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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|One of two official written standards for the Norwegian language}} {{Infobox language |name = Norwegian Bokmål |nativename = {{lang|nb|bokmål}} |pronunciation = {{IPA|no-NO-03|ˈbûːkmoːɫ|lang}} |states = [[Norway]] |speakers = none |speakers2 = (written only) |familycolor = Indo-European |fam2 = [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] |fam3 = [[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]] |fam4 = [[East Scandinavian languages|East Scandinavian]] |fam5 = [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] |fam6 = [[Dano-Norwegian]] |ancestor = [[Old Norse]] |ancestor2 = [[Old East Norse]] |ancestor3 = [[Old Danish|Early Old Danish]] |ancestor4 = [[History of Danish#Medieval Danish|Late Old Danish]] |ancestor5 = [[Dano-Norwegian]] |ancestor6 = [[Riksmål]] |stand1 = Bokmål (official) |stand2 = [[Riksmål]] (unofficial) |script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Norwegian alphabet]]) |nation = {{plainlist| *{{NOR|Norway}} *[[File:Flag of the Nordic Council.svg|22px]] [[Nordic Council]]}} |agency = {{plainlist| *[[Norwegian Language Council]] (Bokmål) *[[Norwegian Academy]] (Riksmål)}} |iso1 = nb |iso2 = nob |iso3 = nob |lingua = 52-AAA-ba to -be and 52-AAA-cd to -cg |glotto = norw1259 |glottorefname = Norwegian Bokmål |notice = IPA }} '''Bokmål''' ({{IPA|no-NO-03|ˈbûːkmoːɫ|lang|Bokmål (Pronuncation).ogg}}) ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|b|uː|k|m|ɔː|l}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|b|ʊ|k|-|,_|ˈ|b|oʊ|k|-}};<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Bokmål|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bokmal|title=Bokmål|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501110725/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bokmal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190501110731/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Bokm%25C3%25A5l "Bokmål"] (US) and {{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Bokm%C3%A5l |title=Bokmål |dictionary=[[Lexico|Oxford Dictionaries]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Bokmål|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> {{literal translation|book-tongue}}) is one of the official written standards for the [[Norwegian language]], alongside [[Nynorsk]]. Bokmål is by far the most used written form of Norwegian today, as it is adopted by 85% to 90%<ref name="Vikor">{{cite web|url=http://www.sprakrad.no/Tema/Fakta/|author=Vikør, Lars|author-link=Lars Vikør|title=''Fakta om norsk språk''|access-date=2014-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203190655/http://www.sprakrad.no/Tema/Fakta/|archive-date=2014-02-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> of the population in [[Norway]]. There is no countrywide standard or agreement on the pronunciation of Bokmål and the [[Norwegian dialects|spoken dialects]] vary greatly. Bokmål is regulated by the governmental [[Language Council of Norway]]. A related, more conservative [[Orthography|orthographic]] standard, commonly known as ''[[Riksmål]]'', is regulated by the non-governmental [[Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature]]. The written standard is a Norwegianised variety of the [[Danish language]]. The first Bokmål orthography was officially adopted in 1907 under the name ''Riksmål'' after being under development since 1879.<ref name="Lundeby">{{cite web|url=http://www.sprakradet.no/nb-no/Politikk-Fakta/Fakta/Andre_oversikter/Stortinget_og_spraaksaken/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130222201525/http://www.sprakradet.no/nb-no/Politikk-Fakta/Fakta/Andre_oversikter/Stortinget_og_spraaksaken/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-22|author=Lundeby, Einar|author-link=Einar Lundeby|title=''Stortinget og språksaken''|access-date=2007-06-12}}</ref> The architects behind the reform were [[Marius Nygaard (academic)|Marius Nygaard]] and Jacob Jonathan Aars.