" title="Reyçel Cekson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Reyçel Cekson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jacksonov%C3%A1" title="Rachel Jacksonová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rachel Jacksonová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%84_%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ریچل جکسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچل جکسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ռեյչել Ջեքսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռեյչել Ջեքսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Robards_Jackson" title="Rachel Robards Jackson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rachel Robards Jackson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="റേച്ചൽ ജാക്സൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റേച്ചൽ ജാക്സൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="راشيل جاكسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="راشيل جاكسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="レイチェル・ジャクソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レイチェル・ジャクソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Джексон, Рэйчел – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джексон, Рэйчел" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Donelson_Jackson" title="Rachel Donelson Jackson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rachel Donelson Jackson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rachel Jackson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Рейчел Джексон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рейчел Джексон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%84_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ریچل جیکسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریچل جیکسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E7%A7%8B%C2%B7%E5%82%91%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C" title="瑞秋·傑克遜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瑞秋·傑克遜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wife of Andrew Jackson, 7th president of the United States (1767–1828)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Rachel Jackson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachel_Donelson_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl1823.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rachel_Donelson_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl1823.jpg/220px-Rachel_Donelson_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl1823.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rachel_Donelson_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl1823.jpg/330px-Rachel_Donelson_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl1823.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rachel_Donelson_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl1823.jpg/440px-Rachel_Donelson_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl1823.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="864" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl" title="Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl">Ralph E. W. Earl</a>, 1823</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Rachel Donelson</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1767-06-15</span>)</span>June 15, 1767<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Pittsylvania_County,_Virginia" title="Pittsylvania County, Virginia">Pittsylvania County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, U.S.)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 22, 1828<span style="display:none">(1828-12-22)</span> (aged 61)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Davidson_County,_Tennessee" title="Davidson County, Tennessee">Davidson County, Tennessee</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)">The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Robards" title="Lewis Robards">Lewis Robards</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1787; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1794)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1794)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Lyncoya_Jackson" title="Lyncoya Jackson">Lyncoya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Donelson" title="John Donelson">John Donelson</a><br />Rachel Stockley</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Donelson" title="Emily Donelson">Emily Donelson</a> (niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew Jackson Donelson</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_Donelson" title="Daniel Smith Donelson">Daniel Smith Donelson</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Donelson_Martin" title="John Donelson Martin">John Donelson Martin</a> (great-nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Walker_(Missouri_politician)" title="John Walker (Missouri politician)">John Walker</a> (nephew-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Yorke_Jackson" title="Sarah Yorke Jackson">Sarah Yorke Jackson</a> (daughter-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachel_Jackson_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rachel_Jackson_Signature.svg/150px-Rachel_Jackson_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rachel_Jackson_Signature.svg/225px-Rachel_Jackson_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rachel_Jackson_Signature.svg/300px-Rachel_Jackson_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="87" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rachel Jackson</b> (<a href="/wiki/Married_and_maiden_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Married and maiden names"><i>née</i></a> <b>Donelson</b>; June 15, 1767 – December 22, 1828) was the wife of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, the seventh <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-firstladies_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstladies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whitehousebio_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitehousebio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She lived with him at their home at <a href="/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)">the Hermitage</a>, where she died just days after <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">his election</a> and before his inauguration in 1829—therefore she never served as <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">first lady</a>, a role assumed by her niece, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Donelson" title="Emily Donelson">Emily Donelson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rachel Jackson was married at first to <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Robards" title="Lewis Robards">Lewis Robards</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>. In about 1791, she eloped with Andrew Jackson, believing that Robards had