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Dentistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dentistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alzheimer's_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alzheimer's_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Alzheimer's disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alzheimer's_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraindications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Contraindications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Adverse effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adverse effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Combinational_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combinational_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Combinational risk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combinational_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Cardiovascular </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_erectile_dysfunction_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_erectile_dysfunction_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Possible erectile dysfunction risk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_erectile_dysfunction_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gastrointestinal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastrointestinal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Gastrointestinal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastrointestinal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflammatory_bowel_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflammatory_bowel_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Inflammatory bowel disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflammatory_bowel_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Renal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photosensitivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photosensitivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Photosensitivity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photosensitivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 During pregnancy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allergy_and_allergy-like_hypersensitivity_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergy_and_allergy-like_hypersensitivity_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Allergy and allergy-like hypersensitivity reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergy_and_allergy-like_hypersensitivity_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_effects_on_bone_and_soft_tissue_healing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_effects_on_bone_and_soft_tissue_healing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Possible effects on bone and soft tissue healing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_effects_on_bone_and_soft_tissue_healing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ototoxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ototoxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Ototoxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ototoxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immune_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immune_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.13 Immune response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immune_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Interactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Mechanism of action </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mechanism of action subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antipyretic_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antipyretic_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Antipyretic activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antipyretic_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Classification </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salicylates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salicylates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Salicylates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salicylates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propionic_acid_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propionic_acid_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Propionic acid derivatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propionic_acid_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acetic_acid_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acetic_acid_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Acetic acid derivatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acetic_acid_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enolic_acid_(oxicam)_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enolic_acid_(oxicam)_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Enolic acid (oxicam) derivatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enolic_acid_(oxicam)_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthranilic_acid_derivatives_(Fenamates)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthranilic_acid_derivatives_(Fenamates)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Anthranilic acid derivatives (Fenamates) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthranilic_acid_derivatives_(Fenamates)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selective_COX-2_inhibitors_(Coxibs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selective_COX-2_inhibitors_(Coxibs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Selective COX-2 inhibitors (Coxibs) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selective_COX-2_inhibitors_(Coxibs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sulfonanilides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sulfonanilides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Sulfonanilides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sulfonanilides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chirality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chirality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Chirality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chirality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_practical_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_practical_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Main practical differences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_practical_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Pharmacokinetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Veterinary use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" > 55 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="دواء لاستيرويدي مضاد للالتهاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دواء لاستيرويدي مضاد للالتهاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%85-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A7" title="প্রদাহ বিরোধী অ-স্টেরয়েড ওষুধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রদাহ বিরোধী অ-স্টেরয়েড ওষুধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нестероидни противовъзпалителни средства – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нестероидни противовъзпалителни средства" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesteroidni_protivupalni_lijekovi" title="Nesteroidni protivupalni lijekovi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nesteroidni protivupalni lijekovi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiinflamatori_no_esteroidal" title="Antiinflamatori no esteroidal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antiinflamatori no esteroidal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesteroidn%C3%AD_antiflogistikum" title="Nesteroidní antiflogistikum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nesteroidní antiflogistikum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyffur_gwrthlid_ansteroidol" title="Cyffur gwrthlid ansteroidol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyffur gwrthlid ansteroidol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSAID" title="NSAID – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="NSAID" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichtsteroidales_Antirheumatikum" title="Nichtsteroidales Antirheumatikum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nichtsteroidales Antirheumatikum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittesteroidsed_p%C3%B5letikuvastased_ravimid" title="Mittesteroidsed põletikuvastased ravimid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mittesteroidsed põletikuvastased ravimid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B7_%CF%86%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Μη στεροειδή αντιφλεγμονώδη φάρμακα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μη στεροειδή αντιφλεγμονώδη φάρμακα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiinflamatorio_no_esteroideo" title="Antiinflamatorio no esteroideo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antiinflamatorio no esteroideo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiinflamatorio_ez-esteroide" title="Antiinflamatorio ez-esteroide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antiinflamatorio ez-esteroide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B6%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="داروهای ضدالتهاب غیراستروئیدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داروهای ضدالتهاب غیراستروئیدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatoire_non_st%C3%A9ro%C3%AFdien" title="Anti-inflammatoire non stéroïdien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anti-inflammatoire non stéroïdien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_frith-athlastach_neamhst%C3%A9ar%C3%B3ideach" title="Druga frith-athlastach neamhstéaróideach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Druga frith-athlastach neamhstéaróideach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiinflamatorios_non-esteroides" title="Antiinflamatorios non-esteroides – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antiinflamatorios non-esteroides" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EC%84%B1_%ED%95%AD%EC%97%BC%EC%A6%9D%EC%A0%9C" title="비스테로이드성 항염증제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비스테로이드성 항염증제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%B9_%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ոչ ստերոիդային հակաբորբոքային դեղամիջոցներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ոչ ստերոիդային հակաբորբոքային դեղամիջոցներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="ननस्टेरोइडल एन्टी इन्फ़्लामेटरी औषधि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ननस्टेरोइडल एन्टी इन्फ़्लामेटरी औषधि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesteroidni_protuupalni_lijekovi" title="Nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiperadangan_nonsteroid" title="Antiperadangan nonsteroid – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antiperadangan nonsteroid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/FANS" title="FANS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="FANS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%92%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נוגדי דלקת שאינם סטרואידים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוגדי דלקת שאינם סטרואידים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%B2%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7" title="غٲر سٹیرایڈل اینٹی انفلیمیٹری دوا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="غٲر سٹیرایڈل اینٹی انفلیمیٹری دوا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiinflammatorium_nonsteroidale" title="Antiinflammatorium nonsteroidale – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antiinflammatorium nonsteroidale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem-szteroid_gyullad%C3%A1scs%C3%B6kkent%C5%91_gy%C3%B3gyszerek" title="Nem-szteroid gyulladáscsökkentő gyógyszerek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nem-szteroid gyulladáscsökkentő gyógyszerek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Нестероиден антиинфламаторен лек – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нестероиден антиинфламаторен лек" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubat_antiradang_bukan_steroid" title="Ubat antiradang bukan steroid – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ubat antiradang bukan steroid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%AD_L%C3%B4i-g%C3%B3-s%C3%B9ng_K%C3%A1ung_hu%C3%A1k-i%C3%A8ng_I%C5%8Fh" title="Hĭ Lôi-gó-sùng Káung huák-ièng Iŏh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hĭ Lôi-gó-sùng Káung huák-ièng Iŏh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSAID%27s" title="NSAID's – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="NSAID's" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E6%80%A7%E6%8A%97%E7%82%8E%E7%97%87%E8%96%AC" title="非ステロイド性抗炎症薬 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="非ステロイド性抗炎症薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikke-steroide_antiinflammatoriske_midler" title="Ikke-steroide antiinflammatoriske midler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ikke-steroide antiinflammatoriske midler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF-%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%94%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%A7" title="ନନଷ୍ଟେରଏଡାଲ ଆଣ୍ଟି-ଇନ୍‌ଫ୍ଲାମେଟୋରୀ ଔଷଧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନନଷ୍ଟେରଏଡାଲ ଆଣ୍ଟି-ଇନ୍‌ଫ୍ଲାମେଟୋରୀ ଔଷଧ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yallig%CA%BBlanishga_qarshi_dorilar" title="Yalligʻlanishga qarshi dorilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yalligʻlanishga qarshi dorilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82" title="ਨੌਨ ਸਟੀਰੌਇਡਲ ਐਂਟੀ ਇਨਫ਼ਲਾਮੇਟਰੀ ਦਵਾਈਆਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੌਨ ਸਟੀਰੌਇਡਲ ਐਂਟੀ ਇਨਫ਼ਲਾਮੇਟਰੀ ਦਵਾਈਆਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niesteroidowe_leki_przeciwzapalne" title="Niesteroidowe leki przeciwzapalne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niesteroidowe leki przeciwzapalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflamat%C3%B3rios_n%C3%A3o_esteroides" title="Anti-inflamatórios não esteroides – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anti-inflamatórios não esteroides" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiinflamator_nesteroidian" title="Antiinflamator nesteroidian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antiinflamator nesteroidian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesteroidn%C3%A9_antiflogistikum" title="Nesteroidné antiflogistikum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nesteroidné antiflogistikum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesteroidna_protivnetna_u%C4%8Dinkovina" title="Nesteroidna protivnetna učinkovina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nesteroidna protivnetna učinkovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Нестероидни антиинфламаторни лек – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нестероидни антиинфламаторни лек" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesteroidni_antiupalni_lijekovi" title="Nesteroidni antiupalni lijekovi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nesteroidni antiupalni lijekovi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulehduskipul%C3%A4%C3%A4kkeet" title="Tulehduskipulääkkeet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tulehduskipulääkkeet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icke-steroida_antiinflammatoriska_l%C3%A4kemedel" title="Icke-steroida antiinflammatoriska läkemedel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Icke-steroida antiinflammatoriska läkemedel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="அழற்சிக்கு எதிரான இயக்க ஊக்கிகள் இல்லாத மருந்துகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அழற்சிக்கு எதிரான இயக்க ஊக்கிகள் இல்லாத மருந்துகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=NSAID&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="NSAID">NSAID</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of therapeutic drug for relieving pain and inflammation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ddbbee">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:200mg_ibuprofen_tablets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/200mg_ibuprofen_tablets.jpg/280px-200mg_ibuprofen_tablets.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/200mg_ibuprofen_tablets.jpg/420px-200mg_ibuprofen_tablets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/200mg_ibuprofen_tablets.jpg/560px-200mg_ibuprofen_tablets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3659" data-file-height="1016" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Film_coating" title="Film coating">Film-coated</a> 200 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram#SI_multiples" title="Kilogram">mg</a> tablets of generic <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a>, a common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Class identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɛnsɛd/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">EN-sed</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Cyclooxygenase inhibitor<a href="#cite_note-stat-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitor<a href="#cite_note-stat-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent/analgesic (NSAIA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Use</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Pain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OED-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antipyretic" title="Antipyretic">fever</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OED-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OED-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">antithrombosis</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M01A" class="mw-redirect" title="ATC code M01A">M01A</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">Mechanism of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Enzyme inhibitor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">Biological target</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/COX-1" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-1">COX-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/COX-2" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2">COX-2</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: #e8e8e8; text-align: center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188724" class="extiw" title="d:Q188724">In Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NSAID_label.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e3/NSAID_label.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>NSAID identification on label of generic ibuprofen, an <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter</a> non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug</figcaption></figure> Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs<a href="#cite_note-OED-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-BNF-NICE-3">[3]</a> (NSAID)<a href="#cite_note-OED-1">[1]</a> are members of a <a href="/wiki/Indication_(medicine)" title="Indication (medicine)">therapeutic</a> <a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">drug class</a> which <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">reduces pain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">decreases inflammation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antipyretic" title="Antipyretic">decreases fever</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OED-1">[1]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">prevents blood clots</a>. Side effects depend on the specific drug, its dose and duration of use, but largely include an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Stomach_ulcers" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach ulcers">gastrointestinal ulcers and bleeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">kidney disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Risk_of_acute_myocardial_infarction-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The term non-steroidal, common from around 1960, distinguishes these drugs from <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticosteroids">corticosteroids</a>, another class of <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">anti-inflammatory</a> drugs,<a href="#cite_note-:12-7">[7]</a> which during the 1950s had acquired a bad reputation due to overuse and side-effect problems after their introduction in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-Buer_2014-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> NSAIDs work by inhibiting the activity of <a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase" title="Cyclooxygenase">cyclooxygenase</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> (the <a href="/wiki/COX-1" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-1">COX-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/COX-2" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2">COX-2</a> <a href="/wiki/Isozyme" title="Isozyme">isoenzymes</a>). In cells, these enzymes are involved in the synthesis of key biological mediators, namely <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandins</a>, which are involved in <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thromboxane" title="Thromboxane">thromboxanes</a>, which are involved in <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">blood clotting</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diclofenac.