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And like PHP functions, many template tags accept arguments, or parameters. Template tag parameters are variables you can use to change a tag's output or otherwise modify its action in some way. Think of parameters as user options or settings that allow you to customize how a template tag works. </p><p>In regards to parameters, WordPress template tags come in three "flavors." These are described below: </p> <ol><li> <a href="#Tags_without_parameters" title="">Tags without parameters</a> </li><li> <a href="#Tags_with_PHP_function-style_parameters" title="">Tags with PHP function-style parameters</a> </li><li> <a href="#Tags_with_query-string-style_parameters" title="">Tags with query-string-style parameters</a> </li></ol> <a name="Tags_without_parameters" id="Tags_without_parameters"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline"> Tags without parameters </span></h2> <p>Some template tags do not have any options, and thus have no parameters you can pass to them. </p><p>The template tag <a href="/web/20110624085318/http://codex.wordpress.org/Template_Tags/the_author_firstname" title="Template Tags/the author firstname" class="mw-redirect"> the_author_firstname()</a> is one that accepts no parameters. This tag simply displays the first name of the author for a post. Tags without parameters should have nothing between the tag function's opening and closing brackets (parentheses): </p> <pre><?php the_author_firstname(); ?> </pre> <a name="Tags_with_PHP_function-style_parameters" id="Tags_with_PHP_function-style_parameters"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline"> Tags with PHP function-style parameters </span></h2> <p>For template tags that can accept parameters, some require them to be in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624085318/http://www.php.net/manual/en/functions.arguments.php" class="external text" title="http://www.php.net/manual/en/functions.arguments.php">default PHP style</a>. For these, parameters are passed to a tag function by placing one or more values inside the function's parentheses, or brackets. </p><p>The <a href="/web/20110624085318/http://codex.wordpress.org/Template_Tags/bloginfo" title="Template Tags/bloginfo" class="mw-redirect">bloginfo()</a> tag accepts one parameter (known as the <b>show</b> parameter) that tells it what information about your blog to display: </p><p><code><span style="color: #000000">  <span style="color: #0000BB"><?php bloginfo</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'name'</span><span style="color: #007700">); </span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span> </span> </code> </p><p>The <a href="/web/20110624085318/http://codex.wordpress.org/Template_Tags/wp_title" title="Template Tags/wp title" class="mw-redirect">wp_title()</a> tag accepts two parameters: the first is the <b>sep</b> or separator parameter, and the second the <b>echo</b> or display parameter: </p><p><code><span style="color: #000000">  <span style="color: #0000BB"><?php wp_title</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">' - '</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">TRUE</span><span style="color: #007700">); </span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span> </span> </code> </p><p>The first is enclosed in single-quotes and the second is not because the first is a <i>string</i>, and the second a <i>boolean</i> parameter. (See <a href="#Types_of_parameters" title="">Types of parameters</a> for information on parameter types and how to use them.) </p><p>Important points to keep in mind for PHP function-style parameters: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li> Some functions take multiple parameters. </li><li> Multiple parameters are separated by commas. </li><li> <b>The order of parameters is important!</b> </li></ul> </dd></dl> <p>When passing parameters to a template tag's function, make sure you specify values for all parameters <i>up to the last one you wish to modify</i>, or the tag may not work as expected. For example, the template tag <a href="/web/20110624085318/http://codex.wordpress.org/Template_Tags/get_archives" title="Template Tags/get archives" class="mw-redirect">get_archives()</a> has six parameters: </p><p><code><span style="color: #000000">  <span style="color: #0000BB"><?php get_archives</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'type'</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'limit'</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'format'</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'before'</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'after'</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">show_post_count</span><span style="color: #007700">); </span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>  </span> </code> </p><p>To display the archives list the way you want, let's say you only need to modify the third (<b>format</b>) and fifth (<b>after</b>) parameters. To do this, you also need to make sure to enter default values for the first, second and fourth parameters, as well: </p><p> <?php get_archives('', '', 'custom', '', '<br />'); ?