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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_in_fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Use in fashion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 On social media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 In advertising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrity_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrity_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Celebrity opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrity_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Corporate opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Government opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinion_polling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_polling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Opinion polling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinion_polling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_cultural_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_cultural_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Social and cultural implications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_cultural_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Photoshop"_as_a_verb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Photoshop"_as_a_verb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 "Photoshop" as a verb </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Photoshop"_as_a_verb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Photograph manipulation</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تلاعب بالصور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلاعب بالصور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retoc_fotogr%C3%A0fic" title="Retoc fotogràfic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Retoc fotogràfic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotomanipulace" title="Fotomanipulace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fotomanipulace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billedmanipulation" title="Billedmanipulation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Billedmanipulation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotomanipulation" title="Fotomanipulation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fotomanipulation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotot%C3%B6%C3%B6tlus" title="Fototöötlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fototöötlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulaci%C3%B3n_fotogr%C3%A1fica" title="Manipulación fotográfica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manipulación fotográfica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B4" title="رتوش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رتوش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retouche_d%27image" title="Retouche d'image – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Retouche d'image" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulaci%C3%B3n_fotogr%C3%A1fica" title="Manipulación fotográfica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manipulación fotográfica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84_%EC%A1%B0%EC%9E%91" title="사진 조작 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사진 조작" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulasi_foto" title="Manipulasi foto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manipulasi foto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%99" title="עיבוד תמונה מגמתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיבוד תמונה מגמתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retus%C3%A1l%C3%A1s" title="Retusálás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Retusálás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeldmanipulatie" title="Beeldmanipulatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beeldmanipulatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F%E7%B7%A8%E9%9B%86" title="写真編集 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="写真編集" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotomanipulasjon" title="Fotomanipulasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fotomanipulasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratamento_de_imagem" title="Tratamento de imagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tratamento de imagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Обрада дигиталне слике – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Обрада дигиталне слике" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvamanipulaatio" title="Kuvamanipulaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuvamanipulaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildmanipulering" title="Bildmanipulering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bildmanipulering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foto_manip%C3%BClasyon" title="Foto manipülasyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Foto manipülasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photo_manipulation&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo manipulation">Photo manipulation</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transformation or alteration of a photograph</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the uses, cultural impact, and ethical concerns of image manipulation. For the mechanics of altering images, see <a href="/wiki/Image_editing" title="Image editing">Image editing</a>. For the restoration of physical photographs and documents using digital techniques, see <a href="/wiki/Digital_photograph_restoration" title="Digital photograph restoration">Digital photograph restoration</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Episode_after_Battle_of_Zonnebeke_1918_Hurley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Episode_after_Battle_of_Zonnebeke_1918_Hurley.jpg/330px-Episode_after_Battle_of_Zonnebeke_1918_Hurley.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Episode_after_Battle_of_Zonnebeke_1918_Hurley.jpg/495px-Episode_after_Battle_of_Zonnebeke_1918_Hurley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Episode_after_Battle_of_Zonnebeke_1918_Hurley.jpg/660px-Episode_after_Battle_of_Zonnebeke_1918_Hurley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="1864" /></a><figcaption> Australian photographer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hurley" title="Frank Hurley">Frank Hurley</a> formed this <a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">composite</a> photograph from three original negatives of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-Mashable_Hurley-1">[1]</a> Hurley argued with his superiors over the ethics of compositing photos, arguing that war was conducted on such a vast scale that it was impossible to capture the essence of it in a single negative.<a href="#cite_note-LibraryNSW_Hurley-2">[2]</a></figcaption></figure> Photograph manipulation involves the <a href="/wiki/Image_editing" title="Image editing">transformation or alteration</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photograph</a>. Some photograph manipulations are considered to be skillful artwork, while others are considered to be unethical practices, especially when used to deceive. Motives for manipulating photographs include political <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>, altering the appearance of a subject (both for better and for worse), entertainment and humor. Depending on the application and intent, some photograph manipulations are considered an <a href="/wiki/Art_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Art form">art form</a> because they involve creation of unique images and in some instances, signature expressions of art by photographic artists. For example, <a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a> used <a href="/wiki/Burning_and_dodging" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning and dodging">darkroom exposure techniques</a> to darken and lighten photographs. Other techniques include retouching using ink or paint, <a href="/wiki/Airbrush" title="Airbrush">airbrushing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_exposure" class="mw-redirect" title="Double exposure">double exposure</a>, piecing photos or <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">negatives</a> together in the darkroom, and scratching <a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">instant films</a>. Software for digital image manipulation ranges from casual to professional skillsets. One of these, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>, has led to the use of the term photoshop, meaning to digitally edit an image with any program. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_techniques">History and techniques</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and techniques">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retouche-set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Retouche-set.jpg/260px-Retouche-set.