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diclofenac.svg/220px-Diclofenac.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diclofenac.svg/330px-Diclofenac.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diclofenac.svg/440px-Diclofenac.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="204" /></a><figcaption>Structure of the NSAID Diclofenac</figcaption></figure> There are two general types of NSAIDs available: non-selective and <a href="/wiki/COX-2_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2 inhibitor">COX-2 selective</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> Most NSAIDs are non-selective, and inhibit the activity of both COX-1 and COX-2. These NSAIDs, while reducing inflammation, also inhibit platelet aggregation and increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease" title="Peptic ulcer disease">gastrointestinal ulcers</a> and bleeds.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> COX-2 selective inhibitors have fewer gastrointestinal side effects, but promote <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a>, and some of these agents substantially increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a>. As a result, certain COX-2 selective inhibitors—such as <a href="/wiki/Rofecoxib" title="Rofecoxib">rofecoxib</a>—are no longer used due to the high risk of undiagnosed <a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">vascular disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> These differential effects are due to the different roles and tissue localisations of each COX isoenzyme.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> By inhibiting physiological COX activity, NSAIDs may cause deleterious effects on kidney function,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and, perhaps as a result of water and sodium retention and decreases in renal blood flow, may lead to heart problems.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In addition, NSAIDs can blunt the production of <a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">erythropoietin</a>, resulting in anaemia, since haemoglobin needs this hormone to be produced. The most prominent NSAIDs are <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">naproxen</a>; all available <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over the counter</a> (OTC) in most countries.<a href="#cite_note-The_Physician_and_Sportsmedicine_20103-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol</a> (acetaminophen) is generally not considered an NSAID because it has only minor anti-inflammatory activity. Paracetamol treats pain mainly by blocking COX-2 and inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocannabinoid">endocannabinoid</a> reuptake almost exclusively within the brain, and only minimally in the rest of the body.<a href="#cite_note-Hinz_20083-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-integrada-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> NSAIDs are often suggested for the treatment of acute or chronic conditions where <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> and inflammation are present. NSAIDs are generally used for the symptomatic relief of the following conditions:<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9757919-2-3-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBDNSAIDs-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">Osteoarthritis</a><a href="#cite_note-BBDNSAIDs-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-TowheedMaxwell2006-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Derry2016-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2702836-22">[22]</a></li> <li>Mild-to-moderate pain due to inflammation and tissue injury<a href="#cite_note-BBDNSAIDs-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_back_pain" title="Low back pain">Low back pain</a><a href="#cite_note-BBDNSAIDs-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Inflammatory arthropathies (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis" title="Ankylosing spondylitis">ankylosing spondylitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psoriatic_arthritis" title="Psoriatic arthritis">psoriatic arthritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reactive_arthritis" title="Reactive arthritis">reactive arthritis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_elbow" title="Tennis elbow">Tennis elbow</a><a href="#cite_note-PattanittumTurner2013-24">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a><a href="#cite_note-BBDNSAIDs-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">Migraine</a><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9757919-2-3-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Acute <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9757919-2-3-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstrual</a> pain)<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9757919-2-3-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Metastatic</a> bone pain<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9757919-2-3-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Postoperative pain<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9757919-2-3-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Muscle stiffness and pain due to <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9757919-2-3-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrexia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrexia">Pyrexia</a> (fever)<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9757919-2-3-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileus" title="Ileus">Ileus</a><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9757919-2-3-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_colic" title="Renal colic">Renal colic</a><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9757919-2-3-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macular_edema" title="Macular edema">Macular edema</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li>Traumatic injury<a href="#cite_note-Mallinson-26">[26]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronic_pain_and_cancer-related_pain">Chronic pain and cancer-related pain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chronic pain and cancer-related pain">edit</a>]</div> The effectiveness of NSAIDs for treating non-cancer chronic pain and cancer-related pain in children and adolescents is not clear.<a href="#cite_note-Eccleston2017-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper2017-28">[28]</a> There have not been sufficient numbers of high-quality randomised controlled trials conducted.<a href="#cite_note-Eccleston2017-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper2017-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflammation">Inflammation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inflammation">edit</a>]</div> Differences in anti-inflammatory activity between the various individual NSAIDs are small, but there is considerable variation among individual patients in therapeutic response and tolerance to these drugs. About 60% of patients will respond to any NSAID; of the others, those who do not respond to one may well respond to another. Pain relief starts soon after taking the first dose, and a full analgesic effect should normally be obtained within a week, whereas an anti-inflammatory effect may not be achieved (or may not be clinically assessable) for up to three weeks. If appropriate responses are not obtained within these times, another NSAID should be tried.<a href="#cite_note-BNF-NICE-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgical_pain">Surgical pain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Surgical pain">edit</a>]</div> Pain following <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> can be significant, and many people require strong pain medications such as opioids. There is some low-certainty evidence that starting NSAID painkiller medications in adults early, before surgery, may help reduce post-operative pain, and also reduce the dose or quantity of opioid medications required after surgery.<a href="#cite_note-:3-29">[29]</a> Any increase risk of surgical bleeding, bleeding in the gastrointestinal system, myocardial infarctions, or injury to the kidneys has not been well studied.<a href="#cite_note-:3-29">[29]</a> When used in combination with paracetamol, the analgesic effect on post-operative pain may be improved.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspirin">Aspirin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aspirin">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a>, the only NSAID able to irreversibly inhibit <a href="/wiki/COX-1" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-1">COX-1</a>, is also indicated for <a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">antithrombosis</a> through <a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">inhibition of platelet aggregation</a>. This is useful for the management of arterial <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a>, and prevention of adverse cardiovascular events like heart attacks. Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation by inhibiting the action of <a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_A2" title="Thromboxane A2">thromboxane A2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dentistry">Dentistry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dentistry">edit</a>]</div> NSAIDs are useful in the management of post-operative <a href="/wiki/Toothache" title="Toothache">dental pain</a> following invasive dental procedures such as <a href="/wiki/Dental_extraction" title="Dental extraction">dental extraction</a>. When not contra-indicated, they are favoured over the use of <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a> alone due to the anti-inflammatory effect they provide.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> There is weak evidence suggesting that taking pre-operative analgesia can reduce the length of post operative pain associated with placing orthodontic spacers under local anaesthetic.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alzheimer's_disease">Alzheimer's disease</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alzheimer's disease">edit</a>]</div> Based on <a href="/wiki/Observational_study" title="Observational study">observational studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trials</a>, NSAID use is not effective for the treatment or prevention of <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contraindications">edit</a>]</div> NSAIDs may be used with caution by people with the following conditions: <ul><li>Persons who are over age 50, and who have a family history of gastrointestinal (GI) problems<a href="#cite_note-BBDNSAIDs-18">[18]</a></li> <li>Persons who have had previous gastrointestinal problems from NSAID use<a href="#cite_note-BBDNSAIDs-18">[18]</a></li></ul> NSAIDs should usually be avoided by people with the following conditions: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease" title="Peptic ulcer disease">Peptic ulcer</a> or stomach bleeding<a href="#cite_note-BBDNSAIDs-18">[18]</a></li> <li>Uncontrolled <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a><a href="#cite_note-BBDNSAIDs-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">Kidney disease</a><a href="#cite_note-BBDNSAIDs-18">[18]</a></li> <li>People with <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Past <a href="/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" title="Transient ischemic attack">transient ischemic attack</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>)<a href="#cite_note-BBDNSAIDs-18">[18]</a></li> <li>Past <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>)<a href="#cite_note-BBDNSAIDs-18">[18]</a></li> <li>Past <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>)<a href="#cite_note-BBDNSAIDs-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">Coronary artery disease</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>)<a href="#cite_note-BBDNSAIDs-18">[18]</a></li> <li>Undergoing <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery" title="Coronary artery bypass surgery">coronary artery bypass surgery</a><a href="#cite_note-BBDNSAIDs-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">Congestive heart failure</a> (excluding low-dose aspirin)<a href="#cite_note-Danelich2015-36">[36]</a></li> <li>In third trimester of pregnancy<a href="#cite_note-BBDNSAIDs-18">[18]</a></li> <li>Persons who have undergone <a href="/wiki/Gastric_bypass_surgery" title="Gastric bypass surgery">gastric bypass surgery</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li>Persons who have a history of allergic or allergic-like <a href="/wiki/NSAID_hypersensitivity_reactions" title="NSAID hypersensitivity reactions">NSAID hypersensitivity reactions</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Aspirin-exacerbated_respiratory_disease" title="Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease">aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-39">[39]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adverse effects">edit</a>]</div> The widespread use of NSAIDs has meant that the adverse effects of these drugs have become increasingly common. Use of NSAIDs increases risk of a range of <a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal</a> (GI) problems, kidney disease and adverse cardiovascular events.<a href="#cite_note-RostomDube2002-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> As commonly used for post-operative pain, there is evidence of increased risk of kidney complications.<a href="#cite_note-LeeCooper2007-42">[42]</a> Their use following gastrointestinal surgery remains controversial, given mixed evidence of increased risk of leakage from any bowel <a href="/wiki/Anastomosis" title="Anastomosis">anastomosis</a> created.<a href="#cite_note-STARSurg2017-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-STARSurg2014-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhangu2014-45">[45]</a> An estimated 10–20% of people taking NSAIDs experience <a href="/wiki/Indigestion" title="Indigestion">indigestion</a>. In the 1990s, high doses of prescription NSAIDs were associated with serious upper gastrointestinal adverse events, including bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11464731-46">[46]</a> NSAIDs, like all medications, may interact with other medications. For example, concurrent use of NSAIDs and <a href="/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic" title="Quinolone antibiotic">quinolone antibiotics</a> may increase the risk of quinolones' adverse <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> effects, including seizure.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> There is an argument over the benefits and risks of NSAIDs for treating chronic musculoskeletal pain. Each drug has a benefit-risk profile and balancing the risk of no treatment with the competing potential risks of various therapies should be considered.<a href="#cite_note-van_Walsem_et_al_2015-49">[49]</a> For people over the age of 65 years old, the balance between the benefits of pain-relief medications such as NSAIDS and the potential for adverse effects has not been well determined.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> There is some evidence suggesting that, for some people, use of NSAIDs (or other anti-inflammatories) may contribute to the initiation of chronic pain.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Side effects are dose-dependent, and in many cases severe enough to pose the risk of ulcer perforation, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and death, limiting the use of NSAID therapy. An estimated 10–20% of NSAID patient's experience <a href="/wiki/Dyspepsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspepsia">dyspepsia</a>, and NSAID-associated upper gastrointestinal adverse events are estimated to result in 103,000 hospitalizations and 16,500 deaths per year in the United States, and represent 43% of drug-related emergency visits. Many of these events are avoidable; a review of physician visits and prescriptions estimated that unnecessary prescriptions for NSAIDs were written in 42% of visits.<a href="#cite_note-pmid114647312-52">[52]</a> Aspirin should not be taken by people who have <a href="/wiki/Salicylate_intolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Salicylate intolerance">salicylate intolerance</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16247191-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8566739-54">[54]</a> or a more generalized <a href="/wiki/Drug_intolerance" title="Drug intolerance">drug intolerance</a> to NSAIDs, and caution should be exercised in those with <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> or <a href="/wiki/NSAID" class="mw-redirect" title="NSAID">NSAID</a>-precipitated <a href="/wiki/Bronchospasm" title="Bronchospasm">bronchospasm</a>. Owing to its effect on the stomach lining, manufacturers recommend people with <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">peptic ulcers</a>, mild <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">gastritis</a> seek medical advice before using aspirin.<a href="#cite_note-mercksource-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Use of aspirin during <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">dengue fever</a> is not recommended owing to increased bleeding tendency.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> People with <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">kidney disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperuricemia" title="Hyperuricemia">hyperuricemia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a> should not take aspirin because it inhibits the kidneys' ability to excrete <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a>, and thus may exacerbate these conditions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combinational_risk">Combinational risk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Combinational risk">edit</a>]</div> If a <a href="/wiki/COX-2_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2 inhibitor">COX-2 inhibitor</a> is taken, a traditional NSAID (prescription or over-the-counter) should not be taken at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rofecoxib" title="Rofecoxib">Rofecoxib</a> (Vioxx) was shown to produce significantly fewer gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions (<a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">ADRs</a>) compared with naproxen.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11087881-59">[59]</a> The study, the VIGOR trial, raised the issue of the cardiovascular safety of the coxibs (COX-2 inhibitors). A statistically significant increase in the incidence of <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarctions</a> was observed in patients on rofecoxib. Further data, from the APPROVe trial, showed a statistically significant relative risk of cardiovascular events of 1.97 versus placebo<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>—which caused a worldwide withdrawal of rofecoxib in October 2004.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Use of methotrexate together with NSAIDs in <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a> is safe, if adequate monitoring is done.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiovascular">Cardiovascular</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cardiovascular">edit</a>]</div> NSAIDs, aside from aspirin, increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-BMJ2011-64">[64]</a> This occurs at least within a week of use.<a href="#cite_note-Risk_of_acute_myocardial_infarction-5">[5]</a> They are not recommended in those who have had a previous heart attack as they increase the risk of death or recurrent MI.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Evidence indicates that <a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">naproxen</a> may be the least harmful out of these.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2011-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bha2013-66">[66]</a> NSAIDs aside from (low-dose) aspirin are associated with a doubled risk of <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> in people without a history of cardiac disease.