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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">áthelyezés az oldalsávba</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">elrejtés</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Bevezető</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Családja,_gyerekkora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Családja,_gyerekkora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Családja, gyerekkora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Családja,_gyerekkora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politikai_karrierje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politikai_karrierje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Politikai karrierje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politikai_karrierje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimbabwe_miniszterelnöke,_majd_elnöke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimbabwe_miniszterelnöke,_majd_elnöke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zimbabwe miniszterelnöke, majd elnöke</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zimbabwe_miniszterelnöke,_majd_elnöke-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>A(z) Zimbabwe miniszterelnöke, majd elnöke alszakasz kinyitása/becsukása</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Zimbabwe_miniszterelnöke,_majd_elnöke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gukurahundi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gukurahundi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gukurahundi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gukurahundi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bukása" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bukása"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bukása</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bukása-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jegyzetek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jegyzetek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Jegyzetek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jegyzetek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliográfia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliográfia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliográfia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliográfia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Tartalomjegyzék" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tartalomjegyzék kinyitása/becsukása" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tartalomjegyzék kinyitása/becsukása</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Mugabe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ugrás egy más nyelvű szócikkre. Elérhető 119 nyelven" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 nyelv</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="jó szócikk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – angol" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AE%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%99%E1%8C%8B%E1%89%A4" title="ሮበርት ሙጋቤ – amhara" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሮበርት ሙጋቤ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="روبرت موغابي – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت موغابي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%89" title="روبرت موجابى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت موجابى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – asztúr" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asztúr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Muqabe" title="Robert Muqabe – azerbajdzsáni" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Robert Muqabe" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzsáni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8D" title="Роберт Мугабэ – belarusz" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роберт Мугабэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8D" title="Робэрт Мугабэ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Робэрт Мугабэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Робърт Мугабе – bolgár" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робърт Мугабе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgár" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87" title="রবার্ট মুগাবে – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রবার্ট মুগাবে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – bosnyák" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnyák" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – katalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ڕۆبێرت مووگابی – közép-ázsiai kurd" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆبێرت مووگابی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="közép-ázsiai kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – cseh" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cseh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – walesi" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – dán" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – német" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="német" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5" title="Ρόμπερτ Μουγκάμπε – görög" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόμπερτ Μουγκάμπε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="görög" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – eszperantó" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="eszperantó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – észt" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="észt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – baszk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baszk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87" title="رابرت موگابه – perzsa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت موگابه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – finn" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – feröeri" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feröeri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – francia" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – nyugati fríz" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="nyugati fríz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – ír" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ír" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – gallego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – hausza" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%92%D7%90%D7%91%D7%94" title="רוברט מוגאבה – héber" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט מוגאבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="héber" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87" title="रॉबर्ट मुगाबे – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रॉबर्ट मुगाबे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – horvát" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvát" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – felső-szorb" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="felső-szorb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5" title="Ռոբերտ Մուգաբե – örmény" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Մուգաբե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="örmény" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A9_%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A7" title="Ռոպերթ Մուկապէ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռոպերթ Մուկապէ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – indonéz" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – idó" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – izlandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="izlandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – olasz" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="olasz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AC%E3%83%99" title="ロバート・ムガベ – japán" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・ムガベ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – jávai" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jávai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94" title="რობერტ მუგაბე – grúz" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობერტ მუგაბე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="grúz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – kabije" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabije" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EB%AC%B4%EA%B0%80%EB%B2%A0" title="로버트 무가베 – koreai" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로버트 무가베" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertus_Mugabe" title="Robertus Mugabe – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Robertus Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – luxemburgi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – limburgi" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – litván" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litván" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Mugabe" title="Roberts Mugabe – lett" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roberts Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lett" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – malgas" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgas" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Роберт Мугабе – macedón" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Роберт Мугабе" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86" title="റോബർട്ട് മുഗാബെ – malajálam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോബർട്ട് മുഗാബെ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Роберт Мугабе – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Роберт Мугабе" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87" title="रॉबर्ट मुगाबे – maráthi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉबर्ट मुगाबे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maráthi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – maláj" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="maláj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87" title="رابرت موگابه – mázanderáni" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رابرت موگابه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mázanderáni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – alsónémet" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="alsónémet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87" title="रोबर्ट मुगाबे – nepáli" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोबर्ट मुगाबे" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepáli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – holland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – norvég (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvég (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – norvég (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvég (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%99%DF%8F%DF%93%DF%8D%DF%9F_%DF%A1%DF%8E%DF%9C%DF%AD%DF%8A%DF%93%DF%8B%DF%AB" title="ߙߏߓߍߟ ߡߎߜ߭ߊߓߋ߫ – n’kó" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߙߏߓߍߟ ߡߎߜ߭ߊߓߋ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’kó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – nyandzsa" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="nyandzsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – okszitán" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okszitán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robart_Mugaabee" title="Robart Mugaabee – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Robart Mugaabee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87" title="ରବର୍ଟ ମୁଗାବେ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରବର୍ଟ ମୁଗାବେ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – pampangan" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – lengyel" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="lengyel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="روبېرت موگابي – pastu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روبېرت موگابي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – portugál" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugál" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – kecsua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kecsua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – román" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="román" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Мугабе, Роберт – orosz" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мугабе, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="orosz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – skót" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skót" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – szerbhorvát" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="szerbhorvát" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – szlovák" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="szlovák" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – szlovén" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="szlovén" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gabriel_Mugabe" title="Robert Gabriel Mugabe – sona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Robert Gabriel Mugabe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="sona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – szomáli" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="szomáli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – albán" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Роберт Мугабе – szerb" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роберт Мугабе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="szerb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – sziszuati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="sziszuati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – svéd" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svéd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – szuahéli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="szuahéli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87" title="இராபர்ட் முகாபே – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இராபர்ட் முகாபே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%87" title="రాబర్ట్ ముగాబే – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాబర్ట్ ముగాబే" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Роберт Мугабе – tadzsik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Роберт Мугабе" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzsik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5" title="รอเบิร์ต มูกาบี – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รอเบิร์ต มูกาบี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – török" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="török" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – tarokó" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="tarokó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="jó