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number</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Knudsen number"> <meta name="keywords" content="Knudsen number"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Knudsen number"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 10039</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Knudsen number</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10039</span> Numerical Investigation of Mixed Convection for Rarefied Gases in Square Enclosures </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wael%20Al-Kouz">Wael Al-Kouz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Numerical simulations to study heat transfer and flow characteristics of mixed convection for rarefied gas in a square enclosure are utilized. Effect of the geometry in terms of the location of the inlet and exit openings are investigated. Moreover, effect of Knudsen number on the flow and heat transfer characteristics is illustrated and discussed. Results of the simulations show that there is a configuration that yields better heat transfer. This configuration is found to be the geometry in which the inlet opening is in the top left corner and the exit opening is at the bottom right corner. In addition, it is found that by increasing Knudsen number, Nusselt number will decrease. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Knudsen%20number" title="Knudsen number">Knudsen number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20convection" title=" mixed convection"> mixed convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rarefied%20gas" title=" rarefied gas"> rarefied gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=square%20enclosure" title=" square enclosure"> square enclosure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80904/numerical-investigation-of-mixed-convection-for-rarefied-gases-in-square-enclosures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80904.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">354</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10038</span> Analysis of Slip Flow Heat Transfer between Asymmetrically Heated Parallel Plates </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hari%20Mohan%20Kushwaha">Hari Mohan Kushwaha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Santosh%20Kumar%20Sahu"> Santosh Kumar Sahu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present study, analysis of heat transfer is carried out in the slip flow region for the fluid flowing between two parallel plates by employing the asymmetric heat fluxes at surface of the plates. The flow is assumed to be hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed for the analysis. The second order velocity slip and viscous dissipation effects are considered for the analysis. Closed form expressions are obtained for the Nusselt number as a function of Knudsen number and modified Brinkman number. The limiting condition of the present prediction for Kn = 0, Kn2 = 0, and Brq1 = 0 is considered and found to agree well with other analytical results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Knudsen%20number" title="Knudsen number">Knudsen number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modified%20Brinkman%20number" title=" modified Brinkman number"> modified Brinkman number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slip%20flow" title=" slip flow"> slip flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=velocity%20slip" title=" velocity slip"> velocity slip</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17458/analysis-of-slip-flow-heat-transfer-between-asymmetrically-heated-parallel-plates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17458.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">386</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10037</span> Second-Order Slip Flow and Heat Transfer in a Long Isothermal Microchannel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huei%20Chu%20Weng">Huei Chu Weng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chien-Hung%20Liu"> Chien-Hung Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a study on the effect of second-order slip and jump on forced convection through a long isothermally heated or cooled planar microchannel. The fully developed solutions of thermal flow fields are analytically obtained on the basis of the second-order Maxwell-Burnett slip and Smoluchowski jump boundary conditions. Results reveal that the second-order term in the Karniadakis slip boundary condition is found to contribute a negative velocity slip and then to lead to a higher pressure drop as well as a higher fluid temperature for the heated-wall case or to a lower fluid temperature for the cooled-wall case. These findings are contrary to predictions made by the Deissler model. In addition, the role of second-order slip becomes more significant when the Knudsen number increases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microfluidics" title="microfluidics">microfluidics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forced%20convection" title=" forced convection"> forced convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20rarefaction" title=" gas rarefaction"> gas rarefaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second-order%20boundary%20conditions" title=" second-order boundary conditions"> second-order boundary conditions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26201/second-order-slip-flow-and-heat-transfer-in-a-long-isothermal-microchannel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26201.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">450</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10036</span> The Three-Zone Composite Productivity Model of Multi-Fractured Horizontal Wells under Different Diffusion Coefficients in a Shale Gas Reservoir</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weiyao%20Zhu">Weiyao Zhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qian%20Qi"> Qian Qi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ming%20Yue"> Ming Yue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dongxu%20Ma"> Dongxu Ma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the nano-micro pore structures and the massive multi-stage multi-cluster hydraulic fracturing in shale gas reservoirs, the multi-scale seepage flows are much more complicated than in most other conventional reservoirs, and are crucial for the economic development of shale gas. In this study, a new multi-scale non-linear flow model was established and simplified, based on different diffusion and slip correction coefficients. Due to the fact that different flow laws existed between the fracture network and matrix zone, a three-zone composite model was proposed. Then, according to the conformal transformation combined with the law of equivalent percolation resistance, the productivity equation of a horizontal fractured well, with consideration given to diffusion, slip, desorption, and absorption, was built. Also, an analytic solution was derived, and the interference of the multi-cluster fractures was analyzed. The results indicated that the diffusion of the shale gas was mainly in the transition and Fick diffusion regions. The matrix permeability was found to be influenced by slippage and diffusion, which was determined by the pore pressure and diameter according to the Knudsen number. It was determined that, with the increased half-lengths of the fracture clusters, flow conductivity of the fractures, and permeability of the fracture network, the productivity of the fractured well also increased. Meanwhile, with the increased number of fractures, the distance between the fractures decreased, and the productivity slowly increased due to the mutual interference of the fractures. In regard to the fractured horizontal wells, the free gas was found to majorly contribute to the productivity, while the contribution of the desorption increased with the increased pressure differences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-scale" title="multi-scale">multi-scale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fracture%20network" title=" fracture network"> fracture network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite%20model" title=" composite model"> composite model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=productivity" title=" productivity"> productivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78124/the-three-zone-composite-productivity-model-of-multi-fractured-horizontal-wells-under-different-diffusion-coefficients-in-a-shale-gas-reservoir" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78124.