<a href="#cite_note-Bha2013-66">[66]</a> In people with such a history, use of NSAIDs (aside from low-dose aspirin) was associated with a more than 10-fold increase in heart failure.<a href="#cite_note-page2000-67">[67]</a> If this link is proven causal, researchers estimate that NSAIDs would be responsible for up to 20 percent of hospital admissions for congestive heart failure. In people with heart failure, NSAIDs increase mortality risk (<a href="/wiki/Hazard_ratio" title="Hazard ratio">hazard ratio</a>) by approximately 1.2–1.3 for naproxen and ibuprofen, 1.7 for rofecoxib and celecoxib, and 2.1 for diclofenac.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> On 9 July 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) toughened warnings of increased <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> risk associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) other than <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FDA-20150709-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_erectile_dysfunction_risk">Possible erectile dysfunction risk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Possible erectile dysfunction risk">edit</a>]</div> A 2005 Finnish survey study found an association between long term (over three months) use of NSAIDs and <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> A 2011 publication<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Urology" title="The Journal of Urology">The Journal of Urology</a> received widespread publicity.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> According to the study, men who used NSAIDs regularly were at significantly increased risk of erectile dysfunction. A link between NSAID use and erectile dysfunction still existed after controlling for several conditions. However, the study was observational and not controlled, with low original participation rate, potential participation bias, and other uncontrolled factors. The authors warned against drawing any conclusion regarding cause.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastrointestinal">Gastrointestinal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gastrointestinal">edit</a>]</div> The main <a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">adverse drug reactions</a> (ADRs) associated with NSAID use relate to direct and indirect irritation of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal (GI) tract</a>. NSAIDs cause a dual assault on the GI tract: the acidic molecules directly irritate the <a href="/wiki/Gastric_mucosa" title="Gastric mucosa">gastric mucosa</a>, and inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 reduces the levels of protective <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandins" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandins">prostaglandins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RostomDube2002-40">[40]</a> Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in the GI tract causes increased gastric acid secretion, diminished bicarbonate secretion, diminished mucus secretion and diminished trophic effects on the epithelial mucosa.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Common gastrointestinal side effects include:<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9757919-2-3-17">[17]</a> <ul><li>Nausea or vomiting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigestion" title="Indigestion">Indigestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric ulcer">Gastric ulceration</a> or bleeding<a href="#cite_note-RostomDube2002-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7888445-75">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a></li></ul> Clinical NSAID ulcers are related to the systemic effects of NSAID administration. Such damage occurs irrespective of the route of administration of the NSAID (e.g., oral, rectal, or parenteral) and can occur even in people who have <a href="/wiki/Achlorhydria" title="Achlorhydria">achlorhydria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Ulceration risk increases with therapy duration, and with higher doses. To minimize GI side effects, it is prudent to use the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time—a practice that studies show is often not followed. Over 50% of patients who take NSAIDs have sustained some mucosal damage to their small intestine.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19568687-77">[77]</a> The risk and rate of gastric adverse effects is different depending on the type of NSAID medication a person is taking. <a href="/wiki/Indomethacin" class="mw-redirect" title="Indomethacin">Indomethacin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketoprofen" title="Ketoprofen">ketoprofen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piroxicam" title="Piroxicam">piroxicam</a> use appear to lead to the highest rate of gastric adverse effects, while <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> (lower doses) and <a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">diclofenac</a> appear to have lower rates.<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9757919-2-3-17">[17]</a> Certain NSAIDs, such as aspirin, have been marketed in <a href="/wiki/Enteric_coating" title="Enteric coating">enteric-coated</a> formulations that manufacturers claim reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal ADRs. Similarly, some believe that rectal formulations may reduce gastrointestinal ADRs. However, consistent with the systemic mechanism of such ADRs, and in clinical practice, these formulations have not demonstrated a reduced risk of GI ulceration.<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9757919-2-3-17">[17]</a> Numerous "gastro-protective" drugs have been developed with the goal of preventing gastrointestinal toxicity in people who need to take NSAIDs on a regular basis.<a href="#cite_note-RostomDube2002-40">[40]</a> Gastric adverse effects may be reduced by taking medications that suppress acid production such as <a href="/wiki/Proton_pump_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton pump inhibitor">proton pump inhibitors</a> (e.g.: <a href="/wiki/Omeprazole" title="Omeprazole">omeprazole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esomeprazole" title="Esomeprazole">esomeprazole</a>), or by treatment with a drug that mimics <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandin</a> in order to restore the lining of the GI tract (e.g.: a prostaglandin analog <a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">misoprostol</a>).<a href="#cite_note-RostomDube2002-40">[40]</a> Diarrhea is a common side effect of misoprostol; however, higher doses of misoprostol have been shown to reduce the risk of a person having a complication related to a gastric ulcer while taking NSAIDs.<a href="#cite_note-RostomDube2002-40">[40]</a> While these techniques may be effective, they are expensive for maintenance therapy.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a> NSAID hybrids prevent the gastric ulceration/bleeding associated with taking the NSAIDs alone. Hydrogen sulfide is known to have a protective effect on the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal system.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflammatory_bowel_disease">Inflammatory bowel disease</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inflammatory bowel disease">edit</a>]</div> NSAIDs should be used with caution in individuals with <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcerative colitis</a>) due to their tendency to cause gastric bleeding and form ulceration in the gastric lining.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renal">Renal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Renal">edit</a>]</div> NSAIDs are also associated with a fairly high incidence of adverse drug reactions (<a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse drug reactions">ADRs</a>) on the kidney and over time can lead to <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>. The mechanism of these kidney ADRs is due to changes in kidney blood flow. Prostaglandins normally dilate the <a href="/wiki/Afferent_arteriole" class="mw-redirect" title="Afferent arteriole">afferent arterioles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)" title="Glomerulus (kidney)">glomeruli</a>. This helps maintain normal glomerular perfusion and <a href="/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_rate" title="Glomerular filtration rate">glomerular filtration rate</a> (GFR), an indicator of <a href="/wiki/Renal_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal function">kidney function</a>. This is particularly important in kidney failure where the kidney is trying to maintain renal perfusion pressure by elevated angiotensin II levels. At these elevated levels, angiotensin II also constricts the afferent arteriole into the glomerulus in addition to the efferent arteriole it normally constricts. Since NSAIDs block this prostaglandin-mediated effect of afferent arteriole dilation, particularly in kidney failure, NSAIDs cause unopposed constriction of the afferent arteriole and decreased RPF (renal perfusion flow) and GFR.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Common ADRs associated with altered kidney function include:<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9757919-2-3-17">[17]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a> and fluid retention</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">Hypertension</a> (high blood pressure)</li></ul> These agents may also cause kidney impairment, especially in combination with other nephrotoxic agents. Kidney failure is especially a risk if the patient is also concomitantly taking an <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitor</a> (which removes angiotensin II's vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole) and a <a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretic</a> (which drops plasma volume, and thereby RPF)—the so-called "triple whammy" effect.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10772593-82">[82]</a> In rarer instances NSAIDs may also cause more severe kidney conditions:<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9757919-2-3-17">[17]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_nephritis" title="Interstitial nephritis">Interstitial nephritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome" title="Nephrotic syndrome">Nephrotic syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">Acute kidney injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_tubular_necrosis" title="Acute tubular necrosis">Acute tubular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_papillary_necrosis" title="Renal papillary necrosis">Renal papillary necrosis</a></li></ul> NSAIDs in combination with excessive use of <a href="/wiki/Phenacetin" title="Phenacetin">phenacetin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a> (acetaminophen) may lead to <a href="/wiki/Analgesic_nephropathy" title="Analgesic nephropathy">analgesic nephropathy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9459649-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photosensitivity">Photosensitivity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Photosensitivity">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Photodermatitis" title="Photodermatitis">Photosensitivity</a> is a commonly overlooked adverse effect of many of the NSAIDs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12020173-84">[84]</a> The 2-arylpropionic acids are the most likely to produce photosensitivity reactions, but other NSAIDs have also been implicated including <a href="/wiki/Piroxicam" title="Piroxicam">piroxicam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">diclofenac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">benzydamine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benoxaprofen" title="Benoxaprofen">Benoxaprofen</a>, since withdrawn due to its <a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxicity" title="Hepatotoxicity">liver toxicity</a>, was the most photoactive NSAID observed. The mechanism of photosensitivity, responsible for the high photoactivity of the 2-arylpropionic acids, is the ready <a href="/wiki/Decarboxylation" title="Decarboxylation">decarboxylation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">moiety</a>. The specific absorbance characteristics of the different <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophoric</a> 2-aryl substituents, affects the decarboxylation mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_pregnancy">During pregnancy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: During pregnancy">edit</a>]</div> While NSAIDs as a class are not direct <a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">teratogens</a>, use of NSAIDs in late pregnancy can cause premature closure of the fetal <a href="/wiki/Ductus_arteriosus" title="Ductus arteriosus">ductus arteriosus</a> and kidney ADRs in the fetus.<a href="#cite_note-:4-87">[87]</a> Thus, NSAIDs are not recommended during the third trimester of pregnancy because of the increased risk of premature constriction of the ductus arteriosus.<a href="#cite_note-:4-87">[87]</a> Additionally, they are linked with <a href="/wiki/Premature_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature birth">premature birth</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15013926-88">[88]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nakhai-Pour_2011-89">[89]</a> Aspirin, however, is used together with <a href="/wiki/Heparin" title="Heparin">heparin</a> in pregnant women with <a href="/wiki/Antiphospholipid_syndrome" title="Antiphospholipid syndrome">antiphospholipid syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15485103-90">[90]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Indomethacin" class="mw-redirect" title="Indomethacin">indomethacin</a> can be used in pregnancy to treat <a href="/wiki/Polyhydramnios" title="Polyhydramnios">polyhydramnios</a> by reducing fetal urine production via inhibiting fetal renal blood flow.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a> (acetaminophen) is regarded as being safe and well tolerated during pregnancy, but Leffers et al. released a study in 2010, indicating that there may be associated male infertility in the unborn.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15733027-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21059752-93">[93]</a> Doses should be taken as prescribed, due to risk of liver toxicity with overdoses.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16351032-94">[94]</a> In France, the country's health agency contraindicates the use of NSAIDs, including aspirin, after the sixth month of pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In October 2020, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) required the <a href="/wiki/Drug_labelling" title="Drug labelling">drug label</a> to be updated for all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, to describe the risk of kidney problems in unborn babies which can then lead to low amniotic fluid levels, as a result of the use of NSAIDs.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_PR_20201015-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA_safety_20201015-97">[97]</a> They are recommending avoiding the use of NSAIDs by pregnant women at 20 weeks or later in pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_PR_20201015-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA_safety_20201015-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allergy_and_allergy-like_hypersensitivity_reactions">Allergy and allergy-like hypersensitivity reactions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Allergy and allergy-like hypersensitivity reactions">edit</a>]</div> A variety of allergic or allergic-like <a href="/wiki/NSAID_hypersensitivity_reactions" title="NSAID hypersensitivity reactions">NSAID hypersensitivity reactions</a> follow the ingestion of NSAIDs. These hypersensitivity reactions differ from the other adverse reactions listed here which are toxicity reactions, i.e. unwanted reactions that result from the pharmacological action of a drug, are dose-related, and can occur in any treated individual; hypersensitivity reactions are idiosyncratic reactions to a drug.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Some NSAID hypersensitivity reactions are truly allergic in origin: 1) repetitive <a href="/wiki/IgE" class="mw-redirect" title="IgE">IgE</a>-mediated <a href="/wiki/Urticarial" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticarial">urticarial</a> skin eruptions, <a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angioedema</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a> following immediately to hours after ingesting one structural type of NSAID but not after ingesting structurally unrelated NSAIDs; and 2) Comparatively mild to moderately severe <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cell</a>-mediated delayed onset (usually more than 24 hour), skin reactions such as <a href="/wiki/Maculopapular_rash" title="Maculopapular rash">maculopapular rash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fixed_drug_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed drug eruption">fixed drug eruptions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photosensitivity_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosensitivity reaction">photosensitivity reactions</a>, delayed <a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">urticaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a>; or 3) far more severe and potentially life-threatening t-cell-mediated delayed systemic reactions such as the <a href="/wiki/DRESS_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="DRESS syndrome">DRESS syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acute_generalized_exanthematous_pustulosis" title="Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis">acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome" title="Stevens–Johnson syndrome">Stevens–Johnson syndrome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toxic_epidermal_necrolysis" title="Toxic epidermal necrolysis">toxic epidermal necrolysis</a>. Other NSAID hypersensitivity reactions are allergy-like symptoms but do not involve true allergic mechanisms; rather, they appear due to the ability of NSAIDs to alter the metabolism of arachidonic acid in favor of forming metabolites that promote allergic symptoms. Affected individuals may be abnormally sensitive to these provocative metabolites or overproduce them and typically are susceptible to a wide range of structurally dissimilar NSAIDs, particularly those that inhibit COX1. Symptoms, which develop immediately to hours after ingesting any of various NSAIDs that inhibit COX-1, are: 1) exacerbations of asthmatic and rhinitis (see <a href="/wiki/Aspirin-exacerbated_respiratory_disease" title="Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease">aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease</a>) symptoms in individuals with a history of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">rhinitis</a> and 2) exacerbation or first-time development of <a href="/wiki/Wheals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheals">wheals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angioedema</a> in individuals with or without a history of chronic <a href="/wiki/Urticarial" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticarial">urticarial</a> lesions or angioedema.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_effects_on_bone_and_soft_tissue_healing">Possible effects on bone and soft tissue healing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Possible effects on bone and soft tissue healing">edit</a>]</div> It has been hypothesized that NSAIDs may delay healing from <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue_injury" title="Soft tissue injury">soft-tissue injuries</a> by inhibiting inflammation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-99">[99]</a> On the other hand, it has also been hypothesized that NSAIDs might speed recovery from soft tissue injuries by preventing inflammatory processes from damaging adjacent, non-injured muscles.<a href="#cite_note-:2-100">[100]</a> There is moderate evidence that they delay bone healing.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Their overall effect on soft-tissue healing is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-:2-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ototoxicity">Ototoxicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ototoxicity">edit</a>]</div> Long-term use of NSAID analgesics and paracetamol is associated with an increased risk of hearing loss.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> The use of NSAIDs for analgesia following gastrointestinal surgery remains controversial, given mixed evidence of an increased risk of leakage from any bowel <a href="/wiki/Anastomosis" title="Anastomosis">anastomosis</a> created. This risk may vary according to the class of NSAID prescribed.