szócikk"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Роберт Мугабе – ukrán" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Мугабе" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%92" title="رابرٹ موگابے – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رابرٹ موگابے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – üzbég" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="üzbég" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – vietnámi" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnámi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – varaó" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%8A%A0%E8%B4%9D" title="罗伯特·穆加贝 – wu kínai" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗伯特·穆加贝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kínai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94" title="რობერტ მუგაბე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რობერტ მუგაბე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%8A%A0%E8%B2%9D" title="羅伯特·穆加貝 – kínai" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅伯特·穆加貝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kínai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E5%8A%A0%E8%B2%9D" title="穆加貝 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="穆加貝" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – min nan kínai" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kínai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%8B%94%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%8A%A0%E5%8D%91" title="羅拔·穆加卑 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅拔·穆加卑" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Robert Mugabe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10707#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Nyelvközi hivatkozások szerkesztése" class="wbc-editpage">Hivatkozások szerkesztése</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Névterek"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="A lap megtekintése [c]" 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colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1jl:Robert_Mugabe,_12th_AU_Summit,_090202-N-0506A-417.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Robert_Mugabe%2C_12th_AU_Summit%2C_090202-N-0506A-417.jpg/250px-Robert_Mugabe%2C_12th_AU_Summit%2C_090202-N-0506A-417.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Robert_Mugabe%2C_12th_AU_Summit%2C_090202-N-0506A-417.jpg/375px-Robert_Mugabe%2C_12th_AU_Summit%2C_090202-N-0506A-417.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Robert_Mugabe%2C_12th_AU_Summit%2C_090202-N-0506A-417.jpg/500px-Robert_Mugabe%2C_12th_AU_Summit%2C_090202-N-0506A-417.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="fejezet" colspan="2" style="padding:3px 2px;background-color:#DDF0FF;color:black;text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> 2. <a href="/wiki/Eln%C3%B6k" title="Elnök">elnöke</a></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Hivatali idő</b><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>. <a href="/wiki/December_31." title="December 31.">december 31.</a></span> – <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/2017" title="2017">2017</a>. <a href="/wiki/November_21." title="November 21.">november 21.</a></span></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Előd</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/Canaan_Banana" title="Canaan Banana">Canaan Banana</a></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Utód</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a></td></tr><tr><td class="fejezet" colspan="2" style="padding:3px 2px;background-color:#DDF0FF;color:black;text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> 1. <a href="/wiki/Minisztereln%C3%B6k" title="Miniszterelnök">miniszterelnöke</a></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Hivatali idő</b><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C3%81prilis_18." title="Április 18.">április 18.</a></span> – <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>. <a href="/wiki/December_31." title="December 31.">december 31.</a></span></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Előd</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/Abel_Muzorewa" title="Abel Muzorewa">Abel Muzorewa</a></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Utód</b></td><td><i>tisztség eltörölve</i></td></tr><tr><td class="fejezet" colspan="2" style="padding:3px 2px;background-color:#DDF0FF;color:black;text-align:center;"><b>Katonai pályafutása</b></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Csatái</b></td><td><div class="plainlist"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r27515026">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Els%C5%91_kong%C3%B3i_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Első kongói háború">első kongói háború</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1sodik_kong%C3%B3i_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Második kongói háború">második kongói háború</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr style="color:#DDF0FF;background-color:#DDF0FF;" /></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Született</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924</a>. <a href="/wiki/Febru%C3%A1r_21." title="Február 21.">február 21.</a><sup id="cite_ref-e4a677e6fd0af18372169e6a50c74a248419cb12_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e4a677e6fd0af18372169e6a50c74a248419cb12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2808491097e046e431ffc8c4ad7a2bd0cc42daf9_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2808491097e046e431ffc8c4ad7a2bd0cc42daf9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3e0a95e93223a5974927e5c992ffc05a02140f9a_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3e0a95e93223a5974927e5c992ffc05a02140f9a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6167ddfed9ce61063005a532f7d1570638b450c7_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6167ddfed9ce61063005a532f7d1570638b450c7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-f82f8b56054191186ce2138042b1ccb785467d3f_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f82f8b56054191186ce2138042b1ccb785467d3f-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Kutama</td></tr><tr><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;vertical-align:top"><b>Elhunyt</b></td><td style="padding:0px;"><a href="/wiki/2019" title="2019">2019</a>. <a href="/wiki/Szeptember_6." title="Szeptember 6.">szeptember 6.</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(95 évesen)</span><sup id="cite_ref-af214328b32d81b73af971c11757fdd4cecf4f59_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-af214328b32d81b73af971c11757fdd4cecf4f59-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3e0a95e93223a5974927e5c992ffc05a02140f9a_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3e0a95e93223a5974927e5c992ffc05a02140f9a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6167ddfed9ce61063005a532f7d1570638b450c7_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6167ddfed9ce61063005a532f7d1570638b450c7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aa1849c32770f52da46bbf938a518597aaa7b2be_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa1849c32770f52da46bbf938a518597aaa7b2be-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Gleneagles Hospital<sup id="cite_ref-dfcb03ff84e5932a158116d74de142fd085909ab_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfcb03ff84e5932a158116d74de142fd085909ab-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Sírhely</b></td><td>Kutama</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Párt</b></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwei_Afrikai_Nemzeti_Uni%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zimbabwei Afrikai Nemzeti Unió (a lap nem létezik)">Zimbabwei Afrikai Nemzeti Unió</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr style="color:#DDF0FF;background-color:#DDF0FF;" /></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Szülei</b></td><td>Amai Bona Mugabe<br />Gabriel Mugabe Matibiri</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Házastársa</b></td><td>Sally Hayfron (meghalt)<br />Grace Marufu</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Gyermekei</b></td><td><div class="plainlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27515026"> <ul><li>Bona Mugabe</li> <li>Chatunga Bellarmine Mugabe</li> <li>Michael Nhamodzenyika Mugabe</li> <li>Robert Peter Mugabe Jr.