secured the couple a divorce. It was later revealed that he had not, meaning that her marriage to Jackson was inadvertently <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamous</a>. They were forced to remarry in 1794 after the divorce had been finalized. </p><p>She had a close relationship with her husband. She was usually anxious while he was away tending to military or political affairs. A <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a>, Rachel was noted for her deep religious piety. During the deeply personal prelude to the 1828 election, she was the subject of extremely negative attacks from the supporters of Andrew Jackson's opponent, <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>. Jackson believed that these attacks had hastened her death, and thus blamed his political enemies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Jackson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rachel Donelson was born near the <a href="/wiki/Banister_River" title="Banister River">Banister River</a>, about ten miles from <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Virginia" title="Chatham, Virginia">Chatham, Virginia</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Pittsylvania_County,_Virginia" title="Pittsylvania County, Virginia">Pittsylvania County</a> on June 15, 1767.<sup id="cite_ref-firstladies_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstladies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whitehousebio_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitehousebio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father was Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Donelson" title="John Donelson">John Donelson</a> (1718–1785), co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, and her mother was Rachel Stockley Donelson (1730–1801).<sup id="cite_ref-firstladies_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstladies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her great-grandfather Patrick Donelson was born in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> about 1670.<sup id="cite_ref-firstladies_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstladies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had seven brothers and three sisters:<sup id="cite_ref-firstladies_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstladies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Alexander Donelson (1749–1785)</li> <li>Mary Donelson Caffery (born 1751). Wife of Captain John Caffery. Parents of Jane Caffrey wife of painter <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl" title="Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl">Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl</a> and of Donelson Caffrey (1786–1835), father of Senator <a href="/wiki/Donelson_Caffery" title="Donelson Caffery">Donelson Caffery</a> (1835–1906).</li> <li>Catherine Donelson Hutchings (1752–1835)</li> <li>Stockley Donelson (1753–1804)</li> <li>Jane Donelson Hays (1754–1834)</li> <li>John Donelson (1755–1830), father of Emily Donelson, first wife of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew Jackson Donelson</a>; grandfather of CS General <a href="/wiki/John_Donelson_Martin" title="John Donelson Martin">John Donelson Martin</a> (1830–1862)</li> <li>William Donelson (1756–1820)</li> <li>Samuel Donelson (1758–1804), father of Andrew Jackson Donelson and CS General <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_Donelson" title="Daniel Smith Donelson">Daniel Smith Donelson</a></li> <li>Severn Donelson (1763– or 1773–1818)</li> <li>Leven Donelson (born 1765)</li></ul> <p>From about 1770 to 1779, her father operated the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Iron_Furnace" title="Washington Iron Furnace">Washington Iron Furnace</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mount,_Virginia" title="Rocky Mount, Virginia">Rocky Mount</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Virginia" title="Franklin County, Virginia">Franklin County, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vaNRHPnom_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaNRHPnom-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With her family, she moved to Tennessee at the age of 12.<sup id="cite_ref-whitehousebio_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitehousebio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father led about 600 people from <a href="/wiki/Forts_of_Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Forts of Vincennes, Indiana">Fort Patrick Henry</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nashborough" title="Fort Nashborough">Fort Nashborough</a>, down the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_River" title="Cumberland River">Cumberland River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-firstladies_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstladies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Donelson family were among the first white settlers in Tennessee.<sup id="cite_ref-whitehousebio_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitehousebio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance_and_personality">Appearance and personality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Jackson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Appearance and personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rachel attracted much attention from suitors because she was very beautiful as a young woman, described by a contemporary as having "lustrous black eyes, dark glossy hair, full red lips, brunette complexion, though of brilliant coloring, [and] a sweet oval face rippling with smiles and dimples."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2005_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in life, her country manners and full figure were severely in contrast with Jackson's tall, spindly form and developed genteel manners. However, her love for her husband was unmistakable: she languished when he was away for politics, fretted when he was away at war, and doted on him when he was at home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2005_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Jackson, Rachel never liked being in the spotlight of events. She would consistently warn her husband not to let his political accomplishments rule him; for example, after Jackson's victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a>, she warned Jackson that his subsequent popularity (on the scope of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>) would tempt him to value his glory over his own family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham200813_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200813-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She was a <a