<a href="#cite_note-STARSurg2017-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-STARSurg2014-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhangu2014-45">[45]</a> Common adverse drug reactions (ADR), other than listed above, include: raised liver <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9757919-2-3-17">[17]</a> Uncommon ADRs include an <a href="/wiki/Hyperkalaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperkalaemia">abnormally high level of potassium in the blood</a>, confusion, <a href="/wiki/Bronchospasm" title="Bronchospasm">spasm of the airways</a>, and rash.<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9757919-2-3-17">[17]</a> Ibuprofen may also rarely cause <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">irritable bowel syndrome</a> symptoms. NSAIDs are also implicated in some cases of <a href="/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome" title="Stevens–Johnson syndrome">Stevens–Johnson syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Most NSAIDs penetrate poorly into the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS). However, the COX enzymes are expressed constitutively in some areas of the CNS, meaning that even limited penetration may cause adverse effects such as somnolence and dizziness.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding in patients with <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">Dengue fever</a><a href="#cite_note-USCDC_Dengue-108">[108]</a> For this reason, NSAIDs are only available with a prescription in India.<a href="#cite_note-et_20150911-109">[109]</a> In very rare cases, ibuprofen can cause <a href="/wiki/Aseptic_meningitis" title="Aseptic meningitis">aseptic meningitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24365321-110">[110]</a> As with other drugs, <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergies</a> to NSAIDs might exist. While many allergies are specific to one NSAID, up to 1 in 5 people may have unpredictable cross-reactive allergic responses to other NSAIDs as well.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23639711-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immune_response">Immune response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Immune response">edit</a>]</div> Although small doses generally have little to no effect on the immune system, large doses of NSAIDs significantly suppress the production of immune cells.<a href="#cite_note-pmid_19345936-112">[112]</a> As NSAIDs affect prostaglandins, they affect the production of most fast growing cells.<a href="#cite_note-pmid_19345936-112">[112]</a> This includes immune cells.<a href="#cite_note-pmid_19345936-112">[112]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>, they do not directly suppress the immune system and so their effect on the immune system is not immediately obvious.<a href="#cite_note-pmid_19345936-112">[112]</a> They suppress the production of new immune cells, but leave existing immune cells functional.<a href="#cite_note-pmid_19345936-112">[112]</a> Large doses slowly reduce the immune response as the immune cells are renewed at a much lower rate.<a href="#cite_note-pmid_19345936-112">[112]</a> Causing a gradual reduction of the immune system, much slower and less noticeable than the immediate effect of Corticosteroids.<a href="#cite_note-pmid_19345936-112">[112]</a> The effect significantly increases with dosage, in a nearly exponential rate.<a href="#cite_note-pmid_19345936-112">[112]</a> Doubling of dose reduced cells by nearly four times.<a href="#cite_note-pmid_19345936-112">[112]</a> Increasing dose by five times reduced cell counts to only a few percent of normal levels.<a href="#cite_note-pmid_19345936-112">[112]</a> This is likely why the effect was not immediately obvious in low dose trials, as the effect is not apparent until much higher dosages are tested.<a href="#cite_note-pmid_19345936-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Interactions">edit</a>]</div> NSAIDs reduce kidney blood flow and thereby decrease the efficacy of <a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretics</a>, and inhibit the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Lithium_pharmacology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium pharmacology">lithium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ogbru-113">[113]</a> NSAIDs cause <a href="/wiki/Hypocoagulability" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocoagulability">decreased ability to form blood clots</a>, which can increase the risk of bleeding when combined with other drugs that also decrease blood clotting, such as <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ogbru-113">[113]</a> NSAIDs may aggravate <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> (high blood pressure) and thereby antagonize the effect of <a href="/wiki/Antihypertensives" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensives">antihypertensives</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ogbru-113">[113]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> NSAIDs may interfere and reduce effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/SSRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRI">SSRI</a> antidepressants through inhibiting <a href="/wiki/TNF%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFα">TNFα</a> and <a href="/wiki/IFN%CE%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="IFNγ">IFNγ</a>, both of which are cytokine derivatives.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21518864-116">[116]</a> NSAIDs, when used in combination with SSRIs, increase the risk of adverse gastrointestinal effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12814454-117">[117]</a> NSAIDs, when used in combination with SSRIs, increase the risk of internal bleeding and brain hemorrhages.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26173947-118">[118]</a> Various widely used NSAIDs enhance <a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocannabinoid">endocannabinoid</a> signaling by blocking the anandamide-degrading membrane enzyme <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_amide_hydrolase" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty acid amide hydrolase">fatty acid amide hydrolase</a> (<a href="/wiki/FAAH" class="mw-redirect" title="FAAH">FAAH</a>).<a href="#cite_note-pmid23240907-119">[119]</a> NSAIDs may reduce the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>. An <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in-vitro</a> study on cultured <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> found that adding NSAIDs to antibiotics reduced their effectiveness by around 20%.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The concomitant use of NSAIDs with <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcohol</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> products significantly increases the already elevated risk of <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">peptic ulcers</a> during NSAID therapy.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action">edit</a>]</div> Most NSAIDs act as nonselective inhibitors of the <a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase" title="Cyclooxygenase">cyclooxygenase</a> (COX) <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>, inhibiting both the cyclooxygenase-1 (<a href="/wiki/COX-1" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-1">COX-1</a>) and cyclooxygenase-2 (<a href="/wiki/COX-2" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2">COX-2</a>) <a href="/wiki/Isoenzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoenzyme">isoenzymes</a>. This inhibition is competitively <a href="/wiki/Reversible_inhibition#Reversible_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversible inhibition">reversible</a> (albeit at varying degrees of reversibility), as opposed to the mechanism of <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>, which is irreversible inhibition.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> COX catalyzes the formation of <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thromboxane" title="Thromboxane">thromboxane</a> from <a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">arachidonic acid</a> (itself derived from the cellular <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipid</a> bilayer by <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_A2" title="Phospholipase A2">phospholipase A2</a>). Prostaglandins act (among other things) as messenger molecules in the process of <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanism of action</a> was elucidated in 1970 by <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a> (1927–2004), who received a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> for his work (see <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action_of_aspirin" title="Mechanism of action of aspirin">Mechanism of action of aspirin</a>).<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> COX-1 is a constitutively expressed enzyme with a "house-keeping" role in regulating many normal physiological processes. One of these is in the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> lining, where prostaglandins serve a protective role, preventing the stomach <a href="/wiki/Mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosa">mucosa</a> from being eroded by its own acid. COX-2 is an enzyme facultatively expressed in inflammation, and it is inhibition of COX-2 that produces the desirable effects of NSAIDs.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> When nonselective COX-1/COX-2 inhibitors (such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen) lower stomach prostaglandin levels, <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease" title="Peptic ulcer disease">ulcers</a> of the stomach or <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> and internal <a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">bleeding</a> can result.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The discovery of COX-2 led to research to the development of selective COX-2 inhibiting drugs that do not cause gastric problems characteristic of older NSAIDs.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> NSAIDs have been studied in various assays to understand how they affect each of these enzymes. While the assays reveal differences, unfortunately, different assays provide differing ratios.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol</a> (acetaminophen) is not considered an NSAID because it has little anti-inflammatory activity. It treats pain mainly by blocking COX-2 mostly in the central nervous system, but not much in the rest of the body.<a href="#cite_note-Hinz_20083-15">[15]</a> However, many aspects of the mechanism of action of NSAIDs remain unexplained, and for this reason, further COX pathways are hypothesized. The <a href="/wiki/COX-3" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-3">COX-3</a> pathway was believed to fill some of this gap but recent findings make it appear unlikely that it plays any significant role in humans and alternative explanation models are proposed.<a href="#cite_note-Hinz_20083-15">[15]</a> NSAIDs interact with the <a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">endocannabinoid system</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocannabinoid">endocannabinoids</a>, as COX2 have been shown to utilize endocannabinoids as substrates, and may have a key role in both the <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_effect" title="Therapeutic effect">therapeutic effects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effects</a> of NSAIDs, as well as in NSAID-induced <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> responses.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> NSAIDs are also used in the acute pain caused by <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a> because they inhibit <a href="/wiki/Urate" class="mw-redirect" title="Urate">urate</a> crystal <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a> besides inhibition of prostaglandin synthase.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antipyretic_activity">Antipyretic activity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Antipyretic activity">edit</a>]</div> NSAIDs have <a href="/wiki/Antipyretic" title="Antipyretic">antipyretic</a> activity and can be used to treat fever.<a href="#cite_note-former29-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-former32-134">[134]</a> Fever is caused by elevated levels of <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2" title="Prostaglandin E2">prostaglandin E2</a> (PGE2), which alters the firing rate of neurons within the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> that control thermoregulation.<a href="#cite_note-former29-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-former30-135">[135]</a> Antipyretics work by inhibiting the enzyme COX, which causes the general inhibition of <a href="/wiki/Prostanoid" title="Prostanoid">prostanoid</a> biosynthesis (PGE2) within the hypothalamus.<a href="#cite_note-former29-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-former32-134">[134]</a> PGE2 signals to the hypothalamus to increase the body's thermal setpoint.<a href="#cite_note-former32-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-former33-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a> has been shown more effective as an <a href="/wiki/Antipyretic" title="Antipyretic">antipyretic</a> than <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a> (acetaminophen).<a href="#cite_note-former30-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-former31-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">Arachidonic acid</a> is the precursor substrate for cyclooxygenase leading to the production of prostaglandins F, D, and E.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burana600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Burana600.jpg/220px-Burana600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Burana600.jpg/330px-Burana600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Burana600.jpg/440px-Burana600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2461" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption>Burana 600 mg – <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> package</figcaption></figure> NSAIDs can be classified based on their chemical structure or mechanism of action. Older NSAIDs were known long before their mechanism of action was elucidated and were for this reason classified by chemical structure or origin. Newer substances are more often classified by mechanism of action.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salicylates">Salicylates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Salicylates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acetylsalicylic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetylsalicylic acid">acetylsalicylic acid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflunisal" title="Diflunisal">Diflunisal</a> (Dolobid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylic acid</a> and its salts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsalate" title="Salsalate">Salsalate</a> (Disalcid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline_salicylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Choline salicylate">Choline salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">Methyl salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">Sodium salicylate</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propionic_acid_derivatives">Propionic acid derivatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Propionic acid derivatives">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Profen_(drug_class)" title="Profen (drug class)">Profen (drug class)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a><a href="#cite_note-urlDrugBank:_Ibuprofen_(DB01050)-140">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexibuprofen" title="Dexibuprofen">Dexibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">Naproxen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoprofen" title="Fenoprofen">Fenoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoprofen" title="Ketoprofen">Ketoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexketoprofen" title="Dexketoprofen">Dexketoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurbiprofen" title="Flurbiprofen">Flurbiprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprozin" title="Oxaprozin">Oxaprozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxoprofen" title="Loxoprofen">Loxoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelubiprofen" title="Pelubiprofen">Pelubiprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaltoprofen" title="Zaltoprofen">Zaltoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenbufen" title="Fenbufen">Fenbufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiaprofenic_acid" title="Tiaprofenic acid">Tiaprofenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carprofen" title="Carprofen">Carprofen</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acetic_acid_derivatives">Acetic acid derivatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Acetic acid derivatives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indomethacin" class="mw-redirect" title="Indomethacin">Indomethacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acemetacin" title="Acemetacin">Acemetacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolmetin" title="Tolmetin">Tolmetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulindac" title="Sulindac">Sulindac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etodolac" title="Etodolac">Etodolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketorolac" title="Ketorolac">Ketorolac</a><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">Diclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenclofenac" title="Fenclofenac">Fenclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceclofenac" title="Aceclofenac">Aceclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromfenac" title="Bromfenac">Bromfenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentiazac" title="Fentiazac">Fentiazac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabumetone" title="Nabumetone">Nabumetone</a> (drug itself is non-acidic but the active, principal metabolite has a carboxylic acid group)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enolic_acid_(oxicam)_derivatives">Enolic acid (oxicam) derivatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Enolic acid (oxicam) derivatives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piroxicam" title="Piroxicam">Piroxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampiroxicam" title="Ampiroxicam">Ampiroxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloxicam" title="Meloxicam">Meloxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenoxicam" title="Tenoxicam">Tenoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxicam" title="Droxicam">Droxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lornoxicam" title="Lornoxicam">Lornoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxicam" title="Isoxicam">Isoxicam</a> (withdrawn from market 1985<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylbutazone" title="Phenylbutazone">Phenylbutazone</a> (Bute)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthranilic_acid_derivatives_(Fenamates)">Anthranilic acid derivatives (Fenamates)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Anthranilic acid derivatives (Fenamates)">edit</a>]</div> The following NSAIDs are derived from <a href="/wiki/Fenamic_acid" title="Fenamic acid">fenamic acid</a>, which is a derivative of <a href="/wiki/Anthranilic_acid" title="Anthranilic acid">anthranilic acid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sriram-143">[143]</a>: 235  which in turn is a nitrogen <a href="/wiki/Isostere" title="Isostere">isostere</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylic acid</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Active_metabolite" title="Active metabolite">active metabolite</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sriram-143">[143]</a>: 235 <a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a>: 17  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etofenamate" title="Etofenamate">Etofenamate</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selective_COX-2_inhibitors_(Coxibs)">Selective COX-2 inhibitors (Coxibs)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Selective COX-2 inhibitors (Coxibs)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">Celecoxib</a> (FDA alert<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rofecoxib" title="Rofecoxib">Rofecoxib</a> (withdrawn from market<a href="#cite_note-urlFDA_Public_Health_Advisory:_Safety_of_Vioxx-146">[146]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdecoxib" title="Valdecoxib">Valdecoxib</a> (withdrawn from market<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parecoxib" title="Parecoxib">Parecoxib</a> FDA