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Retouche-set.jpg/390px-Retouche-set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Retouche-set.jpg/520px-Retouche-set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Early retouching tools: <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a> paint, <a href="/wiki/Kneaded_eraser" title="Kneaded eraser">kneaded erasers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal_(art)" title="Charcoal (art)">charcoal sticks</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Airbrush" title="Airbrush">airbrush</a>, the latter giving rise to the phrase "airbrushed from history"</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:542px;max-width:542px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1852_Calhoun_-_Lincoln_-_photo_manipulation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/1852_Calhoun_-_Lincoln_-_photo_manipulation.jpg/288px-1852_Calhoun_-_Lincoln_-_photo_manipulation.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/1852_Calhoun_-_Lincoln_-_photo_manipulation.jpg/432px-1852_Calhoun_-_Lincoln_-_photo_manipulation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/1852_Calhoun_-_Lincoln_-_photo_manipulation.jpg/576px-1852_Calhoun_-_Lincoln_-_photo_manipulation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="1719" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s head superimposed on a print of <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> was not discovered for almost a century, when photojournalist <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lorant" title="Stefan Lorant">Stefan Lorant</a> noticed Lincoln's mole was on the wrong side of his face.<a href="#cite_note-NatGeo_20240312-3">[3]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulysses_S._Grant_at_City_Point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ulysses_S._Grant_at_City_Point.jpg/246px-Ulysses_S._Grant_at_City_Point.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ulysses_S._Grant_at_City_Point.jpg/369px-Ulysses_S._Grant_at_City_Point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ulysses_S._Grant_at_City_Point.jpg/492px-Ulysses_S._Grant_at_City_Point.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5139" data-file-height="3743" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">General Grant</a> at <a href="/wiki/City_Point,_Virginia" title="City Point, Virginia">City Point</a> is a composite of three different photographs.</div></div></div></div></div> Photo manipulation dates back to some of the earliest photographs captured on <a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">glass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">tin plates</a> during the 19th century. The practice began not long after the creation of the first photograph (1825) by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Nicéphore Niépce">Joseph Nicéphore Niépce</a> who developed <a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">heliography</a> and made the first photographic print from a photoengraved printing plate.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Farid-5">[5]</a> Traditional photographic prints can be altered using various methods and techniques that involve manipulation directly to the print, such as retouching with ink, paint, <a href="/wiki/Airbrush" title="Airbrush">airbrushing</a>, or scratching <a href="/wiki/Polaroid_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Polaroid film">Polaroids</a> during developing (<a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Scratch-6">[6]</a> Negatives can be manipulated while still in the camera using double-exposure techniques, or in the <a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">darkroom</a> by piecing photos or negatives together. Some darkroom manipulations involved techniques such as bleaching to artfully lighten or totally wash out parts of the photograph, hand coloring for aesthetic purposes, or mimicking a fine art painting.<a href="#cite_note-Warren-7">[7]</a> In the early 19th century, photography and the technology that made it possible were rather crude and cumbersome. While the equipment and technology progressed over time, it was not until the late 20th century that photography evolved into the digital realm. In the 20th century, digital retouching became available with <a href="/wiki/Quantel" title="Quantel">Quantel</a> computers running <a href="/wiki/Quantel_Paintbox" title="Quantel Paintbox">Paintbox</a> in professional environments,<a href="#cite_note-Sasso-8">[8]</a> which, alongside other contemporary packages, were effectively replaced in the market by editing software for <a href="/wiki/Graphic_image_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic image developer">graphic imaging</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a> and <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>. At the onset, digital photography was considered by some to be a radical new approach and was initially rejected by photographers because of its substandard quality.<a href="#cite_note-Peres-9">[9]</a> The transition from film to digital has been an ongoing process, although much progress was made in the early 21st century as a result of innovation that has greatly improved digital image quality while reducing the bulk and weight of cameras and equipment.<a href="#cite_note-Adobe-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a> used <a href="/wiki/Burning_and_dodging" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning and dodging">darkroom exposure techniques</a>, burning (darkening) and dodging (lightening) a photograph.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Whereas manipulating photographs with tools such as Photoshop and GIMP is generally skill-intensive and time-consuming, the 21st century has seen the arrival of image editing software powered by advanced algorithms which allow complex transformations to be mostly automated.<a href="#cite_note-DigitalBeauty-13">[13]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Beauty_filters" class="mw-redirect" title="Beauty filters">beauty filters</a> which smooth skin tone and create more visually pleasing facial proportions (for example, by enlarging a subject's eyes) are available within a number of widely used social media apps such as <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> and <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, and can be applied in real-time to live video. Such features are also available in dedicated image editing mobile applications like <a href="/wiki/Facetune" title="Facetune">Facetune</a>. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/FaceApp" title="FaceApp">FaceApp</a> use <a href="/wiki/Deep-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-learning">deep-learning</a> algorithms to automate complex, content-aware transformations, such as changing the age or gender of the subject of a photo, or modifying their facial expression.<a href="#cite_note-TheVerge2017a-14">[14]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">deepfake</a> was coined in 2017 to refer to real images and videos generated with deep-learning techniques. The alterations can be created for entertainment purposes, or more nefarious purposes such as spreading <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Fraudulent creations can be used to conduct <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">malicious attacks</a>, political gains, <a href="/wiki/Financial_crime" title="Financial crime">financial crime</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> More recently, deep fakes superimposing the faces of celebrities and other persons onto those of pornographic performers for the purpose of creating pornographic material has become prevalent; <a href="/wiki/Deepfake_pornography" title="Deepfake pornography">deepfake pornography</a> has been criticized due to issues with lack of consent.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Raw <a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">astronomical images</a> of <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">celestial objects</a> are usually generated from data provided by complex digital cameras.<a href="#cite_note-PopSci_20240418-18">[18]</a> Raw images include <a href="/wiki/Binary_image" title="Binary image">binary (black-and-white)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">grayscale</a> data generated in response to <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> or other energy lying outside the <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">visible light</a> <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">spectrum</a>—requiring people to make technical decisions for how to transform the raw digital data into colorized pictures for human viewing.<a href="#cite_note-PopSci_20240418-18">[18]</a> For example, in images from the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, the usual transformation is to use blue for the shortest wavelengths, red for the longest wavelengths, and green for intermediate wavelengths.