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Foglalkozás</b></td><td>politikus</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Iskolái</b></td><td><div class="plainlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27515026"> <ul><li>Achimota School</li> <li>University of Fort Hare <small>(–1951, BA)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxfordi_Egyetem" title="Oxfordi Egyetem">Oxfordi Egyetem</a></li> <li>Kutama College</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9l-afrikai_Egyetem" title="Dél-afrikai Egyetem">Dél-afrikai Egyetem</a> <small>(oktatás, igazgatás, alapfokozat)</small></li> <li>University of London Worldwide</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Halál oka</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k_(betegs%C3%A9g)" title="Rák (betegség)">rák</a></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Vallás</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/Katolicizmus" title="Katolicizmus">római katolikus</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr style="color:#DDF0FF;background-color:#DDF0FF;" /></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Díjak</b></td><td><div class="plainlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27515026"> <ul><li>Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding <small>(1989)</small></li> <li>José Martí-rend <small>(1985)</small></li> <li>Order of Augusto César Sandino</li> <li>U Thant Peace Award <small>(Maurice Strong, Nelson Mandela, 1996)</small></li> <li>Grand Cross of the Order of Good Hope <small>(1994)</small></li> <li>Order of Agostinho Neto</li> <li>Bath-rend lovagja nagykereszttel <small>( – 2008. július 25., 1994, II. Erzsébet)</small></li> <li>Order of Jamaica <small>(1996)</small></li> <li>a Szerb Köztársaság Érdemrendje</li> <li>Order of Good Hope</li> <li>Confucius Peace Prize <small>(2015)</small></li> <li>Order of the Grand Conqueror</li> <li>Bath-rend</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr style="color:#DDF0FF;background-color:#DDF0FF;" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1jl:Signature_of_Robert_Mugabe_clear.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Gabriel Mugabe aláírása"><img alt="Robert Gabriel Mugabe aláírása" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Signature_of_Robert_Mugabe_clear.svg/250px-Signature_of_Robert_Mugabe_clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Signature_of_Robert_Mugabe_clear.svg/375px-Signature_of_Robert_Mugabe_clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Signature_of_Robert_Mugabe_clear.svg/500px-Signature_of_Robert_Mugabe_clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="382" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:92%">Robert Gabriel Mugabe aláírása</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #DDF0FF;color:black;text-align:center;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div>A <a href="/wiki/Wikim%C3%A9dia_Commons" title="Wikimédia Commons">Wikimédia Commons</a> tartalmaz <i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_Mugabe" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Robert Mugabe">Robert Gabriel Mugabe</a></i> témájú médiaállományokat.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Gabriel Mugabe</b> (<a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924</a>. <a href="/wiki/Febru%C3%A1r_21." title="Február 21.">február 21.</a> – <a href="/wiki/Szingap%C3%BAr" title="Szingapúr">Szingapúr</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019" title="2019">2019</a>. <a href="/wiki/Szeptember_6." title="Szeptember 6.">szeptember 6.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">zimbabwei</a> politikus, a Zimbabwei Köztársaság volt miniszterelnöke, majd elnöke. Uralma alatt diktatórikus hatalmat épített ki, és az ország gazdaságilag tönkrement. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Családja,_gyerekkora"><span id="Csal.C3.A1dja.2C_gyerekkora"></span>Családja, gyerekkora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Mugabe&action=edit&section=1" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Családja, gyerekkora"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1924-ben látta meg a napvilágot egy, a fővárostól, <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a>-tól (ma: <i>Harare</i>) északnyugatra elhelyezkedő kis faluban, Matibiriben. Szegény <a href="/wiki/Katolikus" class="mw-redirect" title="Katolikus">katolikus</a> vallású családban nevelkedett, apja, Gabriel Mugabe Matiriti asztalos volt. A három fiúgyermek közül Robert volt a legfiatalabb.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1934-ben apjuk elhagyta a családot, hogy munkát keressen <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayóban</a> (a második legnagyobb város az országban), így a család helyzetét még rosszabbra fordította. Mugabe <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9zus_T%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1ga" title="Jézus Társasága">jezsuita</a> iskolában tanult, igen vallásos nevelést kapott. Később, szülőföldjét hátrahagyva, felvételizett a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Hare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Hare (a lap nem létezik)">Fort Hare</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9l-afrikai_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Dél-afrikai Köztársaság">dél-afrikai</a> egyetemre. 1951-ben sikerrel diplomázott, élete során még 6 különböző felsőfokú oklevelet kapott különböző felsőoktatási intézményektől (például a <a href="/wiki/Londoni_Egyetem" title="Londoni Egyetem">Londoni Egyetemtől</a>). </p><p>Mugabe több előadást is tartott a Chalimbanai Tanárképző Főiskolán (<a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>) 1955-től 1958-ig, azután tanított a Takoradi-i Apowa Szakközépiskolában (<a href="/wiki/Gh%C3%A1na" title="Ghána">Ghána</a>) 1958-tól 1960-ig. Itt találkozott Sally Hayfronnal, ki később Mugabe első felesége lett. Ghánai tartózkodása során nagy hatással volt rá az ottani miniszterelnök, <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> tevékenysége, és ez később az egész politikáját meghatározta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politikai_karrierje">Politikai karrierje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Mugabe&action=edit&section=2" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Politikai karrierje"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1960-ban tért vissza Zimbabwéba, s még ebben az évben belépett a Nemzeti Demokratikus Pártba. Ez a párt lett