href="/wiki/American_Presbyterianism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-firstladies_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstladies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also an avid reader of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and religious works as well as poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-firstladies_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstladies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_marriage">First marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Jackson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rachel Donelson's first marriage to Captain <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Robards" title="Lewis Robards">Lewis Robards</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harrodsburg,_Kentucky" title="Harrodsburg, Kentucky">Harrodsburg, Kentucky</a>, a landowner and speculator, was not happy, and the two separated in 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-firstladies_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstladies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whitehousebio_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitehousebio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Marcia Mullins of the Hermitage in Nashville, Tennessee, there were rumors that Lewis Robards was cruel and jealous.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believing that her husband would file a petition for divorce, she returned to the Donelson family home.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, Ann Toplovich, executive director of the Tennessee Historical Society, writes that Rachel Donelson Robards knowingly left her husband for Andrew Jackson in late 1789, eloping to Spanish-controlled Natchez.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_Andrew_Jackson">Relationship with Andrew Jackson</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Jackson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationship with Andrew Jackson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl_Andrew_Jackson_NCMOA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl_Andrew_Jackson_NCMOA.jpg/220px-Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl_Andrew_Jackson_NCMOA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl_Andrew_Jackson_NCMOA.jpg/330px-Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl_Andrew_Jackson_NCMOA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl_Andrew_Jackson_NCMOA.jpg/440px-Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl_Andrew_Jackson_NCMOA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>C. 1830–1832 portrait of President Andrew Jackson by Ralph E.W. Earle</figcaption></figure> <p>When Andrew Jackson migrated to <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, in 1788, he boarded with Rachel Stockley Donelson, the mother of Rachel Donelson Robards. The two became close, and shortly after, they married in <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez, Mississippi</a>. Rachel believed that her husband had obtained a divorce,<sup id="cite_ref-firstladies_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstladies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whitehousebio_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitehousebio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as it had never been completed, her marriage to Jackson was inadvertently bigamous and therefore invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-whitehousebio_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitehousebio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robards%E2%80%93Donelson%E2%80%93Jackson_relationship_controversy" title="Robards–Donelson–Jackson relationship controversy">Rachel's marital status</a> was complicated by the distances involved and the changing governmental authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the process of Rachel and Robards's divorce, Kentucky became a state instead of a territory of Virginia, and North Carolina turned over management of the territory including Tennessee to the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These complicating factors were understood by locals and the unusual circumstances of the Jackson marriage were not greatly discussed in Nashville society.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1793, Andrew and Rachel Jackson learned that although Lewis Robards had filed for divorce, the divorce had never been granted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made Rachel a bigamist and an adulteress, as well as making General Jackson, soon a politician on the rise, an adulterer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the grounds of Rachel's abandonment and adultery, Lewis Robards was granted a divorce in 1794. At about the same time, the legitimacy of the Jackson marriage was questioned because they were married in then-Spanish-controlled Natchez, Mississippi.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jacksons were Protestants, and only Catholic marriages were recognized as legal unions in that territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the divorce was finally legalized in 1794, Andrew and Rachel wed again in a quiet ceremony at the Donelson home.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ann Toplovich of the Tennessee Historical Society argues that the above narrative, of unintentional bigamy and unintentional adultery, has concealed the fact of Rachel's agency and exercise of self-determination, and doesn't "give this strong woman credit for choosing a better husband".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toplovich explains that this narrative was concocted during Andrew Jackson's candidacy for president in the 1828 election: in order to "combat the attacks on Jackson’s character and Rachel’s virtue, the Jackson campaign formed the Nashville Committee [...][which] published a story with a new timeline and circumstances of the Jackson marriage — the alternative facts of the Jackson campaign were that Rachel thought she was already divorced when she joined her fate to Andrew Jackson in 1791." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children">Children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Jackson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the Jacksons never had biological children, they adopted her nephew in 1809 and named him Andrew Jackson Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-whitehousebio_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitehousebio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When his father became president, Andrew Jr. assumed management of the Hermitage farm.