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">267</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10035</span> Influence of Hydrophobic Surface on Flow Past Square Cylinder</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Ajith%20Kumar">S. Ajith Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vaisakh%20S.%20Rajan"> Vaisakh S. Rajan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In external flows, vortex shedding behind the bluff bodies causes to experience unsteady loads on a large number of engineering structures, resulting in structural failure. Vortex shedding can even turn out to be disastrous like the Tacoma Bridge failure incident. We need to have control over vortex shedding to get rid of this untoward condition by reducing the unsteady forces acting on the bluff body. In circular cylinders, hydrophobic surface in an otherwise no-slip surface is found to be delaying separation and minimizes the effects of vortex shedding drastically. Flow over square cylinder stands different from this behavior as separation can takes place from either of the two corner separation points (front or rear). An attempt is made in this study to numerically elucidate the effect of hydrophobic surface in flow over a square cylinder. A 2D numerical simulation has been done to understand the effects of the slip surface on the flow past square cylinder. The details of the numerical algorithm will be presented at the time of the conference. A non-dimensional parameter, Knudsen number is defined to quantify the slip on the cylinder surface based on Maxwell’s equation. The slip surface condition of the wall affects the vorticity distribution around the cylinder and the flow separation. In the numerical analysis, we observed that the hydrophobic surface enhances the shedding frequency and damps down the amplitude of oscillations of the square cylinder. We also found that the slip has a negative effect on aerodynamic force coefficients such as the coefficient of lift (CL), coefficient of drag (CD) etc. and hence replacing the no slip surface by a hydrophobic surface can be treated as an effective drag reduction strategy and the introduction of hydrophobic surface could be utilized for reducing the vortex induced vibrations (VIV) and is found as an effective method in controlling VIV thereby controlling the structural failures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drag%20reduction" title="drag reduction">drag reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20past%20square%20cylinder" title=" flow past square cylinder"> flow past square cylinder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20control" title=" flow control"> flow control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrophobic%20surfaces" title=" hydrophobic surfaces"> hydrophobic surfaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vortex%20shedding" title=" vortex shedding "> vortex shedding </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27450/influence-of-hydrophobic-surface-on-flow-past-square-cylinder" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27450.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">373</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10034</span> The Evaporation Study of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kirill%20D.%20Semavin">Kirill D. Semavin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norbert%20S.%20Chilingarov"> Norbert S. Chilingarov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eugene.V.%20Skokan"> Eugene.V. Skokan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The ionic liquids (ILs) based on imidazolium cation are well known nowadays. The changing anions and substituents in imidazolium ring may lead to different physical and chemical properties of ILs. It is important that such ILs with halogen as anion are characterized by a low thermal stability. The data about thermal stability of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride are ambiguous. In the works of last years, thermal stability of this IL was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and obtained results are contradictory. Moreover, in the last study, it was shown that the observed temperature of the beginning of decomposition significantly depends on the experimental conditions, for example, the heating rate of the sample. The vapor pressure of this IL is not presented at the literature. In this study, the vapor pressure of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride was obtained by Knudsen effusion mass-spectrometry (KEMS). The samples of [ЕMIm]Cl (purity > 98%) were supplied by Sigma–Aldrich and were additionally dried at dynamic vacuum (T = 60 0C). Preliminary procedures with Il were derived into glove box. The evaporation studies of [ЕMIm]Cl were carried out by KEMS with using original research equipment based on commercial MI1201 magnetic mass spectrometer. The stainless steel effusion cell had an effective evaporation/effusion area ratio of more than 6000. The cell temperature, measured by a Pt/Pt−Rh (10%) thermocouple, was controlled by a Termodat 128K5 device with an accuracy of ±1 K. In first step of this study, the optimal temperature of experiment and heating rate of samples were customized: 449 K and 5 K/min, respectively. In these conditions the sample is decomposed, but the experimental measurements of the vapor pressures are possible. The thermodynamic activity of [ЕMIm]Cl is close to 1 and products of decomposition don’t affect it at firstly 50 hours of experiment. Therefore, it lets to determine the saturated vapor pressure of IL. The electronic ionization mass-spectra shows that the decomposition of [ЕMIm]Cl proceeds with two ways. Nonetheless, the MALDI mass spectra of the starting sample and residue in the cell were similar. It means that the main decomposition products are gaseous under experimental conditions. This result allows us to obtain information about the kinetics of [ЕMIm]Cl decomposition. Thus, the original KEMS-based procedure made it possible to determine the IL vapor pressure under decomposition conditions. Also, the loss of sample mass due to the evaporation was obtained. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionic%20liquids" title="ionic liquids">ionic liquids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Knudsen%20effusion%20mass%20spectrometry" title=" Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry"> Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20stability" title=" thermal stability"> thermal stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vapor%20pressure" title=" vapor pressure"> vapor pressure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137604/the-evaporation-study-of-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-chloride" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137604.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10033</span> Investigation of Mesoporous Silicon Carbonization Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20I.%20Kargin">N. I. Kargin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20K.%20Safaraliev"> G. K. Safaraliev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20S.%20Gusev"> A. S. Gusev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20O.%20Sultanov"> A. O. Sultanov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20V.%20Siglovaya"> N. V. Siglovaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20M.%20Ryndya"> S. M. Ryndya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20A.