<a href="#cite_note-PopSci_20240418-18">[18]</a> Both scientific accuracy and visual appeal contribute to the decisions, for both enabling accurate analysis by scientists and providing visual interest for the public.<a href="#cite_note-PopSci_20240418-18">[18]</a> Also, science visualization specialists sometimes stack images together, stitch observations from different instruments, enhance contrast, and remove <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(error)" title="Artifact (error)">artifacts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PopSci_20240418-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_and_ethical_issues">Political and ethical issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political and ethical issues">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitler_in_the_Odeonsplatz_Munich_2_August_1914_by_Heinrich_Hoffmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d6/Hitler_in_the_Odeonsplatz_Munich_2_August_1914_by_Heinrich_Hoffmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="383" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>A photograph by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hoffmann_(photographer)" title="Heinrich Hoffmann (photographer)">Heinrich Hoffmann</a> was manipulated to show <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> celebrating the outbreak of World War I in Munich.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></figcaption></figure> Photo manipulation has been used to deceive or persuade viewers or improve storytelling and self-expression.<a href="#cite_note-Rotman-21">[21]</a> As early as the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, photographs were published as engravings based on more than one negative.<a href="#cite_note-Palmquist-22">[22]</a> In 1860, a photograph of the politician John Calhoun was manipulated and his body was used in another photograph with the head of the president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. This photo credits itself as the first manipulated photo.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> made use of photo retouching for propaganda purposes.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> On May 5, 1920, his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> held a speech for Soviet troops that <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> attended. Stalin had Trotsky retouched out of a photograph showing Trotsky in attendance.<a href="#cite_note-Ammann-25">[25]</a> In a well-known case of <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a> ("condemnation of memory") image manipulation, <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a>, after his execution in 1940, was removed from an official press photo where he was pictured with Stalin; historians subsequently nicknaming him the "Vanishing Commissar".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Such <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">censorship of images in the Soviet Union</a> was common. The pioneer among journalists distorting photographic images for news value was <a href="/wiki/Bernarr_Macfadden" title="Bernarr Macfadden">Bernarr Macfadden</a>: in the mid-1920s, his "<a href="/wiki/Composograph" title="Composograph">composograph</a>" process involved reenacting real news events with costumed <a href="/wiki/Body_double" class="mw-redirect" title="Body double">body doubles</a> and then photographing the dramatized scenes—then pasting faces of the real news-personalities (gathered from unrelated photos) onto his staged images.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A photograph by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s official photographer <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hoffmann_(photographer)" title="Heinrich Hoffmann (photographer)">Heinrich Hoffmann</a> was manipulated to show Hitler celebrating the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in Munich.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In the 1930s, artist <a href="/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield">John Heartfield</a> used a type of photo manipulation known as the <a href="/wiki/Photomontage" title="Photomontage">photomontage</a> to critique <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi propaganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Some ethical theories have been applied to image manipulation. During a panel on the topic of ethics in image manipulation<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aude_Oliva" title="Aude Oliva">Aude Oliva</a> theorized that categorical shifts are necessary in order for an edited image to be viewed as a manipulation. In Image Act Theory,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Carson Reynolds extended <a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">speech act</a> theory by applying it to photo editing and image manipulations. In "How to Do Things with Pictures",<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_J._Mitchell" title="William J. Mitchell">William J. Mitchell</a> details the long history of photo manipulation and discusses it critically. Photo manipulation is largely considered a useful tool in modern political campaigning and photo manipulations are oftentimes used to amplify political messages and undermine political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> For example, on January 6, 2020, US Rep. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gosar" title="Paul Gosar">Paul Gosar</a> (R-Ariz.) tweeted a photo of US President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> shaking hands with Iranian President <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a>, with the caption "The world is a better place without these guys in power."<a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-34">[34]</a> It was pointed out that this meeting never took place and in reality was a doctored photo of a meeting between President Obama and Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-34">[34]</a> Gosar was criticized for attempting to spread disinformation. The photo had also been previously used in a 2015 advert for Senator <a href="/wiki/Ron_Johnson" title="Ron Johnson">Ron Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In 2023, the organizers of Dublin Pride were accused of “intentionally doctoring photos” to push “propaganda” when they posted an altered image from a 1983 protest, in which the slogan "Trans rights are human rights" was added to a sign carried by a demonstrator.<a href="#cite_note-Pride1983-36">[36]</a> A spokesman for Dublin Pride defended the change, saying that the "practice of altering iconic images for campaigns is a common practice".<a href="#cite_note-Pride1983-36">[36]</a> The altered image was ultimately removed from the Dublin Pride website.<a href="#cite_note-Pride1983-36">[36]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_(full_restore_115).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%29.jpg/242px-Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%29.jpg/363px-Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%29.jpg/484px-Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7162" data-file-height="5178" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">1903 achromatic photo of the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_(full_restore_115,_colorized).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%2C_colorized%29.jpg/242px-Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%2C_colorized%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%2C_colorized%29.jpg/363px-Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%2C_colorized%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%2C_colorized%29.jpg/484px-Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%2C_colorized%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7162" data-file-height="5178" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A 2021 <a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">colorized</a> version</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillars_of_Creation_(NIRCam_and_MIRI_Composite_Image)_(pillarsofcreation_composite).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pillars_of_Creation_%28NIRCam_and_MIRI_Composite_Image%29_%28pillarsofcreation_composite%29.jpeg/310px-Pillars_of_Creation_%28NIRCam_and_MIRI_Composite_Image%29_%28pillarsofcreation_composite%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="310" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pillars_of_Creation_%28NIRCam_and_MIRI_Composite_Image%29_%28pillarsofcreation_composite%29.jpeg/465px-Pillars_of_Creation_%28NIRCam_and_MIRI_Composite_Image%29_%28pillarsofcreation_composite%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pillars_of_Creation_%28NIRCam_and_MIRI_Composite_Image%29_%28pillarsofcreation_composite%29.jpeg/620px-Pillars_of_Creation_%28NIRCam_and_MIRI_Composite_Image%29_%28pillarsofcreation_composite%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="7130" data-file-height="6675" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> returns data representing <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> light, which is invisible to humans. This composite representation of the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a> was artificially generated by converting the infrared data into the visible-color spectrum.