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Marius Nygaard|encyclopedia=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]|first=Eyvind Fjeld|last=Halvorsen|author-link=Eyvind Fjeld Halvorsen|editor=Helle, Knut|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget|location=Oslo|url=http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Marius_Nygaard/utdypning|language=no|access-date=6 February 2010|editor-link=Knut Helle|archive-date=2 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102115232/http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Marius_Nygaard/utdypning|url-status=live}}</ref> It was an adaptation of [[Danish orthography|written Danish]]- commonly used since the [[Denmark-Norway|past union]] with [[Denmark]]- to [[Dano-Norwegian]], the [[koiné language|koiné]] spoken by the Norwegian urban elite, especially in the capital. When the large conservative newspaper {{Lang|no|[[Aftenposten]]}} adopted the 1907 orthography in 1923, Danish writing was practically out of use in Norway. The name ''Bokmål'' was officially adopted in 1929 after a proposition to call the written language ''Dano-Norwegian'' lost by a single vote in the [[Storting|Lagting]].<ref name="Lundeby"/> The government does not regulate ''spoken'' Bokmål and recommends that normalised pronunciation should follow the [[Norwegian phonology|phonology]] of the speaker's local dialect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sprakradet.no/Sprakhjelp/Raad/Raad_om_uttale/|title=Råd om uttale|access-date=2009-03-15|archive-date=2009-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214121312/http://sprakradet.no/Sprakhjelp/Raad/Raad_om_uttale/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, there is a spoken variety of Norwegian that, in the region of [[Østlandet|South-Eastern Norway]], is commonly seen as the ''de facto'' standard for spoken Bokmål. In ''The Phonology of Norwegian'', Gjert Kristoffersen writes that {{Quote|Bokmål [...] is in its most common variety looked upon as reflecting formal middle-class urban speech, especially that found in the eastern part of Southern Norway [sic], with the capital Oslo as the obvious centre. One can therefore say that Bokmål has a spoken realisation that one might call an unofficial standard spoken Norwegian. It is in fact often referred to as Standard Østnorsk ('Standard East Norwegian').<ref name="Kristoffersen">{{cite book|last=Kristoffersen|first=Gjert|author-link=Gjert Kristoffersen|title=The Phonology of Norwegian|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-823765-5}}</ref>}} Standard Østnorsk ({{literal translation|'Standard East Norwegian'}}) or sometimes described as "[[Urban East Norwegian]]" is the pronunciation most commonly given in dictionaries. However, Standard Østnorsk as a spoken language is not used (and does not have [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige]]) outside South-Eastern Norway. All spoken variations of the Norwegian language are used in the [[Storting]] (parliament) and in Norwegian national broadcasters such as [[NRK]] and [[TV 2 (Norway)|TV 2]], even in cases where the conventions of Bokmål are used. The spoken variation typically reflects a speaker's native region. == History == Up until about 1300, the written language of Norway, [[Old Norwegian]], was essentially the same as the other [[Old Norse#Dialects|Old Norse dialects]]. The speech, however, was gradually differentiated into local and regional dialects. As long as Norway remained an [[Kingdom of Norway (872-1397)|independent kingdom]], the written language remained essentially constant.<ref name="Haugen">{{cite book|last=Haugen |first=Einar|title=Norwegian English Dictionary|publisher=Unifersitetsforlaget |location=Oslo |year=1977|isbn=0-299-03874-2}}</ref> In 1380,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peter Burgess |first=J. |last2=Hyvik |first2=Jens Johan |date=October 2004 |title=Ambivalent patriotism: Jacob Aall and Dano-Norwegian identity before 1814 |url=https://jpeterburgess.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/2004/2004_Ambivalent_Patriotism_Nations_and_Nationalism_10(4)_2004.pdf |journal=Nations and Nationalism |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |page=620 |doi=10.1111/j.1354-5078.2004.00185.x |issn=1354-5078 |access-date=2023-06-28 |archive-date=2024-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114130721/https://jpeterburgess.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/2004/2004_Ambivalent_Patriotism_Nations_and_Nationalism_10%284%29_2004.