%20Timofeev"> A. A. Timofeev</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, an experimental and theoretical study of the processes of mesoporous silicon carbonization during the formation of buffer layers for the subsequent epitaxy of 3C-SiC films and related wide-band-gap semiconductors is performed. Experimental samples were obtained by the method of chemical vapor deposition and investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Analytic expressions were obtained for the effective diffusion factor and carbon atoms diffusion length in a porous system. The proposed model takes into account the processes of Knudsen diffusion, coagulation and overgrowing of pores during the formation of a silicon carbide layer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silicon%20carbide" title="silicon carbide">silicon carbide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porous%20silicon" title=" porous silicon"> porous silicon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbonization" title=" carbonization"> carbonization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20etching" title=" electrochemical etching"> electrochemical etching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diffusion" title=" diffusion"> diffusion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78976/investigation-of-mesoporous-silicon-carbonization-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78976.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">258</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10032</span> Moderating Effects of Family Structure on College Achievement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jennifer%20Knudsen">Jennifer Knudsen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study observes the moderating effects of family structure on College Achievement across cohorts. Over the past half-century, social stigmas surrounding non-traditional families have shifted, as they make up an increasing proportion of American families. Using the General Social Survey, this study employs a varying coefficient model to test if family structure moderates the effects of other background variables on respondents’ educational attainment. Initial analysis suggests that living in alternative family arrangements has an increasingly negative effect on college achievement, whereas living in an intact family with a mother and father has a positive effect on college achievement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title="education">education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family" title=" family"> family</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=college" title=" college"> college</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family%20structure" title=" family structure"> family structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148449/moderating-effects-of-family-structure-on-college-achievement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148449.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10031</span> Effect of Current Density, Temperature and Pressure on Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyser Stack</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Na%20Li">Na Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20Simon%20Araya"> Samuel Simon Araya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S%C3%B8ren%20Knudsen%20K%C3%A6r"> Søren Knudsen Kær</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigates the effects of operating parameters of different current density, temperature and pressure on the performance of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis stack. A 7-cell PEM water electrolysis stack was assembled and tested under different operation modules. The voltage change and polarization curves under different test conditions, namely current density, temperature and pressure, were recorded. Results show that higher temperature has positive effect on overall stack performance, where temperature of 80 ℃ improved the cell performance greatly. However, the cathode pressure and current density has little effect on stack performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PEM%20electrolysis%20stack" title="PEM electrolysis stack">PEM electrolysis stack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=current%20density" title=" current density"> current density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressure" title=" pressure"> pressure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131951/effect-of-current-density-temperature-and-pressure-on-proton-exchange-membrane-electrolyser-stack" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131951.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">201</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10030</span> The Theory of Number "0"</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iryna%20Shevchenko">Iryna Shevchenko</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The science of mathematics was originated at the order of count of objects and subsequently for the measurement of size and quality of objects using the logical or abstract means. The laws of mathematics are based on the study of absolute values. The number 0 or "nothing" is the purely logical (as the opposite to absolute) value as the "nothing" should always assume the space for the something that had existed there; otherwise the "something" would never come to existence. In this work we are going to prove that the number "0" is the abstract (logical) and not an absolute number and it has the absolute value of “∞” (infinity). Therefore, the number "0" might not stand in the row of numbers that symbolically represents the absolute values, as it would be the mathematically incorrect. The symbolical value of number "0" in the row of numbers could be represented with symbol "∞" (infinity). As a result, we have the mathematical row of numbers: epsilon, ...4, 3, 2, 1, ∞. As the conclusions of the theory of number “0” we presented the statements: multiplication and division by fractions of numbers is illegal operation and the mathematical division by number “0” is allowed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=illegal%20operation%20of%20division%20and%20multiplication%20by%20fractions%20of%20number" title="illegal operation of division and multiplication by fractions of number">illegal operation of division and multiplication by fractions of number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infinity" title=" infinity"> infinity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mathematical%20row%20of%20numbers" title=" mathematical row of numbers"> mathematical row of numbers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=theory%20of%20number%20%E2%80%9C0%E2%80%9D" title=" theory of number “0”"> theory of number “0”</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27872/the-theory-of-number-0" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27872.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">552</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10029</span> Numerical Study of Bubbling Fluidized Beds Operating at Sub-atmospheric Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lanka%20Dinushke%20Weerasiri">Lanka Dinushke Weerasiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subrat%20Das"> Subrat Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Fabijanic"> Daniel Fabijanic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=William%20Yang"> William Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fluidization at vacuum pressure has been a topic that is of growing research interest. Several industrial applications (such as drying, extractive metallurgy, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD)) can potentially take advantage of vacuum pressure fluidization. Particularly, the fine chemical industry requires processing under safe conditions for thermolabile substances, and reduced pressure fluidized beds offer an alternative. Fluidized beds under vacuum conditions provide optimal conditions for treatment of granular materials where the reduced gas pressure maintains an operational environment outside of flammability conditions. The fluidization at low-pressure is markedly different from the usual gas flow patterns of atmospheric fluidization. The different flow regimes can be characterized by the dimensionless Knudsen number. Nevertheless, hydrodynamics of bubbling vacuum fluidized beds has not been investigated to author’s best knowledge. In this work, the two-fluid numerical method was used to determine the impact of reduced pressure on the fundamental properties of a fluidized bed. The slip flow model implemented by Ansys Fluent User Defined Functions (UDF) was used to determine the interphase momentum