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_journalism">Use in journalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use in journalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Photojournalism#Ethical,_legal,_and_social_considerations" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism § Ethical, legal, and social considerations</a></div> A notable incident of controversial photo manipulation occurred over a photograph that was altered to fit the vertical orientation of a 1982 <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a> magazine cover. The altered image made two <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a> appear closer together than they actually were in the original photograph.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-37">[37]</a> The incident triggered a debate about the appropriateness of falsifying an image,<a href="#cite_note-BRONXDOC-38">[38]</a> and raised questions regarding the magazine's credibility. Shortly after the incident, Tom Kennedy, director of photography for <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a> stated, "We no longer use that technology to manipulate elements in a photo simply to achieve a more compelling graphic effect. We regarded that afterward as a mistake, and we wouldn't repeat that mistake today."<a href="#cite_note-BRONXDOC-38">[38]</a> There are other incidents of questionable photo manipulation in journalism. One such incident occurred in early 2005 after <a href="/wiki/Martha_Stewart" title="Martha Stewart">Martha Stewart</a> was released from prison. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> used a photograph of Stewart's face on the body of a much slimmer woman for their cover, suggesting that Stewart had lost weight while in prison.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2005-39">[39]</a> Speaking about the incident in an interview, Lynn Staley, assistant managing editor at Newsweek said, "The piece that we commissioned was intended to show Martha as she would be, not necessarily as she is." Staley also explained that Newsweek disclosed on page 3 that the cover image of Martha Stewart was a composite.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2005-39">[39]</a> Image manipulation software has affected the level of trust many viewers once had in the aphorism "the camera never lies".<a href="#cite_note-IntlNYT2004-40">[40]</a> Images may be manipulated for fun, aesthetic reasons, or to improve the appearance of a subject<a href="#cite_note-Photo-41">[41]</a> but not all image manipulation is innocuous, as evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Fonda_2004_election_photo_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerry Fonda 2004 election photo controversy">Kerry Fonda 2004 election photo controversy</a>. The image in question was a fraudulent composite image of <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> taken on June 13, 1971, and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> taken in August 1972 sharing the same platform at a 1971 antiwar rally, the latter of which carried a fake <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> credit with the intent to change the public's perspective of reality.<a href="#cite_note-IntlNYT2004-40">[40]</a> There is a growing body of writings devoted to the ethical use of digital editing in <a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">photojournalism</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, for example, the <a href="/wiki/National_Press_Photographers_Association" title="National Press Photographers Association">National Press Photographers Association</a> (NPPA) established a Code of Ethics which promotes the accuracy of published images, advising that photographers "do not manipulate images [...] that can mislead viewers or misrepresent subjects."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Infringements of the Code are taken very seriously, especially regarding digital alteration of published photographs, as evidenced by a case in which <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitzer prize">Pulitzer prize</a>-nominated photographer <a href="/wiki/Allan_Detrich" title="Allan Detrich">Allan Detrich</a> resigned his post following the revelation that a number of his photographs had been manipulated.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 2010, a Ukrainian photographer – Stepan Rudik, winner of the 3rd prize story in Sports Features – was disqualified due to violation of the rules of the <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Photo_of_the_Year" title="World Press Photo of the Year">World Press Photo</a> contest. "After requesting <a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">RAW-files</a> of the series from him, it became clear that an element had been removed from one of the original photographs."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> As of 2015, up to 20%<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> of World Press Photo entries that made it to the penultimate round of the contest were disqualified after they were found to have been manipulated or post-processed with rules violations.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retouching_human_subjects">Retouching human subjects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Retouching human subjects">edit</a>]</div> A common form of photographic manipulation, particularly in advertising, fashion, boudoir, portrait, and glamour photography, involves edits intended to enhance the appearance of the subject. Common transformations include smoothing skin texture, erasing scars, pimples, and other skin blemishes, slimming the subject's body, and erasing wrinkles and folds. Commentators have raised concerns that such practices may lead to unrealistic expectations and negative body image among the audience. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_fashion">Use in fashion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use in fashion">edit</a>]</div> The photo manipulation industry has often been accused of promoting or inciting a distorted and unrealistic image of self — most specifically in younger people.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The world of <a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">glamour photography</a> is one specific industry that has been heavily involved with the use of photo manipulation (what many consider to be a concerning element as many people look up to celebrities in search of embodying the 'ideal figure').[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Manipulation of a photo to alter a model's appearance can be used to change features such as skin complexion, hair color, body shape, and other features. Many of the alterations to skin involve removing blemishes through the use of features included within popular image editing programs which are designed for just such purposes. Photo editors may also alter the color of hair to remove roots or add shine. Additionally, the model's teeth and eyes may be made to look whiter than they are in reality. <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">Makeup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">piercings</a> can even be edited into pictures to look as though the model was wearing them when the photo was taken. Through photo editing, the appearance of a model may be drastically changed to mask imperfections.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In an article entitled "Confessions of a Retoucher: how the modeling industry is harming women", a professional retoucher who has worked for mega-fashion brands shares the industry's secrets.<a href="#cite_note-Cage-48">[48]</a> Along with fixing imperfections like skin wrinkles and smoothing features, the size of the model is manipulated by either adding or subtracting visible weight. Reverse retouching is just as common as making models skinnier, "distorting the bodies of very thin models to make them appear more robust in a process called reverse retouching. It is almost worse than making someone slimmer because the image claims you can be at an unhealthy weight but still look healthy. In reality, you can't, you have to Photoshop it".<a href="#cite_note-Cage-48">[48]</a> Reverse retouching includes eliminating shadows from protruding bones, adding flesh over body parts, color correcting, and removing hair generated for warmth from extreme weight loss. Professionals are saying that if an image is not labeled "not retouched," then the public can assume that photograph has been modified.