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name="title" value="Special:Sök"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Sök</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personliga verktyg"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Ändra utseendet på sidans teckenstorlek, bredd och färg" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metafysiska_ämnen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metafysiska_ämnen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Metafysiska ämnen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Metafysiska_ämnen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Metafysiska ämnen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Metafysiska_ämnen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Varandets_kategorier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varandets_kategorier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Varandets kategorier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varandets_kategorier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egenskaper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egenskaper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Egenskaper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egenskaper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modalitet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modalitet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modalitet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modalitet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fri_vilja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fri_vilja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fri vilja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fri_vilja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kausalitet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kausalitet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Kausalitet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kausalitet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kritik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kritik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kritik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kritik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Metafysik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 121 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">121 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisika" title="Metafisika – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Metafisika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysik" title="Metaphysik – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Metaphysik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8B%B2%E1%89%A0_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D" title="ሥነ ዲበ አካል – amhariska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ዲበ አካል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="तत्त्वमीमांसा – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तत्त्वमीमांसा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="ما وراء الطبيعة – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ما وراء الطبيعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica" title="Metafísica – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Metafísica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तत्त्वज्ञान – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तत्त्वज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="অধিবিদ্যা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অধিবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AAng-j%C3%AE-si%C5%8Dng-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Hêng-jî-siōng-ha̍k – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hêng-jî-siōng-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафізіка – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Метафізіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мэтафізыка – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэтафізыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафизика – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метафизика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysik" title="Metaphysik – bayerska" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Metaphysik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bayerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica" title="Metafísica – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metafísica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафизика – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Метафизика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafyzika" title="Metafyzika – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metafyzika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaffiseg" title="Metaffiseg – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Metaffiseg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafysik" title="Metafysik – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Metafysik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysik" title="Metaphysik – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metaphysik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%BC%C3%BCsika" title="Metafüüsika – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metafüüsika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Μεταφυσική – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταφυσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Metaphysics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica" title="Metafísica – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metafísica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiziko" title="Metafiziko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metafiziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisika" title="Metafisika – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metafisika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="متافیزیک – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متافیزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9taphysique" title="Métaphysique – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métaphysique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafysika" title="Metafysika – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Metafysika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitifisic" title="Meitifisic – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meitifisic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica" title="Metafísica – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metafísica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形而上學 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="形而上學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%95%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%ED%95%99" title="형이상학 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="형이상학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Մետաֆիզիկա – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մետաֆիզիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="तत्त्वमीमांसा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तत्त्वमीमांसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiziko" title="Metafiziko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Metafiziko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisika" title="Metafisika – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metafisika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysica" title="Metaphysica – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Metaphysica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhicamvelo" title="IPhicamvelo – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IPhicamvelo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumspeki" title="Frumspeki – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumspeki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisica" title="Metafisica – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metafisica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מטאפיזיקה – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטאפיזיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tafisika" title="Métafisika – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Métafisika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiiziki_(m%C3%A9taphysique)" title="Metafiiziki (métaphysique) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Metafiiziki (métaphysique)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მეტაფიზიკა – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეტაფიზიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафизика – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Метафизика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizikia" title="Metafizikia – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Metafizikia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizik" title="Metafizik – haitiska" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Metafizik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tafizik" title="Métafizik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Métafizik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiz%C3%AEk" title="Metafizîk – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Metafizîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафизика – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Метафизика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisica" title="Metafisica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Metafisica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysica" title="Metaphysica – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Metaphysica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysik" title="Metaphysik – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Metaphysik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafixica" title="Metafixica – liguriska" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Metafixica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisica" title="Metafisica – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Metafisica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तत्त्वज्ञान – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तत्त्वज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафизика – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Метафизика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="അതിഭൗതികം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അതിഭൗതികം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ميتافيزيا – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميتافيزيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizik" title="Metafizik – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Metafizik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica" title="Metafísica – mirandesiska" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Metafísica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Метафизик – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Метафизик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%91%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ပရမတ္ထဗေဒ – burmesiska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပရမတ္ထဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafysica" title="Metafysica – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metafysica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तत्त्वज्ञान – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तत्त्वज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="मेताफिजिक्स – newariska" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मेताफिजिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" title="形而上学 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="形而上学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafysikk" title="Metafysikk – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Metafysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafysikk" title="Metafysikk – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Metafysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisica" title="Metafisica – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Metafisica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinumamaa%27ol" title="Xinumamaa'ol – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xinumamaa'ol" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4-%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤੱਤ-ਮੀਮਾਂਸਾ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੱਤ-ਮੀਮਾਂਸਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مابعد الطبيعيات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مابعد الطبيعيات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مېتافزیک – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مېتافزیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizix" title="Metafizix – jamaikansk engelsk kreol" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Metafizix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaikansk engelsk kreol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6" title="បរមត្ថវិជ្ជា – kambodjanska" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បរមត្ថវិជ្ជា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kambodjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysik" title="Metaphysik – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Metaphysik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizyka_klasyczna" title="Metafizyka klasyczna – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metafizyka klasyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica" title="Metafísica – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metafísica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizic%C4%83" title="Metafizică – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metafizică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафізіка – rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Метафізіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафизика – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метафизика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафизика – jakutiska" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Метафизика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="तत्त्वमीमांसा – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तत्त्वमीमांसा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitaf%C3%ACsica" title="Mitafìsica – sicilianska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mitafìsica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Metaphysics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مابعدالطبعيات – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مابعدالطبعيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafyzika" title="Metafyzika – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Metafyzika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مێتافیزیک – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێتافیزیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафизика – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Метафизика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="rekommenderad artikel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafysiikka" title="Metafysiikka – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metafysiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapisika" title="Metapisika – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Metapisika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மீவியற்பியல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீவியற்பியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadfersengamt" title="Tadfersengamt – kabyliska" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tadfersengamt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D)" title="అధిభౌతిక శాస్త్రం (మెటాఫిజిక్స్) – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అధిభౌతిక శాస్త్రం (మెటాఫిజిక్స్)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2" title="อภิปรัชญา – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อภิปรัชญา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Метафизик – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Метафизик" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizik" title="Metafizik – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metafizik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафізика – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Метафізика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ما بعد الطبیعیات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ما بعد الطبیعیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%ACzega" title="Metafìzega – venetianska" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Metafìzega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%AAu_h%C3%ACnh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Siêu hình học – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Siêu hình học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%BCd" title="Metafüd – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Metafüd" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%BC%C3%BCsiga" title="Metafüüsiga – võru" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Metafüüsiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形而上學 – litterär kineiska" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="形而上學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="litterär kineiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisika" title="Metafisika – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Metafisika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" title="形而上学 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="形而上学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7" title="מעטאפיזיק – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעטאפיזיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形而上學 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="形而上學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形上學 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="形上學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35277#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Metafysik" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Metafysik" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">svenska</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> 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data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div></td> <td class="ambox-text">Den här artikeln <b>behöver fler eller bättre <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:K%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Källhänvisningar">källhänvisningar</a> för att kunna <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifierbarhet" title="Wikipedia:Verifierbarhet">verifieras</a>.</b> <br />Motivering: <i>En skriande brist på källor!</i> <small>(2021-04)</small> <br /><small>Åtgärda genom att lägga till pålitliga källor (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">gärna som fotnoter</a>). Uppgifter utan källhänvisning kan <a href="/wiki/Mall:K%C3%A4lla_beh%C3%B6vs" title="Mall:Källa behövs">ifrågasättas</a> och tas bort utan att det behöver diskuteras på <a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Metafysik" title="Diskussion:Metafysik">diskussionssidan</a>.</small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Schedelsche_Weltchronik_-_Kosmologie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Schedelsche_Weltchronik_-_Kosmologie.jpg/250px-Schedelsche_Weltchronik_-_Kosmologie.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Schedelsche_Weltchronik_-_Kosmologie.jpg/375px-Schedelsche_Weltchronik_-_Kosmologie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Schedelsche_Weltchronik_-_Kosmologie.jpg/500px-Schedelsche_Weltchronik_-_Kosmologie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Enligt <a href="/wiki/Geocentrisk_v%C3%A4rldsbild" title="Geocentrisk världsbild">den geocentriska världsbilden</a> befinner sig jorden i centrum av universum. Bild från 1493 (<i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnbergkr%C3%B6nikan" title="Nürnbergkrönikan">Nürnbergkrönikan</a></i>).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Metafysik</b> är den gren inom <a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">filosofin</a> som behandlar frågan om verklighetens grundläggande natur och försöker göra rationella utsagor om fundamentala drag hos allt varande. Metafysik handlar om sådant som vi inte kan uppfatta med våra <a href="/wiki/Sinne" title="Sinne">sinnen</a>, som finns bortom det fysiska, men detta är inte en tillräcklig definition. Från att ursprungligen ha varit ett mer väldefinierat ämne – som kan sägas ha haft "varande i sig" eller "första orsaker" som sitt studieämne – har det idag kommit att inkludera frågor som exempelvis <a href="/wiki/Viljans_frihet" class="mw-redirect" title="Viljans frihet">viljans frihet</a>, som förr inte skulle ha betraktats som en metafysisk fråga. </p><p>Andra frågor som har behandlats inom metafysiken är <i>Hur är naturen beskaffad?