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Yorke_Jackson" title="Sarah Yorke Jackson">Sarah Yorke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> on November 24, 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1813, the Jacksons adopted a <a href="/wiki/Creek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek people">Creek</a> orphan boy who was found on the battlefield of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tallushatchee" title="Battle of Tallushatchee">Tallushatchee</a> with his dead mother. They named him <a href="/wiki/Lyncoya_Jackson" title="Lyncoya Jackson">Lyncoya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyncoya was educated along with Andrew Jr., and Jackson had aspirations of sending him to West Point, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political circumstances made that impossible, and he instead trained as a saddle maker in Nashville. He died of tuberculosis on June 1, 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1977194_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977194-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1817 the Jacksons adopted Andrew Jackson Hutchings who was the grandson of Rachel's sister and the son of a former business partner of Jackson's.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended school with Andrew Jr. and Lyncoya.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then attended colleges in Washington and Virginia while Jackson was president. In 1833, he married Mary Coffee, daughter of Jackson's friend <a href="/wiki/John_Coffee" title="John Coffee">John Coffee</a>, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>. Hutchings died in 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andrew Jackson served as the guardian for the children of Captain <a href="/wiki/Edward_Butler_(soldier)" title="Edward Butler (soldier)">Edward Butler</a>, Adjutant General and Inspector General of the United States Army from July 1793 until May 1794, and the children of Rachel's brother Samuel Donelson's son.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These children did not live with the Jacksons full time.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew Jackson Donelson</a>, son of Rachel's brother Samuel, became Jackson's protégé, and served as personal secretary to Jackson during his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_of_1828_and_death">Election of 1828 and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Jackson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Election of 1828 and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Toplovich, John Quincy Adams' presidential campaigns targeted Jackson's "passion and lack of self-control" in both <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a> and <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>, "making it central to the argument that he would devastate the integrity of the Republic and its institutions."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One newspaper ran an article asking, "'Ought a convicted adulteress and her paramour husband to be placed in the highest offices of this free and Christian land?'"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The publicity surrounding her and the public knowledge of what was considered a very private matter<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (October 2023)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> caused Rachel to sink into depression.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She reputedly told a friend "I would rather be a doorkeeper in the house of God than live in that palace in Washington."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adding to her stress, in 1828, Lyncoya Jackson died at the Hermitage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the scandal, her son's death, and a heart condition she spent much of the campaign depressed and crying.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Jackson_Tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Andrew_Jackson_Tomb.jpg/220px-Andrew_Jackson_Tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Andrew_Jackson_Tomb.jpg/330px-Andrew_Jackson_Tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Andrew_Jackson_Tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>The tomb of Andrew and Rachel Jackson at the Hermitage</figcaption></figure> <p>She died suddenly on December 22, 1828, at the age of 61 of a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>, given her symptoms according to Jackson: "excruciating pain in the left shoulder, arm, and breast.";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2005_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> symptoms that are typically on par for <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction#Other" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attacks in women</a>. That her death came immediately before Jackson left for Washington was more than an inconvenience; it was crippling. He held her body tightly until he was pulled away, and he lingered at the Hermitage until the latest possible date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2005_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though her maladies began as early as 1825, and she was a cigar smoker,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson always blamed his political enemies for her death.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "May God Almighty forgive her murderers", Jackson swore at her funeral, "I never can."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoller200446_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoller200446-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She was buried on the grounds at the Hermitage wearing the white dress and shoes she had bought for the inaugural ball.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her epitaph, written by <a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">John Eaton</a>, who would later become involved in the <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Eaton" title="Peggy Eaton">Peggy Eaton scandal</a> during the Jackson Administration, reads: "A being so gentle and so virtuous slander might wound, but could not dishonor."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek199721_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek199721-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Jackson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Jackson_State_Office_Building" title="Rachel Jackson State Office Building">Rachel Jackson State Office Building</a>, in Nashville, Tennessee, built in 1985, was named for her. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture_depictions">Popular culture depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Jackson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Popular culture depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rachel Jackson was the title character of a 1951 historical novel by <a href="/wiki/Irving_Stone" title="Irving Stone">Irving Stone</a>, <i>The President's Lady</i>, which told the story of her life with Andrew Jackson. In 1953, the novel was made into a <a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Lady" title="The President's Lady">film of the same name</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Susan_Hayward" title="Susan Hayward">Susan Hayward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> as the Jacksons.