exchange coefficient. A wide range of operating pressures was investigated (1.01, 0.5, 0.25, 0.1 and 0.03 Bar). The gas was supplied by a uniform inlet at 1.5U<sub>mf</sub> and 2U<sub>mf</sub>. The predicted minimum fluidization velocity (U<sub>mf</sub>) shows excellent agreement with the experimental data. The results show that the operating pressure has a notable impact on the bed properties and its hydrodynamics. Furthermore, it also shows that the existing Gorosko correlation that predicts bed expansion is not applicable under reduced pressure conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20fluid%20dynamics" title="computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluidized%20bed" title=" fluidized bed"> fluidized bed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas-solid%20flow" title=" gas-solid flow"> gas-solid flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20pressure" title=" vacuum pressure"> vacuum pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slip%20flow" title=" slip flow"> slip flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20fluidization%20velocity" title=" minimum fluidization velocity "> minimum fluidization velocity </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111148/numerical-study-of-bubbling-fluidized-beds-operating-at-sub-atmospheric-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111148.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10028</span> Definition of Quality Indicators for Damascus Rose Oil (Rosa damascena) Flora of Morocco</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serebryanaya%20Fatima">Serebryanaya Fatima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Essaih%20Hind"> Essaih Hind</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Rosa damascena (Rosa damascena Mill.) is an interesting medicinal plant; it is famous in different countries and has medicinal use in many cultures. The main groups of pharmacological actions of rose oil are connected with anti-inflammatory, antifungal activity, also antioxidant and antibacterial, and antiparasitic properties. We have prepared the quality indicators analysis of the Damascus rose oil. An iodine number, acid number, and oil peroxide number were determined. The following indicators of the quality of rose oil have been studied. The determination was carried out according to the pharmacopoeic methods of analysis of essential oils, the definition of peroxide number (1,971%), iodine number (3,365%), and acid number (0,0526%). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosa%20damascene" title="Rosa damascene">Rosa damascene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosa%20damascena%20Mill." title=" Rosa damascena Mill."> Rosa damascena Mill.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iodine%20number" title=" iodine number"> iodine number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20number" title=" acid number"> acid number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20peroxide%20number" title=" oil peroxide number"> oil peroxide number</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159900/definition-of-quality-indicators-for-damascus-rose-oil-rosa-damascena-flora-of-morocco" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159900.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10027</span> Flow and Heat Transfer of a Nanofluid over a Shrinking Sheet</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Bachok">N. Bachok</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20L.%20Aleng"> N. L. Aleng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20M.%20Arifin"> N. M. Arifin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ishak"> A. Ishak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Senu"> N. Senu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The problem of laminar fluid flow which results from the shrinking of a permeable surface in a nanofluid has been investigated numerically. The model used for the nanofluid incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. A similarity solution is presented which depends on the mass suction parameter S, Prandtl number Pr, Lewis number Le, Brownian motion number Nb and thermophoresis number Nt. It was found that the reduced Nusselt number is decreasing function of each dimensionless number. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boundary%20layer" title="Boundary layer">Boundary layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanofluid" title=" nanofluid"> nanofluid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shrinking%20sheet" title=" shrinking sheet"> shrinking sheet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brownian%20motion" title=" Brownian motion"> Brownian motion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermophoresis" title=" thermophoresis"> thermophoresis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=similarity%20solution" title=" similarity solution"> similarity solution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13057/flow-and-heat-transfer-of-a-nanofluid-over-a-shrinking-sheet" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13057.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">415</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10026</span> Mixed Number Algebra and Its Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md.%20Shah%20Alam">Md. Shah Alam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mushfiq Ahmad has defined a Mixed Number, which is the sum of a scalar and a Cartesian vector. He has also defined the elementary group operations of Mixed numbers i.e. the norm of Mixed numbers, the product of two Mixed numbers, the identity element and the inverse. It has been observed that Mixed Number is consistent with Pauli matrix algebra and a handy tool to work with Dirac electron theory. Its use as a mathematical method in Physics has been studied. (1) We have applied Mixed number in Quantum Mechanics: Mixed Number version of Displacement operator, Vector differential operator, and Angular momentum operator has been developed. Mixed Number method has also been applied to Klein-Gordon equation. (2) We have applied Mixed number in Electrodynamics: Mixed Number version of Maxwell’s equation, the Electric and Magnetic field quantities and Lorentz Force has been found. (3) An associative transformation of Mixed Number numbers fulfilling Lorentz invariance requirement is developed. (4) We have applied Mixed number algebra as an extension of Complex number. Mixed numbers and the Quaternions have isomorphic correspondence, but they are different in algebraic details. The multiplication of unit Mixed number and the multiplication of unit Quaternions are different. Since Mixed Number has properties similar to those of Pauli matrix algebra, Mixed Number algebra is a more convenient tool to deal with Dirac equation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20number" title="mixed number">mixed number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=special%20relativity" title=" special relativity"> special relativity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20mechanics" title=" quantum mechanics"> quantum mechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrodynamics" title=" electrodynamics"> electrodynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pauli%20matrix" title=" pauli matrix"> pauli matrix</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39999/mixed-number-algebra-and-its-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39999.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">363</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10025</span> Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Number of Waves on Heat Transfer in a Wavy Wall Enclosure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Reza%20Tahavvor">Ali Reza Tahavvor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Hosseini"> Saeed Hosseini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afshin%20Karimzadeh%20Fard"> Afshin Karimzadeh Fard</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper the effect of wall waviness of side walls in a two-dimensional wavy enclosure is numerically investigated. Two vertical wavy walls and straight top wall are kept isothermal and the bottom wall temperature is higher and spatially varying with cosinusoidal temperature distribution. A computational code based on Finite-volume approach is used to solve governing equations and SIMPLE method is used for pressure velocity coupling. Test is performed for several different numbers of undulations. The Prandtl number was kept constant and the Ra number denotes that the flow is laminar. Temperature and velocity fields are determined. Therefore, according to the obtained results a correlation is proposed for average Nusselt number as a function of number of side wall waves. The results indicate that the Nusselt number is highly affected by number of waves and increasing it decreases the wavy walls Nusselt number; although the Nusselt number is not highly affected by surface waviness when the number of undulations is below one. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cavity" title="cavity">cavity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20convection" title=" natural convection"> natural convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nusselt%20number" title=" Nusselt number"> Nusselt number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wavy%20wall" title=" wavy wall"> wavy wall</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16580/numerical-investigation-of-the-effect-of-number-of-waves-on-heat-transfer-in-a-wavy-wall-enclosure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16580.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">470</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10024</span> Domination Parameters of Middle Graphs: Connected and Outer-Connected Perspectives</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Behnaz%20Pahlousay">Behnaz Pahlousay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farshad%20Kazemnejad"> Farshad Kazemnejad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elisa%20Palezzato"> Elisa Palezzato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michele%20Torielli"> Michele Torielli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we study the notions of connected domination number and of outer-connected domination number for middle graphs. Indeed, we obtain tight bounds for these numbers in terms of the order of the middle graph M(G). We also compute the outer-connected domination number of some families of graphs such as star graphs, cycle graphs, wheel graphs, complete graphs, complete bipartite graphs and some operation on graphs, explicitly. Moreover, some Nordhaus-Gaddum-like relations are presented for the outer-connected domination number of middle graphs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=connected%20domination%20number" title="connected domination number">connected domination number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outer-connected%20dom-%20ination%20number" title=" outer-connected dom- ination number"> outer-connected dom- ination number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=domination%20number" title=" domination number"> domination number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=middle%20graph" title=" middle graph"> middle graph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nordhaus-%20gaddum-like%20relation." title=" nordhaus- gaddum-like relation."> nordhaus- gaddum-like relation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189196/domination-parameters-of-middle-graphs-connected-and-outer-connected-perspectives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189196.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">37</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10023</span> Developing an Advanced Algorithm Capable of Classifying News, Articles and Other Textual Documents Using Text Mining Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20B.%20Knudsen">R. B. Knudsen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20T.%20Rasmussen"> O. T. Rasmussen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20A.%20Alphinas"> R. A. Alphinas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The reason for conducting this research is to develop an algorithm that is capable of classifying news articles from the automobile industry, according to the competitive actions that they entail, with the use of Text Mining (TM) methods. It is needed to test how to properly preprocess the data for this research by preparing pipelines which fits each algorithm the best. The pipelines are tested along with nine different classification algorithms in the realm of regression, support vector machines, and neural networks. Preliminary testing for identifying the optimal pipelines and algorithms resulted in the selection of two algorithms with two different pipelines. The two algorithms are Logistic Regression (LR) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). These algorithms are optimized further, where several parameters of each algorithm are tested. The best result is achieved with the ANN. The final model yields an accuracy of 0.79, a precision of 0.80, a recall of 0.78, and an F1 score of 0.76. By removing three of the classes that created noise, the final algorithm is capable of reaching an accuracy of 94%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Artificial%20Neural%20network" title="Artificial Neural network">Artificial Neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Competitive%20dynamics" title=" Competitive dynamics"> Competitive dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Logistic%20Regression" title=" Logistic Regression"> Logistic Regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Text%20classification" title=" Text classification"> Text classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Text%20mining" title=" Text mining"> Text mining</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127954/developing-an-advanced-algorithm-capable-of-classifying-news-articles-and-other-textual-documents-using-text-mining-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127954.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10022</span> Fractional Residue Number System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parisa%20Khoshvaght">Parisa Khoshvaght</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Hosseinzadeh"> Mehdi Hosseinzadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During the past few years, the Residue Number System (RNS) has been receiving considerable interest due to its parallel and fault-tolerant properties. This system is a useful tool for Digital Signal Processing (DSP) since it can support parallel, carry-free, high-speed and low power arithmetic. One of the drawbacks of Residue Number System is the fractional numbers, that is, the corresponding circuit is very hard to realize in conventional CMOS technology. In this paper, we propose a method in which the numbers of transistors are significantly reduced. The related delay is extremely diminished, in the first glance we use this method to solve concerning problem of one decimal functional number some how this proposition can be extended to generalize the idea. Another advantage of this method is the independency on the kind of moduli. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20arithmetic" title="computer arithmetic">computer arithmetic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residue%20number%20system" title=" residue number system"> residue number system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=number%20system" title=" number system"> number system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=one-Hot" title=" one-Hot"> one-Hot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VLSI" title=" VLSI"> VLSI</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30341/fractional-residue-number-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30341.