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> As the fashion industry continues to use photos that have been manipulated to idealize body types, there is a need for education about how unreal and unhealthy these images are and the negative implications they are promoting. A digital manipulation expert, who edited and altered a lot of images for the fashion industry and wants to remain private, says it is normal to digitally manipulate a photograph of a model to make them appear thinner, regardless of actual weight. Generally, photographs are edited to remove the appearance of up to 10 kilograms (22 lb). However, in the past 20 years,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] the practice has changed, as more celebrities are on social media and the public is now more aware of their actual appearances; it is likely that significant alterations would be noticed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The retoucher notes that the industry's goal is to make significant income in advertising and that the unrealistic ideals cycle will continue as they have to maintain this.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Starting in 2012, <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)" title="Seventeen (American magazine)">Seventeen magazine</a> said they intended to no longer manipulate photos of their models. The decision was made after a 14-year-old girl, Julia Bluhm, petitioned that the magazine use a minimum of one unaltered photo in each of their spread per issue. The petition received over 84,000 signatures.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_social_media">On social media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: On social media">edit</a>]</div> Social media apps such as <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> enable users to manipulate photos using the back or front camera, applying pre-made filters to enhance the quality of the picture, distort themselves, or add creative elements such as text, coloring or stickers. Filters provided on social media platforms are made by social media companies or are <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">user-generated content</a>. Photo editing techniques include the addition of polls, GIFs, music, countdowns, donations, and links.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Influencers use filters to grow engagement and boost follower activity, in order to be seen as unique,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> creative, or fascinating. Meta reported that over 600 million people have used an AR effect on Facebook or Instagram.<a href="#cite_note-newportinstitute.com-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile phone application">Mobile phone applications</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Facetune" title="Facetune">Facetune</a> allow users to modify their own personal images.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Social media users, especially younger people, are thus exposed to an extreme amount of manipulated imagery presenting unrealistic, unachievable body ideals.<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> For example, social media platforms such as TikTok have include filters that create an illusion of physical attributes, such as the "skinny filter" and the "perfect skin filter".<a href="#cite_note-newportinstitute.com-54">[54]</a> Part of the idea of perfection on social media comes from Japanese culture and the word "<a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">kawaii</a>", which translates to an overall aspect of cuteness; exerting fragile, girly, and childlike emotions. Kawaii-enhanced photos present a perception of perfection in a photo booth setting. This notion catalyzed the first selfie phone camera by <a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a> in 1999, which led to the posting of selfies during the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">MySpace</a> in the early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_advertising">In advertising</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In advertising">edit</a>]</div> Photo manipulation has been used in advertisements for television commercials and magazines to make their products or the person look better and more appealing than how they look in reality.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Some tricks that are used with photo manipulation for advertising are: fake grill marks with eye-liner, using white glue instead of milk, or using deodorant to make vegetables look glossy.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celebrity_opposition">Celebrity opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Celebrity opposition">edit</a>]</div> Photo manipulation has triggered negative responses from both viewers and celebrities. This has led to celebrities refusing to have their photos retouched in support of the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> that has decided that "[we] must stop exposing impressionable children and teenagers to advertisements portraying models with body types only attainable with the help of photo editing software".<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[56]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Keira_Knightley" title="Keira Knightley">Keira Knightley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Roddick" title="Andy Roddick">Andy Roddick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Simpson" title="Jessica Simpson">Jessica Simpson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zendaya" title="Zendaya">Zendaya</a>. Brad Pitt had a photographer, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Close" title="Chuck Close">Chuck Close</a>, take photos of him that emphasized his flaws. Chuck Close is known for his photos that emphasize the skin flaws of an individual. Pitt did so in an effort to speak out against media using image manipulation software and manipulating celebrities' photos in an attempt to hide their flaws. <a href="/wiki/Kate_Winslet" title="Kate Winslet">Kate Winslet</a> spoke out against photo manipulation in media after <a href="/wiki/GQ" title="GQ">GQ</a> magazine altered her body, making it look unnaturally thin.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> 42-year-old <a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a> appeared on the cover of <a href="/wiki/1843_(magazine)" title="1843 (magazine)">Intelligent Life</a>'s 2012 March/April issue, makeup-free and without digital retouching for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In April 2010, <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a> agreed to release "un-airbrushed images of herself next to the digitally altered ones". The fundamental motive behind her move was to "highlight the pressure exerted on women to look perfect".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In 2014, Hungarian pop vocalist and songwriter <a href="/wiki/Boggie" title="Boggie">Boggie</a> produced two music videos that achieved global attention for its stance on <a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(beauty)" title="Whitewashing (beauty)">whitewashing</a> in the beauty industry: the #1 <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies" title="Association of Hungarian Record Companies">MAHASZ</a> chart hit "Parfüm" (Hungarian version) and "Nouveau Parfum" (French version) from her self-titled album Boggie, which reached two <a href="/wiki/Billboard_charts" title="Billboard charts">Billboard charts</a> (#3 Jazz Album, #17 World Music Album).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In the videos, the artist is shown singing as she is extensively retouched in real-time, ending with a side-by-side comparison of her natural and manipulated images as the song fades out.<a href="#cite_note-metro-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_opposition">Corporate opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Corporate opposition">edit</a>]</div> Some companies have begun to speak out against photo manipulation in advertising their products. <a href="/wiki/Dove_(toiletries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove (toiletries)">Dove</a> created the Dove Self-Esteem Fund and the <a href="/wiki/Dove_Campaign_for_Real_Beauty" title="Dove Campaign for Real Beauty">Dove Campaign for Real Beauty</a> to build confidence in young women, emphasizing "real beauty", or unretouched photographs, in the media.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Clothing retailer <a href="/wiki/Aerie_(clothing_retailer)" title="Aerie (clothing retailer)">Aerie</a>'s campaign <a href="/wiki/Aerie_(clothing_retailer)#Aerie_Real" title="Aerie (clothing retailer)">#AerieREAL</a> emphasizes that their clothes are for everyone and that their advertisements have not been retouched in any way, saying "The real you is sexy."