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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Linguistic classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devoicing_and_assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devoicing_and_assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Devoicing and assimilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devoicing_and_assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_reduction_and_phonotactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_reduction_and_phonotactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Vowel reduction and phonotactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_reduction_and_phonotactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Cyrillic_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Cyrillic_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Early Cyrillic alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Cyrillic_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Latin alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Cyrillic_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Cyrillic_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Modern Cyrillic alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Cyrillic_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet_matching_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet_matching_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Alphabet matching table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet_matching_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Example text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kalmyk Oirat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmikies" title="Kalmikies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kalmikies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D2%9F_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аҟалмыҟ бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аҟалмыҟ бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83" title="لغة الكالميك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة الكالميك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_calmucu" title="Idioma calmucu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma calmucu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalm%C4%B1k_dili" title="Kalmık dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kalmık dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کالمیک دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کالمیک دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ҡалмыҡ теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡалмыҡ теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Калмыцкая мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калмыцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Калмыцкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Калмыцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Калмикски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калмикски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmoukeg-oirateg" title="Kalmoukeg-oirateg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kalmoukeg-oirateg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хальмаг хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хальмаг хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmuc" title="Calmuc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calmuc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%C4%83%D0%BA_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Калмăк чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Калмăк чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmy%C4%8Dtina" title="Kalmyčtina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalmyčtina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalm%C3%BCckische_Sprache" title="Kalmückische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalmückische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalm%C3%B5ki_keel" title="Kalmõki keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kalmõki keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_calmuco" title="Idioma calmuco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma calmuco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmuka_lingvo" title="Kalmuka lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalmuka lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmukera" title="Kalmukera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kalmukera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%82" title="زبان قالمیق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان قالمیق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kalmyk Oirat" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmouk" title="Kalmouk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kalmouk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_calmuca" title="Lingua calmuca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua calmuca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyk-ng%C3%AE" title="Kalmyk-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kalmyk-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Хальмг келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Хальмг келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%AF%B8%ED%81%AC%EC%96%B4" title="칼미크어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼미크어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Կալմիկերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալմիկերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyk%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Kalmykšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kalmykšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmi%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Kalmički jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalmički jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Oirat_Kalmyk" title="Bahasa Oirat Kalmyk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Oirat Kalmyk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Хъалмыхъхъаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъалмыхъхъаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_calmucca" title="Lingua calmucca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua calmucca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ყალმუხური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყალმუხური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Калмык кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Калмык кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Калмак тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калмак тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Calmuccica" title="Lingua Calmuccica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Calmuccica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmiku_valoda" title="Kalmiku valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalmiku valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmuk%C5%B3_kalba" title="Kalmukų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalmukų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalm%C3%BCk_nyelv" title="Kalmük nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kalmük nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Калмички јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калмички јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="കാൽമ്മിക്ക് ഒയിറാത് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാൽമ്മിക്ക് ഒയിറാത് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ყალმუხური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ყალმუხური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83" title="لغه الكالميك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه الكالميك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmuks" title="Kalmuks – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kalmuks" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="カルムイク語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルムイク語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="ГӀалмакхойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀалмакхойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmukkisk" title="Kalmukkisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kalmukkisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmykisk" title="Kalmykisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kalmykisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Калмык йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Калмык йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalmoq_tili" title="Qalmoq tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qalmoq tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کلمائیک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلمائیک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_ka%C5%82mucki" title="Język kałmucki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język kałmucki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_calmuca" title="Língua calmuca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua calmuca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_kalm%C3%AEc%C4%83" title="Limba kalmîcă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba kalmîcă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Калмыцкий язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калмыцкий язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱠᱟᱞᱢᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱞᱢᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmy%C4%8Dtina" title="Kalmyčtina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kalmyčtina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmi%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Kalmiščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kalmiščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%82myck%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Kałmyckŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kałmyckŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Калмички језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калмички језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmukin_kieli" title="Kalmukin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalmukin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmuckiska" title="Kalmuckiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kalmuckiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="கல்மிக்கு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கல்மிக்கு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Калмык теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Калмык теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%84" title="ภาษาคัลมึค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาคัลมึค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmuk%C3%A7a" title="Kalmukça – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kalmukça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Калмицька мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Калмицька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="قالماق تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قالماق تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Kalmyk" title="Tiếng Kalmyk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Kalmyk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%AB%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="卡尔梅克卫拉特语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡尔梅克卫拉特语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E8%A1%9B%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E6%96%87" title="卡爾梅克衛拉特文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡爾梅克衛拉特文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E8%A1%9B%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="卡爾梅克衛拉特語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡爾梅克衛拉特語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33634#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk language">Kalmyk language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Oirat dialects spoken in