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href="//af.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPON"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.af"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atoomvoer" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-GPON rootpage-GPON skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Gaan na inhoud</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hoofkieslys" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hoofkieslys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hoofkieslys</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" title="Besoek die Tuisblad [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Tuisblad</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal" title="Meer oor die projek, wat jy kan doen, nuttige skakels"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geselshoekie" title="Agtergrondinligting oor aktuele sake"><span>Geselshoekie</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings" title="'n Lys van onlangse wysigings [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Onlangse wysigings</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Lukraak" title="Laai 'n lukrake bladsye [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Lukrake bladsy</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Vind meer uit oor iets"><span>Hulp</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandput" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandput"><span>Sandput</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-af.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Soek" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Soek</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Deursoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Deursoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesiaal:Soek"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Soek</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=GPON&returntoquery=oldid%3D460416" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=GPON&returntoquery=oldid%3D460416" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=GPON&returntoquery=oldid%3D460416" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=GPON&returntoquery=oldid%3D460416" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-TOEGANG’s_NETWERK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TOEGANG’s_NETWERK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>TOEGANG’s NETWERK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TOEGANG’s_NETWERK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPON" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPON"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>GPON</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPON-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-STANDAARDE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#STANDAARDE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>STANDAARDE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-STANDAARDE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPON_TOPOLOGIE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPON_TOPOLOGIE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>GPON TOPOLOGIE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPON_TOPOLOGIE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPON_WERKING" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPON_WERKING"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>GPON WERKING</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPON_WERKING-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SPLITTERS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SPLITTERS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>SPLITTERS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SPLITTERS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OPTIESE_VESEL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OPTIESE_VESEL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>OPTIESE VESEL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OPTIESE_VESEL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IPTV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IPTV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>IPTV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IPTV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MONITERING_EN_INSTANDHOUDING" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MONITERING_EN_INSTANDHOUDING"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>MONITERING EN INSTANDHOUDING</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MONITERING_EN_INSTANDHOUDING-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FILTER_/_REFLEKTEERDER" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FILTER_/_REFLEKTEERDER"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>FILTER / REFLEKTEERDER</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FILTER_/_REFLEKTEERDER-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OPTIESE_VESEL_LAS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OPTIESE_VESEL_LAS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>OPTIESE VESEL