a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwei_Afrikai_N%C3%A9pi_Uni%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zimbabwei Afrikai Népi Unió (a lap nem létezik)">Zimbabwei Afrikai Népi Unió</a> (ZAPU) alapja, s a névváltozás után a <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith_(politikus)" title="Ian Smith (politikus)">Ian Smith</a> vezette gyarmati hatóságok betiltották további működésüket. Mugabe 1963-ban kilépett a pártból és csatlakozott a rivális <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwei_Afrikai_Nemzeti_Uni%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zimbabwei Afrikai Nemzeti Unió (a lap nem létezik)">Zimbabwei Afrikai Nemzeti Unióhoz</a> (ZANU), mely ekkor már olyan későbbi meghatározó politikusok gyűjtőhelye volt, mint Ndabaningi Sithole, Edgar Tekere, Edson Zvobgo, Enos Nkala. A ZANU-ra már ekkor kihatottak a <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1n-Afrikai_Kongresszus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pán-Afrikai Kongresszus (a lap nem létezik)">Pán-Afrikai Kongresszus</a> eszméi, mely Dél-Afrikában működött. A nemzeti <a href="/wiki/Liberalizmus" title="Liberalizmus">liberalizmus</a> keveredett a szovjet <a href="/wiki/Kommunista" class="mw-redirect" title="Kommunista">kommunista</a> eszmékkel. </p><p>Hamar ismert személyiség lett az országban, erőteljes hangvételű beszédeivel a gyarmati rendszer és hatóság ellen tüzelte a közvéleményt. Pártjával együtt követelte az angolok mielőbbi kivonulását, Zimbabwe (akkor Dél-Rodézia) teljes függetlenségét. 1964-ben Mugabét egyik beszéde következtében letartóztatták, elkövetkező tíz évét börtönben töltötte. A politikus itt nem tört meg, hanem tovább képezte önmagát, folyamatosan tanult és ügyvédi diplomát szerzett. 1974-ben szabadult, s pártjában nőtt a népszerűsége. Vértelen puccsal átvette a hatalmat a párt felett, s létrehozott a szervezeten belül egy katonai szárnyat. Ez bizonyította, hogy a ZANU immár a passzív ellenállás helyett a tettek mezejére kívánt lépni, és erőszakkal akarták elüldözni Ian Smith kormányát. Robert Mugabe az évek elteltével a párt első és legfontosabb embere lett, háttérbe szorítva az alapító <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ndabaningi_Sithole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ndabaningi Sithole (a lap nem létezik)">Ndabaningi Sitholét</a>. </p><p>A ZANU ezután több partizántevékenységet is folytatott a gyarmati hatóságok ellen, ám a rivális ellenzéki pártok ellen is fellépett erőszakkal. A ZAPU elnöke, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Nkomo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joshua Nkomo (a lap nem létezik)">Joshua Nkomo</a> elleni sikertelen merényletet például sokan Mugabénak tulajdonították, de ezt soha nem tudták rábizonyítani. </p><p>1978-ban nemzetközi nyomásra Ian Smith kénytelen volt választásokat kiírni. Ekkor már az <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">afrikai</a> országok legtöbbje független volt, így több <a href="/wiki/Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok" title="Amerikai Egyesült Államok">amerikai</a> hírességtől kezdve <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pa" title="Európa">európai</a> politikusokig felszólalt Smith katonai uralma ellen. A külföldnek zavaró volt, hogy Smith még mindig az apartheid szellemében kormányoz. A választásokon se a ZAPU, se a ZANU nem állított ki listát, nem indultak a választásokon, így bojkottálták a szavazást, amely szerintük csak látszatból történt meg. Az <a href="/w/index.php?title=UANC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UANC (a lap nem létezik)">UANC</a> győzött, az új miniszterelnök <a href="/wiki/Abel_Muzorewa" title="Abel Muzorewa">Abel Muzorewa</a> lett. Változás nem történt az ország életében, hiszen továbbra is a fehérek vezették az országot, csak a vezető személye változott. Sokan választási csalásról beszéltek, és a nyugat is ezt a véleményt hangoztatta. Nemzetközi figyelők kíséretében 1980-ban újra megtartották a választásokat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zimbabwe_miniszterelnöke,_majd_elnöke"><span id="Zimbabwe_minisztereln.C3.B6ke.2C_majd_eln.C3.B6ke"></span>Zimbabwe miniszterelnöke, majd elnöke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Mugabe&action=edit&section=3" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Zimbabwe miniszterelnöke, majd elnöke"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A ZANU 57 helyet szerzett meg a 80 férőhelyes parlamentből, így ők kapták meg a kormányalakítás jogát. Robert Mugabét miniszterelnöknek választották, az elnök Canaan Banana lett. Az <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith_(politikus)" title="Ian Smith (politikus)">Ian Smith</a> vezette <a href="/wiki/Rod%C3%A9ziai_Front" title="Rodéziai Front">RF</a>-nek (Rodéziai Front) sikerült elérnie, hogy Mugabe bevegye őket a kormányzásba. Az RF a választások során 20 mandátumhoz jutott, így a Mugabe-kormánynak abszolút többsége volt a törvényhozásban. <a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C3%81prilis_18." title="Április 18.">április 18-án</a> kikiáltották Zimbabwe függetlenségét. Mugabe fő politikai támogatói a <a href="/wiki/Son%C3%A1k" title="Sonák">sonák</a> voltak, akik az ország északi részén laktak. Az új miniszterelnök koalícióba lépett legfőbb riválisával, a ZAPU-val. Így időlegesen a kormány megnyerte magának a délen lakó <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ndebel%C3%A9k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ndebelék (a lap nem létezik)">ndebelék</a> és a fehér közösség szimpátiáját. A ZAPU lassú folyamatban egyesült a ZANU-val, Joshua Nkomo kormányzati pozíciót kapott. A ZAPU beolvasztása fegyveres viszályt szült az országban, a ndebelék ellen a kormány katonai csapással válaszolt. Mugabe 1987-ben megszüntette a miniszterelnöki hatalmat és elnöknek nevezte ki magát, megszerezve az ország felett az abszolút hatalmat. Azóta Mugabét többször is újraválasztották, gyakran vitatott körülmények között. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Mugabe&action=edit&section=4" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Gukurahundi"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1983–1985 között a hadsereg körülbelül 20 ezer ndebele civilt gyilkolt le. Az etnikai mészárlást a nemzetközi közvélemény elítélte, a zimbabwei hadsereg kegyetlenségei a napvilágra kerültek. Az <a href="/wiki/%C3%89szak-Korea" title="Észak-Korea">Észak-Koreában</a> kiképzett 5. brigád vezetője <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perence_Shiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perence Shiri (a lap nem létezik)">Perence Shiri</a> volt (aki 1992-től 2017-ig Zimbabwe légierejének parancsnoka volt, utána 2017-től 2020-ban bekövetkezett haláláig agrárminiszter), Mugabe unokatestvére, aki saját magát „Fekete Jézusnak” hívta. A 20 ezer áldozat legtöbbje ártatlan civil volt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bukása"><span id="Buk.C3.A1sa"></span>Bukása</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Mugabe&action=edit&section=5" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Bukása"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2017 novemberében Mugabe hatalma váratlanul megrendült, miután leváltotta <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a> alelnököt, vélhetőleg azzal a céllal, hogy helyette feleségét, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Mugabe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grace Mugabe (a lap nem létezik)">Grace Mugabét</a> helyezze az alelnöki pozícióba. Menesztése után Mnangagwa <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9l-afrikai_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Dél-afrikai Köztársaság">Dél-Afrikába</a> menekült. November 13-án <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantino_Chiwenga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantino Chiwenga (a lap nem létezik)">Constantino Chiwenga</a> tábornok, a hadsereg vezérkari főnöke figyelmeztette Mugabét, hogy a hadsereg közbeavatkozhat, ha további tisztogatások lesznek, de Mugabe hívei elítélték a fenyegetést. November 15-én a hadsereg elfoglalta a közmédia épületeit, Mugabét pedig házi őrizet alá helyezték. November 18-án nagyszabású tüntetés volt <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Hararéban</a>, ahol a tömeg Mugabe távozását követelte. November 19-én a ZANU leváltotta Robert Mugabét a pártelnöki tisztségből, és felszólította, hogy november 20-ig mondjon le az elnökségről, különben parlamenti eljárást indítanak az elmozdítására. Grace Mugabét és az elnök számos hívét kizárták az állampártból, az új pártelnök pedig Emmerson Mnangagwa lett.