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">495</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10021</span> Scheduling of Bus Fleet Departure Time Based on Mathematical Model of Number of Bus Stops for Municipality Bus Organization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Abdi%20Kordani">Ali Abdi Kordani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamid%20Bigdelirad"> Hamid Bigdelirad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sid%20Mohammad%20Boroomandrad"> Sid Mohammad Boroomandrad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Operating Urban Bus Transit System is a phenomenon that has a major role in transporting passengers in cities. There are many factors involved in planning and operating an Urban Bus Transit System, one of which is selecting optimized number of stops and scheduling of bus fleet departure. In this paper, we tried to introduce desirable methodology to select number of stops and schedule properly. Selecting the right number of stops causes convenience in accessibility and reduction in travel time and finally increase in public preference of this transportation mode. The achieved results revealed that number of stops must reduce from 33 to 25. Also according to scheduling and conducted economic analysis, the number of buses must decrease from 17 to 11 to have the most appropriate status for the Bus Organization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=number%20of%20optimized%20stops" title="number of optimized stops">number of optimized stops</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organizing%20bus%20system" title=" organizing bus system"> organizing bus system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scheduling" title=" scheduling"> scheduling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20transit" title=" urban transit"> urban transit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111521/scheduling-of-bus-fleet-departure-time-based-on-mathematical-model-of-number-of-bus-stops-for-municipality-bus-organization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111521.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10020</span> Mixed Convective Heat Transfer in Water-Based Al2O3 Nanofluid in Horizontal Rectangular Duct</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nur%20Irmawati">Nur Irmawati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20A.%20Mohammed"> H. A. Mohammed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present study, mixed convection in a horizontal rectangular duct using Al2O3 is numerically investigated. The effects of different Rayleigh number, Reynolds number and radiation on flow and heat transfer characteristics were studied in detail. This study covers Rayleigh number in the range of 2×106≤Ra≤2×107 and Reynolds number in the range of 100≤Re≤1100. Results reveal that the Nusselt number increases as Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers increase. It was also found that the dimensionless temperature distribution increases as Rayleigh number increases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title="numerical simulation">numerical simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20convection" title=" mixed convection"> mixed convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horizontal%20rectangular%20duct" title=" horizontal rectangular duct"> horizontal rectangular duct</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanofluids" title=" nanofluids"> nanofluids</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17914/mixed-convective-heat-transfer-in-water-based-al2o3-nanofluid-in-horizontal-rectangular-duct" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17914.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10019</span> Determining Optimal Number of Trees in Random Forests</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Songul%20Cinaroglu">Songul Cinaroglu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Random Forest is an efficient, multi-class machine learning method using for classification, regression and other tasks. This method is operating by constructing each tree using different bootstrap sample of the data. Determining the number of trees in random forests is an open question in the literature for studies about improving classification performance of random forests. Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze whether there is an optimal number of trees in Random Forests and how performance of Random Forests differ according to increase in number of trees using sample health data sets in R programme. Method: In this study we analyzed the performance of Random Forests as the number of trees grows and doubling the number of trees at every iteration using “random forest” package in R programme. For determining minimum and optimal number of trees we performed Mc Nemar test and Area Under ROC Curve respectively. Results: At the end of the analysis it was found that as the number of trees grows, it does not always means that the performance of the forest is better than forests which have fever trees. In other words larger number of trees only increases computational costs but not increases performance results. Conclusion: Despite general practice in using random forests is to generate large number of trees for having high performance results, this study shows that increasing number of trees doesn’t always improves performance. Future studies can compare different kinds of data sets and different performance measures to test whether Random Forest performance results change as number of trees increase or not. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification%20methods" title="classification methods">classification methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20trees" title=" decision trees"> decision trees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=number%20of%20trees" title=" number of trees"> number of trees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20forest" title=" random forest"> random forest</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30675/determining-optimal-number-of-trees-in-random-forests" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30675.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10018</span> Debris' Effect on Bearing Capacity of Defective Piles in Sand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20M.%20Nasr">A. M. Nasr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20R.%20Azzam"> W. R. Azzam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20E.%20Ebeed"> K. E. Ebeed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For bored piles, careful cleaning must be used to reduce the amount of material trapped in the drilled hole; otherwise, the debris' presence might cause the soft toe effect, which would affect the axial resistance. There isn't much comprehensive research on bored piles with debris. In order to investigate the behavior of a single pile, a pile composite foundation, a two pile group, a three pile group and a four pile group investigation conducts, forty-eight numerical tests in which the debris is simulated using foam rubber.1m pile diameter and 10m length with spacing 3D and depth of foundation 1m used in this study. It is found that the existence of debris causes a reduction of bearing capacity by 64.58% and 33.23% for single pile and pile composite foundation, respectively, 23.27% and 24.24% for the number of defective piles / total number of pile =1/2 and 1 respectively for two group pile, 10.23%, 19.42% and 28.47% for the number of defective piles / total number of pile =1/3,2/3 and 1 respectively for three group pile and, this reduction increase with the increase in a number of defective piles / a total number of piles and 7.1%, 13.32%,19.02% and 26.36 for the number of defective piles / total number of pile =1/4,2/4,3/4 and 1 respectively for four group pile and decreases with an increase of number of pile duo to interaction effect. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=debris" title="debris">debris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Foundation" title=" Foundation"> Foundation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defective" title=" defective"> defective</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interaction" title=" interaction"> interaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=board%20pile" title=" board pile"> board pile</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159958/debris-effect-on-bearing-capacity-of-defective-piles-in-sand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159958.