LAS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OPTIESE_VESEL_LAS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPON_–_VNDx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPON_–_VNDx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>GPON – VNDx</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPON_–_VNDx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SIEN_OOK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SIEN_OOK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>SIEN OOK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SIEN_OOK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VERWYSINGS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VERWYSINGS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>VERWYSINGS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VERWYSINGS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">GPON</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 9 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPON" title="GPON – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="GPON" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabit_Passive_Optical_Network" title="Gigabit Passive Optical Network – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gigabit Passive Optical Network" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPON" title="GPON – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="GPON" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPON" title="GPON – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="GPON" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPON" title="GPON – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="GPON" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPON" title="GPON – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="GPON" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPON" title="GPON – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="GPON" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabitowa_Pasywna_Sie%C4%87_Optyczna" title="Gigabitowa Pasywna Sieć Optyczna – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gigabitowa Pasywna Sieć Optyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPON" title="GPON – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="GPON" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3644353#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/GPON" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:GPON" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> 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</ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/GPON" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/GPON" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPON&oldid=460416" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPON&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=GPON&id=460416&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGPON%26oldid%3D460416"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGPON%26oldid%3D460416"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=GPON"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPON&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3644353" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info">Weergawe deur <a href="/wiki/Gebruiker:Oesjaar" class="mw-userlink" title="Gebruiker:Oesjaar" data-mw-revid="460416"><bdi>Oesjaar</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar">besprekings</a> | <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Bydraes/Oesjaar" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Spesiaal:Bydraes/Oesjaar">bydraes</a>)</span> op 10:06, 6 Mei 2009</div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=GPON&diff=prev&oldid=460416" title="GPON">verskil</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=GPON&direction=prev&oldid=460416" title="GPON">← Ouer weergawe</a> | <a href="/wiki/GPON" title="GPON">bekyk huidige weergawe</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=GPON&diff=cur&oldid=460416" title="GPON">verskil</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=GPON&direction=next&oldid=460416" title="GPON">Nuwer weergawe →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=GPON&diff=next&oldid=460416" title="GPON">verskil</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><p><b>GPON – Gigabis Passiewe Optiese Netwerk</b> </p><p>GPON is die nuutste van ‘n familie van PON (Passiewe Optiese Netwerk) standaarde. Ander standaarde is ondere andere APON, BPON en EPON. </p><p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TOEGANG’s_NETWERK"><span id="TOEGANG.E2.80.99s_NETWERK"></span>TOEGANG’s NETWERK</h2></div> <p>Die toegang’s network verbind die eindgebruiker (huurder) met die Sentrale Kantoor (SK) - voorheen die Sentrale of skakel eenheid genoem. In die verlede het die toegang’s netwerk slegs uit koper kables bestaan. Deesdae word optiese vesel meer en meer gebruik in die toegangs netwerk. </p><p>Die optiese gedeelte van die toegang’s netwerk kan aktief of passief wees en die ontwerp kan punt-na-punt of punt-na-multipunt wees. Aktief beteken dat die optiese netwerk eksterne energie vereis terwyl passiewe netwerk nie sodanige behoefte het nie. </p><p>Die kombinasie van koper en vesel in die toegang’s netwerk kan in die verskeie formate uitgerol word: vesel-na-die-huis (VNDH), vesel-na-die-randsteen (VNDR), vesel-na-die-gebou (VNDB) en vesel-na-die-kabinet (VNDK). </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GPON">GPON</h2></div> <p>Die GPON familie word in die toegang’s netwerk gebruik en is ‘n punt-na-multipunt standaard dws een poort in die Sentrale Kantoor word met verskeie eindgebruikers verbind en voldoen aan die VNDH standaard.