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id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berg_River_Dam&params=33.9024_S_19.057_E_type:landmark_region:ZA"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°54′09″S</span> <span class="longitude">19°03′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.90240°S 19.057000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-33.90240; 19.057000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dam in Western Cape</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue;">Berg River Dam</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Berg_River_Dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Berg_River_Dam.jpg/220px-Berg_River_Dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Berg_River_Dam.jpg/330px-Berg_River_Dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Berg_River_Dam.jpg/440px-Berg_River_Dam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3945" data-file-height="2957" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An aerial view of the Berg River Dam</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Berg River Dam is located in South Africa"><img alt="Berg River Dam is located in South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg/235px-South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg/353px-South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg/470px-South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1741" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:90.316%;left:17.773%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Berg River Dam"><img alt="Berg River Dam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Berg River Dam in South Africa</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Berg River Dam</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berg_River_Dam&params=33.9024_S_19.057_E_type:landmark_region:ZA"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°54′09″S</span> <span class="longitude">19°03′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.90240°S 19.057000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-33.90240; 19.057000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Drinking water, storage</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opening date</th><td class="infobox-data">2009</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Water_and_Sanitation" title="Department of Water and Sanitation">Department of Water and Sanitation</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue;">Dam and spillways</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dam#Types" title="Dam">Type of dam</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Embankment_dam" title="Embankment dam">Embankment dam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Impounds</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Berg_River" title="Berg River">Berg River</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">68 metres (220 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">929 metres (1,016 yd)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue;">Reservoir</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creates</th><td class="infobox-data">Berg River Dam Reservoir</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total capacity</th><td class="infobox-data">130,000 megalitres (130 hm<sup>3</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">4.88 square kilometres (1.88 sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Berg River Dam</b> is a 68-metre (223 ft) high <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Berg_River" title="Berg River">Berg River</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. It is the centerpiece of the Berg Water Project (BWP) which is designed to capture the winter rainfall and store it for supply to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> during the dry summer months. The project in turn forms an important part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Water_Supply_System" title="Western Cape Water Supply System">Western Cape Water Supply System</a> (WCWSS), an intricate system of dams and bulk water infrastructure that provides water to more than 3 million people. At the inauguration of the dam in 2009, then President of South Africa <a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a> called the project "a good example of how public infrastructure projects can be used to contribute meaningfully to poverty eradication and to foster social empowerment of the people."<sup id="cite_ref-Motlanthe_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motlanthe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Berg River Dam was the first dam in South Africa to be designed and constructed in accordance with the guidelines of the <a href="/wiki/World_Commission_on_Dams" title="World Commission on Dams">World Commission on Dams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SAI_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been completed on time and within budget.<sup id="cite_ref-Berg_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berg-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Berg River basin and the adjacent metropolitan area of Cape Town are of particular importance to the Western Cape region because, although the basin generates only about 3% of the country's water resources, it is home to about 8% of South Africa's population, and produces about 12% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasrils_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasrils-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Berg River Dam (Autshumato Dam) was completed in 2007 at cost of R1,5 billion. It was designed and built in accordance with the United Nations World Commission on Dams, to provide water for Cape Town. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning_and_construction">Planning and construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berg_River_Dam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Planning and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Planning for the Berg river dam began in 1989 by the South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. The process started with an analysis of future needs and water resources in the region, and was subjected to rigorous public participation process and debate.<sup id="cite_ref-BWP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995/6 a comprehensive "Evaluation of Options" study was undertaken, a process in which more than 1,100 individuals and organisations took part. Extensive environmental and social impact studies were undertaken during 1996 and 1997<sup id="cite_ref-Kasrils_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasrils-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism approved the project in 1999. In April 2002, the Cabinet approved the construction of the dam on condition that the City of Cape Town reduces the demand for water by 20% by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-BWP_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction began in July 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Sonjica_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonjica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dam started storing water in July 2007 and was full a year later thanks to good rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-SAI_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the South African government, the decision to build the dam was taken only after an extensive review of the alternative options. It also involved an intensive public consultation process.<sup id="cite_ref-Sonjica_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonjica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berg_River_Dam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg/350px-Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg/525px-Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg/700px-Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="1377" /></a><figcaption>Cape Town, shown here based on a <a href="/wiki/Landsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsat">Landsat</a> satellite picture in February 2000, will receive a greater and more reliable water supply through the Berg river dam. The reservoir shown in the background is formed by the Theewaterskloof Dam. The site of today's Berg river dam is in the valley to the left of the reservoir.