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Norway entered into a [[personal union]] with Denmark. By the early 16th century, Norway had lost its separate political institutions, and together with Denmark formed the political unit known as [[Denmark–Norway]] until 1814, progressively becoming the weaker member of the union.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} During this period, the modern Danish and Norwegian languages emerged. Norwegian went through a [[Middle Norwegian]] transition, and a Danish written language more heavily influenced by [[Low German]] was gradually standardised. This process was aided by the [[Reformation]], which prompted [[Christiern Pedersen]]'s translation of the Bible into Danish. Remnants of written Old Norse and Norwegian were thus displaced by the Danish standard, which became used for virtually all administrative documents.<ref name="Haugen"/><ref name="Gjerset">{{cite book|last=Gjerset |first=Knut |title=History of the Norwegian People, Volumes I & II|publisher=The MacMillan Company|year=1915|ISBN=}}</ref> Norwegians used Danish primarily in writing, but it gradually came to be spoken by urban elites on formal or official occasions. Although Danish never became the spoken language of the vast majority of the population, by the time Norway's ties with Denmark were severed in 1814, a [[Dano-Norwegian]] vernacular often called the "educated daily speech"{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} had become the mother tongue of elites in most Norwegian cities, such as [[Bergen]], [[Kristiania]] and [[Trondheim]]. This Dano-Norwegian ''[[Koiné language|koiné]]'' could be described as Danish with regional Norwegian pronunciation (see [[Norwegian dialects]]), some Norwegian vocabulary, and simplified grammar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hoel |first=Oddmund Løkensgard |title=Nasjonalisme i norsk målstrid 1848–1865 |url=http://www.krundalen.no/blogg/?page_id=101 |location=Oslo |year=1996 |publisher=Noregs Forskingsråd |isbn=82-12-00695-6 |access-date=2009-02-08 |archive-date=2018-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923050324/http://www.krundalen.no/blogg/?page_id=101 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Knudknudsen.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Knud Knudsen (linguist)|Knud Knudsen]], often called the "father of Bokmål"]] With the gradual subsequent process of Norwegianisation of the written language used in the cities of Norway, from Danish to Bokmål and Riksmål, the upper-class [[sociolects]] in the cities changed accordingly. In 1814, when Norway was ceded from Denmark [[Union between Sweden and Norway|to Sweden]], Norway defied Sweden and her allies, declared independence and adopted a democratic constitution. Although compelled to submit to a dynastic union with Sweden, this spark of independence continued to burn, influencing the evolution of language in Norway. Old language traditions were revived by the patriotic poet [[Henrik Wergeland]] (1808–1845), who championed an independent non-Danish written language.<ref name="Gjerset"/> Haugen indicates that: <blockquote>"Within the first generation of liberty, two solutions emerged and won adherents, one based on the speech of the upper class and one on that of the common people. The former called for Norwegianisation of the Danish writing, the latter for a brand new start."<ref name="Haugen"/></blockquote> The more conservative of the two language transitions was advanced by the work of writers like [[Peter Christen Asbjørnsen|Peter Asbjørnsen]] and [[Jørgen Moe]], schoolmaster and agitator for language reform [[Knud Knudsen (linguist)|Knud Knudsen]], and Knudsen's famous disciple, [[Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson]], as well as a more cautious Norwegianisation by [[Henrik Ibsen]].