Kalmykia, Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kalmyk language" redirects here. For discussion of the language of the Oirat people in general, see <a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Kalmyk</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Kalmyk Mongolian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;"><span title="Oirat-language text"><span lang="xal">Хальмг келн</span></span><br /><span title="Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xal-Latn">Haľmg keln</i></span><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span lang="xal-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡍᠠᠯᡅᡏᠠᡎ<br />ᡍᡄᠯᡄᠨ</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xalʲˈmək<span class="wrap"> </span>keˈlən]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">110,000 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> Central Mongolic<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Kalmyk</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Clear script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issyk_kul_obl_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Issyk_kul_obl_flag.svg/23px-Issyk_kul_obl_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Issyk_kul_obl_flag.svg/35px-Issyk_kul_obl_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Issyk_kul_obl_flag.svg/46px-Issyk_kul_obl_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul_Region" title="Issyk-Kul Region">Issyk-Kul Region</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=491">xal</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xal" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xal">xal</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/xal-kal">xal-kal</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kalm1244">kalm1244</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3260">Kalmyk-Oirat</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Kalmyk Oirat is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalmyk_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kalmyk_sign.jpg/220px-Kalmyk_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kalmyk_sign.jpg/330px-Kalmyk_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kalmyk_sign.jpg/440px-Kalmyk_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A bilingual (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and Kalmyk) sign with the text "Clean zone!" (Russian) and "Overseen zone!" (Kalmyk) at the <a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a> bus station</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kalmyk Oirat</b> (Kalmyk: <span lang="xal-RU">Хальмг Өөрдин келн</span>, <i>Haľmg Öördin keln</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[xalʲˈmək<span class="wrap"> </span>øːrˈdin<span class="wrap"> </span>keˈlən]</a></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly known as the <b>Kalmyk language</b> (Kalmyk: <span lang="xal-RU">Хальмг келн</span>, <i>Haľmg keln</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[xalʲˈmək<span class="wrap"> </span>keˈlən]</a></span>), is a <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian language</a>, natively spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyk people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a>, a federal subject of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. In Russia, it is the <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard form</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oirat_Mongolian" class="mw-redirect" title="Oirat Mongolian">Oirat Mongolian</a> (based on the <a href="/wiki/Torgut_Oirat" title="Torgut Oirat">Torgut dialect</a>), which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic language family</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk people">Kalmyk people</a> of the Northwest <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> of Russia claim descent from the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> from <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, who have also historically settled in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest China">Northwest China</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, the language is "definitely endangered".<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Russian census of 2021, there are 110,000 speakers out of an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic population</a> consisting of 178,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kalmyk is now only spoken as a native language by a small minority of the Kalmyk population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Its decline as a <a href="/wiki/Living_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Living language">living language</a> began after the Kalmyk people <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_deportations_of_1943" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk deportations of 1943">were deported</a> en masse from their homeland in December 1943, as punishment for limited <a href="/wiki/Kalmykian_Cavalry_Corps" title="Kalmykian Cavalry Corps">Kalmyk collaboration with the Nazis</a>. Significant factors contributing to its demise include: (1) the deaths of a substantial percentage of the Kalmyk population from disease and malnutrition, both during their travel and upon their arrival to remote exile settlements in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, south central <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Far East">Soviet Far East</a>; (2) the wide dispersal of the Kalmyk population; (3) the duration of exile, which ended in 1957; (4) the stigma associated with being accused of treason, and (5) assimilation into the larger, more dominant culture. Collectively, these factors discontinued the intergenerational language transmission. </p><p>In 1957, the Soviet government reinstated the <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast">Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast</a> and later reestablished the <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Autonomous Republic of Kalmykia</a>. The Kalmyk people were permitted to return to the Republic in 1957, 14 years after exile. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a>, however, was made the official language of the Republic, and Sovietisation was imposed on the Kalmyk people, leading to drastic cuts in Kalmyk language education.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Cyrillic alphabet became firmly established among the Kalmyks (and other peoples, too). For instance, books, periodicals, newspapers, etc., were published using it. By the late 1970s, the Russian language became the primary language of instruction in all schools in the Republic. </p><p>During the period of <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a>, Kalmyk linguists, in collaboration with the Kalmyk government, planned and tried to implement the revival of the Kalmyk language. This revival was seen as an integral part of the reassertion of Kalmyk culture. In an important symbolic gesture, the Kalmyk language was declared an official language of the Republic, giving it equal status with the Russian language with respect to official governmental use and language education. </p><p>During the production of the film <i><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi" title="Return of the Jedi">Return of the Jedi</a></i>, sound designer Rafe Mercieca—with his life-time partner Ben Curtis—based the language of the <a href="/wiki/Ewok" title="Ewok">Ewoks</a> on Kalmyk after hearing it spoken in a documentary and being impressed with its phonology.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of Kalmyk language speakers live in the Republic of Kalmykia, where it is an official language. A small group of Kalmyk language speakers also live in France and the US, but the use of Kalmyk is in steep decline. In all three locations, the actual number of speakers is unknown. Kalmyk is an endangered language.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2012, the Kalmyk community in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, which arrived in the US in the 1950s, was planning to work with the <a href="/wiki/Enduring_Voices" title="Enduring Voices">Enduring Voices</a> project to promote Kalmyk language and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_classification">Linguistic classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Linguistic classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From a synchronic perspective, Kalmyk is the most prominent variety of Oirat. It is very close to the Oirat dialects found in Mongolia and the People's Republic of China, both <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonologically</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphologically</a>. The differences in dialects, however, concern the vocabulary, as the Kalmyk language has been influenced by and has adopted words from the Russian language and various <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>. </p><p>Two important features that characterise Kalmyk are <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>. In an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a>, words are formed by adding <a href="/wiki/Affixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Affixes">affixes</a> to existing <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">words</a>, called stem words or root words. <a href="/wiki/Prefixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefixes">Prefixes</a>, however, are not common in Mongolic. Vowel harmony refers to the agreement between the vowels in the root of a word and the vowels in the word's suffix or suffixes. Other features include the absence of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>. </p><p>It has some elements in common with the <a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Uralic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Uyghur</a> languages, which reflects its origin from the common language of the Oirats, a union of four Oirat tribes that absorbed some Ugric and Turkic tribes during their expansion westward.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Does not provide evidence that similarities with Turkic and Uralic languages are present or come from the westward expansion of the Oirats and not from earlier contact and/or coincidence (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to <a href="/wiki/Middle_Mongol" title="Middle Mongol">Middle Mongol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Written_Oirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Written Oirat">Written Oirat</a>, Kalmyk exhibits <a href="/wiki/Retracted_tongue_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Retracted tongue root">tongue-root</a> <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Middle_Mongol" title="Middle Mongol">Middle Mongol</a>, however, consonants are not restricted by <a href="/wiki/Consonant_harmony" title="Consonant harmony">harmony</a>. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a> /ɣ/ can appear in both front and back vowel words, e.g. һәәвһә /ɣæːwɣæ/ "good" and һалун /ɣalun/ "goose".