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1936 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gorgeous_Hussy" title="The Gorgeous Hussy">The Gorgeous Hussy</a></i> (a fictionalized biography of <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Eaton" title="Peggy Eaton">Peggy Eaton</a>), Rachel Jackson was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Beulah_Bondi" title="Beulah Bondi">Beulah Bondi</a>, who was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress">Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress</a> for her performance.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also appears as a character in the stage musical <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Bloody_Andrew_Jackson" title="Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson">Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson</a>, which includes multiple jokes about bigamy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Jackson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)">The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew Jackson Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Donelson" title="John Donelson">John Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Downs_Ladies_Turf_Stakes" title="Kentucky Downs Ladies Turf Stakes">Rachel Jackson Stakes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Jackson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this article, "to elope"/"elopement" (as when Rachel Donelson eloped to Natchez with Andrew Jackson) has two related but incompatible denotations. In the context of the belief that Rachel had been wholly divorced from Lewis Robards, when Rachel elopes, "an unmarried person [...] run[s] away secretly for the purpose of getting married with one's intended spouse"; however, in the context of Rachel knowing full well that she had not been divorced yet, when Rachel elopes, "[a married person] run[s] away from home with a paramour".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Jackson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-firstladies-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-firstladies_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-firstladies_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-firstladies_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-firstladies_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-firstladies_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-firstladies_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-firstladies_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-firstladies_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-firstladies_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-firstladies_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085046/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=7">"National First Ladies' Library"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=7">the original</a> on May 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+First+Ladies%27+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstladies.org%2Fbiographies%2Ffirstladies.aspx%3Fbiography%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitehousebio-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whitehousebio_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitehousebio_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitehousebio_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitehousebio_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitehousebio_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitehousebio_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitehousebio_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitehousebio_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_timelines/timelines_first-ladies-07.html">White House History biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110126131141/http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_timelines/timelines_first-ladies-07.html">Archived</a> January 26, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2005_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2005_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2005_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2005_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2005_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands2005">Brands 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vaNRHPnom-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vaNRHPnom_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Carter_Lee1972" class="citation web cs1">Anne Carter Lee (September 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100623105245/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Franklin/157-0029_Washington_Iron_Furnace_1973_Final_Nomination.pdf">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Washington Iron Furnace"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Franklin/157-0029_Washington_Iron_Furnace_1973_Final_Nomination.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 23, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory%2FNomination%3A+Washington+Iron+Furnace&rft.pub=Virginia+Department+of+Historic+Resources&rft.date=1972-09&rft.au=Anne+Carter+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhr.virginia.gov%2Fregisters%2FCounties%2FFranklin%2F157-0029_Washington_Iron_Furnace_1973_Final_Nomination.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200813-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham200813_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeacham2008">Meacham 2008</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2015/09/politics/andrew-jackson-hermitage-history/">"How Jackson tried to save his wife's honor"</a>. <i>cnn.com</i>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnn.com&rft.atitle=How+Jackson+tried+to+save+his+wife%27s+honor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Finteractive%2F2015%2F09%2Fpolitics%2Fandrew-jackson-hermitage-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108021827/https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/rachel-donelson-robards-jackson/">"Education & Resources - National Women's History Museum - NWHM"</a>. <i>www.nwhm.