<ref name="Haugen" /><ref name = "Larsen">{{cite book|author=Larson, Karen |title=A History of Norway|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1948}}</ref> In particular, Knudsen's work on language reform in the mid-19th century was important for the 1907 orthography and a subsequent reform in 1917, so much so that he is now often called the "father of Bokmål". == Controversy == {{Main|Norwegian language conflict}} ===Riksmål versus Bokmål=== [[File:Poster against mandatory Samnorsk, 1955.jpg|thumb|upright|Poster from a campaign against mandatory [[Samnorsk]], {{Circa|1955}}]] Since the creation of [[Landsmål]], the Danish written in Norway was referred to as ''(det almindelige) Bogmaal'', etc. ("(The ordinary) book language"), e.g. in ''Den norske Literatur fra 1814 indtil vore Dage'' (Hans Olaf Hansen, 1862), or the synonym ''Bogsprog'', e.g. in the 1885 decision that adopted Landsmål as a co-official language. The term ''Riksmål'' (''Rigsmaal''), meaning ''National Language'', was first proposed by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson in 1899 as a name for the Norwegian variety of written Danish as well as spoken Dano-Norwegian. It was borrowed from Denmark where it denoted standard written and spoken Danish. The same year the Riksmål movement became organised under his leadership in order to fight against the growing influence of Nynorsk, eventually leading to the foundation of the non-governmental organisation [[Riksmålsforbundet]] in 1907, which he led until his death in 1910. The 1907 reform documents do not mention the language by name, but the term ''Riksmål'' eventually caught on and was adopted by the Ministry of Church and Education in the years leading up to the 1917 spelling reform, appearing in its 1908 publication ''Utredning av spørsmaalet om et mulig samarbeide mellem landsmaal og riksmaal i retskrivningen'' ("Investigation of the question of a possible cooperation between Landmål and Riksmål with regards to orthography"). Through this work an official policy to merge the standards (to a common ''[[Samnorsk]]'') through spelling reforms came to be. In line with these plans, the 1917 reform introduced some elements from [[Norwegian dialects]] and Nynorsk as optional alternatives to traditional Dano-Norwegian forms. The reform met some resistance from the Riksmål movement, and ''Riksmålsvernet'' (The Society for the Protection of Riksmål) was founded in 1919. In 1929, the parliament voted to rename the written standards. ''Bokmål'' was re-introduced as the official name for the Dano-Norwegian standard, replacing ''Riksmål'', while ''Landsmål'' was renamed ''Nynorsk''. In 1938 both written standards were heavily reformed and many common spellings and grammatical endings were made mandatory. This meant the removal of many traditional Dano-Norwegian forms in Bokmål, a decision that was harshly criticised by the Riksmål movement for being too radical and premature. While it criticised the adoption of Nynorsk spellings, it initially also expressed support for making the orthography more [[Phonemic orthography|phonemic]], for instance by removing silent h's in interrogative pronouns (which was done in Swedish a few years earlier). The resistance culminated in the 1950s under the leadership of [[Arnulf Øverland]]. Riksmålsforbundet organised a parents' campaign against Samnorsk in 1951, and the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature was founded in 1953. Because of this resistance, the 1959 reform was relatively modest, and some of the common traditional Danish spellings and inflections were admitted back into the standard through the reforms in 1981 and 2005. Currently, Riksmål denotes a language form regulated by the non-governmental organisation The Norwegian Academy of Language and Literature. It is based on pre-1938 Bokmål and has been regulated by The Academy as a private alternative to the official Bokmål spelling standard since the 1950s. Over time it has accepted widespread "radical" spellings into the Riksmål standard. Since the official Samnorsk policy was abolished, Riksmål and Bokmål have converged, and The Academy currently edits an online dictionary that covers both. The differences have diminished (now being comparable to [[American and British English differences]]), but The Academy still upholds its own standard. Norway's most popular daily newspaper, {{Lang|no|[[Aftenposten]]}}, is notable for its use of Riksmål as its standard language. Use of Riksmål is rigorously pursued, even with regard to readers' letters, which are "translated" into the standard.