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, all consonants and <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">neutral reduced vowel</a> /ə/ are influenced by harmonic status of a word, at least phonetically. The harmonic vowel pairs are: /a/~/æ/, /o/~/ø/, /u/~/y/, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]</span>, the last pair being <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophonic</a>. </p><p>Historical <a href="/wiki/Long_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowels">long vowels</a> in non-initial syllables have been reduced to <a href="/wiki/Short_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Short vowels">short vowels</a>, while historical short vowels have been reduced to <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> and then, just like in <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, were replaced according to language's <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Written_Oirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Written Oirat">Written Oirat</a> <i>ɣarān</i> "hand-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possesive reflexive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">P.REFL</abbr>" became һаран /ɣaran/; <i>ɣarɣaqsan</i> "to get out-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past participle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PC.PST</abbr>" became һарһсн /ɣarɣsən/. Long vowels and <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a> in one-syllable words have been also reduced to short vowels: <i>sayin</i> "good" > сән /sæn/. Nevertheless, in inflected forms of such words, short vowels tend to become elongated: сән /sæn/ "good" > сәәг /sæːgə/ "good-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr>", күн /kyn/ "man"> күүнә /kyːnæ/ "man-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr>". Despite that, long vowels still may be pronounced in non-initial syllables. This happens if a word consists of three syllables, second of which has a vowel /a/ or /æ/, and third syllable has a <a href="/wiki/Reduced_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced vowel">reduced vowel</a> /ə/. Examples include гөрәсн [gøræːsᵊn] "<a href="/wiki/Saiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Saiga">saiga</a>", туршарт [turʃaːrtə] "during", кезәңк [kezæːŋkə] "a while ago", һазрас [ɢazraːsə] "land-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ablative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABL</abbr>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is an outline of the consonant system of Kalmyk. Note that since virtually all speakers of Kalmyk are <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recent borrowings from <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> do not undergo phonological adaptation and are pronounced according to the rules of <a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian phonology</a>, including those of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction_in_Russian" title="Vowel reduction in Russian">vowel reduction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology#Stress" title="Russian phonology">stress</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonants of Kalmyk </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> м </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> н </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">nʲ</a>/</span> нь </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> ң </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> п </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span> т </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">tʲ</a>/</span> ть </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> к </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> б </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span> д </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">dʲ</a>/</span> дь </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> г </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/</span> ц </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a>/</span> ч </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a>/</span> җ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span> ф) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> с </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> ш </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> х </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>/</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> з </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span> һ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> в </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> л </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">lʲ</a>/</span> ль </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> й </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> р </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">voiceless labiodental fricative</a> /f/ occurs only in loanwords and <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeic" class="mw-redirect" title="Onomatopoeic">onomatopoeic</a> terms;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a> /ɣ/ may also be released as a uvular plosive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a>]</span> in the word-initial position as well as uvular fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>]</span> in any position, including initial;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> /x/ may also be pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Uvular" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvular">uvular</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]</span>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">voiced labial approximant</a> /w/ may be released as the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">voiced bilabial fricative</a> [β];<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> /ŋ/ is often pronounced with a velar plosive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span> at the end, e.g. дөң [døŋk] "help", саң [saŋk] "treasury", маңна [maŋgna] "forehead".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>/</span> и ии </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a>/</span> ү үү </td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>/</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>/</span> у уу </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/</span> е ее </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a>/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a>/</span> ө өө </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/</span> о оо </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a>/</span> ә әә </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>/</span> а аа </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Note that the mid central vowel /<a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">ə</a>/ is not orthographically written;</li> <li>The open back vowel is also phonetically central <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</span>;</li> <li>The (historically reduced) vowel /ə/ is phonetically released as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Advanced_and_retracted" title="Relative articulation">ə̟</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">harmonically</a> front-vowel words, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Advanced_and_retracted" title="Relative articulation">ə̠</a>]</span> in back-vowel words, and as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>]</span> after palatal and post-alveolar consonants /nʲ tʲ dʲ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ ʃ lʲ j/;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Although not always manifested orthographically, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]</span> is a back vowel word allophone of /i/ that is only present in <a href="/wiki/Hortative" title="Hortative">hortative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a> suffixes;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In native words, vowels /o oː/ and /ø øː/ can only appear in word-initial syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devoicing_and_assimilation">Devoicing and assimilation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Devoicing and assimilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orthographic <a href="/wiki/Voicing_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicing (phonetics)">voiced</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">stops</a> d, g are devoiced: келәд /kelæt/ "to speak-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="anterior converb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CV.ANT</abbr>", бөлг /bølək/ "chapter". <a href="/wiki/Devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Devoicing">Devoicing</a> also occurs whenever there is a two-consonant <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">cluster</a> with one consonant being <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a>: /bolʃko/ "may not", таңһч /taŋxt͡ɕə/ "republic". Consonant clusters exhibit other types of assimilation: </p> <ol><li>/kx/, /gx/, /xx/ > /kk/, /kk/, /xk/: закх /zakxə~zakkə/ "to order"; өргх /ørkxə~ørkkə/ "to raise" хатхх /xatxxə~xatxkə/ "to poke";</li> <li>/n/ + /b/ > /mb/: кен /ken/ "who" + б /bə/ "<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr>" > кемб /kembə/ "who-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr>";</li> <li>/w/ + /n/ > /mn/: тәв- /tæv-/ "to put" + /-næ/ "<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRS</abbr>" > тәмнә /tæmnæ/ "to put-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRS</abbr>";</li> <li>/w/ + <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless consonant</a> > /p/: ав- /awə/ "to take" + чк /t͡ɕkə/ "<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="completive aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMPL</abbr>> апчк /apt͡ɕkə/ "to put-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="completive aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMPL</abbr>";</li> <li>/t͡ɕ/ + /l/ or /t/ > /ʃl/, /ʃt/: көвүчлх /køvyt͡ɕəlxə/ > көвүшлх /køvyʃəlxə/ "to adopt", ачтн /at͡ɕtən/ > аштн /aʃtən/ "to load-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural imperative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMP.PL</abbr>" ;</li> <li>/n/ > /ŋ/ before consonants /ɣ, g, x, k, s/: <a href="/wiki/Written_Oirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Written Oirat">Written Oirat</a> <i>sonosxu</i> "to listen" > соңсх /soŋksxə/, түрүн /tyryn/ "first" + к /kə/ "<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="adjective" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADJ</abbr>" > түрүңк /tyryŋkə/ "first-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="adjective" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADJ</abbr>";</li> <li>/l/ is <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalised</a> to /lʲ/ before <a href="/wiki/Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">palatal</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricates" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricates">affricates</a> /t͡ɕ d͡ʑ/: болҗ /bolʲd͡ʑə/ "to become-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective converb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CV.IPEF</abbr>".</li></ol> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial stop">voiced bilabial stop</a> /b/, being only restricted to word-initial position, may be pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>]</span> in a phrase: келҗ бәәнә /kelʲd͡ʑə bæːnæ/ > [kelʲd͡ʑ βæːnæ] "to speak-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective converb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CV.IPEF</abbr> to be-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense">prs</abbr>". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">labial approximant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">fricative</a> /w/ can be pronounced as: </p> <ol><li>Close rounded <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span> in past tense <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>: кел- /kelʲ-/ "to say" + -в /w/ "<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr>" + -в /w/ "<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>" > келүв /kelyw/ "I said" or in consonant clusters: тарвс /tarvəs/ > тарус /tarus/ "watermelon"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial stop">Voiced bilabial stop</a> [b] in <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a> inflection, if the <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> <a href="/wiki/Stem_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem (linguistics)">stem</a> ends in /-w/: ав- /aw-/ "to take" + -в /-w/ "<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr>" > /awbə/ "took".