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die eindgebruiker se toerusting kan ‘n data terminal, telefoon, persoonlike rekenaar of TV of ‘n kombinasie van die drie wees wat aan ‘n Optiese Netwerk Terminaal (ONT) verbind word. Stem oor IP (VoIP - Engels vir Voice Over IP) diens kan ook verskaf word. </p><p>GPON gebruik pakkieskakeling en nie kringskakeling soos tradisionele telefonie nie. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="STANDAARDE">STANDAARDE</h2></div> <p>Die PON standaarde word opgestel en onderhou deur die ITU (International Telecommunication Union) en die IEEE (Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers). Die GPON standaard van ITU-T.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is G.984; eintlik ses verskillende dokumente nl. G.984.1-6. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GPON_TOPOLOGIE">GPON TOPOLOGIE</h2></div> <p>In GPON word al die verbindings tussen die eindgebruiker en die SK met behulp van optiese vesel gedoen. Daar is geen aktiewe komponente in die GPON netwerk tussen die eindtoerusting en die SK nie, maar slegs passiewe komponente soos die splitters. Die optiese vesels en splitters saam staan as die Optiese Distribusie Netwerk (ODN) bekend. </p><p>In die SK word ‘n Optiese Lyn Terminaal (OLT) met verskeie ONT’s verbind met behulp van optiese vesel. Die ONT word in die eindgebruiker se gebou of huis monteer. Vir die GPON standaard word een vesel met maksimum 128 ONT’s gekonnekteer via die optiese splitters. </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:GPONskematies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/2/2a/GPONskematies.jpg" decoding="async" width="579" height="315" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="315" /></a></span> </p><p>Die OLT kan met die Publieke Skakel Telefonie Netwerk (PSTN), Intranet en ‘n TV diens verskaffer verbind word om die bekende driedubbelspel dienste te verskaf: oudio, video en data. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GPON_WERKING">GPON WERKING</h2></div> <p>Die rigting vanaf die OLT na die ONT word stroom-af en die teenoorgestelde rigting stroom-op genoem. GPON se vermoë is 2.488 Gbps stroom-af en 1.244 Gbps stroom-op. Die verskil is daaraan te wyte dat eindgebruikers meer inligting aflaai bv. vanaf die internet as wat hulle versend; ook video verkeer is hoofsaaklik eenrigting stroom-af. </p><p>In die stroom-af rigting word pakkies na alle ONT’s gestuur. Elke ONT lees daardie pakkies en reageer net op pakkies wat aan hom ge-adresseer is. Die pakkies word ge-enkripteer alvorens dit na die ONT’s gestuur word om meeluistering te vermy. </p><p>Verkeer stroom-op word op ‘n Tyd Deel Multipleksering (TDM) beginsel gedoen. Omrede elke ONT nie gelyktydig pakkies kan uitstuur nie kry elke ONT ’n tydgleuf of beurt om pakkies uit te stuur. Die OLT bereken self die afstand na die ONT en hoe lank data sal neem vanaf die ONT en ken dan ’n tydgleuf toe aan elke ONT. </p><p>Kommunikasie stroom-af word gedoen deur middel van Golflengte Deel Multipleksering (GDM). Die stroom-af bandwydte volgens die standaard is 1480-1500nm vir data en oudio en 1550-1560nm vir video.(4) Die video diens voorsien volgens die standaard is die analoog tipe. </p><p>Die stroom-op bandwydte is 1260-1360nm. Die 1650nm golflengte word gebruik vir montering en instandhouding. </p><p>Al die verkeer, stroom-af sowel as stroom-af word op dieselfde vesel gedra tot by die splitter. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SPLITTERS">SPLITTERS</h2></div> <p>’n Splitter is ’n toestel wat ‘n optiese sein ewe sterk verdeel volgens sy aantal uitsette. Dit kan wissel van 2 na 64 uitsette. Daar moet in gedagte gehou word dat elke keer dat optiese energie verdeel in ’n 1:2 verhouding, dit verswak word met met 3dB. Dus na ’n split verhouding van 1:64 word 18dB verswakking toegevoeg in die netwerk. Die optiese begroting of krag wat die OLT uitstuur is 28dB; dus die vesel se lengte word beperk tot 10dB verswakking. Met standaard ITU-T G.652.D(5) vesel (verlies 0.32dB/km teen 1330nm) word die roete se lengte dus beperk tot teoreties 30km. Omrede die vesels gelas moet word en dus verdere verlies tot die netwerk toevoeg is die praktiese bruikbare lengte ongeveer 20km met ‘n veilgheids faktor ingebou. Dit is lank genoeg om ‘n groot aantal eindgebruikers te bereik in ‘n digbewoonde gebied. </p><p>Die GPON netwerk ontwerp is buigbaar. Verskeie kombinasies van splitters kan gebruik word. Slegs een (1:64) splitter kan gebruik word of twee splitters kan gebruik word; bv ’n (1:2) splitter gevolg deur ’n (1:32) splitter of ’n kombinasie van ’n (1:4) splitter gevolg deur ’n (1:16) splitter. </p><p>Daar is twee tegnologie beskikbaar vir die vervaardiging van splitters naamlik: FBT (<i>Fused Biconical Tapered</i>) en PLC (<i>Planar Lightwave Circuit</i>). </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="OPTIESE_VESEL">OPTIESE VESEL</h2></div> <p>GPON kan met beide die ITU-T G.652 en G.657(3) optiese vesels uitgerol word. Alhoewel G.652 vesel goedkoper is, het die G.657 vesel die voordeel dat dit meer buigbaar is en dus makliker gebruik kan word in wonings en geboue. </p><p>As gevolg van die relatiewe kort lengte van GPON netwerke het Chromatiese Dispersie en Polarisasie Modus Dispersie geen werklike invloed op die werking van die stelsel nie. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IPTV">IPTV</h2></div> <p>Die ITU-T G.984 standaard maak voorsiening vir analoog TV. Maar analoog TV of te wel kabel TV kom net werklik in Noord-Amerika voor. Internet Protokol TV (IPTV) is ’n tegnologie wat in Europa ontwikkel is en maklik oor enige pakkieskakel netwerk versend kan word. Dus kan IPTV maklik in die data golflengte van 1480-1500nm van GPON ge-integreer word. Die verwagting is dat die verskaffing van IPTV oor GPON gaan groei. Vir meer inligting oor IPTV kan die ITU-T G.9960 standaard bestudeer word. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="MONITERING_EN_INSTANDHOUDING">MONITERING EN INSTANDHOUDING</h2></div> <p>Die werkings beginsel van GPON het egter instandhoudings probleme geskep. Eerstens, die vesels tussen die SK en splitters dra verskeie eindgebruikers se verkeer gelyktydig en kan dus nie na willekeur gediskonnekteer word vir toets doeleindes nie. Tweedens, die normale instandhoudings golflengte van 1625nm is gereserveer vir analoog TV seine. Dus kan normale Optiese Tyd Demensie Reflektometers (OTDR’s) nie gebruik word nie want hulle gebruik tradisioneel die 1330nm, 1550nm en 1625nm golflengtes vir toetsing. </p><p>Daarom is die 1650nm golflengte toegeken vir toetsing of instandhoudings werk. </p><p>Die tradisionele OTDR’s is ook nie toegerus om die verlies deur ‘n splitter te intepreteer nie. Normaal vertolk die OTDR ‘n verlies van 18db as ‘n vesel wat beskadig is. </p><p>Dit het beteken dat ‘n nuwe geslag OTDR ontwikkel moes word wat eerstens teen 1650nm golflengte kon toets en tweedens die verliese van die splitters reg moes vertolk. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="FILTER_/_REFLEKTEERDER"><span id="FILTER_.2F_REFLEKTEERDER"></span>FILTER / REFLEKTEERDER</h2></div> <p>Om die instandhouding te vergemaklik word ‘n filter/reflekteerder net voor die ONT geinstalleer wat verseker dat eerstens die energie teen die 1650nm golflengte nie na die ONT deurgaan (dus uitfiltreer) en sodoende diens kan beinvloed nie. Tweedens reflekteer die filter/reflekteerder die energie terug na die OLT waar dit gemeet kan word m.b.v. ‘n O.T.D.R. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="OPTIESE_VESEL_LAS">OPTIESE VESEL LAS</h2></div> <p>Geen spesiale toerusting word benodig vir GPON om die vesels in ODN te las nie. Standaard kommersiële lasmasjiene wat die smeltlas (fusielas) metode gebruik is geskik vir die taak. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GPON_–_VNDx"><span id="GPON_.E2.80.93_VNDx"></span>GPON – VNDx</h2></div> <p>Daar is ook ‘n ander variant van GPON; deur die ONT te vervang met ‘n Optiese Netwerk Eenheid (ONE) kan meer as een eindgebruiker in ‘n gebou bedien word d.m.v. VNDB of VNDK. Die ODN word getermineer in die ONE en deur middel van ‘n ingeboude koppelvlak kan dienste soos xDSL na verskillende eindgebruikers in dieselfde gebou verskaf word. Die ONE word met die eindgebruikers verbind met Kategorie 5 gedraaide draadpaar kabels (ook: Cat5 / Cat5e). Die ONE kan in ‘n gebou of in ‘n kabinet in die straat geinstaller word. <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:GPONxVNDskematies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/4/40/GPONxVNDskematies.jpg" decoding="async" width="579" height="315" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="315" /></a></span> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SIEN_OOK">SIEN OOK</h2></div> <p>• Optiese vesel • IPTV • Stem oor IP </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="VERWYSINGS">VERWYSINGS</h2></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">[http:// af.wikipedia.org/GPON:Oesjaar ITU-T G.984.1 Gigabit-capable passive optical networks (GPON): General characteristics ]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">[http:// af.wikipedia.org/GPON:Oesjaar www.itu.int/ITU-T/(2)]</span> </li> </ol></div> <p>1 ITU-T G.984.1 Gigabit-capable passive optical networks (GPON): General characteristics 2 3 ITU-T Recommendation G.657 Characteristics of a bending loss insensitive single mode optical fibre and cable for the access network 4 ITU-T G983.3 A broadband optical access system with increased service capability by wavelength allocation 5 ITU-T Recommendation G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre and cable </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GPON&oldid=460416">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GPON&oldid=460416</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Die bladsy is laas op 6 Mei 2009 om 10:06 bygewerk.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Die teks is beskikbaar onder die lisensie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Erkenning-Insgelyks Deel</a>. 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