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}} {{Lang|no|Aftenposten}} gave up its most markedly conservative "signal words" in 1990. While the specifics of the debate are unique to Norway, some parallels can be found in Austrian German and the [[One Standard German Axiom]], which revolves over the kind of standard to be used in a non-dominant country. ===Terminology=== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2014}} [[File:Målformer i Norge.svg|thumb|right|200px|Map of the official language forms of Norwegian municipalities. Red is Bokmål, blue is [[Nynorsk]] and gray denotes neutral areas.]]In the Norwegian discourse, the term ''Dano-Norwegian'' is seldom used with reference to contemporary Bokmål and its spoken varieties. The nationality of the language has been a hotly debated topic, and its users and proponents have generally not been fond of the implied association with Danish (hence the neutral names ''Riksmål'' and ''Bokmål'', meaning ''state language'' and ''book language'' respectively). The debate intensified with the advent of [[Nynorsk]] in the 19th century, a written language based on rural [[Modern Norwegian]] dialects and [[Linguistic purism|puristic]] opposition to the Danish and Dano-Norwegian spoken in Norwegian cities. == Characteristics == ===Differences from Danish=== {{Main|Differences between Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish}} The following table shows a few central differences between Bokmål and Danish. {| class="wikitable" |+ Differences between Bokmål and Danish |- ! ! Danish ! Bokmål |- | {{nowrap|Definite plural suffix either -ene or -erne}}<br/>the women<br/>the wagons | ''yes''<br/>kvind'''erne'''<br/>vogn'''ene''' | style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''no''<br/>kvinn'''ene'''<br/>vogn'''ene''' |- | West Scandinavian diphthongs<br/>heath<br/>hay | ''no''<br/>h'''e'''de<br/>h'''ø''' | style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''yes''<br/>h'''ei'''<br/>h'''øy''' |- | Softening of p, t and k<br/>loss (noun)<br/>food (noun)<br/>roof (noun)<br/> | ''yes''<br/>ta'''b'''<br/>ma'''d'''<br/>ta'''g''' | style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''no''<br/>ta'''p'''<br/>ma'''t'''<br/>ta'''k''' |- | Danish vocabulary<br/>afraid (adjective)<br/>angry (adjective)<br/>boy (noun)<br/>frog (noun) | ''yes''<br/>{{nowrap|bange (<small>also</small> ræd)}}<br/>vred<br/>dreng (<small>also</small> gut)<br/>frø | style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''no''<br/>redd<br/>sint or vred<br/>gutt<br/>frosk |} ===Differences from the traditional Oslo dialect=== Most natives of Oslo today speak a dialect that is an amalgamation of ''vikværsk'' (which is the technical term for the traditional dialects in the Oslofjord area) and written Danish; and subsequently Riksmål and Bokmål, which primarily inherited their non-Oslo elements from Danish. The present-day Oslo dialect is also influenced by other Eastern Norwegian dialects.<ref name="Kristoffersen"/> The following table shows some important cases where traditional Bokmål and [[Urban East Norwegian|Standard Østnorsk]] followed Danish rather than the traditional [[Oslo dialect]] as it is commonly portrayed in literature about Norwegian dialects.<ref name="Kristoffersen"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Skjekkeland |first=Martin |title=Dei norske dialektane |publisher=Høyskoleforlaget |year=1997 |isbn=82-7634-103-9}}</ref> In many of these cases, radical Bokmål follows the traditional Oslo dialect and Nynorsk, and these forms are also given. {| class="wikitable" |+ Differences between Bokmål and the traditional Oslo dialect |- ! rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Danish ! colspan=2 | Bokmål/Standard Østnorsk ! rowspan=2 | traditional Oslo dialect ! rowspan=2 | Nynorsk<sup>1</sup> |- ! traditional ! radical |- | Differentiation between masculine and feminine<br/>a small man<br/>a small woman | style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''no''<br/>'''en''' lill'''e''' mand<br/>'''en''' lill'''e''' kvinde | style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''no''<br/>'''en''' lit'''en''' mann<br/>'''en''' lit'''en''' kvinne | colspan=3 style="background: #f9f9c0" |''yes''<br/>'''en''' lit'''en''' mann<br/>'''ei''' lit'''a''' kvinne |- | Differentiation