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_reduction_and_phonotactics">Vowel reduction and phonotactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowel reduction and phonotactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Word-initial <a href="/wiki/Syllable_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable structure">syllable structure</a> is (C)V(C), meaning that in native words no word-initial clusters can occur. For non-initial syllables, however, a syllable-initial cluster of up to four consonants is allowed, meaning the maximal syllable is CCCCVC. In some <a href="/wiki/Consonant_clusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant clusters">consonant clusters</a> such as /tl tn dn dl/ a <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic</a>. These clusters are also <a href="/wiki/Nasal_release" title="Nasal release">nasally released</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">The reduced vowel</a> /ə/ is regularly preserved and can be a <a href="/wiki/Syllable_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable nucleus">syllable nucleus</a> in the following cases: </p> <ol><li>In a word-final position: ик /i.kə/ "big", арат /a.ra.tə/ "fox", чон /t͡ɕo.nə/ "wolf";</li> <li>If, word-finally, there is either a <a href="/wiki/Closed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed syllable">closed syllable</a> or a final <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open syllable</a> with a consonant cluster: эцкнр /et͡s.kə.nər/ "father-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>" келчксн /kelʲ.t͡sək.sən/ "to say-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="completive aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMPL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past participle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PC.PST</abbr>" соңсгдна /soŋk.sə.gdna/ "to hear-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="passive voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PASS</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRS</abbr>";</li> <li>In closed non-final syllables of a multisyllabic word: шорһлҗн /ʃor.ɣəlʲ.d͡ʑən/ "ant", әәмшгтә /æ:m.ʃək.tæ/ "dangerous";<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Word-finally in the following affixes: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">Ablative</a> -ас /-asə/;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">Accusative</a> -иг /-igə/, -г /-gə/;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective suffix</a> -к /-kə/;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Completive</a> -чк /-t͡ɕkə/;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converb" title="Converb">Imperfective converb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Admirative" class="mw-redirect" title="Admirative">admirative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evidential" class="mw-redirect" title="Evidential">evidential</a> suffix -җ /-dʑə/;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">Dative</a> -д /-də/;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation" title="Negation">Negation</a> particle эс /esə/;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present tense</a> <a href="/wiki/Negation" title="Negation">negation</a> particle (or <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>) биш, -ш /biʃə/ /-ʃə/;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future tense</a> <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a> -х /-xə/.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></li></ol> <p>On the other hand, the vowel /ə/ cannot form syllables on its own if the following is true: </p> <ol><li>If the following syllable is <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open</a>: бичх /bi.t͡ɕxə/ "to write", өгх /øk.kxə/ "to give";</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Inflections" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflections">inflections</a> of two-syllable words, if the second syllable of an inflected word has a non-reduced vowel, e.g. мөрн /mørən/ "horse" > мөрта mørtæ "with a horse", церг /t͡se.rək/ "army" > церглә /t͡serglæ/ "with an army";</li> <li>If the following syllable is open and has non-reduced vowel: тоһрун */to.ɣə.run/ > /to.ɣrun/ "grus"; шамдһа */ʃam.də.ɣa/ > /ʃam.dɣa/ "sneaky". In this case, however, reduced syllables may be released phonetically, although they do not play a role in <a href="/wiki/Syllable_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable nucleus">syllable forming</a>.;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Two-syllable words with schwa as a <a href="/wiki/Syllable_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable nucleus">nucleus</a> of the second syllable may undergo <a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">metathesis</a>, thus creating an <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open syllable</a>: <a href="/wiki/Written_Oirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Written Oirat">Written Oirat</a> <i>oros</i> "Russian" > /orəs/ > /orsə/; <i>ulus</i> "country, people" > /uləs/ > /ulsə/; <i>oyirad</i> "Oirat" > /øːrət/ > /øːrdə/.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kalmyk exhibits <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)#Non-phonemic_stress" title="Stress (linguistics)">non-phonemic stress</a> with the last syllable (even if it ends in <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>) being stressed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic languages</a>, Kalmyk is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinative</a>, suffixing, and a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genderless</a> language. Some aspects of its <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> have been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>; for example, <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clauses</a>, traditionally characterized by <a href="/wiki/Branching_(linguistics)" title="Branching (linguistics)">left-branching</a> and employing a <a href="/wiki/Converb" title="Converb">converbial form</a> of a verb (similarly to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese</a>), now often use Russian relative pronoun <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:который">который</a> and thus exhibit right-branching. Other noticeable feature possibly influenced by Russian is frequent usage of future <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a> of a sentence to express <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future tense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is little to none <a href="/wiki/Suppletion" title="Suppletion">suppletion</a> (irregular forms) in verbal <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> and noun <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, Kalmyk <a href="/wiki/Case_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Case (grammar)">cases</a> are said to have three declensions; however, this is mostly due to orthographical peculiarities. Basically, if the word ends in a full vowel and the case ending begins in a vowel, either (1) a prothetic /g/ or /ʁ/ is added or (2) a vowel is deleted from the case ending. This is further demonstrated in the table below. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Kalmyk noun cases <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Suffix (Cyrillic)</th> <th>Suffix (IPA)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Clear Script</a> spelling </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a></td> <td>-∅</td> <td>-∅</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a></td> <td>-ин; -һин; -н; -а; -ә; -i</td> <td>-in; -ʁin; -n; -a; -æ; -i</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡅᡕᡅᠨ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-iyin</i></span>); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡎᡅᡕᡅᠨ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-giyin</i></span>); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠨ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-n</i></span>); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᡅ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-ai</i></span>); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡅ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-i</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a></td> <td>-д; -т</td> <td>-də; -tə</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡑᡇ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-du</i></span>) / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡑᡉ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-dü</i></span>) (depending on <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡐᡇ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-tu</i></span>) / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡐᡉ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-tü</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a></td> <td>-иг; -г; ∅</td> <td>-igə; -gə; ∅</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡕᡅᡎᡅ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-yigi</i></span>); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡎᡅ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-gi</i></span>); - </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a></td> <td>-ас; -әс; -һас; -һәс</td> <td>-asə; -æsə; -ʁasə; -ʁæsə</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᡃᠰᠠ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-āsa</i></span>), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡄᡃᠰᡄ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-ēse</i></span>) (later spelling, written together with the word); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡄᡃᡔᡄ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-ēce</i></span>) (earlier spelling, written separately from the word) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a></td> <td>-ар; -әр; -һар; -һәр</td> <td>-ar; -ær; ʁar; ʁær</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᡃᠷ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-ār</i></span>), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡄᡃᠷ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-ēr</i></span>); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡅᡕᠠᠷ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-iyar</i></span>) (earlier spelling) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">comitative</a></td> <td>-та; -тә</td> <td>-ta; -tæ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡐᠠᡅ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-tai</i></span>); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡐᡄᡅ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-tei</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">directive</a></td> <td>-ур; -үр; -һур; -һүр</td> <td>-ur; -yr; -ʁur; -ʁyr</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡇᡇᠷ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-uur</i></span>); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡇᡇᠷᡇ</span> (<span title="Written Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xwo-Latn">-uuru</i></span>) (earlier spelling; written separately from the word) </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a> takes the suffix -ин (<span title="Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xal-Latn">-in</i></span>) in case it is preceded by a consonant; -һин (<span title="Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xal-Latn">-ğin</i></span>) or -н (<span title="Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xal-Latn">-n</i></span>) if it is preceded by a vowel; -ә (<span title="Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xal-Latn">-ä</i></span>), -a or -и (<span title="Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xal-Latn">-i</i></span>) if it is preceded by the /n/ consonant.