withdrawn, licensed in the EU</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumiracoxib" title="Lumiracoxib">Lumiracoxib</a> TGA cancelled registration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoricoxib" title="Etoricoxib">Etoricoxib</a> not FDA approved, licensed in the EU</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firocoxib" title="Firocoxib">Firocoxib</a> used in dogs and horses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deracoxib" title="Deracoxib">Deracoxib</a> labeled for use in dogs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robenacoxib" title="Robenacoxib">Robenacoxib</a> labeled for use in dogs and cats</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sulfonanilides">Sulfonanilides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sulfonanilides">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a> (systemic preparations are banned by several countries for the potential risk of hepatotoxicity)<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clonixin" title="Clonixin">Clonixin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licofelone" title="Licofelone">Licofelone</a> acts by inhibiting LOX (lipooxygenase) and COX and hence known as 5-LOX/COX inhibitor</li> <li>H-harpagide in <a href="/wiki/Scrophularia" title="Scrophularia">figwort</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22414102-149">[149]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Harpagophytum" title="Harpagophytum">devil's claw</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21775152-150">[150]</a></li> <li>Some NSAIDs are also given <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">Intravenously</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ketorolac" title="Ketorolac">Ketorolac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diclofenac_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Diclofenac sodium">Diclofenac sodium</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chirality">Chirality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Chirality">edit</a>]</div> Most NSAIDs are <a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">chiral</a> molecules; <a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">diclofenac</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oxicam" title="Oxicam">oxicams</a> are exceptions. However, the majority are prepared as <a href="/wiki/Racemic_mixture" title="Racemic mixture">racemic mixtures</a>. Typically, only a single <a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomer</a> is pharmacologically active. For some drugs (typically profens), an <a href="/wiki/Isomerase" title="Isomerase">isomerase</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> in vivo converts the inactive enantiomer into the active form, although its activity varies widely in individuals. This phenomenon is likely responsible for the poor correlation between NSAID efficacy and plasma concentration observed in older studies when specific analysis of the active enantiomer was not performed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketoprofen" title="Ketoprofen">ketoprofen</a> are now available in single-enantiomer preparations (dexibuprofen and dexketoprofen), which purport to offer quicker onset and an improved side-effect profile. <a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">Naproxen</a> has always been marketed as the single active enantiomer.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_practical_differences">Main practical differences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Main practical differences">edit</a>]</div> NSAIDs within a group tend to have similar characteristics and tolerability. There is little difference in clinical efficacy among the NSAIDs when used at equivalent doses.<a href="#cite_note-dean-151">[151]</a> Rather, differences among compounds usually relate to dosing regimens (related to the compound's <a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-life</a>), route of administration, and tolerability profile.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>] Regarding adverse effects, selective <a href="/wiki/COX-2_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2 inhibitor">COX-2 inhibitors</a> have lower risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-dean-151">[151]</a> With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">naproxen</a>, nonselective NSAIDs increase the risk of having a heart attack.<a href="#cite_note-dean-151">[151]</a> Some data also supports that the partially selective <a href="/wiki/Nabumetone" title="Nabumetone">nabumetone</a> is less likely to cause gastrointestinal events.<a href="#cite_note-dean-151">[151]</a> A consumer report noted that <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a>, naproxen, and <a href="/wiki/Salsalate" title="Salsalate">salsalate</a> are less expensive than other NSAIDs, and essentially as effective and safe when used appropriately to treat osteoarthritis and pain.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Special:EditPage/Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (July 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Most nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are weak acids,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> with a pKa of 3–5. They are absorbed well from the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> and intestinal mucosa. They are highly protein-bound in plasma (typically >95%), usually to <a href="/wiki/Human_serum_albumin" title="Human serum albumin">albumin</a>, so that their <a href="/wiki/Volume_of_distribution" title="Volume of distribution">volume of distribution</a> typically approximates to plasma volume. Most NSAIDs are metabolized in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> by <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation</a> and conjugation to inactive metabolites that typically are excreted in the <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, though some drugs are partially excreted in <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a>. Metabolism may be abnormal in certain disease states, and accumulation may occur even with normal dosage.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>] Ibuprofen and diclofenac have short half-lives (2–3 hours). Some NSAIDs (typically oxicams) have very long half-lives (e.g., 20–60 hours).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayer_Aspirin_ad,_NYT,_February_19,_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bayer_Aspirin_ad%2C_NYT%2C_February_19%2C_1917.jpg/200px-Bayer_Aspirin_ad%2C_NYT%2C_February_19%2C_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bayer_Aspirin_ad%2C_NYT%2C_February_19%2C_1917.jpg/300px-Bayer_Aspirin_ad%2C_NYT%2C_February_19%2C_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bayer_Aspirin_ad%2C_NYT%2C_February_19%2C_1917.jpg/400px-Bayer_Aspirin_ad%2C_NYT%2C_February_19%2C_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>One of the first advertisements for Bayer Aspirin, published in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> in 1917</figcaption></figure> It is widely believed that naturally occurring salicin in <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a> trees and other plants was used by the ancients as a form of analgesic or anti-inflammatory drug,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> but this story, although compelling, is not entirely true.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Hippocrates does not mention willow at all.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a>'s <a href="/wiki/De_materia_medica" title="De materia medica">De materia medica</a> was arguably the most influential herbal from Roman to Medieval times but, if he mentions willow at all (there is doubt about the identity of 'Itea'), then he used the ashes, steeped in vinegar, as a treatment for corns,<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> which corresponds well with modern uses of <a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylic acid</a>. Willow bark (from trees of the <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Salix</a> genus) was widely known to be used as a medicine by multiple First Nations communities.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The bark would be chewed or steeped in water for its pain relieving and antipyretic effects. The effects are a result of the bark's salicin content. Meadowsweet, another plant to contain salicin, has strong roots in British folk medicine for the same maladies. Willow bark was first reported in Western science by Edward Stone in 1763 as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">ague</a> (fever) according to the pseudoscientific <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">doctrine of signatures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> In the body, salicin is turned into salicylic acid, which produces the antipyretic and analgesic effects that the plants are known for. Salicin was first isolated by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Andreas_Buchner" title="Johann Andreas Buchner">Johann Andreas Buchner</a> in 1827. By 1829, French chemist Henri Leroux had improved the extraction process to obtain about 30g of purified salicin from 1.5 kg of willow bark.<a href="#cite_note-goodman-161">[161]</a> By <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a>, salicin releases <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salicyl_alcohol" title="Salicyl alcohol">salicyl alcohol</a> which can be converted into <a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylic acid</a>, both <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a> and through chemical methods.<a href="#cite_note-organica-162">[162]</a> In 1869, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe" title="Hermann Kolbe">Hermann Kolbe</a> synthesised salicylic acid, although it was too acidic for the <a href="/wiki/Gastric_mucosa" title="Gastric mucosa">gastric mucosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-organica-162">[162]</a> The reaction used to synthesise <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">aromatic</a> acid from a <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a> in the presence of CO2 is known as the <a href="/wiki/Kolbe-Schmitt_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolbe-Schmitt reaction">Kolbe-Schmitt reaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolbe-Schmitt-reaction-mechanism.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kolbe–Schmitt reaction mechanism"><img alt="Kolbe–Schmitt reaction mechanism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kolbe-Schmitt-reaction-mechanism.png/700px-Kolbe-Schmitt-reaction-mechanism.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kolbe-Schmitt-reaction-mechanism.png/1050px-Kolbe-Schmitt-reaction-mechanism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kolbe-Schmitt-reaction-mechanism.png/1400px-Kolbe-Schmitt-reaction-mechanism.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Kolbe–Schmitt reaction mechanism</figcaption></figure> By 1897, the German chemist <a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoffmann" title="Felix Hoffmann">Felix Hoffmann</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a> company prompted a new age of pharmacology by converting salicylic acid into acetylsalicylic acid—named <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Dreser" title="Heinrich Dreser">Heinrich Dreser</a>. Other NSAIDs like <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> were developed from the 1950s forward.<a href="#cite_note-goodman-161">[161]</a> In 2001, NSAIDs accounted for 70,000,000 prescriptions and 30 billion <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter</a> doses sold annually in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11464731-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veterinary_use">Veterinary use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Veterinary use">edit</a>]</div> Research supports the use of NSAIDs for the control of pain associated with veterinary procedures such as dehorning and castration of calves.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The best effect is obtained by combining a short-term local anesthetic such as <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a> with an NSAID acting as a longer term analgesic.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, as different species have varying reactions to different medications in the NSAID family, little of the existing research data can be extrapolated to animal species other than those specifically studied, and the relevant government agency in one area sometimes prohibits uses approved in other jurisdictions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Meloxicam" title="Meloxicam">meloxicam</a> is approved for use only in canines, whereas (due to concerns about liver damage) it carries warnings against its use in cats<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-ProdInsert-167">[167]</a> except for one-time use during surgery.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In spite of these warnings, meloxicam is frequently prescribed "off-label" for non-canine animals including cats and livestock species.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> In other countries, for example <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">The European Union</a> (EU), there is a label claim for use in cats.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_cyclooxygenase_2_inhibitors" title="Discovery and development of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors">Discovery and development of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 52 (3): 241–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fard.52.3.241">10.1136/ard.52.3.241</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1005027">1005027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8484682">8484682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Rheumatic+Diseases&rft.atitle=Why+are+non-steroidal+anti-inflammatory+drugs+so+variable+in+their+efficacy%3F+A+description+of+ion+trapping&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=241-243&rft.date=1993-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1005027%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8484682&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fard.52.3.241&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=GA&rft.au=Blake%2C+DR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1005027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonsteroidal+anti-inflammatory+drug" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffreys2004" class="citation book cs1">Jeffreys D (2004). 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What you know about the history of aspirin is probably wrong"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727005149/https://theconversation.com/hippocrates-and-willow-bark-what-you-know-about-the-history-of-aspirin-is-probably-wrong-148087">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hippocrates+and+willow+bark%3F+What+you+know+about+the+history+of+aspirin+is+probably+wrong&rft.date=2020-10-18&rft.aulast=Martyr&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fhippocrates-and-willow-bark-what-you-know-about-the-history-of-aspirin-is-probably-wrong-148087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonsteroidal+anti-inflammatory+drug" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106091330/http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/browse-Hippocrates.html">"Works by Hippocrates"</a>. The Internet Classics Archive. 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Checkmark Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4052-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4052-4"><bdi>0-8160-4052-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/249349540">249349540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+contributions+to+the+world%3A+15%2C000+years+of+inventions+and+innovations&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F249349540&rft.isbn=0-8160-4052-4&rft.aulast=Keoke&rft.aufirst=ED&rft.au=Porterfield%2C+KM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F249349540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonsteroidal+anti-inflammatory+drug" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzczeklik2013" class="citation journal cs1">Szczeklik A (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pas.va/content/dam/casinapioiv/pas/pdf-volumi/acta/acta18pas.pdf#page=243">"The History of Aspirin: The Discoveries That Changed Contemporary Medicine"</a> (PDF). 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Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 15 April 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ApprovedAnimalDrugProducts/FOIADrugSummaries/ucm118006.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NADA+141%E2%80%93213%3A+New+Animal+Drug+Application+Approval+%28for+Metacam+%28meloxicam%29+0.5+mg%2FmL+and+1.5+mg%2FmL+Oral+Suspension%29&rft.pub=Food+and+Drug+Administration+%28FDA%29&rft.date=2003-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fdownloads%2FAnimalVeterinary%2FProducts%2FApprovedAnimalDrugProducts%2FFOIADrugSummaries%2Fucm118006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonsteroidal+anti-inflammatory+drug" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProdInsert-167"><a href="#cite_ref-ProdInsert_167-0">^</a> Metacam <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ApprovedAnimalDrugProducts/DrugLabels/UCM050394.pdf">Client Information Sheet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110411123756/https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ApprovedAnimalDrugProducts/DrugLabels/UCM050394.pdf">Archived</a> 11 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, product description: "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for oral use in dogs only", and in the "What Is Metacam" section in bold-face type: "Do not use in cats.", January 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ApprovedAnimalDrugProducts/FOIADrugSummaries/ucm118027.pdf">Metacam 5 mg/mL Solution for Injection, Supplemental Approval</a> 28 October 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819114026/https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ApprovedAnimalDrugProducts/FOIADrugSummaries/ucm118027.pdf">Archived</a> 19 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Off-label use discussed in: Arnold Plotnick MS, DVM, ACVIM, ABVP, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manhattancats.com/Articles/pain.html">Pain Management using Metacam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714025604/http://www.manhattancats.com/Articles/pain.html">Archived</a> 14 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and Stein, Robert, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vasg.org/perioperative_pain_management_part_iv.htm">Perioperative Pain Management</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100418035553/http://www.vasg.org/perioperative_pain_management_part_iv.htm">Archived</a> 18 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Part IV, Looking Beyond Butorphanol, September 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rhodes L (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11148972">"Put a label (claim) on it: Getting non-surgical contraceptives approved for use in cats and dogs"</a>. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 17 (9): 783–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098612x15594993">10.1177/1098612x15594993</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11148972">11148972</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26323803">26323803</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25045757">25045757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Feline+Medicine+and+Surgery&rft.atitle=Put+a+label+%28claim%29+on+it%3A+Getting+non-surgical+contraceptives+approved+for+use+in+cats+and+dogs&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=783-9&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11148972%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25045757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26323803&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1098612x15594993&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11148972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonsteroidal+anti-inflammatory+drug" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drugs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-nsaids">"Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)"</a>. 