</i>, <i>Finns <a href="/wiki/Gud" title="Gud">Gud</a>?</i>, <i>Vilken är människans plats i <a href="/wiki/Universum" title="Universum">universum</a>?</i> samt begrepp som <a href="/wiki/Existens" title="Existens">existens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rum_(fysik)" title="Rum (fysik)">rum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tid" title="Tid">tid</a> och <a href="/wiki/Kausalitet" title="Kausalitet">kausalitet</a>. Denna utveckling av ämnet har gjort att det numera är mycket svårdefinierat, samtidigt som det finns ett förnyat intresse för dessa frågeställningar. Metafysik kritiseras ibland för att ta vid där vetenskapen slutar, den ses som utomvetenskaplig. Mot denna kritik framhålls att metafysik såsom filosofisk verksamhet kan bedrivas med försvarbara, rationella argument som inte motsäger utan tvärtom integrerar vetenskapliga fakta. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det första genomarbetade metafysiska systemet anses vara <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> "första filosofi". Termen "metafysik" härstammar från samlingsnamnet på fjorton av Aristoteles böcker. Aristoteles själv kände däremot aldrig till termen; böckerna fick sitt namn ungefär hundra år efter hans död då en sammanställare av Aristoteles skrifter benämnde dessa fjorton böcker "<i>Ta meta ta physika</i>", ungefär "det som kommer efter det fysiska". Tanken var troligen att man först skulle ha tagit sig igenom Aristoteles "fysik", det vill säga hans naturvetenskapliga böcker, innan man gav sig på "metafysiken". </p><p>Med tiden blev det grekiska "<i>ta meta ta physika</i>" <a href="/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv">substantiverat</a> till latinets "<i>metaphysica</i>". I det <a href="/wiki/Medeltiden" title="Medeltiden">medeltida</a> tänkandet hade metafysiken till uppgift att klargöra enheten mellan det <a href="/wiki/Immanensfilosofin" title="Immanensfilosofin">immanenta</a> och det <a href="/wiki/Transcendental" title="Transcendental">transcendenta</a> och sammanföll då i stor utsträckning med den <a href="/wiki/Naturlig_teologi" title="Naturlig teologi">naturliga teologin</a>. Termen "metafysik" kom att beteckna både Aristoteles verk och ämnet för detta verk. </p><p>I och med <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A4ssansen" title="Renässansen">renässansens</a> intåg började metafysiken som ämne förändras, framförallt av den gruppen filosofer som idag benämns <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalisterna</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Wolff">Christian Wolff</a> delade upp ämnet i generell och speciell metafysik. Aristoteles metafysiska lära insorterades och likställdes med den generella versionen vari man studerade <a href="/wiki/Vara_(filosofi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vara (filosofi)">varandet</a> ur varandets perspektiv. Inom den speciella versionen rymdes tre områden som dittills inte hade haft egna namn; <a href="/wiki/Kosmologi" title="Kosmologi">kosmologi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rationell_psykologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rationell psykologi [inte skriven än]">rationell psykologi</a> samt <a href="/wiki/Naturlig_teologi" title="Naturlig teologi">naturlig teologi</a>. Det var vid den här tiden som termen "<a href="/wiki/Ontologi" title="Ontologi">ontologi</a>" dök upp, som ersättare för "metafysikens" gamla roll som studiet av "varande i sig", nu när metafysikens studieområde blivit så brett. Den generella metafysiken kan här ses som synonym med ontologin. </p><p>I samband med <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kants</a> filosofi utvecklades en <a href="/wiki/Deskriptiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Deskriptiv">deskriptiv</a> syn på metafysiken. Kant ansåg att vi inte kan nå åt <a href="/wiki/Ting_i_sig" class="mw-redirect" title="Ting i sig">tinget i sig</a>. Med andra ord, den objektiva verkligheten är för oss oåtkomlig. Han menade att vi ständigt bär på ett par begreppsliga glasögon som tolkar världen på ett speciellt sätt. En konsekvens av detta var att Kant skilde mellan <i>transcendent metafysik</i> och sin egen <i>kritiska metafysik</i>. Där den transcendenta metafysiken ämnade beskriva världen såsom den faktiskt är oberoende av oss, ville Kant inrikta studiet på våra egna begreppsliga ramar som tolkade världen åt oss. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metafysiska_ämnen"><span id="Metafysiska_.C3.A4mnen"></span>Metafysiska ämnen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Metafysiska ämnen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Metafysiska ämnen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varandets_kategorier">Varandets kategorier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Varandets kategorier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Varandets kategorier"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Kategori_(filosofi)" title="Kategori (filosofi)">Kategori (filosofi)</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Vilka kategorier av entiteter som existerar har alltid varit en central fråga inom metafysiken. Aristoteles presenterade i sin text <i>Kategorier</i> de tio kategorier som han ansåg att allt varande sorterade under. Dessa tio var substans, kvantitet, kvalitet, relation, ställe/plats, tid, ställning, det att ha, handling och passivitet. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> presenterade även han ett system av tolv kategorier, indelade i fyra grupper. Senare kategorier har presenterats av <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roderic_Chisholm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roderic Chisholm [inte skriven än]">Roderic Chisholm</a> med flera. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egenskaper">Egenskaper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Egenskaper" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Egenskaper"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="font-style:italic; ;"> <dl><dd>Se även: <a href="/wiki/Universaliestriden" title="Universaliestriden">Universaliestriden</a></dd></dl></div> <p>I diskussionen kring vad egenskaper är för något återfinns två huvudsakliga ståndpunkter; <a href="/wiki/Universalierealism" title="Universalierealism">universalierealism</a> samt <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalism</a>. Universalierealister hävdar att egenskaper är abstrakta entiteter som de kallar för universalier. Denna syn hade bland andra <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a>. Nominalisten däremot, hävdar att det enda som existerar är konkreta ting, även kallade partikulärer. Nominalismen har dock en rad olika svar på hur man till exempel ska förstå satser med så kallad <i>abstrakt referens</i> såsom "Mod är en dygd" där man tycks tala om något abstrakt. Exempel på inriktningar är metalingvistisk nominalism, spartansk nominalism samt <a href="/wiki/Trop_(filosofi)" title="Trop (filosofi)">tropteori</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modalitet">Modalitet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Modalitet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Modalitet"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6jlig_v%C3%A4rld" title="Möjlig värld">Möjlig värld</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Modalitet är en egenskap hos språkliga satser med avseende på deras förhållande till <a href="/wiki/Sanning" title="Sanning">sanning</a>. Det finns en viktig distinktion mellan alla sanna satser, den mellan dem som kan vara (eller kunde ha varit) falska och de som inte kan vara falska. Samma distinktion finns hos falska satser. Det som skiljer satserna åt är deras modalitet. Man talar inom metafysiken om nödvändigt- respektive kontingent sanna eller falska satser. Ett annat sätt att uttrycka detta på är att tala om möjliga världar. En sats är nödvändigt sann om den är sann i alla tänkbara möjliga världar och kontingent sann om det finns någon värld där den är falsk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fri_vilja">Fri vilja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Fri vilja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Fri vilja"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Fri_vilja" title="Fri vilja">Fri vilja</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Ofta kontrasterar man tanken om en fri vilja mot <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinismen</a>, två begrepp som inte nödvändigtvis står i konflikt med varandra. Förenlighet mellan dessa kallas <a href="/wiki/Kompatibilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompatibilism">kompatibilism</a>. Den riktning av deterministiska tänkare som anser att en deterministisk värld inte är kompatibel med en fri vilja värd namnet kallas ofta för <i>inkompatibilism</i>, eller <i>hård determinism</i>; motsatsen kallas då naturligt <i>mjuk determinism</i>. Enligt dessa är vår vilja, precis som allt annat, orsaksbestämd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kausalitet">Kausalitet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kausalitet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kausalitet"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Kausalitet" title="Kausalitet">Kausalitet</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Kausalitet, det vill säga orsak och verkan, är något som vi vardagligen betraktar som självklart. Idén om ett orsakssamband har dock ifrågasatts på empiristiska grunder främst av den skotska 1700-talsfilosofen <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kritik">Kritik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kritik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kritik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ämnet metafysik har fått utstå mycket stark kritik, särskilt under 1900-talet. Kritiken har kommit i olika skepnader varav den allra starkaste troligtvis är den som formulerades av den <a href="/wiki/Logisk_positivism" title="Logisk positivism">logiska positivismens</a> anhängare. Enligt vissa av dessa, exempelvis <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" title="Alfred Jules Ayer">Alfred Jules Ayer</a>, är metafysiska utsagor inte bara svåra att bevisa eller ens falska, de är <a href="/wiki/Mening_(betydelse)" title="Mening (betydelse)">meningslösa</a>. </p><p>Mindre kraftig kritik har inriktat sig på metafysikens <a href="/wiki/Kunskapsteori" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunskapsteori">kunskapsteoretiska</a> problem; hur kan man bevisa påståenden om de inte kan hanteras av <a href="/wiki/Vetenskap" title="Vetenskap">vetenskapen</a>? </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafysik&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Loux, Michael J., <i>Metaphysics, a contemporary introduction</i>, (2006), <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-415-40134-8" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-415-40134-8">ISBN 0-415-40134-8</a></li> <li>Uppslagsordet <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/metaphysics/">Metaphysics</a></i> från <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox 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title="1600-talets filosofi">1600-talet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Upplysningstidens_filosofi" title="Upplysningstidens filosofi">Upplysningstiden</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nutidens_filosofi" title="Nutidens filosofi">Nutid</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer" title="Kategori:Filosofer">Filosofer</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">Sortering efter: <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_efter_epok" title="Kategori:Filosofer efter epok">epok</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_efter_nationalitet" title="Kategori:Filosofer efter nationalitet">nationalitet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_efter_religion" title="Kategori:Filosofer efter religion">religion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_efter_tradition" title="Kategori:Filosofer efter tradition">tradition</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_efter_verksamhetsomr%C3%A5de" title="Kategori:Filosofer efter verksamhetsområde">verksamhetsområde</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Grenar</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Traditionella</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Axiologi" title="Axiologi">Axiologi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estetik" title="Estetik">Estetik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Etik" title="Etik">Etik</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Epistemologi" title="Epistemologi">Epistemologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Logik" title="Logik">Logik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metafysik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontologi" title="Ontologi">Ontologi</a>)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Filosofi om…</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a 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title="Medvetandefilosofi">Medvetande</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Metafilosofi" title="Metafilosofi">Meta</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Naturfilosofi" title="Naturfilosofi">Natur</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pedagogikens_filosofi" title="Pedagogikens filosofi">Pedagogik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttsfilosofi" title="Rättsfilosofi">Rätt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Socialfilosofi" title="Socialfilosofi">Social</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kfilosofi" title="Språkfilosofi">Språk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Politisk_filosofi" title="Politisk filosofi">Politik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Religionsfilosofi" title="Religionsfilosofi">Religion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vetenskapsteori" 