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">96</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10017</span> Number Sense Proficiency and Problem Solving Performance of Grade Seven Students</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laissa%20Mae%20Francisco">Laissa Mae Francisco</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Rolex%20Ingreso"> John Rolex Ingreso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Krizel%20Menguito"> Anna Krizel Menguito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Criselda%20Robrigado"> Criselda Robrigado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rej%20Maegan%20%20Tuazon"> Rej Maegan Tuazon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to determine and describe the existing relationship between number sense proficiency and problem-solving performance of grade seven students from Victorino Mapa High School, Manila. A paper pencil exam containing of 50-item number sense test and 5-item problem-solving test which measures their number sense proficiency and problem-solving performance adapted from McIntosh, Reys, and Bana were used as the research instruments. The data obtained from this study were interpreted and analyzed using the Pearson – Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation to determine the relationship between the two variables. It was found out that students who were low in number sense proficiency tend to be the students with poor problem-solving performance and students with medium number sense proficiency are most likely to have an average problem-solving performance. Likewise, students with high number sense proficiency are those who do excellently in problem-solving performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=number%20sense" title="number sense">number sense</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=problem%20solving" title=" problem solving"> problem solving</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proficiency" title=" proficiency"> proficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59954/number-sense-proficiency-and-problem-solving-performance-of-grade-seven-students" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59954.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">437</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10016</span> Entropy Production in Mixed Convection in a Horizontal Porous Channel Using Darcy-Brinkman Formulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amel%20Tayari">Amel Tayari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atef%20Eljerry"> Atef Eljerry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mourad%20Magherbi"> Mourad Magherbi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper reports a numerical investigation of the entropy generation analysis due to mixed convection in laminar flow through a channel filled with porous media. The second law of thermodynamics is applied to investigate the entropy generation rate. The Darcy-Brinkman Model is employed. The entropy generation due to heat transfer and friction dissipations has been determined in mixed convection by solving numerically the continuity, momentum and energy equations, using a control volume finite element method. The effects of Darcy number, modified Brinkman number and the Rayleigh number on averaged entropy generation and averaged Nusselt number are investigated. The Rayleigh number varied between 103 ≤ Ra ≤ 105 and the modified Brinkman number ranges between 10-5 ≤ Br≤ 10-1 with fixed values of porosity and Reynolds number at 0.5 and 10 respectively. The Darcy number varied between 10-6 ≤ Da ≤10. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entropy%20generation" title="entropy generation">entropy generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porous%20media" title=" porous media"> porous media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer" title=" heat transfer"> heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20convection" title=" mixed convection"> mixed convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20methods" title=" numerical methods"> numerical methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=darcy" title=" darcy"> darcy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brinkman" title=" brinkman"> brinkman</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3819/entropy-production-in-mixed-convection-in-a-horizontal-porous-channel-using-darcy-brinkman-formulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3819.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">410</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10015</span> Teaching the Binary System via Beautiful Facts from the Real Life</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salem%20Ben%20Said">Salem Ben Said</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent times the decimal number system to which we are accustomed has received serious competition from the binary number system. In this note, an approach is suggested to teaching and learning the binary number system using examples from the real world. More precisely, we will demonstrate the utility of the binary system in describing the optimal strategy to win the Chinese Nim game, and in telegraphy by decoding the hidden message on Perseverance’s Mars parachute written in the language of binary system. Finally, we will answer the question, “why do modern computers prefer the ternary number system instead of the binary system?”. All materials are provided in a format that is conductive to classroom presentation and discussion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binary%20number%20system" title="binary number system">binary number system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nim%20game" title=" Nim game"> Nim game</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=telegraphy" title=" telegraphy"> telegraphy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computers%20prefer%20the%20ternary%20system" title=" computers prefer the ternary system"> computers prefer the ternary system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143278/teaching-the-binary-system-via-beautiful-facts-from-the-real-life" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143278.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">186</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10014</span> Estimating Current Suicide Rates Using Google Trends</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ladislav%20Kristoufek">Ladislav Kristoufek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Helen%20Susannah%20Moat"> Helen Susannah Moat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tobias%20Preis"> Tobias Preis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Data on the number of people who have committed suicide tends to be reported with a substantial time lag of around two years. We examine whether online activity measured by Google searches can help us improve estimates of the number of suicide occurrences in England before official figures are released. Specifically, we analyse how data on the number of Google searches for the terms “depression” and “suicide” relate to the number of suicides between 2004 and 2013. We find that estimates drawing on Google data are significantly better than estimates using previous suicide data alone. We show that a greater number of searches for the term “depression” is related to fewer suicides, whereas a greater number of searches for the term “suicide” is related to more suicides. Data on suicide related search behaviour can be used to improve current estimates of the number of suicide occurrences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nowcasting" title="nowcasting">nowcasting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=search%20data" title=" search data"> search data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Google%20Trends" title=" Google Trends"> Google Trends</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=official%20statistics" title=" official statistics"> official statistics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59622/estimating-current-suicide-rates-using-google-trends" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59622.