</figcaption></figure> <p>The dam will increase the water storage capacity to supply Cape Town, South Africa's second largest metropolitan area, from 768 to 898 million cubic metres (623,000 to 728,000 acre⋅ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Cape_Town_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cape_Town-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scheme will also improve the reliability of water supplies in the drought-prone river basin. It is also expected that it will contribute to improve the naturally poor water quality in the lower reaches of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasrils_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasrils-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact_and_its_mitigation">Environmental impact and its mitigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berg_River_Dam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Environmental impact and its mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Berg River Dam was the first dam in South Africa to be designed, constructed and operated in accordance with the guidelines of the <a href="/wiki/World_Commission_on_Dams" title="World Commission on Dams">World Commission on Dams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SAI_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the South African government this was confirmed by a 2001 a review of the project's processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Sonjica_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonjica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is despite the fact that its planning phase preceded the World Commission on Dams, which was formed in 1997 and presented its report in 2000. The experience under the Berg River Dam thus influenced the work of the commission, not vice versa. </p><p>Indigenous plants have been planted on the downstream face of the dam wall, ensuring that the dam blends with the surrounding landscape. Parallel to the dam's construction alien vegetation was removed from the upper river catchment, significantly increasing the amount of water available for storage and for indigenous plant species.<sup id="cite_ref-SAI_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scheme was designed to maintain the ecological integrity of the river, including through the release of specific volumes of water for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-SAI_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The releases of low flows and high flows coincide as closely as possible with natural flows. The outlet works of the dam have been designed for a peak release of up to 200 m³ per second, making it the first dam in South Africa where provision is made for flood releases for environmental purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Berg_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berg-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been drawn up, on the basis of which an independent Environmental Control Officer (ECO) monitored and audited compliance by the dam's owner, the Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA), and all contractors. Achievements were documented in monthly reports and 6-monthly audits. Compliance was 82% in the first audit and 96% in the second audit. According to the project company, the independent ECO stated that there are no observable significant negative impacts associated with the project.<sup id="cite_ref-BWP_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, a community-based and representative Environmental Monitoring Committee (EMC) has been created to ensure effective environmental management of the project.<sup id="cite_ref-Sonjica_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonjica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cape Town implemented a water conservation strategy aimed at reducing the use of water by using treated sewage effluent instead of fresh water for irrigation and industrial purposes. As a result of this strategy, and because people have become more aware of the value of water and are trying harder to conserve it, the council is experiencing a 25% saving.<sup id="cite_ref-SAI_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adapting_to_climate_change">Adapting to climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berg_River_Dam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Adapting to climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been estimated that as a result of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, average runoff in the Berg river could decrease from a "reference scenario value" of 75.5 million cubic metres (61,200 acre⋅ft) per year to 58.9 million cubic metres (47,800 acre⋅ft) in 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Change_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Change-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remains unclear how the above values relate to actual water use in the Berg system, which was 493 million cubic metres (400,000 acre⋅ft) in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Western_Cape_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Western_Cape-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the basis of a dynamic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spatial_equilibrium_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spatial equilibrium model (page does not exist)">spatial equilibrium model</a> for the Berg River, it has been estimated that the <a href="/wiki/Net_present_value" title="Net present value">net present value</a> of economic activities in the basin could be reduced by 11.5%. Without the Berg dam it would have been reduced by about 15%.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Change_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Change-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cost_and_financing">Cost and financing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berg_River_Dam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cost and financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Berg Water Project was initially estimated at R1,877m, which was reduced to R1,552 million (2006 estimate) after changes to the design of the dam.<sup id="cite_ref-Namibian_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namibian-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Berg Water Project has been financed by loans from the <a href="/wiki/Development_Bank_of_Southern_Africa" title="Development Bank of Southern Africa">Development Bank of Southern Africa</a> (DBSA) (R500 million), the <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a> (EIB) (R800 million) and <a href="/wiki/Absa_Group_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Absa Group Limited">Absa Group Limited</a> (R300 million).<sup id="cite_ref-BWP_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004 <a href="/wiki/Fitch_Ratings" title="Fitch Ratings">Fitch Ratings</a> awarded the highest credit rating for a project of this kind, AA+. Debt was contracted by the TCTA.<sup id="cite_ref-Namibian_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namibian-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>– </p><p>Cost recovery is through the sale of bulk water from TCTA to the Department of Water and Forestry, a government Ministry, which in turn sells the bulk water to the city of Cape Town.<sup id="cite_ref-BWP_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This arrangement reduces the financial risk, since the national government has a better credit rating than the city of Cape Town.<sup id="cite_ref-Namibian_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namibian-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western Cape population contributed towards the project in the form of an annual increase in water tariffs of 2.5% between 1999 and 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Motlanthe_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motlanthe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_characteristics">Technical characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berg_River_Dam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Technical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berg_River_Dam_catchment_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Berg_River_Dam_catchment_map.svg/220px-Berg_River_Dam_catchment_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Berg_River_Dam_catchment_map.svg/330px-Berg_River_Dam_catchment_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Berg_River_Dam_catchment_map.svg/440px-Berg_River_Dam_catchment_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Berg River Dam and its catchment area</figcaption></figure> <p>The concrete-faced rockfill dam is 68 metres (223 ft) high and 929 metres (3,048 ft) long. Its gross storage capacity is 130 million cubic metres (110,000 acre⋅ft) and the surface area of the reservoir is 488 hectares (1,210 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-BWP_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Downstream of the dam a "supplement scheme" diverts winter high flow, entering the Berg River from the Franschhoek, Wemmershoek and the Dwars River tributaries, to supplement water stored in the dam. Water from the scheme is pumped via the Drakenstein pump station, along a 9.5-kilometre (5.9 mi) pipeline, back up to the Berg River Dam.