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a> suffix is -т (<span title="Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xal-Latn">-t</i></span>) if preceded by voiced stops /b/ (/β/) /d/ /g/, voiceless sibilants /s/ /ʃ/, and /r/</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a> is marked (with a suffix) if the object is definite, unmarked if the object is indefinite</li> <li>Nouns ending in -n declense differently. -n is subtracted in the accusative, instrumental, and comitative cases. In all other cases, it is left untouched. For example: kelʲən "language-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr>" kelʲnæ "language-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr>" kelʲəndə "language-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DAT</abbr>" kelʲə/kelʲigə "language-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr>" kelʲnæsə "language-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ablative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABL</abbr>" kelʲær "language-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="instrument(al)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INS</abbr>" kelʲtæ "language-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr>" kelʲnyr "language-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="directive (lative) case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIR</abbr>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">Dative</a> also bears the function of <a href="/wiki/Lative" class="mw-redirect" title="Lative">lative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a> cases. Its difference with the <a href="/wiki/Illative" class="mw-redirect" title="Illative">directive</a> case is not clear, and in some dialects, <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a> is the prevailing case for <a href="/wiki/Lative" class="mw-redirect" title="Lative">lative</a> usage.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clear-script-19th-ctry.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Todo bichig"><img alt="Todo bichig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Clear-script-19th-ctry.png/200px-Clear-script-19th-ctry.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Clear-script-19th-ctry.png/300px-Clear-script-19th-ctry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Clear-script-19th-ctry.png/400px-Clear-script-19th-ctry.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>Todo bichig</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clear_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear script">Clear script</a></div> <p>The literary tradition of Oirat reaches back to 11th century when the <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur script</a> was used. The official Kalmyk alphabet, named <a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Clear Script</a> or <i>Todo bichig</i> in Oirat, was created in the 17th century by a Kalmyk Buddhist monk called <a href="/wiki/Zaya_Pandita" title="Zaya Pandita">Zaya Pandita</a>. </p><p>Like the Old Mongolian script, Todo bichig was written from top to bottom. Written Oirat language contained many words borrowed from the Mongolian language and not used in everyday speech, despite many attempts to bring the written standard and colloquial spoken language closer together. Thus, already at the beginning of the 18th century, two written forms of the Kalmyk language were recorded - “bookish”, used in religious practice and having numerous Mongolian and Tibetan borrowings and preserving archaic language forms, as well as “conversational”, used in private correspondence and reflecting the changes taking place in the language<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEНоминханов19766–11_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEНоминханов19766–11-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Todo bichig, also called “zayapandit script” after its creator, existed among the Kalmyks until 1924 with minor changes. Oirats of China use it to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924 this script was replaced by an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>, which was abandoned in 1930 in favour of a <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Cyrillic_alphabets">Early Cyrillic alphabets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early Cyrillic alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, the Orthodox Missionary Society published a number of school books in the Kalmyk language, using Cyrillic script. The first edition of this kind was the "Primer for Kalmyk ulus schools" (1892). The alphabet used in this primer has the following composition: <b>А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Д д, Е е, З з, И и, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Х х, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, ь, Э э, Ю ю, Я я, <a href="/wiki/%D3%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӓ">Ӓ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D3%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӓ">ӓ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%80" title="Ā">Ā</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80" title="Ā">ā</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǟ">Ǟ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǟ">ǟ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӧ">Ӧ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӧ">ӧ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ō">Ō</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ō">ō</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȫ">Ȫ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȫ">ȫ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӱ">Ӱ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӱ">ӱ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӯ">Ӯ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӯ">ӯ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D3%B0%CC%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ӱ̄ (page does not exist)">Ӱ̄</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D3%B0%CC%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ӱ̄ (page does not exist)">ӱ̄</a>, Д<a href="/wiki/%D0%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ж">ж</a> д<a href="/wiki/%D0%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ж">ж</a>, Нг нг, <a href="/wiki/%D0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="І">І</a>й, <a href="/wiki/%D0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="І">і</a>й, Йе йе, Йӧ йӧ, Ӓй ӓй, <a href="/wiki/%D3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӣ">Ӣ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӣ">ӣ</a>, Э̄ э̄, Ю̄ ю̄, Я̄ я̄</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, the “Primer for Kalmyks” was released, where a different version of the alphabet was used: <b>А а, Б б, Г г, Д д, З з, И и, Й й, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Х х, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, ь, Э э, Ӓ ӓ, Ā ā, Ǟ ǟ, Ӧ ӧ, Ō ō, Ȫ ȫ, Ӱ ӱ, Ӯ ӯ, Ӱ̄ ӱ̄, Дж дж, Ҥ ҥ, Ӣ ӣ, Э̄ э̄</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the letter of the clear script continued to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 6, 1924, a meeting of the Kalmyk public was held in Astrakhan. At this meeting, the majority of the votes had declared obsolete writing - it was noted that it was difficult for writing and learning, lack of fonts, the inability to use on the telegraph, and so on. In this regard, it was decided to translate Kalmyk language into Cyrillic script. On January 12, the alphabet was adopted, consisting of the following letters: <b>А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Д д, Е е, Ж ж, З з, И и, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Ф ф, Х х, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, Ы ы, Э э, Ю ю, Я я, Ь ь, Й й, <a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӱ">ӱ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D2%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ң">ң</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D3%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӝ">ӝ</a></b>. Above the long vowels was supposed to put a line (macron), but in practice this was not done. Also, despite the absence of an approved project, the letter <b>ъ</b> was used to designate unclear vowels. From January 1926, the newspaper <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halmg_unn_(newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halmg unn (newspaper) (page does not exist)">«Ulan Halmg»</a></b> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B3_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="ru:Хальмг унн">ru</a>) began to be printed on this alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEНоминханов197652–54_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEНоминханов197652–54-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basis of the emerging Kalmyk literary language was the Torgut dialect, but later the norm began to focus not only on the Torgut, but also on the Derbet dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-Пям_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Пям-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes in the editions of that time, the letter <i>ң</i> was replaced by <b>ҥ</b> or <b>н̈</b>, and the letters <i>Е е, Ж ж, Ф Ф, Щ щ</i> were not officially included in the alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>September 7, 1926 at a meeting at the Kalmyk pedagogical school in Astrakhan, it was decided to make changes to the alphabet. So, all additional letters were canceled, and instead of them entered <b>D d, V v, H h</b>. In June 1927, this alphabet was introduced into official use, but much of the literature and press was still published in the alphabet of 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEНоминханов197660–64_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEНоминханов197660–64-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 5–8, 1928, a regular meeting on Kalmyk writing was held, at which the alphabet was reformed again. The letters <i>D d, V v, H h</i> were canceled, and the letter <b>Ә ә</b> was entered to indicate unclear vowels. It was decided to denote the long vowels by doubling the corresponding letters. This alphabet was used until 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEНоминханов197668–70_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEНоминханов197668–70-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_alphabet">Latin alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Latin alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1920s, the process of <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">romanization of writing</a> began in the USSR. In the course of this process in January 1930, the IX Kalmyk Regional Congress of Soviets legalized the new Latinized alphabet of the Kalmyk language. Its actual use began in newspapers from the end of September of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEНоминханов197678–79_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEНоминханов197678–79-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this alphabet, the letters were arranged in the following order:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEНоминханов197679_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEНоминханов197679-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, Ә ә, G g, H h, I i, j, K k, L l, M m, N n, ꞑ, O o, Ө ө, P p, R r, S s, Ş ş, F f, Y y, Z z, Ƶ ƶ, U u, T t, V v, X x, ь</b>. </p><p>On January 10–17, 1931, at a conference held in Moscow, scientists of the Mongolian group of peoples decided to change the phonetic meaning of the two letters of the Kalmyk script, as well as change the alphabetical order of the letters. In May of the same year, the III Kalmyk Regional Conference on Language and Writing, which was held in <a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a>, confirmed this decision. The alphabet took the following form:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEНоминханов197682–86_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEНоминханов197682–86-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">A a </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">B b </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">C c </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ç ç </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">D d </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">E e </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ə ə </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">F f </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">G g </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">H h </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">I i </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">J j </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">K k </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">L l </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">M m </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">N n </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ꞑ ꞑ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">O o </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ө ө </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">P p </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">R r </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">S s </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ş ş </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">T t </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">U u </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">V v </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">X x </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">У у </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Z z </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ƶ ƶ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ь ь </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The letter <i>Ь ь</i>, unlike most other Soviet Latinized alphabets, denoted palatalization.