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mugabe november 20-án televíziós beszédben utasította el, hogy távozzon a hatalomból, de másnap lemondott.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> November 24-én beiktatták utódját, Emmerson Mnangagwát, aki beiktatási beszédében méltatta Mugabe életművét.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mnangagwa korábban „maximális biztonságot és kényelmet” ígért Mugabénak és családjának.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jegyzetek">Jegyzetek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Mugabe&action=edit&section=6" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Jegyzetek"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="ref-1col"><div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-gap: 3em; -moz-column-gap: 3em; column-gap: 3em;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e4a677e6fd0af18372169e6a50c74a248419cb12-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-e4a677e6fd0af18372169e6a50c74a248419cb12_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nndb.com/people/973/000022907/"><i>NNDB</i></a> (angol nyelven)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2808491097e046e431ffc8c4ad7a2bd0cc42daf9-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2808491097e046e431ffc8c4ad7a2bd0cc42daf9_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62k0bmh"><i>SNAC</i></a> (angol nyelven). 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(Hozzáférés: 2017. október 9.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6167ddfed9ce61063005a532f7d1570638b450c7-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-6167ddfed9ce61063005a532f7d1570638b450c7_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-6167ddfed9ce61063005a532f7d1570638b450c7_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119518966"><i>BnF-források</i></a> (francia nyelven)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f82f8b56054191186ce2138042b1ccb785467d3f-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-f82f8b56054191186ce2138042b1ccb785467d3f_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=42295"><i>Hrvatska enciklopedija</i></a> (horvát nyelven). Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute, 1999</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-af214328b32d81b73af971c11757fdd4cecf4f59-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-af214328b32d81b73af971c11757fdd4cecf4f59_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49604152"><i>Zimbabwe ex-President Robert Mugabe dies aged 95</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. (Hozzáférés: 2019. szeptember 6.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aa1849c32770f52da46bbf938a518597aaa7b2be-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aa1849c32770f52da46bbf938a518597aaa7b2be_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000014799"><i>Munzinger Personen</i></a> (német nyelven). (Hozzáférés: 2017. október 9.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dfcb03ff84e5932a158116d74de142fd085909ab-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dfcb03ff84e5932a158116d74de142fd085909ab_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">2019. szeptember 6., <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/mugabe-death-mfa-assisting-gleneagles-hospital-singapore-11881156">https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/mugabe-death-mfa-assisting-gleneagles-hospital-singapore-11881156</a>, 2019. szeptember 7., <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906174359/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/mugabe-death-mfa-assisting-gleneagles-hospital-singapore-11881156">https://web.archive.org/web/20190906174359/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/mugabe-death-mfa-assisting-gleneagles-hospital-singapore-11881156</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408112636/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/mugabe.16447.html#"><i>Gabriel Mugabe Matibiri</i></a>. [2008. április 8-i dátummal az <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/mugabe.16447.html#">eredetiből</a> archiválva]. (Hozzáférés: 2008. április 5.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8922493">Robert Mugabe: The man behind the fist</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42043370"><i>Zimbabwe's ruling party sacks Robert Mugabe as leader</i></a>. <i>BBC News</i>, 2017. november 19. (Hozzáférés: 2017. november 19.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/robert-mugabe-resigns-world-reaction-171121191805387.html"><i>Robert Mugabe resigns: World reaction</i></a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>. (Hozzáférés: 2017. november 21.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herald.co.zw/live-cde-mnangagwa-inauguration-as-president-and-head-of-state/"><i>His Excellency President ED Mnangagwa . . . just sworn in!</i></a> (angol nyelven). <i>www.herald.co.zw</i>. (Hozzáférés: 2017. november 24.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herald.co.zw/president-elect-updates-mugabe-of-preparations/"><i>President-elect updates Mugabe of preparations</i></a> (angol nyelven). <i>www.herald.co.zw</i>. (Hozzáférés: 2017. november 24.)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><div class="ref-1col"><div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-gap: 3em; -moz-column-gap: 3em; column-gap: 3em;"></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliográfia"><span id="Bibliogr.C3.A1fia"></span>Bibliográfia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Mugabe&action=edit&section=7" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Bibliográfia"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAlao2012">Alao, Abiodun. <i>Mugabe and the Politics of Security in Zimbabwe</i>. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press (2012). <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1lis:K%C3%B6nyvforr%C3%A1sok/978-0-7735-4044-6" title="Speciális:Könyvforrások/978-0-7735-4044-6">ISBN 978-0-7735-4044-6</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mugabe+and+the+Politics+of+Security+in+Zimbabwe&rft.aulast=Alao&rft.aufirst=Abiodun&rft.date=2012&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.place=Montreal+and+Kingston&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-4044-6"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBlair2002">Blair, David. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/degreesinviolenc0000blai">Degrees in Violence: Robert Mugabe and the Struggle for Power in Zimbabwe</a></i>. London and New York: Continuum (2002). <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1lis:K%C3%B6nyvforr%C3%A1sok/978-0-8264-5974-9" title="Speciális:Könyvforrások/978-0-8264-5974-9">ISBN 978-0-8264-5974-9</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Degrees+in+Violence%3A+Robert+Mugabe+and+the+Struggle+for+Power+in+Zimbabwe&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=David&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5974-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdegreesinviolenc0000blai"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Bourne-2011">Bourne, Richard. <i>Catastrophe: What Went Wrong in Zimbabwe?</i>. Zed (2011). <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1lis:K%C3%B6nyvforr%C3%A1sok/978-1-84813-521-5" title="Speciális:Könyvforrások/978-1-84813-521-5">ISBN 978-1-84813-521-5</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catastrophe%3A+What+Went+Wrong+in+Zimbabwe%3F&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.date=2011&rft.pub=Zed&rft.isbn=978-1-84813-521-5"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Chan-2002">Chan, Stephen. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertmugabelife0000step">Robert Mugabe: A Life of Power and Violence</a></i>. I. B. Tauris (2002). <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1lis:K%C3%B6nyvforr%C3%A1sok/978-1-86064-873-1" title="Speciális:Könyvforrások/978-1-86064-873-1">ISBN 978-1-86064-873-1</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Mugabe%3A+A+Life+of+Power+and+Violence&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-873-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertmugabelife0000step"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal">Chigora, Percyslage, Guzura, Tobias (2011). „The Politics of the Government of National Unity (GNU) and Power Sharing in Zimbabwe: Challenges and Prospects for Democracy”. <i>African Journal of History and Culture</i> <b>3</b>, 20–26. o.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+the+Government+of+National+Unity+%28GNU%29+and+Power+Sharing+in+Zimbabwe%3A+Challenges+and+Prospects+for+Democracy&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+History+and+Culture&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=3&rft.au=Chigora%2C+Percyslage&rft.pages=20%E2%80%9326"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGallagher2015">Gallagher, Julia (2015). „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26245/1/gallagher-the-battle-for-zimbabwe-in-2013.pdf">The Battle for Zimbabwe in 2013: From Polarisation to Ambivalence</a>”. <i>Journal of Modern African Studies</i> <b>53</b>, 27–49. o. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X14000640">10.1017/S0022278X14000640</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Battle+for+Zimbabwe+in+2013%3A+From+Polarisation+to+Ambivalence&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=53&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft.pages=27%E2%80%9349&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0022278X14000640&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F26245%2F1%2Fgallagher-the-battle-for-zimbabwe-in-2013.pdf"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Godwin-2011">Godwin, Peter. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fearlastdaysofro0000godw">The Fear: The Last Days of Robert Mugabe</a></i>. London: Picador (2011). <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1lis:K%C3%B6nyvforr%C3%A1sok/978-0-330-50777-6" title="Speciális:Könyvforrások/978-0-330-50777-6">ISBN 978-0-330-50777-6</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fear%3A+The+Last+Days+of+Robert+Mugabe&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.date=2011&rft.pub=Picador&rft.place=London&rft.isbn=978-0-330-50777-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffearlastdaysofro0000godw"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHolland2008">Holland, Heidi. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dinnerwithmugabe0000holl">Dinner with Mugabe: The Untold Story of a Freedom Fighter Who Became a Tyrant</a></i>. London: Penguin (2008). <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1lis:K%C3%B6nyvforr%C3%A1sok/978-0-14-104079-0" title="Speciális:Könyvforrások/978-0-14-104079-0">ISBN 978-0-14-104079-0</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dinner+with+Mugabe%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+a+Freedom+Fighter+Who+Became+a+Tyrant&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.place=London&rft.isbn=978-0-14-104079-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdinnerwithmugabe0000holl"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHoward-Hassmann2010">Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. (2010). „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_human-rights-quarterly_2010-11_32_4/page/898">Mugabe's Zimbabwe, 2000–2009: Massive Human Rights Violations and the Failure to Protect</a>”. <i>Human Rights Quarterly</i> <b>32</b>, 898–920. o. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2010.0030">10.1353/hrq.2010.0030</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mugabe%27s+Zimbabwe%2C+2000%E2%80%932009%3A+Massive+Human+Rights+Violations+and+the+Failure+to+Protect&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Quarterly&rft.date=2010&rft.volume=32&rft.aulast=Howard-Hassmann&rft.aufirst=Rhoda+E.&rft.pages=898%E2%80%93920&rft_id=info:doi/10.1353%2Fhrq.2010.0030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_human-rights-quarterly_2010-11_32_4%2Fpage%2F898"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal">Kebonang, Zein (2012. március 1.). „Politics and anarchy: Zimbabwe’s 2008 run-off presidential elections in context”. <i>African Journal of History and Culture</i> <b>4</b> (2), 9–16. o. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJHC11.043">10.5897/AJHC11.043</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Politics+and+anarchy%3A+Zimbabwe%E2%80%99s+2008+run-off+presidential+elections+in+context&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+History+and+Culture&rft.date=March+2012&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Kebonang&rft.aufirst=Zein&rft.pages=9%E2%80%9316&rft_id=info:doi/10.5897%2FAJHC11.043"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMeredith2002">Meredith, Martin. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourvotesourgunsr0000mere">Our Votes, Our Guns: Robert Mugabe and the Tragedy of Zimbabwe</a></i>. New York: Public Affairs (2002). <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1lis:K%C3%B6nyvforr%C3%A1sok/978-1-58648-186-5" title="Speciális:Könyvforrások/978-1-58648-186-5">ISBN 978-1-58648-186-5</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Votes%2C+Our+Guns%3A+Robert+Mugabe+and+the+Tragedy+of+Zimbabwe&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft.place=New+York&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-186-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourvotesourgunsr0000mere"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal">Moyo, Sam, Yeros, Paris (2007). „The Radicalised State: Zimbabwe's Interrupted Revolution”. <i>Review of African Political Economy</i> <b>34</b>, 103–121. o. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056240701340431">10.1080/03056240701340431</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20406365">20406365</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Radicalised+State%3A+Zimbabwe%27s+Interrupted+Revolution&rft.jtitle=Review+of+African+Political+Economy&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=34&rft.au=Moyo%2C+Sam&rft.pages=103%E2%80%93121&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F03056240701340431"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFNdlovu-Gatsheni2009">Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. (2009). „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2009_30_6/page/1139">Making Sense of Mugabeism in Local and Global Politics: 'So Blair, keep your England and let me keep my Zimbabwe'</a>”. <i>Third World Quarterly</i> <b>30</b>, 1139–1158. o. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590903037424">10.1080/01436590903037424</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Making+Sense+of+Mugabeism+in+Local+and+Global+Politics%3A+%27So+Blair%2C+keep+your+England+and+let+me+keep+my+Zimbabwe%27&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=30&rft.aulast=Ndlovu-Gatsheni&rft.aufirst=Sabelo+J.&rft.pages=1139%E2%80%931158&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F01436590903037424&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_third-world-quarterly_2009_30_6%2Fpage%2F1139"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Ndlovu-Gatsheni-2015">Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J..szerk.: Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni: <i>Mugabeism? History, Politics, and Power in Zimbabwe</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1–25. o. (2015). <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1lis:K%C3%B6nyvforr%C3%A1sok/978-1-137-54344-8" title="Speciális:Könyvforrások/978-1-137-54344-8">ISBN 978-1-137-54344-8</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mugabeism%3F+History%2C+Politics%2C+and+Power+in+Zimbabwe&rft.aulast=Ndlovu-Gatsheni&rft.aufirst=Sabelo+J.&rft.date=2015&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9325&rft.isbn=978-1-137-54344-8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFNorman2008">Norman, Andrew. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mugabeteacherrev0000norm">Mugabe: Teacher, Revolutionary, Tyrant</a></i>. Stroud: The History Press (2008). <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1lis:K%C3%B6nyvforr%C3%A1sok/978-1-86227-491-4" title="Speciális:Könyvforrások/978-1-86227-491-4">ISBN 978-1-86227-491-4</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mugabe%3A+Teacher%2C+Revolutionary%2C+Tyrant&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.place=Stroud&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-491-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmugabeteacherrev0000norm"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal"> (2009) „Wasted Riches: Robert Mugabe and the Desolation of Zimbabwe”. <i>Georgetown Journal of International Affairs</i> <b>10</b>, 63–72. o. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43134191">43134191</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wasted+Riches%3A+Robert+Mugabe+and+the+Desolation+of+Zimbabwe&rft.jtitle=Georgetown+Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=63%E2%80%9372"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Raftopoulos-2006">Raftopoulos, Brian (2006). „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-african-studies_2006-06_32_2/page/n208">The Zimbabwean crisis and the challenges of the Left</a>”. <i>Journal of Southern African Studies</i> <b>32</b>, 203–219. o. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070600655988">10.1080/03057070600655988</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25065088">25065088</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Zimbabwean+crisis+and+the+challenges+of+the+Left&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+African+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=32&rft.aulast=Raftopoulos&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.pages=203%E2%80%93219&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F03057070600655988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-southern-african-studies_2006-06_32_2%2Fpage%2Fn208"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFShire2007">Shire, George (2007). „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_black-scholar_2007_spring_37_1/page/32">The Case for Robert Mugabe: Sinner or Sinned Against?</a>”. <i>The Black Scholar</i> <b>37</b>, 32–35. o. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00064246.2007.11413379">10.1080/00064246.2007.11413379</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41069872">41069872</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Case+for+Robert+Mugabe%3A+Sinner+or+Sinned+Against%3F&rft.jtitle=The+Black+Scholar&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=37&rft.aulast=Shire&rft.aufirst=George&rft.pages=32%E2%80%9335&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F00064246.2007.11413379&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_black-scholar_2007_spring_37_1%2Fpage%2F32"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSithole2001">Sithole, Masipula (2001). „Fighting Authoritarianism in Zimbabwe”. <i>Journal of Democracy</i> <b>2</b>, 160–169. o. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.2001.0015">10.1353/jod.2001.0015</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fighting+Authoritarianism+in+Zimbabwe&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=2&rft.aulast=Sithole&rft.aufirst=Masipula&rft.pages=160%E2%80%93169&rft_id=info:doi/10.1353%2Fjod.2001.0015"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal">Smith, David, Simpson, Colin. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mugabe0000smit_o1z1">Mugabe</a></i>. London: Sphere Books (1981). <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1lis:K%C3%B6nyvforr%C3%A1sok/978-0-7221-7868-3" title="Speciális:Könyvforrások/978-0-7221-7868-3">ISBN 978-0-7221-7868-3</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mugabe&rft.au=Smith%2C+David&rft.date=1981&rft.pub=Sphere+Books&rft.place=London&rft.isbn=978-0-7221-7868-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmugabe0000smit_o1z1"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFTendi2011">Tendi, Blessing-Miles (2011). „Robert Mugabe and Toxicity: History and Context Matter”. <i>Representation</i> <b>47</b>, 307–318. o. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2011.596439">10.1080/00344893.2011.596439</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Robert+Mugabe+and+Toxicity%3A+History+and+Context+Matter&rft.jtitle=Representation&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=47&rft.aulast=Tendi&rft.aufirst=Blessing-Miles&rft.pages=307%E2%80%93318&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F00344893.2011.596439"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFTendi2013">Tendi, Blessing-Miles (2013). „Robert Mugabe's 2013 Presidential Election Campaign”. <i>Journal of Southern African Studies</i> <b>39</b>, 963–970. o. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2013.858537">10.1080/03057070.2013.858537</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Robert+Mugabe%27s+2013+Presidential+Election+Campaign&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+African+Studies&rft.date=2013&rft.volume=39&rft.aulast=Tendi&rft.aufirst=Blessing-Miles&rft.pages=963%E2%80%93970&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F03057070.2013.858537"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26593303">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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