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10013</span> Numerical Study of Mixed Convection Coupled to Radiation in a Square Cavity with a Lid-Driven</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belmiloud%20Mohamed%20Amine">Belmiloud Mohamed Amine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sad%20Chemloul%20Nord-Eddine"> Sad Chemloul Nord-Eddine</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study we investigated numerically heat transfer by mixed convection coupled to radiation in a square cavity; the upper horizontal wall is movable. The purpose of this study is to see the influence of the emissivity and the varying of the Richardson number on the variation of the average Nusselt number. The vertical walls of the cavity are differentially heated, the left wall is maintained at a uniform temperature higher than the right wall, and the two horizontal walls are adiabatic. The finite volume method is used for solving the dimensionless governing equations. Emissivity values used in this study are ranged between 0 and 1, the Richardson number in the range 0.1 to10. The Rayleigh number is fixed to Ra = 10000 and the Prandtl number is maintained constant Pr = 0.71. Streamlines, isothermal lines and the average Nusselt number are presented according to the surface emissivity. The results of this study show that the Richardson number and emissivity affect the average Nusselt number. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20convection" title="mixed convection">mixed convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=square%20cavity" title=" square cavity"> square cavity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wall%20emissivity" title=" wall emissivity"> wall emissivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lid-driven" title=" lid-driven"> lid-driven</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20study" title=" numerical study"> numerical study</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34521/numerical-study-of-mixed-convection-coupled-to-radiation-in-a-square-cavity-with-a-lid-driven" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34521.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">346</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10012</span> Number of Necessary Parameters for Parametrization of Stabilizing Controllers for two times two RHinf Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazuyoshi%20Mori">Kazuyoshi Mori</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we consider the number of parameters for the parametrization of stabilizing controllers for RHinf systems with size 2 × 2. Fortunately, any plant of this model can admit doubly coprime factorization. Thus we can use the Youla parameterization to parametrize the stabilizing contollers . However, Youla parameterization does not give itself the minimal number of parameters. This paper shows that the minimal number of parameters is four. As a result, we show that the Youla parametrization naturally gives the parameterization of stabilizing controllers with minimal numbers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RHinfo" title="RHinfo">RHinfo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parameterization" title=" parameterization"> parameterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=number%20of%20parameters" title=" number of parameters"> number of parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-input" title=" multi-input"> multi-input</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-output%20systems" title=" multi-output systems"> multi-output systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33703/number-of-necessary-parameters-for-parametrization-of-stabilizing-controllers-for-two-times-two-rhinf-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33703.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">407</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10011</span> A Stable Method for Determination of the Number of Independent Components</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuyan%20Yi">Yuyan Yi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jingyi%20Zheng"> Jingyi Zheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nedret%20Billor"> Nedret Billor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Independent component analysis (ICA) is one of the most commonly used blind source separation (BSS) techniques for signal pre-processing, such as noise reduction and feature extraction. The main parameter in the ICA method is the number of independent components (IC). Although there have been several methods for the determination of the number of ICs, it has not been given sufficient attentionto this important parameter. In this study, wereview the mostused methods fordetermining the number of ICs and providetheir advantages and disadvantages. Further, wepropose an improved version of column-wise ICAByBlock method for the determination of the number of ICs.To assess the performance of the proposed method, we compare the column-wise ICAbyBlock with several existing methods through different ICA methods by using simulated and real signal data. Results show that the proposed column-wise ICAbyBlock is an effective and stable method for determining the optimal number of components in ICA. This method is simple, and results can be demonstrated intuitively with good visualizations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=independent%20component%20analysis" title="independent component analysis">independent component analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20number" title=" optimal number"> optimal number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=column-wise" title=" column-wise"> column-wise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correlation%20coefficient" title=" correlation coefficient"> correlation coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-validation" title=" cross-validation"> cross-validation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICAByblock" title=" ICAByblock"> ICAByblock</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150582/a-stable-method-for-determination-of-the-number-of-independent-components" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150582.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">99</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10010</span> Investigating Fatigue Life in Bolted Flange Connection in Wind Turbine Towers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20Salameh">Abdullah Salameh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamil%20Renno"> Jamil Renno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20Ali"> Khaled Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates how fatigue life is influenced by increasing the number and size of bolts under several wind speed averages. The study determined that increasing the size or number of bolts can notably improve the fatigue life of bolted flange connections. Additionally, the curves derived from the assessment data demonstrated a steeper slope for a greater number of bolts, indicating that the percentage increase of adding bolts is not consistent for each additional bolt. Instead, the percentage increment rises exponentially when increasing the number of bolts. However, selecting the most suitable design improvement strategy depends on the specific circumstances. In the majority of cases, the study observed that increasing the number of bolts resulted in significant improvements in fatigue life, regardless of the size of the bolts used. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wind%20turbine%20tower" title="wind turbine tower">wind turbine tower</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flanged%20connection" title=" flanged connection"> flanged connection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=number%20of%20bolts" title=" number of bolts"> number of bolts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=size%20of%20bolts" title=" size of bolts"> size of bolts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20life" title=" fatigue life"> fatigue life</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167960/investigating-fatigue-life-in-bolted-flange-connection-in-wind-turbine-towers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167960.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Knudsen%20number&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Knudsen%20number&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Knudsen%20number&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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