between masc. and fem. definite plural<br/>the boats<br/>the wagons | style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''no''<br/>båd'''ene'''<br/>vogn'''ene''' | colspan=2 style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''no''<br/>båt'''ene'''<br/>vogn'''ene''' | colspan=2 style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''yes''<br/>båt'''ane'''<br/>vogn'''ene''' |- | Definite plural neuter suffix<br>the houses | style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''-ene/erne''<br/>hus'''ene''' | style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''-ene''<br/>hus'''ene''' | colspan=3 style="background: #f9f9c0" |''-a''<br/>hus'''a''' |- | [[Germanic weak verb|Weak]] past participle suffix<br>cycled | style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''-et''<br/>cykl'''et''' | rowspan="2" style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''-et''<br/>sykl'''et''' | colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #f9f9c0" |''-a''<br/>sykl'''a''' |- | [[Germanic weak verb|Weak]] preterite suffix<br/>cycled | style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''-ede''<br/>cykl'''ede''' |- | [[Germanic strong verb|Strong]] past participle suffix<br/>written | colspan=3 style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''-et''<br/>skrev'''et''' | ''-i''<br/>skriv'''i''' | ''-e''<br/>skriv'''e''' |- | Split infinitive<br/>come<br/>lie (in bed) | colspan=3 style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''no''<br/>komm'''e'''<br/>ligg'''e''' | colspan=2 style="background: #f9f9c0" |''yes''<br/>komm'''a'''<br/>ligg'''e''' |- | Splitting of masculines ending on unstressed vowel<br/>ladder<br/>round | colspan=3 style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''no''<br/>stig'''e'''<br/>rund'''e''' | ''yes''<br/>steg'''a'''<br/>rund'''e''' | style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''no''<br/>stig'''e'''<br/>rund'''e''' |- | West Scandinavian diphthongs<br/>leg (noun)<br/>smoke (noun)<br/>soft/wet (adjective) | style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''no''<br/>b'''e'''n<br/>r'''ø'''g<br/>bl'''ø'''d | style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''no''<br/>b'''e'''n<br/>r'''ø'''k<br/>bl'''ø'''t | colspan=3 style="background: #f9f9c0" |''yes''<br/>b'''ei'''n<br/>r'''øy'''k<br/>bl'''au'''t |- | West Scandinavian u for o<br/>bridge (noun) | colspan=2 style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''no''<br/>br'''o'''<sup>2</sup> | colspan=3 style="background: #f9f9c0" |''yes''<br/>br'''u''' |- | West Scandinavian a-umlaut<br/>floor (noun) | colspan=2 style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''no''<br/>g'''u'''lv<br/> | ''yes''<br/>g'''o'''lv | ''yes''<br/>g'''ø'''lv | ''yes''<br/>g'''o'''lv  |- | Stress on first syllable in loan words<br/>banana (noun) | style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''no''<br/>{{IPA|/baˈnaˀːn/}} | colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background: #fcfce0" | ''no officially recognised<br />standard pronunciation'' | ''yes''<br/>{{IPA|/ˈbɑnɑn/}}{{fix|text=with a short vowel?|date=April 2017}} | rowspan="3" style="background: #fcfce0" | ''no officially recognised<br />standard pronunciation'' |- | Retroflex flap {{IPA|/ɽ/}} from old Norse {{IPA|/rð/}}<br/>table, board (noun) | style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''no''<br/>{{IPA|/boˀːr/}} | ''yes''<br/>{{IPA|/buːɽ/}} |- | Retroflex flap {{IPA|/ɽ/}} from old Norse {{IPA|/l/}}<br/>sun (noun) | style="background: #f9f9c0" | ''no''<br/>{{IPA|/soˀːl/}} | ''yes''<br/>{{IPA|/suːɽ/}} |} <sup>1</sup> Closest match to the traditional Oslo dialect. <sup>2</sup> However, Bokmål uses ''ku'' "cow" and (now archaic) ''su'' "sow" exclusively. == See also == {{Interwiki|Bokmål language|code=no}} *[[Danish Language]] *[[Nynorsk]] *[[History of Norway]] *[[Samnorsk]] *{{annotated link|Høgnorsk}} == References == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Norwegian language forms}} {{Danish language}} {{Languages of Norway}} {{Germanic languages}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bokmal}} [[Category:North Germanic languages]] [[Category:Norwegian orthography|*]] 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