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style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Grekisk-romersk</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelism" title="Aristotelism">Aristotelism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Eleaterna" title="Eleaterna">Eleaterna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Epikurism" title="Epikurism">Epikurism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rsokratisk_filosofi" title="Försokratisk filosofi">Försokrater</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/De_joniska_naturfilosoferna" title="De joniska naturfilosoferna">Joniska skolan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Efesiska_skolan" title="Efesiska skolan">Efesiska skolan</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · 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style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Indisk_filosofi" title="Indisk filosofi">Indisk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ajivika" title="Ajivika">Ajivika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sautrantika" title="Sautrantika">Sautrantika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Yoga_sutra" title="Yoga sutra">Yoga sutra</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Medeltidens_filosofi" title="Medeltidens filosofi">Medeltiden</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterl%C3%A4ndsk_filosofi" title="Västerländsk filosofi">Västerländsk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_filosofi" title="Kristen filosofi">Kristen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Skolastik" title="Skolastik">Skolastik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A4ssanshumanism" title="Renässanshumanism">Renässanshumanism</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Islamisk_filosofi" title="Islamisk filosofi">Islamisk</a> och <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterl%C3%A4ndsk_filosofi" title="Österländsk filosofi">österländsk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Advaita" title="Advaita">Advaita</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Neokonfucianism" title="Neokonfucianism">Neokonfucianism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Modern tid</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Allmänt</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anarkism" title="Anarkism">Anarkism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Empirism" title="Empirism">Empirism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fenomenologi" title="Fenomenologi">Fenomenologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fundamentism" title="Fundamentism">Fundamentism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(filosofi_och_historia)" title="Historicism (filosofi och historia)">Historicism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Anti-</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kollektivism" title="Kollektivism">Kollektivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Konservatism" title="Konservatism">Konservatism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kontraktualism" title="Kontraktualism">Kontraktualism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(filosofi)" title="Naturalism (filosofi)">Naturalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nykantianism" title="Nykantianism">Nykantianism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nyskolastik" title="Nyskolastik">Nyskolastik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Utilitarism" title="Utilitarism">Utilitarism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Nutidens_filosofi" title="Nutidens filosofi">Nutid</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Analytisk_filosofi" title="Analytisk filosofi">Analytisk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Analytisk_marxism" title="Analytisk marxism">Analytisk marxism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Experimentell_filosofi" title="Experimentell filosofi">Experimentell filosofi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Filosofisk_kvietism" title="Filosofisk kvietism">Filosofisk kvietism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Internalism_och_externalism" title="Internalism och externalism">Internalism och externalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Koherentism" title="Koherentism">Koherentism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kommunitarism" title="Kommunitarism">Kommunitarism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Konsekventialism" title="Konsekventialism">Konsekventialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Logisk_positivism" title="Logisk positivism">Logisk positivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Metaetik" title="Metaetik">Metaetik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Normativ_etik" title="Normativ etik">Normativ etik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttspositivism" title="Rättspositivism">Rättspositivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Till%C3%A4mpad_etik" title="Tillämpad etik">Tillämpad etik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vardagsspr%C3%A5ksfilosofi" title="Vardagsspråksfilosofi">Vardagsspråksfilosofi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vetenskaplig_skepticism" title="Vetenskaplig skepticism">Vetenskaplig skepticism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rderealism" title="Värderealism">Värderealism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Wienkretsen" title="Wienkretsen">Wienkretsen</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Kontinental_filosofi" title="Kontinental filosofi">Kontinental</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dekonstruktion" title="Dekonstruktion">Dekonstruktion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Feministisk_filosofi" title="Feministisk filosofi">Feministisk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fenomenologi" title="Fenomenologi">Fenomenologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Frankfurtskolan" title="Frankfurtskolan">Frankfurtskolan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kritisk_teori" title="Kritisk teori">Kritisk teori</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutik" title="Hermeneutik">Hermeneutik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nymarxism" title="Nymarxism">Ny</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterl%C3%A4ndsk_marxism" title="Västerländsk marxism">Västerländsk</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Socialkonstruktivism" title="Socialkonstruktivism">Socialkonstruktivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Strukturalism" title="Strukturalism">Strukturalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poststrukturalism" title="Poststrukturalism">Post</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr 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