> </p><p>Notice the use of single-quotes to denote <i>empty</i> parameter values, which '' in this case '' forces defaults for those specific parameters. Be aware that defaults can be overwritten when passing empty parameters, as is the case of a parameter specifying a string of text, and there's no way to pass an empty boolean value. So check the documentation for a parameter's default, and when one is specified use it as your parameter value (also see <a href="#Types_of_parameters" title="">Types of parameters</a> for information on parameter types). The sixth parameter was left off; this is because WordPress uses the default for any remaining parameters left unspecified. </p><p>Make sure to follow the documentation for a template tag carefully, and place your parameters in the order the template function expects. Finally, to use the defaults for all parameters in a template tag, use the tag with no parameter values specified: </p><p><code><span style="color: #000000"> <span style="color: #0000BB"><?php get_archives</span><span style="color: #007700">(); </span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span> </span> </code> </p> <a name="Tags_with_query-string-style_parameters" id="Tags_with_query-string-style_parameters"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline"> Tags with query-string-style parameters </span></h2> <p>The last type of template tag makes use of what's called a query-string style to pass parameters to the tag. These provide a convenient 'wrapper' to tags which use the <a href="#Tags_with_PHP_function-style_parameters" title="">PHP function parameter style</a> and have a relatively large number of parameters. For example, the template tag <a href="/web/20110624085318/http://codex.wordpress.org/Template_Tags/wp_list_cats" title="Template Tags/wp list cats" class="mw-redirect">wp_list_cats()</a> is a wrapper to <a href="/web/20110624085318/http://codex.wordpress.org/Template_Tags/list_cats" title="Template Tags/list cats" class="mw-redirect">list_cats()</a>, a tag with eighteen parameters! </p><p>If you want to set the <b>exclude</b> parameter in list_cats() (seventeenth in the parameter list) and leave the rest at their defaults, you have to do this: </p> <pre><?php list_cats(TRUE, 'All', 'ID', 'asc', '', TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, '', '', FALSE, '', '', '10,11,12'); ?> </pre> <p><i>Or</i> you can use wp_list_cats(): </p> <pre><?php wp_list_cats('exclude=10,11,12'); ?> </pre> <p>So query-string style tags are useful in that they let you change the values of just those parameters you require, without needing to provide values for all or nearly all of them. However, not all PHP function-style template tags have a query-string style equivalent. (Also note that names for tags that accept query-string style parameters usually start with a 'wp_' prefix, such as wp_list_cats(), but check the documentation on a tag to verify its method for accepting parameters, if any.) </p><p>The tag <a href="/web/20110624085318/http://codex.wordpress.org/Template_Tags/wp_list_authors" title="Template Tags/wp list authors" class="mw-redirect">wp_list_authors()</a> has six parameters, of which we set three here: </p> <pre><?php wp_list_authors('show_fullname=1&feed=rss&optioncount=1'); ?> </pre> <p>First, all the parameters together are enclosed by either single or double quotes. Then each parameter is entered in the <i>parameter=value</i> format, while these are separated with an ampersand (&). Broken down, the tag as shown above states: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li> Parameter <b>show_fullname</b> (a <i>boolean</i> type parameter) equals <tt>1</tt> (true). </li></ul> <dl><dd> AND </dd></dl> <ul><li> Parameter <b>feed</b> (a <i>string</i> type parameter) equals <tt>rss</tt>. </li></ul> <dl><dd> AND </dd></dl> <ul><li> Parameter <b>optioncount</b> (a <i>boolean</i> type parameter) equals <tt>1</tt> (true). </li></ul> </dd></dl> <p>(See <a href="#Types_of_parameters" title="">Types of parameters</a> for information on parameter types and how to use them.) </p><p>Parameters in the query-string style do not have to be entered in a specific order. The only real concern is assuring parameter names are spelled correctly. If legibility is a problem, you can separate parameters with a space: </p> <pre><?php wp_list_authors('show_fullname=1 & feed=rss & optioncount=1'); ?