<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The American Medical Association stated that it is opposed to the use of photo manipulation. Dr. McAneny[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] made a statement that altering models to such extremes creates unrealistic expectations in children and teenagers regarding body image. He also said that the practice of digitally altering the weight of models in photographs should be stopped, so that children and teenagers are not exposed to body types that cannot be attained in reality. The American Medical Association as a whole adopted a policy to work with advertisers to work on setting up guidelines for advertisements to try to limit how much digital image manipulation is used. The goal of this policy is to limit the number of unrealistic expectations for body image in advertisements.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_opposition">Government opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government opposition">edit</a>]</div> Governments are exerting pressure on advertisers, and are starting to ban photos that are too airbrushed and edited. In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Advertising_Standards_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)">Advertising Standards Authority</a> has banned an advertisement by <a href="/wiki/Lanc%C3%B4me" title="Lancôme">Lancôme</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Julia_Roberts" title="Julia Roberts">Julia Roberts</a> for being misleading, stating that the flawless skin seen in the photo was too good to be true.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The US is also moving in the direction of banning excessive photo manipulation where a <a href="/wiki/CoverGirl" title="CoverGirl">CoverGirl</a> model's ad was banned because it had exaggerated effects, leading to a misleading representation of the product.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In 2015, France proceeded to pass a law that battles against the use of unrealistic body images and anorexia in the fashion industry. This includes modeling and photography. The models now have to show they are healthy and have a BMI of over 18 through a note from their doctor. Employers breaking this law will be fined and can serve a jail sentence of up to six months. When a creator of a photograph does not disclose that the picture is edited or retouched, no matter how small the edit, they may also receive a fine or 30% of the costs of what they used to create their ad.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> enacted legislation making it a requirement to label digital manipulations of the bodies of persons when depicted in advertising. Failure to do so is punishable by a fine.<a href="#cite_note-Onibada_2021-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support">Support</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Support">edit</a>]</div> Some editors of magazine companies do not view manipulating their <a href="/wiki/Cover_model" title="Cover model">cover models</a> as an issue. In an interview with the editor of the French magazine <a href="/wiki/Marie_Claire" title="Marie Claire">Marie Claire</a>, she stated that their readers are not idiots and that they can tell when a model has been retouched. Also, some who support photo manipulation in the media state that the altered photographs are not the issue, but that it is the expectations that viewers have that they fail to meet, such as wanting to have the same body as a celebrity on the cover of their favorite magazine.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinion_polling">Opinion polling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Opinion polling">edit</a>]</div> A survey done by the United Kingdom-based fashion store <a href="/wiki/New_Look_(company)" title="New Look (company)">New Look</a> showed that 90% of the individuals surveyed would prefer seeing a wider variety of body shapes in media. This would involve them wanting to see cover models that are not all thin, but some with more curves than others. The survey also talked about how readers view the use of photo manipulation. One statistic stated that 15% of the readers believed that the cover images are accurate depictions of the model in reality. Also, they found that 33% of women who were surveyed are aiming for a body that is impossible for them to attain.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Dove and People Weekly also did a survey to see how photo manipulation affects the self-esteem of females. In doing this, they found that 80% of the women surveyed felt insecure when seeing photos of celebrities in the media. Of the women surveyed who had lower self-esteem, 70% of them do not believe that their appearance is pretty or stylish enough in comparison to cover models.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_cultural_implications">Social and cultural implications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Social and cultural implications">edit</a>]</div> The growing popularity of image manipulation has raised concern as to whether it allows for unrealistic images to be portrayed to the public. In her article "<a href="/wiki/On_Photography" title="On Photography">On Photography</a>" (1977), <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Susan Sontag</a> discusses the objectivity, or lack thereof, in photography, concluding that "photographs, which fiddle with the scale of the world, themselves get reduced, blown up, cropped, retouched, doctored and tricked out".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> A practice widely used in the magazine industry, the use of photo manipulation on an already subjective photograph creates a constructed reality for the individual and it can become difficult to differentiate fact from fiction. With the potential to alter body image, debate continues as to whether manipulated images, particularly those in magazines, contribute to self-esteem issues in both men and women. In today's world,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">timeframe?</a>] photo manipulation has a positive impact by developing the creativity of one's mind or maybe a negative one by removing the art and beauty of capturing something so magnificent and natural or the way it should be. According to <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">The Huffington Post</a>, "Photoshopping and airbrushing, many believe, are now an inherent part of the beauty industry, as are makeup, lighting and styling". In a way, these image alterations are "selling" actual people to the masses to affect responses, reactions, and emotions toward these cultural icons.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Photoshop"_as_a_verb">"Photoshop" as a verb</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: "Photoshop" as a verb">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Image_editing" title="Image editing">Image editing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_photograph_restoration" title="Digital photograph restoration">Digital photograph restoration</a></div> The terms "Photoshop", "photoshopped" and "photoshopping", derived from <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>, are ubiquitous and widely used colloquially and academically when referencing image editing software as it relates to digital manipulation and alteration of photographs.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The term commonly refers to digital editing of photographs regardless of which software program is used.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Trademark owner <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe Inc.</a> object to what they refer to as misuse of their trademarked software name, and consider it an infringement on their trademark to use terms such as "photoshopped" or "photoshopping" as a noun or verb, in possessive form or as a slang term,<a href="#cite_note-AS-PR-86">[86]</a> to prevent "<a href="/wiki/Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">genericization</a>"<a href="#cite_note-io9-87">[87]</a> or "genericide" of the company's trademark.<a href="#cite_note-BIPLJ-88">[88]</a> Separately, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> advises against using "photoshop" as a verb because Adobe Photoshop is <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In popular culture, the term photoshopping is sometimes associated with <a href="/wiki/Photomontage" title="Photomontage">montages</a> in the form of visual jokes, such as those published on <a href="/wiki/Fark" title="Fark">Fark</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Mad_(magazine)" title="Mad (magazine)">Mad</a> magazine. Images may be propagated <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">memetically</a> via e-mail as humor or passed as actual news in a form of <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> An example of the latter category is "<a href="/wiki/Helicopter_Shark" title="Helicopter Shark">Helicopter Shark</a>", which was widely circulated as a so-called "National Geographic Photo of the Year" and was later revealed to be a hoax.