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this form, the alphabet existed until 1938. </p><p>There is no romanization standard for Kalmyk, but a modified version of either the <a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization_of_Russian" title="BGN/PCGN romanization of Russian">BGN/PCGN romanization of Russian</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Turkic Alphabet">Common Turkic Alphabet</a> is used in practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Cyrillic_alphabet">Modern Cyrillic alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern Cyrillic alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the second half of the 1930s, the USSR began the process of translating scripts into Cyrillic. The Latin script was in turn <a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillisation">replaced</a> by another Cyrillic script in 1938. Initially, the Kalmyk Cyrillic alphabet included all the letters of the Russian alphabet, as well as <b>Ä ä, Гъ гъ, Дж дж, Нъ нъ, Ö ö, Ӱ ӱ</b>. In 1941, the alphabet was reformed again - the outline of additional letters was changed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEНоминханов1976130_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEНоминханов1976130-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Kalmyks" title="Deportation of the Kalmyks">deportation of the Kalmyks</a> that followed soon, the transition to a new version of the alphabet was carried out only after their rehabilitation - in the late 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These script reforms effectively disrupted the Oirat literary tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern Cyrillic alphabet used for the Kalmyk language is as follows: </p> <table style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">А а </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ә ә </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Б б </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">В в </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Г г </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Һ һ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Д д </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Е е </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ё ё </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ж ж </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Җ җ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">З з </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">И и </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Й й </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">К к </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Л л </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">М м </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Н н </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ң ң </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">О о </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ө ө </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">П п </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Р р </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">С с </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Т т </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">У у </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ү ү </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ф ф </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Х х </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ц ц </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ч ч </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ш ш </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Щ щ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ъ ъ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ы ы </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ь ь </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Э э </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ю ю </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Я я </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatar alphabet</a> is identical to the Kalmyk alphabet (both featuring the same additional letters to the Russian one), Kalmyks using Windows use Tatar keyboard layouts to type Kalmyk. Kalmyk-specific keyboard layouts, however, are available on Android and Linux systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet_matching_table">Alphabet matching table</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Alphabet matching table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Modern<br />Cyrillic</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Latin</a><br />(1930s)</th> <th>Cyrillic<br />(1920-30s)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Clear_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear script">Clear script</a></th> <th>Letter name</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_phonetic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="International phonetic alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Cyrillic transliteration<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 9, 16">:  9, 16 </span></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>А а</td> <td>A a</td> <td>А а</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠠ</span></big></td> <td>а</td> <td>a</td> <td>A a </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ә ә</td> <td>Ə ə</td> <td>Ä ä (1938–41)<br />Я я (1928–30)<br />d (1926–28)<br />Ä ä (1924–26)</td> <td>—</td> <td>ә</td> <td>æ</td> <td>A̋ a̋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Б б</td> <td>B в</td> <td>Б б</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡋ</span></big></td> <td>бэ</td> <td>b, bʲ</td> <td>B b </td></tr> <tr> <td>В в</td> <td>V v</td> <td>В в</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡖ</span></big></td> <td>вэ</td> <td>v, vʲ</td> <td>V v </td></tr> <tr> <td>Г г</td> <td>G g</td> <td>Г г</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡙ</span></big></td> <td>гэ</td> <td>ɡ, ɡʲ, ɢ</td> <td>G g </td></tr> <tr> <td>Һ һ</td> <td>H h</td> <td>Гъ гъ (1938–41)<br />Г г (1928–30)<br />Һ һ (1926–28)<br />Г г (1924–26)</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡎ</span></big></td> <td>һа</td> <td>ɣ</td> <td>Ḥ ḥ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Д д</td> <td>D d</td> <td>Д д</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡑ</span></big></td> <td>дэ</td> <td>d, dʲ</td> <td>D d </td></tr> <tr> <td>Е е</td> <td>E e</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>—</td> <td>е</td> <td>(j)e</td> <td>E e* </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ё ё<br />(in Russian loanwords only)</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>ё</td> <td>jo</td> <td>Ë ë** </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ж ж<br />(in Russian loanwords only)</td> <td>Ƶ ƶ</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>—</td> <td>жэ</td> <td>ʒ</td> <td>Z̆ z̆ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Җ җ</td> <td>Ƶ ƶ</td> <td>Дж дж (1938–41)<br />Ж ж (1928–30)<br />Дж дж (1926–28)<br />Ӝ ӝ (1924–26)</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡚ</span></big></td> <td>җә</td> <td>ʤ</td> <td>Z̦̆ z̦̆ </td></tr> <tr> <td>З з</td> <td>Z z</td> <td>З з</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡓ</span></big></td> <td>зэ</td> <td>z</td> <td>Z z </td></tr> <tr> <td>И и</td> <td>I i</td> <td>И и</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡅ</span></big></td> <td>и</td> <td>i</td> <td>I i </td></tr> <tr> <td>Й й</td> <td>J j</td> <td>Й й</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡕ</span></big></td> <td>ахр и</td> <td>j</td> <td>J j </td></tr> <tr> <td>К к</td> <td>K k</td> <td>К к</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡘ</span></big> , <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡗ</span></big></td> <td>кэ</td> <td>k, kʲ</td> <td>K k </td></tr> <tr> <td>Л л</td> <td>L l</td> <td>Л л</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠯ</span></big></td> <td>эль</td> <td>l, lʲ</td> <td>L l </td></tr> <tr> <td>М м</td> <td>M m</td> <td>М м</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡏ</span></big></td> <td>эм</td> <td>m, mʲ</td> <td>M m </td></tr> <tr> <td>Н н</td> <td>N n</td> <td>Н н</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠨ</span></big></td> <td>эн</td> <td>n, nʲ</td> <td>N n </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ң ң</td> <td>Ꞑ ꞑ</td> <td>Нъ нъ (1938–41)<br />Нг нг (1926–30)<br />Ң ң (1924–26)</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡊ</span></big></td> <td>аң</td> <td>ŋ</td> <td><span style="color:gray">Ñ ñ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>О о</td> <td>O o</td> <td>О о</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡆ</span></big></td> <td>о</td> <td>o</td> <td>O o </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ө ө</td> <td>Ө ө</td> <td>Ö ö (1938–41)<br />Э э (1928–30)<br />v (1926–28)<br />Ö ö (1924–26)</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡈ</span></big></td> <td>ө</td> <td>ø</td> <td>Ô ô </td></tr> <tr> <td>П п<br />(in Russian loanwords only)</td> <td>P p</td> <td>П п</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡌ</span></big></td> <td>пэ</td> <td>(p), (pʲ)</td> <td>P p </td></tr> <tr> <td>Р р</td> <td>R r</td> <td>Р р</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠷ</span></big></td> <td>эр</td> <td>r, rʲ</td> <td>R r </td></tr> <tr> <td>С с</td> <td>S s</td> <td>С с</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠰ</span></big></td> <td>эс</td> <td>s</td> <td>S s </td></tr> <tr> <td>Т т</td> <td>T t</td> <td>Т т</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡐ</span></big></td> <td>тэ</td> <td>t, tʲ</td> <td>T t </td></tr> <tr> <td>У у</td> <td>U u</td> <td>У у</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡇ</span></big></td> <td>у</td> <td>u</td> <td>U u </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ү ү</td> <td>Y y</td> <td>Ӱ ӱ (1938–41)<br />Ю ю (1926–30)<br />Ӱ ӱ (1924–26)</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡉ</span></big></td> <td>ү</td> <td>y</td> <td>Ù ù </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ф ф<br />(in Russian loanwords only)</td> <td>F f</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>—</td> <td>эф</td> <td>(f)</td> <td>F