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/rachel-donelson-robards-jackson/">the original</a> on November 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nwhm.org&rft.atitle=Education+%26+Resources+-+National+Women%27s+History+Museum+-+NWHM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwhm.org%2Feducation-resources%2Fbiography%2Fbiographies%2Frachel-donelson-robards-jackson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToplovich" class="citation web cs1">Toplovich, Ann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tennessean.com/story/opinion/2017/05/05/real-story-andrew-and-rachel-jackson/101194482/">"This is the real story of Andrew and Rachel Jackson"</a>. <i>The Tennessean</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tennessean&rft.atitle=This+is+the+real+story+of+Andrew+and+Rachel+Jackson&rft.aulast=Toplovich&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennessean.com%2Fstory%2Fopinion%2F2017%2F05%2F05%2Freal-story-andrew-and-rachel-jackson%2F101194482%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=elope&oldid=79692262">"elope"</a>, <i>Wiktionary, the free dictionary</i>, June 2, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary%2C+the+free+dictionary&rft.atitle=elope&rft.date=2024-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3Delope%26oldid%3D79692262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/wordplay/read-this-before-you-elope">"The Changing Meaning of 'Elope'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Meaning+of+%27Elope%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fwordplay%2Fread-this-before-you-elope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehermitage.com/learn/andrew-jackson/family/rachel/">"Rachel | Andrew Jackson's Wife and Love of His Life"</a>. <i>The Hermitage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hermitage&rft.atitle=Rachel+%7C+Andrew+Jackson%27s+Wife+and+Love+of+His+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehermitage.com%2Flearn%2Fandrew-jackson%2Ffamily%2Frachel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehermitage.com/learn/andrew-jackson/family/children/">"Children | Andrew Jackson's Adopted Family"</a>. <i>The Hermitage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hermitage&rft.atitle=Children+%7C+Andrew+Jackson%27s+Adopted+Family&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehermitage.com%2Flearn%2Fandrew-jackson%2Ffamily%2Fchildren%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977194-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini1977194_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemini1977">Remini 1977</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Psalm 84:10 (KJV), "For a day in thy courts is better than a thousand. I had rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God, than to dwell in the tents of wickedness."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holts.com/clubhouse/cigar-culture/presidents-smoked-cigars">"Presidents Who Smoked Cigars"</a>. December 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidents+Who+Smoked+Cigars&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holts.com%2Fclubhouse%2Fcigar-culture%2Fpresidents-smoked-cigars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoller200446-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoller200446_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoller2004">Boller 2004</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek199721-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek199721_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarszalek1997">Marszalek 1997</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F05E7DC163DE23BBC4A51DFB3668388649EDE">"Tribute to Jackson and His Wife"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. May 22, 1953<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tribute+to+Jackson+and+His+Wife&rft.date=1953-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2Freview%3Fres%3D9F05E7DC163DE23BBC4A51DFB3668388649EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebs1989" class="citation web cs1">Krebs, Albin (August 28, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/28/obituaries/irving-stone-author-of-lust-for-life-dies-at-86.html">"Irving Stone, Author of 'Lust for Life,' Dies at 86"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Irving+Stone%2C+Author+of+%27Lust+for+Life%2C%27+Dies+at+86&rft.date=1989-08-28&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Albin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F08%2F28%2Fobituaries%2Firving-stone-author-of-lust-for-life-dies-at-86.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/18861%7C*">Beulah Bondi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Jackson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoller2004" class="citation book cs1">Boller, Paul F. Jr. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eRtKe5p_PpMC&pg=PA46"><i>Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198037378" title="Special:BookSources/9780198037378"><bdi>9780198037378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Campaigns%3A+From+George+Washington+to+George+W.+Bush&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780198037378&rft.aulast=Boller&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeRtKe5p_PpMC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkley2007" class="citation book cs1">Brinkley, Alan (2007). <i>American History: A Survey</i> (12 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+History%3A+A+Survey&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=12&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/8/Rachel-Jackson.aspx">"Rachel Jackson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>. March 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rachel+Jackson&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft.date=2013-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffirstladies.c-span.org%2FFirstLady%2F8%2FRachel-Jackson.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H.W._Brands" class="mw-redirect" title="H.W. Brands">Brands, H.W.</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385507387"><i>Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times</i></a></span>. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1400030722" title="Special:BookSources/1400030722"><bdi>1400030722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson%3A+His+Life+and+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1400030722&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780385507387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeacham2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Meacham" title="Jon Meacham">Meacham, Jon</a> (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanlionandr00meac_0"><i>American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House</i></a></span>. New York: Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6325-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6325-3"><bdi>978-1-4000-6325-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Lion%3A+Andrew+Jackson+in+the+White+House&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6325-3&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanlionandr00meac_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Fiske1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">John Fiske</a> (1914). "John Quincy Adams". In <a href="/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson" title="James Grant Wilson">James Grant Wilson</a> (ed.). <i>The Presidents of the United States, 1789-1914</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Quincy+Adams&rft.btitle=The+Presidents+of+the+United+States%2C+1789-1914&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1914&rft.au=John+Fiske&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span> In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Presidents_of_the_United_States,_1789-1914/John_Quincy_Adams" class="extiw" title="s:The Presidents of the United States, 1789-1914/John Quincy Adams">Wikisource</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini1977" class="citation book cs1">Remini, Robert V. (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksonco00remi"><i>Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821</i></a></span>. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5911-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5911-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-5911-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson+and+the+Course+of+American+Empire%2C+1767%E2%80%931821&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5911-3&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewjacksonco00remi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524013323/http://www.wnpt.org/productions/rachel/">"Rachel and Andrew Jackson's Love Story"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarszalek1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Marszalek" title="John F. Marszalek">Marszalek, John F.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petticoataffairm0000mars"><i>The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White House</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-82801-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-82801-4"><bdi>0-684-82801-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Petticoat+Affair%3A+Manners%2C+Mutiny%2C+and+Sex+in+Andrew+Jackson%27s+White+House&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-684-82801-4&rft.aulast=Marszalek&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpetticoataffairm0000mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToplovich2005" class="citation journal cs1">Toplovich, Ann (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/272/article/572973">"Marriage, Mayhem, and Presidential Politics: The Robards-Jackson Backcountry Scandal"</a>. <i>Ohio Valley History</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 3–22. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2377-0600">2377-0600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+Valley+History&rft.atitle=Marriage%2C+Mayhem%2C+and+Presidential+Politics%3A+The+Robards-Jackson+Backcountry+Scandal&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=3-22&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=2377-0600&rft.aulast=Toplovich&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F272%2Farticle%2F572973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span> PDF AVAILABLE AT <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://filsonhistorical.org/archive/ovhpdfs/OVH_V5N4_Toplovich.pdf">https://filsonhistorical.org/archive/ovhpdfs/OVH_V5N4_Toplovich.pdf</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Jackson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGismondi2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Gismondi, Melissa (June 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libraetd.lib.virginia.edu/public_view/v979v320v"><i>Rachel Jackson and the Search for Zion, 1760s–1830s</i></a> (PhD, History thesis). Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18130%2Fv3q364">10.18130/v3q364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Rachel+Jackson+and+the+Search+for+Zion%2C+1760s%E2%80%931830s&rft.degree=PhD%2C+History&rft.inst=University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2017-06-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18130%2Fv3q364&rft.aulast=Gismondi&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibraetd.lib.virginia.edu%2Fpublic_view%2Fv979v320v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARachel+Jackson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Jackson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">7th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1829–1837)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">Senator from Tennessee</a> (1797–1798, 1823–1825)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Florida" title="List of governors of Florida">Federal Military Commissioner of Florida</a> (1821)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's at-large congressional district">Tennessee at-large</a> (1796–1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanging_Rock" title="Battle of Hanging Rock">Battle of Hanging Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_and_the_slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Andrew Jackson and the slave trade in the United States">Slave-trading career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robards%E2%80%93Donelson%E2%80%93Jackson_relationship_controversy" title="Robards–Donelson–Jackson relationship controversy">Marriage controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter%27s_Hill_(Tennessee)" title="Hunter's Hill (Tennessee)">Hunter's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)">The Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_violent_incidents_involving_Andrew_Jackson" title="List of violent incidents involving Andrew Jackson">Violent incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War of 1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Strother" title="Fort Strother">Fort Strother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Battle of Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Jackson" title="Treaty of Fort Jackson">Treaty of Fort Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)">Battle of Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1816–1828</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars#First_Seminole_War" title="Seminole Wars">First Seminole War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_bargain" title="Corrupt bargain">Corrupt bargain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_1828_presidential_campaign" title="Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign">1828 Jackson campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_Handbills" title="Coffin Handbills">Coffin Handbills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="First inauguration of Andrew Jackson">First inauguration of Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1820)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1820)">Tenure