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Photoshop_contest" title="Photoshop contest">Photoshop contests</a> are games organized online with the goal of creating humorous images around a theme. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 466.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 464.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Photomontage_(Forggensee_Panorama)_-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photomontage of 16 photos which have been digitally manipulated in Photoshop to give the impression that it is a real landscape"><img alt="Photomontage of 16 photos which have been digitally manipulated in Photoshop to give the impression that it is a real landscape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Photomontage_%28Forggensee_Panorama%29_-2.jpg/697px-Photomontage_%28Forggensee_Panorama%29_-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="465" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Photomontage_%28Forggensee_Panorama%29_-2.jpg/1046px-Photomontage_%28Forggensee_Panorama%29_-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Photomontage_%28Forggensee_Panorama%29_-2.jpg/1394px-Photomontage_%28Forggensee_Panorama%29_-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4569" data-file-height="1770" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Photomontage" title="Photomontage">Photomontage</a> of 16 photos which have been digitally manipulated in <a href="/wiki/Photoshop" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoshop">Photoshop</a> to give the impression that it is a real landscape</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:113th_congress_usa_women_version_altered_by_office_of_House_Minority_Leader.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Before its release to news media, congressional staff digitally added into this 2013 official portrait the heads of four members absent in the original photo shoot.[93][94][95][96][97]"><img alt="Before its release to news media, congressional staff digitally added into this 2013 official portrait the heads of four members absent in the original photo shoot.[93][94][95][96][97]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/113th_congress_usa_women_version_altered_by_office_of_House_Minority_Leader.jpg/256px-113th_congress_usa_women_version_altered_by_office_of_House_Minority_Leader.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/113th_congress_usa_women_version_altered_by_office_of_House_Minority_Leader.jpg/384px-113th_congress_usa_women_version_altered_by_office_of_House_Minority_Leader.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/113th_congress_usa_women_version_altered_by_office_of_House_Minority_Leader.jpg/512px-113th_congress_usa_women_version_altered_by_office_of_House_Minority_Leader.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="738" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Before its release to news media, congressional staff digitally added into this 2013 official portrait the heads of four members absent in the original photo shoot.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 259.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 257.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stock_horses_in_corral.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Original photograph of horses being sorted in a corral"><img alt="Original photograph of horses being sorted in a corral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Stock_horses_in_corral.png/386px-Stock_horses_in_corral.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Stock_horses_in_corral.png/579px-Stock_horses_in_corral.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Stock_horses_in_corral.png/772px-Stock_horses_in_corral.png 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="1407" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original photograph of horses being sorted in a corral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 263.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stock_horses_in_corral_composite.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Digitally manipulated composite: horses in the original photo are added to a photo of a pasture."><img alt="Digitally manipulated composite: horses in the original photo are added to a photo of a pasture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/Stock_horses_in_corral_composite.png/395px-Stock_horses_in_corral_composite.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/Stock_horses_in_corral_composite.png/592px-Stock_horses_in_corral_composite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/Stock_horses_in_corral_composite.png/790px-Stock_horses_in_corral_composite.png 2x" data-file-width="2018" data-file-height="1380" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Digitally manipulated composite: horses in the original photo are added to a photo of a pasture.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 298.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 296.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flamingos_at_Sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photograph manipulated in Photoshop to give the impression it is a painting complete with brush strokes"><img alt="Photograph manipulated in Photoshop to give the impression it is a painting complete with brush strokes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flamingos_at_Sunset.jpg/445px-Flamingos_at_Sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="297" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flamingos_at_Sunset.jpg/667px-Flamingos_at_Sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flamingos_at_Sunset.jpg/890px-Flamingos_at_Sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6156" data-file-height="3738" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photograph manipulated in Photoshop to give the impression it is a painting complete with brush strokes</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photo_manipulation_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="List of photo manipulation incidents">List of photo manipulation incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">Derivative work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_level_analysis" title="Error level analysis">Error level analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Dangin" title="Pascal Dangin">Pascal Dangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism" title="Source criticism">Source criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SurfSafe" title="SurfSafe">SurfSafe</a>, browser extension for detecting altered images</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_claim_(photography)" title="Truth claim (photography)">Truth claim (photography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(beauty)" title="Whitewashing (beauty)">Whitewashing (beauty)</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mashable_Hurley-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Mashable_Hurley_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArbuckle" class="citation news cs1">Arbuckle, Alex Q. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mashable.com/feature/frank-hurley-on-the-western-front">"One man's record of the war to end all wars"</a>. Mashable. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507014841/https://mashable.com/feature/frank-hurley-on-the-western-front/">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mashable&rft.atitle=One+man%27s+record+of+the+war+to+end+all+wars&rft.aulast=Arbuckle&rft.aufirst=Alex+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2Ffeature%2Ffrank-hurley-on-the-western-front&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotograph+manipulation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LibraryNSW_Hurley-2"><a href="#cite_ref-LibraryNSW_Hurley_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWishart2017" class="citation web cs1">Wishart, Alison (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/frank-hurleys-world-war-i-photography/truth-and-photography">"Truth and photography"</a>. sl.nw.gov.au. State Library of New South Wales. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320143543/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/frank-hurleys-world-war-i-photography/truth-and-photography">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2022. <q>None but those who have endeavoured can realise the insurmountable difficulties of portraying a modern battle by the camera. To include the event on a single negative, I have tried and tried, but the results are hopeless. Now, if negatives are taken of all the separate incidents in the action and combined, some idea may then be gained of what a modern battle looks like.