<sup id="cite_ref-SAI_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berg_River_Dam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Berg Water Project has received the following awards: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consulting_Engineers_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consulting Engineers South Africa (page does not exist)">Consulting Engineers South Africa</a>'s Glenrand MIB Award for Engineering Excellence</li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Association_for_Environmental_Impact_Assessment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Association for Environmental Impact Assessment (page does not exist)">International Association for Environmental Impact Assessment</a> South Africa's Award for Excellence in Environmental Management in Project Execution</li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Institute_of_Civil_Engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South African Institute of Civil Engineering (page does not exist)">South African Institute of Civil Engineering</a> Technical Excellence Award</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Construction World (page does not exist)">Construction World</a> Best Project 2008 public/private partnership.<sup id="cite_ref-Berg_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berg-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berg_River_Dam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa">List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berg_River_Dam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Motlanthe-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Motlanthe_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Motlanthe_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Presidency of South Africa:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/president/sp/2009/sp03051332.htm">Address by President Kgalema Motlanthe at the inauguration of the Berg Water Project, Franschhoek</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, 5 March 2009, retrieved 11 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAI-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAI_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAI_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAI_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAI_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAI_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAI_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAI_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">SouthAfrica.info:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafrica.info/business/economy/infrastructure/bergdam-090309.htm">Cape's Berg River Dam on line</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100727041913/http://www.southafrica.info/business/economy/infrastructure/bergdam-090309.htm">Archived</a> 27 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 9 March 2009, retrieved 11 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berg-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berg_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berg_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berg_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">DWAF/City of Cape Town/TCTA <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcta.co.za/resources?resourceid=175">A legacy beyond steel and mortar: The Berg Water Project Franschhoek</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205353/http://www.tcta.co.za/resources?resourceid=175">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, no date, retrieved 12 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kasrils-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kasrils_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kasrils_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kasrils_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03041609461001.htm">ADDRESS BY MR RONNIE KASRILS, MP, MINISTER OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY, AT THE BERG WATER PROJECT SIGNING CEREMONY ON 15 APRIL 2003, IN CAPE TOWN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604112445/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03041609461001.htm">Archived</a> 4 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 11 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BWP-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BWP_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BWP_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BWP_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BWP_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BWP_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BWP_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcta.co.za/article.jsp?menu_id=164">BERG WATER PROJECT (BWP) FRANSCHHOEK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206105549/http://www.tcta.co.za/article.jsp?menu_id=164">Archived</a> 6 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 11 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sonjica-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sonjica_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sonjica_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sonjica_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sonjica_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, quoted in Polityorg.za:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polity.org.za/article/sonjica-sod-turning-of-berg-river-water-project-28072004-2004-07-28">Sonjica: Sod turning of Berg River Water Project</a>, 28 July 2004, retrieved 11 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cape_Town-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cape_Town_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">City of Cape Town:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx">Cape Town’s water supply boosted</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx">Archived</a> 27 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 17 March 2009, retrieved 12 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_Change-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_Change_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_Change_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Callaway, Daniel B. Louw and Molly Hellmuth:<i>Benefits and Costs of Measures for Coping with Water and Climate Change:Berg River Basin, South Africa</i>, in: Fulco Ludwig, Pavel Kabat, Henk van Schaik and Michael van der Valk: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrology.nl/ihppublications/125-climate-change-adaptation-in-the-water-sector.html">Climate change adaptation in the water sector</a>, London 2009, p. 205-226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Western_Cape-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Western_Cape_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of Water Affairs and Forestry:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf">Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy, Newsletter 5</a>, March 2009, retrieved 11 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Namibian-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Namibian_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Namibian_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Namibian_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Namibian:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=22856&no_cache=1">Fitch release on Berg Water Project</a>, 20 December 2006, retrieved 11 December 2009</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berg_River_Dam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091025155732/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/applets/weekly/weekindex.html">Weekly storage volume of dams in the Western Cape Province</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619044558/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/Dams/defaultwcape.htm">Water Institute of Southern Africa:Dams in South Africa:Western Cape</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Dam">Steenbras Upper</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berg_River_Dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of the Berg River Dam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Berg_River_Dam.jpg/100px-Berg_River_Dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Berg_River_Dam.jpg/150px-Berg_River_Dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Berg_River_Dam.jpg/200px-Berg_River_Dam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3945" data-file-height="2957" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor dams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleinplaats_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kleinplaats Dam (page does not exist)">Kleinplaats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodhead_Dam" title="Woodhead Dam">Woodhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hely-Hutchinson_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hely-Hutchinson Dam">Hely-Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land-en-Zeezicht_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Land-en-Zeezicht Dam (page does not exist)">Land-en-Zeezicht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Villiers_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="De Villiers Dam">De Villiers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Gay_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis Gay Dam (page does not exist)">Lewis Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Dam_(Cape_Town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Dam (Cape Town)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra Dam">Alexandra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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