f </td></tr> <tr> <td>Х х</td> <td>X x</td> <td>Х х</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡍ</span></big></td> <td>ха</td> <td>x, xʲ</td> <td>H h </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>C c (1931–38)<br />Ç ç (1930–31)</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡔ</span></big></td> <td>цэ</td> <td>ts</td> <td>C c </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ç ç (1931–38)<br />C c (1930–31)</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡒ</span></big></td> <td>чэ</td> <td>tʃ</td> <td>Č č </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Ş ş</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠱ</span></big></td> <td>ша</td> <td>ʃ</td> <td>S̆ s̆ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Щ щ<br />(in Russian loanwords only)</td> <td>—</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>—</td> <td>ща</td> <td>(ɕː)</td> <td>Ŝ ŝ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>үзгин нерәдлһн</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>—</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>—</td> <td>ы</td> <td>i</td> <td>Y y </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>—</td> <td>җөөлн темдг</td> <td>ʲ</td> <td>' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Э э</td> <td>E e</td> <td>Э э</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡄ</span></big></td> <td>э</td> <td>e</td> <td>È è*** </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>—</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>—</td> <td>ю</td> <td>jʊ</td> <td>Û û </td></tr> <tr> <td>Я я</td> <td>—</td> <td>Я я</td> <td>—</td> <td>я</td> <td>ja</td> <td>Â â </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* Pronounced /je/ at the beginning of words and /e/ otherwise. Only appears at the beginning of a word in Russian loanwords.<br /> ** This sound combination exists in native Kalmyk words, but is spelled "йо".<br /> *** Only appears at the beginning of words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_text">Example text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Example text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This text is from <a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kalmykia" class="mw-redirect" title="State Anthem of the Republic of Kalmykia">State Anthem of the Republic of Kalmykia</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="table-layout:fixed;width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kalmyk in Cyrillic script (modern) </th> <th>Kalmyk in Cyrillic script (1924-1926) </th> <th>Kalmyk in Cyrillic script (1926-1928) </th> <th>Kalmyk in Latin script (1931–1938) </th> <th>Kalmyk in Latin script (experimental) </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Сарул сәәхн Хальмг Таңһч<br /> <p>Сансн тоотан күцәнә,<br /> Авта җирһлин бат җолаг<br /> Алдр һартан атхна. </p><p>Улан залата хальмг улс,<br /> Улата теегән кеерүлий!<br /> Төрскн нутгтан күчән нерәдәд,<br /> Толһа менд җирһий! </p><p>Олн келн-әмтнлә хамдан<br /> Уралан Таңһчин зүткнә<br /> Иньгллтин залин өндр герлд<br /> Иргч мана батрна. </p><p>Улан залата хальмг улс,<br /> Улата теегән кеерүлий!<br /> Төрскн нутгтан күчән нерәдәд,<br /> Толһа менд җирһий! </p><p>Баатр-чиирг үрдәр туурад,<br /> Буурл теемг өснә.<br /> Сурһуль-номдан килмҗән өдәг,<br /> Сул нерән дуудулна. </p><p>Улан залата хальмг улс,<br /> Улата теегән кеерүлий!<br /> Төрскн нутгтан күчән нерәдәд,<br /> Толһа менд җирһий!<br /> </p> </td> <td>Сарул сääхн Хальмг Таңгч<br /> <p>Сансн тоотан күцäнä,<br /> Авта ӝирглин бат ӝолаг<br /> Алдр гартан атхна. </p><p>Улан залата хальмг улс,<br /> Улата теегäн кеерӱлий!<br /> Тöрскн нутгтан кӱчäн нерäдäд,<br /> Толга менд ӝиргий! </p><p>Олн келн-äмтнлä хамдан<br /> Уралан Таңгчин зӱткнä<br /> Иньгллтин залин öндр герлд<br /> Иргч мана батрна. </p><p>Улан залата хальмг улс,<br /> Улата теегäн кеерӱлий!<br /> Тöрскн нутгтан кӱчäн нерäдäд,<br /> Толга менд ӝиргий! </p><p>Баатр-чиирг ӱрдäр туурад,<br /> Буурл теемг öснä.<br /> Сургуль-номдан килмӝäн öдäг,<br /> Сул нерäн дуудулна. </p><p>Улан залата хальмг улс,<br /> Улата теегäн кеерӱлий!<br /> Тöрскн нутгтан кӱчäн нерäдäд,<br /> Толга менд ӝиргий!<br /> </p> </td> <td>Сарул сddхн Хальмг Тангһч<br /> <p>Сансн тоотан кюцdнd,<br /> Авта джирһлин бат джолаг<br /> Алдр һартан атхна. </p><p>Улан залата хальмг улс,<br /> Улата теегdн кеерюлий!<br /> Тvрскн нутгтан кючdн нерdдdд,<br /> Толһа менд джирһий! </p><p>Олн келн-dмтнлd хамдан<br /> Уралан Тангһчин зюткнd<br /> Иньгллтин залин vндр герлд<br /> Иргч мана батрна. </p><p>Улан залата хальмг улс,<br /> Улата теегdн кеерюлий!<br /> Тvрскн нутгтан кючdн нерdдdд,<br /> Толһа менд джирһий! </p><p>Баатр-чиирг юрдdр туурад,<br /> Буурл теемг vснd.<br /> Сурһуль-номдан килмджdн vдdг,<br /> Сул нерdн дуудулна. </p><p>Улан залата хальмг улс,<br /> Улата теегdн кеерюлий!<br /> Тvрскн нутгтан кючdн нерdдdд,<br /> Толһа менд джирһий!<br /> </p> </td> <td>Sarul səəxn Xalьmg Taꞑhç<br /> <p>Sansn tootan kycənə,<br /> Avta ƶirhlin ʙat ƶolag<br /> Aldr hartan atxna. </p><p>Ulan zalata xalьmg uls,<br /> Ulata teegən keerylij!<br /> Tɵrskn nutgtan kyçən nerədəd,<br /> Tolha mend ƶirhij! </p><p>Oln keln-əmtnlə xamdan<br /> Uralan Taꞑhcin zytknə<br /> Inьglltin zalin ɵndr gerld<br /> Irgç mana ʙatrna! </p><p>Ulan zalata xalьmg uls,<br /> Ulata teegən keerylij!<br /> Tɵrskn nutgtan kyçən nerədəd,<br /> Tolha mend ƶirhij! </p><p>Baatr-çiirg yrdər tuurad,<br /> Buurl teemg ɵsnə.<br /> Surhulь-nomdan kilmƶən ɵdəg,<br /> Sul nerən duudulna. </p><p>Ulan zalata xalьmg uls,<br /> Ulata teegən keerylij!<br /> Tɵrskn nutgtan kyçən nerədəd,<br /> Tolha mend ƶirhij!<br /> </p> </td> <td>Sarul səəhn Haľmg Tañğç<br /> <p>Sansn tótan küţənə,<br /> Avta cirğlin bat colag<br /> Aldr ğartan athna. </p><p>Ulan zalata haľmg uls,<br /> Ulata tégən kérüliy!<br /> Törksn nutgtan küçən nerədəd,<br /> Tolğa mend cirğiy! </p><p>Oln keln-əmtnlə hamdan<br /> Uralan Tañğçin zütknə<br /> Iňgĺtin zalin öndr gerld<br /> Irgç mana batrna. </p><p>Ulan zalata haľmg uls,<br /> Ulata tégən kérüliy!<br /> Törksn nutgtan küçən nerədəd,<br /> Tolğa mend cirğiy! </p><p>Bátr-çírg ürdər túrad,<br /> Búrl témg ösnə.<br /> Surğuľ-nomdan kilmcən ödəg,<br /> Sul nerən dúdulna. </p><p>Ulan zalata haľmg uls,<br /> Ulata tégən kérüliy!<br /> Törksn nutgtan küçən nerədəd,<br /> Tolğa mend cirğiy!<br /> </p> </td> <td>Bright and beautiful Kalmyk Republic<br /> <p>Fulfills everything it wishes for.<br /> It holds in its glorious hands<br /> Strong reins of harmonious life. </p><p>Kalmyks with Ulan-Zala,<br /> Let's adorn our natal steppes!<br /> Let's devote our power to the homeland,<br /> and live long happily! </p><p>With all the peoples of different languages,<br /> The Republic is pushing forward.<br /> In the high light of the friendship flame,<br /> Our future is getting stronger. </p><p>Kalmyks with Ulan-Zala,<br /> Let's adorn our natal steppes!<br /> Let's devote our power to the homeland,<br /> and live long happily! </p><p>Heroic children have succeeded,<br /> The steppe has emerged.<br /> Putting effort into learning,<br /> They're putting up the free name. </p><p>Kalmyks with Ulan-Zala,<br /> Let's adorn our natal steppes!<br /> Let's devote our power to the homeland,<br /> and live long happily!<br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/xal">"Kalmyk-Oirat"</a></span>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Kalmyk-Oirat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fxal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalmyk+Oirat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/oirad-kalmyk-darkhat">"Oirad-Kalmyk-Darkhat in Russian Federation | UNESCO WAL"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oirad-Kalmyk-Darkhat+in+Russian+Federation+%7C+UNESCO+WAL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2Fcountries%2Frussian-federation%2Flanguages%2Foirad-kalmyk-darkhat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalmyk+Oirat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalmyk is alternatively spelled as Kalmuck, Qalmaq, or Khalimag; Kalmyk Oirat is sometimes called "Russian Oirat", "European Mongolian" or "Western Mongolian"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php?hl=en&page=atlasmap&lid=368">UNESCO Atlas of the World's languages in danger</a> Retrieved on 2012-10-31 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190912020055/http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php?hl=en&page=atlasmap&lid=368">Archived</a> 2019-09-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gmt1t-BOGCA&t=18m44s"><span class="plainlinks">Star Wars: Return of the Jedi sound design explained by Ben Burtt</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReckelSchatz2020" class="citation book cs1">Reckel, Johannes; Schatz, Merle (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHUGEAAAQBAJ&q=kalmyk-oirat+endanger"><i>Oirat and Kalmyk Identity in the 20th and 21st Century</i></a>. Universitätsverlag Göttingen. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783863954642" title="Special:BookSources/9783863954642"><bdi>9783863954642</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oirat+and+Kalmyk+Identity+in+the+20th+and+21st+Century&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783863954642&rft.aulast=Reckel&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Schatz%2C+Merle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHUGEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkalmyk-oirat%2Bendanger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalmyk+Oirat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._David_Harrison2012" class="citation news cs1">K. David Harrison (2012-05-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120613170547/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/05/27/cultural-revival-in-europes-only-buddhist-region/">"Cultural Revival in Europe's Only Buddhist Region – News Watch"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/05/27/cultural-revival-in-europes-only-buddhist-region/">the original</a> on June 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cultural+Revival+in+Europe%27s+Only+Buddhist+Region+%E2%80%93+News+Watch&rft.date=2012-05-27&rft.au=K.+David+Harrison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewswatch.nationalgeographic.com%2F2012%2F05%2F27%2Fcultural-revival-in-europes-only-buddhist-region%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalmyk+Oirat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFД._А._Павлов1968" class="citation book cs1">Д. А. Павлов (1968). <i>Современный калмыцкий язык. Фонетика и графика</i>. 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Vol. 3, no. 15. pp. 50–55. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1995-0713">1995-0713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=50-55&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1995-0713&rft.au=%D0%90.+%D0%A2.+%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fv%2Fpervye-kalmytskie-bukvari-kak-istochniki-duhovnoy-kultury-kalmykov-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalmyk+Oirat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEНоминханов197652–54-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEНоминханов197652–54_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFНоминханов1976">Номинханов 1976</a>, pp. 52–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Пям-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Пям_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Письменные языки мира: Языки Российской Федерации</i>. 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Нармаев (1925). <i>Сарул мӧр</i> (<span class="nowrap">5000 экз</span> ed.). 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Баку. 1930. pp. 200–201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83&rft.pages=200-201&rft.date=1930&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlib.rsl.ru%2Fviewer%2F01005509739%23%3Fpage%3D200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalmyk+Oirat" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEНоминханов1976130-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEНоминханов1976130_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFНоминханов1976">Номинханов 1976</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFР._С._Гиляревский,_В._С._Гривин1961" class="citation book cs1">Р. 