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sl.nw.gov.au&rft.atitle=Truth+and+photography&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Wishart&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sl.nsw.gov.au%2Fstories%2Ffrank-hurleys-world-war-i-photography%2Ftruth-and-photography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotograph+manipulation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatGeo_20240312-3"><a href="#cite_ref-NatGeo_20240312_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Yang, Allie (March 12, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/digitally-manipulated-ai-altered-photo-images">"It's harder than ever to identify a manipulated photo. Here's where to start"</a>. National Geographic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313031414/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/digitally-manipulated-ai-altered-photo-images">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=It%27s+harder+than+ever+to+identify+a+manipulated+photo.+Here%27s+where+to+start.&rft.date=2024-03-12&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Allie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fphotography%2Farticle%2Fdigitally-manipulated-ai-altered-photo-images&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotograph+manipulation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-4"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1885093.stm">"World's oldest photo sold to library"</a>. BBC News. March 21, 2002. Retrieved November 17, 2011. <q>The image of an engraving depicting a man leading a horse was made in 1825 by Nicephore Niepce, who invented a technique known as heliogravure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=World%27s+oldest+photo+sold+to+library&rft.date=2002-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F1885093.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotograph+manipulation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farid-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Farid_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarid" class="citation web cs1">Farid, Hany. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908155915/http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~beki/cs4001/history.pdf">"Photo Tampering Throughout History"</a> (PDF). 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Routledge. p. 1007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-20536-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-20536-2"><bdi>978-1-135-20536-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Twentieth-Century+Photography%2C+3-Volume+Set&rft.pages=1007&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-135-20536-2&rft.au=Lynne+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D31VsBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DDarkroom%2Bmanipulations%2Bare%2Btraditional%2Bart%26pg%3DPA1007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotograph+manipulation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sasso-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Sasso_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabio_Sasso2011" class="citation book cs1">Fabio Sasso (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-I2M80f7KwC&q=digital+retouching+with+Quantel+computers&pg=PA124">Abduzeedo Inspiration Guide for Designers</a>. 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(1997). The Commissar Vanishes: the falsification of Photographs and Art in Stalin's Russia. 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Retrieved May 20, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Shark+%22Photo+of+the+Year%22+Is+E-Mail+Hoax&rft.date=2005-03-08&rft.aulast=Danielson&rft.aufirst=Stentor&rft.au=Braun%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2002%2F08%2F0815_020815_photooftheyear.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotograph+manipulation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFABC_News2013" class="citation web cs1">ABC News (January 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/pelosi-defends-altered-photo-congresswomen-18132356#.UOciBaAf-W9">"Pelosi Defends Altered Photo of Congresswomen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. Retrieved January 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Pelosi+Defends+Altered+Photo+of+Congresswomen&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft.au=ABC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2FwireStory%2Fpelosi-defends-altered-photo-congresswomen-18132356%23.UOciBaAf-W9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotograph+manipulation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington_Post2013" class="citation news cs1">Washington Post (January 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402081443/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/congress/house-democratic-leader-nancy-pelosi-defends-altered-photo-of-women-house-members/2013/01/04/5192f04c-568b-11e2-89de-76c1c54b1418_story.html">"House Democratic leader Nancy Pelosi defends altered photo of women House members"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/congress/house-democratic-leader-nancy-pelosi-defends-altered-photo-of-women-house-members/2013/01/04/5192f04c-568b-11e2-89de-76c1c54b1418_story.html">the original</a> on April 2, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=House+Democratic+leader+Nancy+Pelosi+defends+altered+photo+of+women+House+members&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft.au=Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcongress%2Fhouse-democratic-leader-nancy-pelosi-defends-altered-photo-of-women-house-members%2F2013%2F01%2F04%2F5192f04c-568b-11e2-89de-76c1c54b1418_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotograph+manipulation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalon.com2013" class="citation web cs1">Salon.com (January 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2013/01/04/pelosi_defends_altered_photo_of_congresswomen/">"Pelosi defends altered photo of congresswomen"</a>. Retrieved January 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pelosi+defends+altered+photo+of+congresswomen&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft.au=Salon.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2013%2F01%2F04%2Fpelosi_defends_altered_photo_of_congresswomen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotograph+manipulation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffington_Post2013" class="citation web cs1">Huffington Post (January 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130107081711/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/04/nancy-pelosi-defends-alte_n_2410063.html#slide=1943776">"Nancy Pelosi Defends Altered Photo Of Congresswomen (PHOTO)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/04/nancy-pelosi-defends-alte_n_2410063.html#slide=1943776">the original</a> on January 7, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Nancy+Pelosi+Defends+Altered+Photo+Of+Congresswomen+%28PHOTO%29&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft.au=Huffington+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F01%2F04%2Fnancy-pelosi-defends-alte_n_2410063.html%23slide%3D1943776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotograph+manipulation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWSET_News_(ABC_TV-13)2013" class="citation web cs1">WSET News (ABC TV-13) (January 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wset.com/story/20504132/pelosi-defends-altered-photo-of-congresswomen">"Pelosi defends altered photo of congresswomen"</a>. Retrieved January 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pelosi+defends+altered+photo+of+congresswomen&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft.au=WSET+News+%28ABC+TV-13%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wset.com%2Fstory%2F20504132%2Fpelosi-defends-altered-photo-of-congresswomen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotograph+manipulation" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/photograph_manipulation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/photograph manipulation">photograph manipulation</a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photo_manipulation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photo manipulation">Photo manipulation</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100804022639/http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/farid/research/digitaltampering/">Digital Tampering in the Media, Politics, and Law</a> – a collection of digitally manipulated photos of political interest</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/photo_database">Hoax Photo Gallery</a> – more manipulated photos</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pyramids.at/library/image%20manipulation.php">Erased figures in Kagemni's tomb</a> — discusses political image manipulation with an example from Ancient Egypt</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&oldid=1257939869">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photograph_manipulation&oldid=1257939869</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Digital_art" title="Category:Digital art">Digital 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