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href="/wiki/Template:Anti-inflammatory_products" title="Template:Anti-inflammatory products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-inflammatory_products" title="Template talk:Anti-inflammatory products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-inflammatory_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-inflammatory products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drugs_(NSAIDs)_(primarily_M01A_and_M02A,_also_N02BA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a> (NSAIDs) (primarily <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M01#M01A" title="ATC code M01">M01A</a> and <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M02#M02A" title="ATC code M02">M02A</a>, also <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02#N02BA" title="ATC code N02">N02BA</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolone" title="Pyrazolone">pyrazolones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pyrazolidine" title="Pyrazolidine">pyrazolidines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminophenazone" title="Aminophenazone">Aminophenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampyrone" title="Ampyrone">Ampyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azapropazone" title="Azapropazone">Azapropazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clofezone" title="Clofezone">Clofezone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difenamizole" title="Difenamizole">Difenamizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famprofazone" title="Famprofazone">Famprofazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feprazone" title="Feprazone">Feprazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebuzone" title="Kebuzone">Kebuzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamizole" title="Metamizole">Metamizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofebutazone" title="Mofebutazone">Mofebutazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morazone" title="Morazone">Morazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifenazone" title="Nifenazone">Nifenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyphenbutazone" title="Oxyphenbutazone">Oxyphenbutazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazone" title="Phenazone">Phenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylbutazone" title="Phenylbutazone">Phenylbutazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone" title="Propyphenazone">Propyphenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfinpyrazone" title="Sulfinpyrazone">Sulfinpyrazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suxibuzone" title="Suxibuzone">Suxibuzone</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloxiprin" title="Aloxiprin">Aloxiprin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorilate" title="Benorilate">Benorylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbasalate_calcium" title="Carbasalate calcium">Carbasalate calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflunisal" title="Diflunisal">Diflunisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyrocetyl" title="Dipyrocetyl">Dipyrocetyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenzamide" title="Ethenzamide">Ethenzamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guacetisal" title="Guacetisal">Guacetisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_salicylate" title="Magnesium salicylate">Magnesium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">Methyl salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsalate" title="Salsalate">Salsalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicin" title="Salicin">Salicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylamide" title="Salicylamide">Salicylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylic acid (salicylate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">Sodium salicylate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> derivatives and related substances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceclofenac" title="Aceclofenac">Aceclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acemetacin" title="Acemetacin">Acemetacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alclofenac" title="Alclofenac">Alclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfenac" title="Amfenac">Amfenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendazac" title="Bendazac">Bendazac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromfenac" title="Bromfenac">Bromfenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufexamac" title="Bufexamac">Bufexamac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumadizone" title="Bumadizone">Bumadizone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">Diclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difenpiramide" title="Difenpiramide">Difenpiramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etodolac" title="Etodolac">Etodolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbinac" title="Felbinac">Felbinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenclozic_acid" title="Fenclozic acid">Fenclozic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentiazac" title="Fentiazac">Fentiazac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indometacin" title="Indometacin">Indometacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indometacin_farnesil" title="Indometacin farnesil">Indometacin farnesil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoxepac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoxepac (page does not exist)">Isoxepac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketorolac" title="Ketorolac">Ketorolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonazolac" title="Lonazolac">Lonazolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofezolac" title="Mofezolac">Mofezolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxametacin" title="Oxametacin">Oxametacin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prodolic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prodolic acid (page does not exist)">Prodolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglumetacin" title="Proglumetacin">Proglumetacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulindac" title="Sulindac">Sulindac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiopinac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiopinac (page does not exist)">Tiopinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolmetin" title="Tolmetin">Tolmetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomepirac" title="Zomepirac">Zomepirac</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxicam" title="Oxicam">oxicams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampiroxicam" title="Ampiroxicam">Ampiroxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxicam" title="Droxicam">Droxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxicam" title="Isoxicam">Isoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lornoxicam" title="Lornoxicam">Lornoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloxicam" title="Meloxicam">Meloxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piroxicam" title="Piroxicam">Piroxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivoxicam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pivoxicam (page does not exist)">Pivoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenoxicam" title="Tenoxicam">Tenoxicam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propionic_acid" title="Propionic acid">propionic acid</a> derivatives (<a href="/wiki/Profens" class="mw-redirect" title="Profens">profens</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alminoprofen" title="Alminoprofen">Alminoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoxaprofen" title="Benoxaprofen">Benoxaprofen</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carprofen" title="Carprofen">Carprofen</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexibuprofen" title="Dexibuprofen">Dexibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexketoprofen" title="Dexketoprofen">Dexketoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenbufen" title="Fenbufen">Fenbufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoprofen" title="Fenoprofen">Fenoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunoxaprofen" title="Flunoxaprofen">Flunoxaprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurbiprofen" title="Flurbiprofen">Flurbiprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuproxam" title="Ibuproxam">Ibuproxam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoprofen" title="Indoprofen">Indoprofen</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoprofen" title="Ketoprofen">Ketoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxoprofen" title="Loxoprofen">Loxoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroprofen" title="Miroprofen">Miroprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">Naproxen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprozin" title="Oxaprozin">Oxaprozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelubiprofen" title="Pelubiprofen">Pelubiprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piketoprofen" title="Piketoprofen">Piketoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirprofen" title="Pirprofen">Pirprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprofen" title="Suprofen">Suprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarenflurbil" title="Tarenflurbil">Tarenflurbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepoxalin" title="Tepoxalin">Tepoxalin</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiaprofenic_acid" title="Tiaprofenic acid">Tiaprofenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaprofen" title="Vedaprofen">Vedaprofen</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaltoprofen" title="Zaltoprofen">Zaltoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COX-inhibiting_nitric_oxide_donator" title="COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donator">COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donator</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naproxcinod" title="Naproxcinod">Naproxcinod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">n-arylanthranilic acids (<a href="/wiki/Fenamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenamate">fenamates</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azapropazone" title="Azapropazone">Azapropazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonixin" title="Clonixin">Clonixin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etofenamate" title="Etofenamate">Etofenamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floctafenine" title="Floctafenine">Floctafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunixin" title="Flunixin">Flunixin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flutiazin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flutiazin (page does not exist)">Flutiazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glafenine" title="Glafenine">Glafenine</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morniflumate" title="Morniflumate">Morniflumate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COX-2_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2 inhibitor">COX-2 inhibitors</a> (coxibs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apricoxib" title="Apricoxib">Apricoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">Celecoxib</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celecoxib/tramadol" title="Celecoxib/tramadol">+tramadol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimicoxib" title="Cimicoxib">Cimicoxib</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deracoxib" title="Deracoxib">Deracoxib</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoricoxib" title="Etoricoxib">Etoricoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firocoxib" title="Firocoxib">Firocoxib</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumiracoxib" title="Lumiracoxib">Lumiracoxib</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavacoxib" title="Mavacoxib">Mavacoxib</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parecoxib" title="Parecoxib">Parecoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robenacoxib" title="Robenacoxib">Robenacoxib</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rofecoxib" title="Rofecoxib">Rofecoxib</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdecoxib" title="Valdecoxib">Valdecoxib</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminopropionitrile" title="Aminopropionitrile">Aminopropionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">Chondroitin sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacerein" title="Diacerein">Diacerein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluproquazone" title="Fluproquazone">Fluproquazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucosamine" title="Glucosamine">Glucosamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan" title="Glycosaminoglycan">Glycosaminoglycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabumetone" title="Nabumetone">Nabumetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaceprol" title="Oxaceprol">Oxaceprol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proquazone" title="Proquazone">Proquazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase" title="Superoxide dismutase">Superoxide dismutase / orgotein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenidap" title="Tenidap">Tenidap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NSAID combinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen/famotidine" title="Ibuprofen/famotidine">Ibuprofen/famotidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/ibuprofen" title="Hydrocodone/ibuprofen">Ibuprofen/hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/ibuprofen" title="Oxycodone/ibuprofen">Ibuprofen/oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen/paracetamol" title="Ibuprofen/paracetamol">Ibuprofen/paracetamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupivacaine/meloxicam" title="Bupivacaine/meloxicam">Meloxicam/bupivacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxen/diphenhydramine" title="Naproxen/diphenhydramine">Naproxen/diphenhydramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxen/esomeprazole" title="Naproxen/esomeprazole">Naproxen/esomeprazole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Key: underline indicates initially developed first-in-class compound of specific group; #<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-Essential Medicines</a>; †<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">withdrawn drugs</a>; ‡<a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary use</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-inflammatory_and_antirheumatic_products" title="Category:Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products">category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-inflammatory_drugs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-inflammatory drugs">commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prostanoid_signaling_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prostanoid_signaling_modulators" title="Template:Prostanoid signaling modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prostanoid_signaling_modulators" title="Template talk:Prostanoid signaling modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prostanoid_signaling_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prostanoid signaling modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prostanoid_signaling_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prostanoid" title="Prostanoid">Prostanoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">signaling</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor">DP (D2)</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_receptor_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor 1"><abbr title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor 1">DP1</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2" title="Prostaglandin D2">Prostaglandin D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treprostinil" title="Treprostinil">Treprostinil</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asapiprant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asapiprant (page does not exist)">Asapiprant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laropiprant" title="Laropiprant">Laropiprant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vidupiprant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vidupiprant (page does not exist)">Vidupiprant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2"><abbr title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2">DP2</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Indometacin" title="Indometacin">Indometacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2" title="Prostaglandin D2">Prostaglandin D2</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ADC-3680&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ADC-3680 (page does not exist)">ADC-3680</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-1981&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-1981 (page does not exist)">AZD-1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bay_U3405&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bay U3405 (page does not exist)">Bay U3405</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fevipiprant" title="Fevipiprant">Fevipiprant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MK-1029&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MK-1029 (page does not exist)">MK-1029</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MK-7246&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MK-7246 (page does not exist)">MK-7246</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=QAV-680&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="QAV-680 (page does not exist)">QAV-680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramatroban" title="Ramatroban">Ramatroban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setipiprant" title="Setipiprant">Setipiprant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timapiprant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timapiprant (page does not exist)">Timapiprant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TM30089&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TM30089 (page does not exist)">TM30089</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vidupiprant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vidupiprant (page does not exist)">Vidupiprant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin E2 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin E2 receptor">EP (E2)</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin E2 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_EP1_receptor" title="Prostaglandin EP1 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin EP1 receptor">EP1</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin EP1 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Beraprost" title="Beraprost">Beraprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enprostil" title="Enprostil">Enprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloprost" title="Iloprost">Iloprost (ciloprost)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latanoprost" title="Latanoprost">Latanoprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubiprostone" title="Lubiprostone">Lubiprostone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E1" title="Prostaglandin E1">Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2" title="Prostaglandin E2">Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulprostone" title="Sulprostone">Sulprostone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=AH-6809&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AH-6809 (page does not exist)">AH-6809</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONO-8130&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONO-8130 (page does not exist)">ONO-8130</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-19220&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-19220 (page does not exist)">SC-19220</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-51089&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-51089 (page does not exist)">SC-51089</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-51322&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-51322 (page does not exist)">SC-51322</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_EP2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin EP2 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin EP2 receptor">EP2</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin EP2 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Butaprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butaprost (page does not exist)">Butaprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E1" title="Prostaglandin E1">Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2" title="Prostaglandin E2">Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treprostinil" title="Treprostinil">Treprostinil</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=AH-6809&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AH-6809 (page does not exist)">AH-6809</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-04418948&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-04418948 (page