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М.: Изд-во восточной литературы. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BC&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.pages=64&rft.edition=2-%D0%B5&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4-%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B&rft.date=1961&rft.au=%D0%A0.+%D0%A1.+%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D0%92.+%D0%A1.+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalmyk+Oirat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717012018/http://www6.gencat.net/llengcat/noves/hm01hivern-primavera/internacional/kornou4_9.htm#3">"Noves Sl. Hivern-Primavera 2001. Language Policy and Minority Language Planning in Russia (4)"</a>. <i>www6.gencat.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www6.gencat.net/llengcat/noves/hm01hivern-primavera/internacional/kornou4_9.htm#3#3">the original</a> on 17 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www6.gencat.net&rft.atitle=Noves+Sl.+Hivern-Primavera+2001.+Language+Policy+and+Minority+Language+Planning+in+Russia+%284%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww6.gencat.net%2Fllengcat%2Fnoves%2Fhm01hivern-primavera%2Finternacional%2Fkornou4_9.htm%233%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalmyk+Oirat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifap.ru/library/gost/7792000.pdf">"ГОСТ 7.79-2000"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Правила транслитерации кирилловского письма латинским алфавитом</i>. Межгосударственный совет по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2+7.79-2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifap.ru%2Flibrary%2Fgost%2F7792000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalmyk+Oirat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFНоминханов1976" class="citation book cs1">Номинханов, Ц. Д. (1976). <i>Очерк истории калмыцкой письменности</i> [<i>Essay on the history of Kalmyk writing</i>]. Мoscow: Наука.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.place=%D0%9Coscow&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%A6.+%D0%94.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalmyk+Oirat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyk_Oirat&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="xal:"> Kalmyk Oirat edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kalmyk_phrasebook#Q33634" class="extiw" title="voy:Kalmyk phrasebook">Kalmyk phrasebook</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041224191946/http://www6.gencat.net/llengcat/noves/hm01hivern-primavera/internacional/kornou1_9.htm">Article on language policy and history in Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://словарь.хальмгтангч.рф">Russian-Kalmyk On-Line Dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State languages<br />of federal subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut/Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages with official status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mansi language">Northern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mansi language">Eastern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Yukaghir_language" title="Tundra Yukaghir language">Northern Yukaghir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yukaghir_language" title="Southern Yukaghir language">Southern Yukaghir</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Braille">Cyrillic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Buryat script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Kalmyk script</a></small>)<sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><sup>1</sup> In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. <sup>2</sup> For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Russia" title="Category:Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_languages_of_Russia" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia">Wikipedia in languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_by_language_of_Russia" title="Category:Mass media by language of Russia">Mass media by language of Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Languages of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus#Families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a><br /><i>(areal)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">South</a><br />(Kartvelian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlikh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata-Tukita_language" title="Karata-Tukita language">Karata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapshima_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gapshima language (page does not exist)">Gapshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muira_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muira language (page does not exist)">Muira</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Муиринский язык">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usisha%E2%80%93Butri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usisha–Butri language (page does not exist)">Usisha–Butri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Dargwa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Dargwa language (page does not exist)">Northern Dargwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Севернодаргинский язык">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqusha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqusha dialect (page does not exist)">Aqusha</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Акушинское наречие">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murego%E2%80%93Gubden_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murego–Gubden dialect (page does not exist)">Murego–Gubden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мюрего-Губденська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugi dialect (page does not exist)">Mugi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Мугинское наречие">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Mulebki_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Mulebki dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Mulebki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashti_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashti language (page does not exist)">Ashti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Аштинский язык">ru</a>]</span>–<a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzhi language (page does not exist)">Sanzhi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuzgi%E2%80%93Shiri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuzgi–Shiri language (page does not exist)">Amuzgi–Shiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanakari%E2%80%93Chakhrizhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanakari–Chakhrizhi language (page does not exist)">Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirhwa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirhwa dialect (page does not exist)">Sirhwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="extiw" title="lez:Сирхи чӀал">lez</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Сірхінська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanti_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanti dialect (page does not exist)">Tanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Vurqni_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Vurqni dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Vurqni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shari_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shari language (page does not exist)">Shari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li> <li>Samur <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jek_language" title="Jek language">Jek</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-<br />European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kilit_dialect" title="Kilit dialect">Kilit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kalmyk Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern Neo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret" class="mw-redirect" title="Suret">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani Arabic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Languages of Georgia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongolic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongolic_languages" title="Template:Mongolic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongolic_languages" title="Template talk:Mongolic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongolic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongolic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongolic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />Mongolic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Buryat–Mongolian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongolian" title="Khalkha Mongolian">Khalkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alasha_dialect" title="Alasha dialect">Alasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkhad_dialect" title="Darkhad dialect">Darkhad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kalmyk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torgut_Oirat" title="Torgut Oirat">Torgut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sart_Kalmyk_language" title="Sart Kalmyk language">Sart Kalmyk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia">Peripheral Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baarin_Mongolian" title="Baarin Mongolian">Baarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhar_Mongolian" title="Chakhar Mongolian">Chakhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorchin_Mongolian" title="Khorchin Mongolian">Khorchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongolian" title="Ordos Mongolian">Ordos</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamnigan_Mongol" title="Khamnigan Mongol">Khamnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern Yugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirongol_languages" title="Shirongol languages">Shirongolic</a> <ul><li>Baoanic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_language" title="Bonan language">Bonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_language" title="Santa language">Santa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguor_language" title="Monguor language">Monguor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagur_language" title="Dagur language">Dagur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghol_language" title="Moghol language">Moghol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangwang_language" title="Tangwang language">Tangwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Para-Mongolic_languages" title="Para-Mongolic languages">Para-Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan#Language" title="Wuhuan">Awar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xianbei#Language" title="Xianbei">Serbi</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe#Language" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language">Tuoba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun_language" title="Tuyuhun language">Tuyuhun</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language#History" title="Mongolian language">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongolic_language" title="Proto-Mongolic language">Proto-Mongolic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Mongol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Mongol language">Middle Mongol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Mongolian_language" title="Classical Mongolian language">Classical Mongolian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" 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