> </pre> <p>You can also spread a query-string over several lines (note the specific format of enclosing each parameter/value pair in single quotes and a dot starting each new line): </p> <pre><?php wp_list_authors( 'show_fullname=1' .'&feed=rss' .'&optioncount=1' ); ?> </pre> <p>There are a few limitations when using query-string style tags, among which you cannot pass certain characters, such as the ampersand or a quote mark (single or double). In those cases, you can use an associative array: </p> <pre><?php $params = array( 'type' => 'postbypost', 'limit' => 5, 'format' => 'custom', 'before' => '<li>&bull;&nbsp;', 'after' => '</li>' ); wp_get_archives($params); ?> </pre> <a name="Types_of_parameters" id="Types_of_parameters"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline"> Types of parameters </span></h2> <p>There are three types of parameters you need to know about in regards to WordPress template tags: string, integer, and boolean. Each is handled a bit differently, as described below. </p> <a name="String" id="String"></a><h3> <span class="mw-headline"> String </span></h3> <p>A string is a line of text, and is typically anything from a single character to several dozen words. A string parameter is often a selection from two or more valid options, as is the <b>show</b> parameter in <a href="/web/20110624085318/http://codex.wordpress.org/Template_Tags/bloginfo" title="Template Tags/bloginfo" class="mw-redirect">bloginfo()</a>. Otherwise, a string is intended as text to be displayed, such as the <b>sep</b> parameter in <a href="/web/20110624085318/http://codex.wordpress.org/Template_Tags/wp_title" title="Template Tags/wp title" class="mw-redirect">wp_title()</a>. </p><p>In tags which use the <a href="#Tags_with_PHP_function-style_parameters" title="">PHP function parameter style</a>, string values should be enclosed in single (') or double (") quotation marks. If a single or double quote is required for part of your string, mix the marks (using double quotes to enclose the parameter if a single quote exists in your parameter value), or use the PHP escape character (a backslash: <tt>\</tt>), as the following does to assign single quotes for the <b>before</b> and <b>after</b> parameters in <a href="/web/20110624085318/http://codex.wordpress.org/Template_Tags/the_title" title="Template Tags/the title" class="mw-redirect">the_title()</a>: </p> <pre><?php the_title('\'', '\''); ?> </pre> <a name="Integer" id="Integer"></a><h3> <span class="mw-headline"> Integer </span></h3> <p>An integer is a whole number (…, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,…). Integer parameters are often used for date and archive based information, like the <b>year</b> and <b>month</b> parameters for the <a href="/web/20110624085318/http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/get_month_link" title="Function Reference/get month link">get_month_link()</a> tag, or for specifying the numeric value of something on your blog, as one finds in the case of the <b>id</b> parameter in <a href="/web/20110624085318/http://codex.wordpress.org/Template_Tags/get_permalink" title="Template Tags/get permalink" class="mw-redirect">get_permalink()</a>. </p><p>When passed to a <a href="#Tags_with_PHP_function-style_parameters" title="">PHP function parameter style</a> tag, integer values either in or out of quotes will be handled correctly. So the following examples are both valid: </p> <pre><?php get_permalink('100'); ?> </pre> <pre><?php get_permalink(100); ?> </pre> <a name="Boolean" id="Boolean"></a><h3> <span class="mw-headline"> Boolean </span></h3> <p>Boolean parameters provide a simple true/false evaluation. </p><p>For example, the <a href="/web/20110624085318/http://codex.wordpress.org/Template_Tags/the_date" title="Template Tags/the date" class="mw-redirect">the_date()</a> tag has an <b>echo</b> parameter which takes either <tt>TRUE</tt> or <tt>FALSE</tt> as a value; setting the parameter to <tt>TRUE</tt> displays the date on the page, whereas <tt>FALSE</tt> causes the tag to "return" the date as a value that can then be used in other PHP code. </p><p>A boolean parameter can be notated as a numeric value: <tt>1</tt> for <tt>TRUE</tt>, <tt>0</tt> for <tt>FALSE</tt>. For a boolean value in <a href="#Tags_with_PHP_function-style_parameters" title="">PHP function parameter style</a> tags, these are all equivalent: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li> <tt>1</tt> = <tt>TRUE</tt> = <tt>true</tt> </li><li> <tt>0</tt> = <tt>FALSE</tt> = <tt>false</tt> </li></ul> </dd></dl> <p>However, do <b>NOT</b> enclose boolean values within quote marks. For <a href="#Tags_with_query-string-style_parameters" title="">query-string style tags</a>, use only the numeric boolean values (<tt>1</tt> or <tt>0</tt>). </p> <a name="Callback" id="Callback"></a><h3> <span class="mw-headline"> Callback </span></h3> <p>Some things call for a callback. 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