does not exist)">PF-04418948</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TG_4-155&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TG 4-155 (page does not exist)">TG 4-155</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_EP3_receptor" title="Prostaglandin EP3 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin EP3 receptor">EP3</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin EP3 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Beraprost" title="Beraprost">Beraprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbacyclin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbacyclin (page does not exist)">Carbacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicaprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cicaprost (page does not exist)">Cicaprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enprostil" title="Enprostil">Enprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloprost" title="Iloprost">Iloprost (ciloprost)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocarbacyclin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocarbacyclin (page does not exist)">Isocarbacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latanoprost" title="Latanoprost">Latanoprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2" title="Prostaglandin D2">Prostaglandin D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E1" title="Prostaglandin E1">Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2" title="Prostaglandin E2">Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remiprostol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Remiprostol (page does not exist)">Remiprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricinoleic_acid" title="Ricinoleic acid">Ricinoleic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulprostone" title="Sulprostone">Sulprostone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=L-798106&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-798106 (page does not exist)">L-798106</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_EP4_receptor" title="Prostaglandin EP4 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin EP4 receptor">EP4</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin EP4 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Lubiprostone" title="Lubiprostone">Lubiprostone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E1" title="Prostaglandin E1">Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2" title="Prostaglandin E2">Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCS-2510&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCS-2510 (page does not exist)">TCS-2510</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/wiki/Grapiprant" title="Grapiprant">Grapiprant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-627368&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-627368 (page does not exist)">GW-627368</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-161982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-161982 (page does not exist)">L-161982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONO-AE3-208&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONO-AE3-208 (page does not exist)">ONO-AE3-208</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=16,16-Dimethyl_Prostaglandin_E2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16,16-Dimethyl Prostaglandin E2 (page does not exist)">16,16-Dimethyl Prostaglandin E2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aganepag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aganepag (page does not exist)">Aganepag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboprost" title="Carboprost">Carboprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evatanepag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evatanepag (page does not exist)">Evatanepag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeprost" title="Gemeprost">Gemeprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nocloprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nocloprost (page does not exist)">Nocloprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omidenepag" title="Omidenepag">Omidenepag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_F2%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin F2α">Prostaglandin F2α (dinoprost)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simenepag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simenepag (page does not exist)">Simenepag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taprenepag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taprenepag (page does not exist)">Taprenepag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_F_receptor" title="Prostaglandin F receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin F receptor">FP (F2α)</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin F receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Alfaprostol" title="Alfaprostol">Alfaprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimatoprost" title="Bimatoprost">Bimatoprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboprost" title="Carboprost">Carboprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloprostenol" title="Cloprostenol">Cloprostenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enprostil" title="Enprostil">Enprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluprostenol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluprostenol (page does not exist)">Fluprostenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latanoprost" title="Latanoprost">Latanoprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2" title="Prostaglandin D2">Prostaglandin D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_F2%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin F2α">Prostaglandin F2α (dinoprost)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulotroban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulotroban (page does not exist)">Sulotroban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafluprost" title="Tafluprost">Tafluprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travoprost" title="Travoprost">Travoprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unoprostone" title="Unoprostone">Unoprostone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin_receptor" title="Prostacyclin receptor"><abbr title="Prostacyclin receptor">IP (I2)</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostacyclin receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT-333679&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACT-333679 (page does not exist)">ACT-333679</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AFP-07&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AFP-07 (page does not exist)">AFP-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beraprost" title="Beraprost">Beraprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMY-45778&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMY-45778 (page does not exist)">BMY-45778</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbacyclin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbacyclin (page does not exist)">Carbacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicaprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cicaprost (page does not exist)">Cicaprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloprost" title="Iloprost">Iloprost (ciloprost)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocarbacyclin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocarbacyclin (page does not exist)">Isocarbacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRE-269&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRE-269 (page does not exist)">MRE-269</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NS-304&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NS-304 (page does not exist)">NS-304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin" title="Prostacyclin">Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2, epoprostenol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E1" title="Prostaglandin E1">Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralinepag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralinepag (page does not exist)">Ralinepag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selexipag" title="Selexipag">Selexipag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taprostene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taprostene (page does not exist)">Taprostene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRA-418&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRA-418 (page does not exist)">TRA-418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treprostinil" title="Treprostinil">Treprostinil</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=RO1138452&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RO1138452 (page does not exist)">RO1138452</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_receptor" title="Thromboxane receptor"><abbr title="Thromboxane receptor">TP (TXA2)</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Thromboxane receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbocyclic_thromboxane_A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbocyclic thromboxane A2 (page does not exist)">Carbocyclic thromboxane A2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=I-BOP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-BOP (page does not exist)">I-BOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_A2" title="Thromboxane A2">Thromboxane A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-46619" class="mw-redirect" title="U-46619">U-46619</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapiprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vapiprost (page does not exist)">Vapiprost</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/wiki/12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">12-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13-APA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13-APA (page does not exist)">13-APA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AA-2414&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AA-2414 (page does not exist)">AA-2414</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argatroban" title="Argatroban">Argatroban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bay_U3405&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bay U3405 (page does not exist)">Bay U3405</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-180,291&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-180,291 (page does not exist)">BMS-180,291</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daltroban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daltroban (page does not exist)">Daltroban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domitroban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domitroban (page does not exist)">Domitroban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EP-045&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EP-045 (page does not exist)">EP-045</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GR-32191&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GR-32191 (page does not exist)">GR-32191</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICI-185282&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICI-185282 (page does not exist)">ICI-185282</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICI-192605&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICI-192605 (page does not exist)">ICI-192605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifetroban" title="Ifetroban">Ifetroban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imitrodast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imitrodast (page does not exist)">Imitrodast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-655240&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-655240 (page does not exist)">L-655240</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-670596&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-670596 (page does not exist)">L-670596</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linotroban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linotroban (page does not exist)">Linotroban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mipitroban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mipitroban (page does not exist)">Mipitroban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONO-3708&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONO-3708 (page does not exist)">ONO-3708</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONO-11120&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONO-11120 (page does not exist)">ONO-11120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picotamide" title="Picotamide">Picotamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinane_thromboxane_A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinane thromboxane A2 (page does not exist)">Pinane thromboxane A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramatroban" title="Ramatroban">Ramatroban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ridogrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ridogrel (page does not exist)">Ridogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-145&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-145 (page does not exist)">S-145</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samixogrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samixogrel (page does not exist)">Samixogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seratrodast" title="Seratrodast">Seratrodast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQ-28,668&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQ-28,668 (page does not exist)">SQ-28,668</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQ-29,548&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQ-29,548 (page does not exist)">SQ-29,548</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulotroban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulotroban (page does not exist)">Sulotroban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbogrel" title="Terbogrel">Terbogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terutroban" title="Terutroban">Terutroban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRA-418&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRA-418 (page does not exist)">TRA-418</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbaprostil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbaprostil (page does not exist)">Arbaprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ataprost (page does not exist)">Ataprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciprostene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciprostene (page does not exist)">Ciprostene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinprost (page does not exist)">Clinprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobiprostone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cobiprostone (page does not exist)">Cobiprostone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delprostenate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delprostenate (page does not exist)">Delprostenate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deprostil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deprostil (page does not exist)">Deprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimoxaprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimoxaprost (page does not exist)">Dimoxaprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doxaprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doxaprost (page does not exist)">Doxaprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecraprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecraprost (page does not exist)">Ecraprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eganoprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eganoprost (page does not exist)">Eganoprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enisoprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enisoprost (page does not exist)">Enisoprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eptaloprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eptaloprost (page does not exist)">Eptaloprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esuberaprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esuberaprost (page does not exist)">Esuberaprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etiproston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etiproston (page does not exist)">Etiproston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenprostalene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenprostalene (page does not exist)">Fenprostalene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flunoprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flunoprost (page does not exist)">Flunoprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Froxiprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Froxiprost (page does not exist)">Froxiprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanproston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanproston (page does not exist)">Lanproston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limaprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limaprost (page does not exist)">Limaprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luprostiol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luprostiol (page does not exist)">Luprostiol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteneprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteneprost (page does not exist)">Meteneprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexiprostil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mexiprostil (page does not exist)">Mexiprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naxaprostene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naxaprostene (page does not exist)">Naxaprostene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nileprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nileprost (page does not exist)">Nileprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nocloprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nocloprost (page does not exist)">Nocloprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornoprostil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ornoprostil (page does not exist)">Ornoprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxoprostol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxoprostol (page does not exist)">Oxoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penprostene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penprostene (page does not exist)">Penprostene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pimilprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pimilprost (page does not exist)">Pimilprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piriprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piriprost (page does not exist)">Piriprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posaraprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posaraprost (page does not exist)">Posaraprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostalene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prostalene (page does not exist)">Prostalene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rioprostil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rioprostil (page does not exist)">Rioprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivenprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rivenprost (page does not exist)">Rivenprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosaprostol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosaprostol (page does not exist)">Rosaprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiriprostil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiriprostil (page does not exist)">Spiriprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiaprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiaprost (page does not exist)">Tiaprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilsuprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tilsuprost (page does not exist)">Tilsuprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiprostanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiprostanide (page does not exist)">Tiprostanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trimoprostil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trimoprostil (page does not exist)">Trimoprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viprostol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viprostol (page does not exist)">Viprostol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibitors</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase" title="Cyclooxygenase"><abbr title="Cyclooxygenase">COX</abbr> (<abbr title="prostaglandin G/H synthase">PTGS</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Salicylic acids: <a href="/wiki/Aloxiprin" title="Aloxiprin">Aloxiprin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorilate" title="Benorilate">Benorilate (benorylate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbasalate_calcium" title="Carbasalate calcium">Carbasalate calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflunisal" title="Diflunisal">Diflunisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyrocetyl" title="Dipyrocetyl">Dipyrocetyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenzamide" title="Ethenzamide">Ethenzamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guacetisal" title="Guacetisal">Guacetisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_salicylate" title="Magnesium salicylate">Magnesium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesalazine" title="Mesalazine">Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">Methyl salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salacetamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salacetamide (page does not exist)">Salacetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicin" title="Salicin">Salicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylamide" title="Salicylamide">Salicylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Salicylate">Salicylate (salicylic acid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsalate" title="Salsalate">Salsalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">Sodium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflusal" title="Triflusal">Triflusal</a>; Acetic acids: <a href="/wiki/Aceclofenac" title="Aceclofenac">Aceclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acemetacin" title="Acemetacin">Acemetacin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aclofenac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aclofenac (page does not exist)">Aclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfenac" title="Amfenac">Amfenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alclofenac" title="Alclofenac">Alclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendazac" title="Bendazac">Bendazac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromfenac" title="Bromfenac">Bromfenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufexamac" title="Bufexamac">Bufexamac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumadizone" title="Bumadizone">Bumadizone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinmetacin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinmetacin (page does not exist)">Cinmetacin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clometacin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clometacin (page does not exist)">Clometacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">Diclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difenpiramide" title="Difenpiramide">Difenpiramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etodolac" title="Etodolac">Etodolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbinac" title="Felbinac">Felbinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenclofenac" title="Fenclofenac">Fenclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentiazac" title="Fentiazac">Fentiazac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucametacin" title="Glucametacin">Glucametacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indometacin" title="Indometacin">Indometacin (indomethacin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indometacin_farnesil" title="Indometacin farnesil">Indometacin farnesil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketorolac" title="Ketorolac">Ketorolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonazolac" title="Lonazolac">Lonazolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofezolac" title="Mofezolac">Mofezolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabumetone" title="Nabumetone">Nabumetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxametacin" title="Oxametacin">Oxametacin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxindanac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxindanac (page does not exist)">Oxindanac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglumetacin" title="Proglumetacin">Proglumetacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulindac" title="Sulindac">Sulindac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulindac_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulindac sulfide (page does not exist)">Sulindac sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolmetin" title="Tolmetin">Tolmetin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zidometacin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zidometacin (page does not exist)">Zidometacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomepirac" title="Zomepirac">Zomepirac</a>; Propionic acids: <a href="/wiki/Alminoprofen" title="Alminoprofen">Alminoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoxaprofen" title="Benoxaprofen">Benoxaprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bucloxic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bucloxic acid (page does not exist)">Bucloxic acid (blucloxate)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butibufen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butibufen (page does not exist)">Butibufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carprofen" title="Carprofen">Carprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexibuprofen" title="Dexibuprofen">Dexibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexindoprofen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexindoprofen (page does not exist)">Dexindoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexketoprofen" title="Dexketoprofen">Dexketoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenbufen" title="Fenbufen">Fenbufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoprofen" title="Fenoprofen">Fenoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunoxaprofen" title="Flunoxaprofen">Flunoxaprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurbiprofen" title="Flurbiprofen">Flurbiprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuproxam" title="Ibuproxam">Ibuproxam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoprofen" title="Indoprofen">Indoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoprofen" title="Ketoprofen">Ketoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxoprofen" title="Loxoprofen">Loxoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroprofen" title="Miroprofen">Miroprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">Naproxen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxcinod" title="Naproxcinod">Naproxcinod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprozin" title="Oxaprozin">Oxaprozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirprofen" title="Pirprofen">Pirprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranoprofen" title="Pranoprofen">Pranoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprofen" title="Suprofen">Suprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarenflurbil" title="Tarenflurbil">Tarenflurbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepoxalin" title="Tepoxalin">Tepoxalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiaprofenic_acid" title="Tiaprofenic acid">Tiaprofenic acid (tiaprofenate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaprofen" title="Vedaprofen">Vedaprofen</a>; Anthranilic acids (fenamic acids): <a href="/wiki/Etofenamate" title="Etofenamate">Etofenamic acid (etofenamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floctafenic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Floctafenic acid (page does not exist)">Floctafenic acid (floctafenate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid (flufenamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid (meclofenamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid (mefenamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morniflumate" title="Morniflumate">Morniflumic acid (morniflumate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid (niflumate)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talinflumic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talinflumic acid (page does not exist)">Talinflumic acid (talinflumate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid (tolfenamate)</a>; Pyrazolones: <a href="/wiki/Azapropazone" title="Azapropazone">Azapropazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipyrone">Dipyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopyrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopyrin">Isopyrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyphenbutazone" title="Oxyphenbutazone">Oxyphenbutazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylbutazone" title="Phenylbutazone">Phenylbutazone</a>; Enolic acids (oxicams): <a href="/wiki/Ampiroxicam" title="Ampiroxicam">Ampiroxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxicam" title="Droxicam">Droxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enolicam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enolicam (page does not exist)">Enolicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxicam" title="Isoxicam">Isoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lornoxicam" title="Lornoxicam">Lornoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloxicam" title="Meloxicam">Meloxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piroxicam" title="Piroxicam">Piroxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenoxicam" title="Tenoxicam">Tenoxicam</a>; 4-Aminoquinolines: <a href="/wiki/Antrafenine" title="Antrafenine">Antrafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floctafenine" title="Floctafenine">Floctafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glafenine" title="Glafenine">Glafenine</a>; Quinazolines: <a href="/wiki/Fluproquazone" title="Fluproquazone">Fluproquazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proquazone" title="Proquazone">Proquazone</a>; Aminonicotinic acids: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonixeril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clonixeril (page does not exist)">Clonixeril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonixin" title="Clonixin">Clonixin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunixin" title="Flunixin">Flunixin</a>; Sulfonanilides: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flosulide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flosulide (page does not exist)">Flosulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a>; Aminophenols (anilines): <a href="/wiki/Acetanilide" title="Acetanilide">Acetanilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM-404 (N-arachidonoylaminophenol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucetin" title="Bucetin">Bucetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parapropamol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parapropamol (page does not exist)">Parapropamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacetin" title="Phenacetin">Phenacetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propacetamol" title="Propacetamol">Propacetamol</a>; Selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs): <a href="/wiki/Apricoxib" title="Apricoxib">Apricoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">Celecoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimicoxib" title="Cimicoxib">Cimicoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deracoxib" title="Deracoxib">Deracoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoricoxib" title="Etoricoxib">Etoricoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firocoxib" title="Firocoxib">Firocoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumiracoxib" title="Lumiracoxib">Lumiracoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavacoxib" title="Mavacoxib">Mavacoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parecoxib" title="Parecoxib">Parecoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polmacoxib" title="Polmacoxib">Polmacoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robenacoxib" title="Robenacoxib">Robenacoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rofecoxib" title="Rofecoxib">Rofecoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilmacoxib" title="Tilmacoxib">Tilmacoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdecoxib" title="Valdecoxib">Valdecoxib</a>; Others/unsorted: <a href="/wiki/Anitrazafen" title="Anitrazafen">Anitrazafen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clobuzarit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clobuzarit (page does not exist)">Clobuzarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">Curcumin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DuP-697&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DuP-697 (page does not exist)">DuP-697</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FK-3311&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FK-3311 (page does not exist)">FK-3311</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumizole" title="Flumizole">Flumizole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FR-122047&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FR-122047 (page does not exist)">FR-122047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glimepiride" title="Glimepiride">Glimepiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Itazigrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itazigrel (page does not exist)">Itazigrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-655240&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-655240 (page does not exist)">L-655240</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-670596&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-670596 (page does not exist)">L-670596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licofelone" title="Licofelone">Licofelone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menatetrenone" title="Menatetrenone">Menatetrenone (vitamin K2)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NCX-466&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCX-466 (page does not exist)">NCX-466</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NCX-4040&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCX-4040 (page does not exist)">NCX-4040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-398" title="NS-398">NS-398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamicogrel" title="Pamicogrel">Pamicogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">Resveratrol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romazarit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romazarit (page does not exist)">Romazarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosmarinic_acid" title="Rosmarinic acid">Rosmarinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutecarpine" title="Rutecarpine">Rutecarpine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satigrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satigrel (page does not exist)">Satigrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-236&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-236 (page does not exist)">SC-236</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-560&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-560 (page does not exist)">SC-560</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-58125&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-58125 (page does not exist)">SC-58125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenidap" title="Tenidap">Tenidap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiflamizole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiflamizole (page does not exist)">Tiflamizole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timegadine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timegadine (page does not exist)">Timegadine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trifenagrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trifenagrel (page does not exist)">Trifenagrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropesin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropesin (page does not exist)">Tropesin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D_synthase" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin D synthase"><abbr title="Prostaglandin D synthase">PGD2S</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin D synthase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinoid" title="Retinoid">Retinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Selenium_tetrachloride" title="Selenium tetrachloride">selenium tetrachloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_selenite" title="Sodium selenite">sodium selenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium_disulfide" title="Selenium disulfide">selenium disulfide</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E_synthase" title="Prostaglandin E synthase"><abbr title="Prostaglandin E synthase">PGES</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin E synthase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HQL-79&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HQL-79 (page does not exist)">HQL-79</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_F_synthase" title="Prostaglandin F synthase"><abbr title="Prostaglandin F synthase">PGFS</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin F synthase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bimatoprost" title="Bimatoprost">Bimatoprost</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin_synthase" title="Prostacyclin synthase"><abbr title="Prostacyclin synthase">PGI2S</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostacyclin synthase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine" title="Tranylcypromine">Tranylcypromine</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_A_synthase" class="mw-redirect" title="Thromboxane A synthase"><abbr title="Thromboxane A synthase">TXAS</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Thromboxane A synthase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camonagrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camonagrel (page does not exist)">Camonagrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazmegrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dazmegrel (page does not exist)">Dazmegrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazoxiben" title="Dazoxiben">Dazoxiben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furegrelate" title="Furegrelate">Furegrelate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isbogrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isbogrel (page does not exist)">Isbogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midazogrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midazogrel (page does not exist)">Midazogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafagrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafagrel (page does not exist)">Nafagrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicogrelate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicogrelate (page does not exist)">Nicogrelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozagrel" title="Ozagrel">Ozagrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picotamide" title="Picotamide">Picotamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirmagrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirmagrel (page does not exist)">Pirmagrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ridogrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ridogrel (page does not exist)">Ridogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolafagrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolafagrel (page does not exist)">Rolafagrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samixogrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samixogrel (page does not exist)">Samixogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbogrel" title="Terbogrel">Terbogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U63557A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U63557A (page does not exist)">U63557A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Precursors: <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">Linoleic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Linolenic acid">γ-Linolenic acid (gamolenic acid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihomo-%CE%B3-linolenic_acid" title="Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid">Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacylglycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">Arachidonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_G2" title="Prostaglandin G2">Prostaglandin G2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_H2" title="Prostaglandin H2">Prostaglandin H2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Leukotriene_signaling_modulators" title="Template:Leukotriene signaling modulators">Leukotriene signaling modulators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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