of Office Act (1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">Spoils system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoat_affair" title="Petticoat affair">Petticoat affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Cabinet" title="Kitchen Cabinet">Kitchen Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek" title="Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek">Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">Bank War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censure_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Censure of Andrew Jackson">Senate censure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_Jacksonian_Era" title="Banking in the Jacksonian Era">Banking in the Jacksonian Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_money_(policy)" title="Hard money (policy)">Hard money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Circular" title="Specie Circular">Specie Circular</a></li> <li>State of the Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1829_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1829 State of the Union Address">1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1830 State of the Union Address">1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1831 State of the Union Address">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1832 State of the Union Address">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1833 State of the Union Address">1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1834 State of the Union Address">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1835 State of the Union Address">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1836 State of the Union Address">1836</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maysville_Road_veto" title="Maysville Road veto">Maysville Road veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson">Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1832" title="Tariff of 1832">Tariff of 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Nullification" title="Ordinance of Nullification">Ordinance of Nullification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_Bill" title="Force Bill">Force Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1833" title="Tariff of 1833">Tariff of 1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_banks" title="Pet banks">Pet banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Andrew_Jackson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson">List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rachel Jackson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew Jackson Donelson</a> (adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_Donelson" title="Daniel Smith Donelson">Daniel Smith Donelson</a> (adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyncoya_Jackson" title="Lyncoya Jackson">Lyncoya Jackson</a> (adopted son, also <a href="/wiki/Theodore_(Andrew_Jackson_captive)" title="Theodore (Andrew Jackson captive)">Theodore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charley_(Andrew_Jackson_captive)" title="Charley (Andrew Jackson captive)">Charley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Donelson" title="Emily Donelson">Emily Donelson</a> (acting First Lady)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Yorke_Jackson" title="Sarah Yorke Jackson">Sarah Yorke Jackson</a> (acting First Lady)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hutchings_(slave_trader)" title="John Hutchings (slave trader)">John Hutchings</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_(parrot)" title="Poll (parrot)">Poll</a> (pet)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slavery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_and_slavery" title="Andrew Jackson and slavery">Jackson and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_(Tennessee)" title="Gilbert (Tennessee)">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jackson_(Tennessee)" title="Alfred Jackson (Tennessee)">Alfred Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Jackson" title="Hannah Jackson">Hannah Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Andrew_Jackson" title="List of memorials to Andrew Jackson">List of memorials to Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Andrew_Jackson_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of Andrew Jackson (U.S. Capitol)"><i>Andrew Jackson</i> (U.S. Capitol statue)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/King_Andrew_the_First" title="King Andrew the First">King Andrew the First</a>" (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.)"><i>Andrew Jackson</i> (Washington D.C. and New Orleans statues)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(stamp)" title="Black Jack (stamp)">Black Jack stamp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Lady" title="The President's Lady">The President's Lady</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Buccaneer_(1938_film)" title="The Buccaneer (1938 film)">The Buccaneer</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Buccaneer_(1958_film)" title="The Buccaneer (1958 film)">The Buccaneer</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gorgeous_Hussy" title="The Gorgeous Hussy">The Gorgeous Hussy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remarkable_Andrew" title="The Remarkable Andrew">The Remarkable Andrew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Bloody_Andrew_Jackson" title="Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson">Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_of_Conquest" title="Man of Conquest">Man of Conquest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USRC_Jackson_(1832)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC Jackson (1832)">USRC <i>Jackson</i> (1832)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Andrew_Jackson_(SSBN-619)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Andrew Jackson (SSBN-619)">USS <i>Andrew Jackson</i> (SSBN-619)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_President_Jackson" title="USS President Jackson">USS <i>President Jackson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Square_(New_Orleans)" title="Jackson Square (New Orleans)">Jackson Square (New Orleans)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">← John Quincy Adams</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Andrew_Jackson" title="Category:Andrew Jackson">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238387#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/143643622">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86022542">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0082662&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p332302970">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007426986205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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