CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91352a254b2afd83',cH: 'f7TfjwDo92aPP616f6tyeGcV.BfJoGM2LPALIIZgm.4-1739788882-1.2.1.1-hYSkXRQlE31OsljvOUz5qebTMUjzTADv1p53tYwNompWZ7_huzp99GzzRBeHKwVx',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Audrey%20Smith&__cf_chl_tk=YWFHw.eNIofkfKetM.uSXhk6MJVoNn4cUhSskaiONMY-1739788882-1.0.1.1-ix_oywqO9jW5hVhFkidVqLHz6RApnrAVP99tzPHFYrw",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739788882',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Audrey%20Smith&__cf_chl_f_tk=YWFHw.eNIofkfKetM.uSXhk6MJVoNn4cUhSskaiONMY-1739788882-1.0.1.1-ix_oywqO9jW5hVhFkidVqLHz6RApnrAVP99tzPHFYrw",md: "18H5m0CdVBXkCQASsh6mqgWDYSXi2HYhPR_No1zJf.Q-1739788882-1.2.1.1-sNz2QIAhzDjBZaAJr9Hs7jhbAiKnWqQGxMBKFkKeWVeJNyJwGTMnDZoJ7ZaIseINq0jmwi9.8273Y4.60HUlD6xuvIj9cdJYQwehp9CA_9V4J70mDKcCcZfbKjuexsfQnprzs0zRO6U2clu3L.dyN.kww4pP4niTS2GdCfcsw2uV_b1XE_mFcQ94dU66UA517BIPnWa66YX9JEjjx7eY8iZ9qDAcIuDMQBm4iPh9f1DPhfJ89_m8a6Pf5RmwfR7Bg7n9U7lQmL20CCsYV0Pyyzlx7CMEw7EnYiNTUID4QUVjq2fgmVHC6iyboscjRstSh7pL2wnJjTipCzHnmoG3D107tOR33.cgb9GMcYcw29dbcixV5uqYPXBhuSHumIm2SAKBtHkkxnNjoyJDbGAK5u5pFhfouvqlop9me4QSpWNRpuGSVH9wYVEj.BmXkct7BN6pKzQ4hyZUEjj83CeDOBaLmKXQ_xUPQXMeQ2CAmLa4dD2PMfXq7jXlqfU_nt7qcu9PlF1ci5NEzf03luGCdh8mobEpa7q91dUiX0dvmoR90Y5OQa2wX85zc350cg1aXuwdeoCfIwlPK.h7r_YFeKQkm97xW6L3xXn_R5kAqZNMBRv1pjPVG7.brzi_vyknWNO69taz5d4lDoDJDYoVz.pGVntBMg_Ujvt3K7mrEpL6njz.gD0Ez2tcK94ekX_EjQBWWxkQ2AN4zbx83vO7O1Kgrq_hu0KGpxapG6X3sInSgnX1w2_WOUJ3peVjPYPbj6lO1wRNlpa.rkSyhJ.tWpvbOhPLd8IWNy.0yVJjHAV8mX39WnZPzeAGIro_A02ohc9NERy_x1UrK3jANSASytzHAGQNcJ2ohZgxuXNMLmFoT6BeW2dReZYsfXrX7PKgnRuUfJql9SkQPtD1jFkZoUdkp7HNAcV9CsBQu8MZ0OydaTjJCqr.Pk8KyjZxnw2SQDz0qfVA3h3xbvvUwRWKpjCPSwkfkffTBHyrUVjlpjZrFIZz_vOCEeuVAUxzWzqzy9ix.LsjYr2eANzgyktrGsANHNDVdAr9VA1ElIpqDRtF3_jgeO1qLKhQ00iNFwyaqLAHnjyJxKq27jhUi0uxu0_baD3rTd_duj.kx_gDN43SI09zLVW09c8bZQAukYAf1ObKWQZP0zF5tj5hYOR9h82WZgi1o16CWH8TRkxzeSGzsdS3hhcPqHyx3nEZ.7sg5IfapVEatR2F2WG3I1P74vvVmad.0pc9smo1yqFxlxKNgAdrpgPI5Y8GQn2WJmQk2MaGdYKMEni2i5jRVQHGqBynzd.HYMxQVLrNrvBNYw.8QaMv0nHvPpFhzsLFN_cmdRxewL2iLfInMHHgDMND8wAANpCn80GIBGerXue7YYmOnO4oEA6J1YF0wsdivIMKkna9PWT7Uky45g.a1FAnVU_ux3dIztw_TriRg1fMjC6nf7f00lbDIfdD2nZbczG8U6FNkeli_7kW2qup3i_6MVEH7xeXkBSTAacIf.z4Hnfn5ki.Ve1nQrPt2GtQVj4XKeHO18OCUwwcw8cofJCXJEK415Y1fmvqCyZzgLo1PNcD1FwHlKdviMb4BXE9IoGLu3sFBzh.9SbHWVTQRcKopM8ZdN5RnpvYbvAWUDELxoJ9eKC_eThdzRzjwNIOfcRrkpulCfqabQwHKG_LveORDqx6a5HwNweuThad28yFC.Ue4WiboIJKO7svAGAFmtqddiDNrIDCm7zBTgmcxxaUBZ3qdyTIi66rJ5V6nQOcIKP9ynY1UAABVWtY9vGsWBmYjLdDdV70v2Kr.ne7p3ALhcwSOv6VSLIz0DrGJqHYDzAc0ES5wfldre4T..kT643EuYUWeTS.dFy7ZmN7wvIYJ.Vlwz87wRxpg59cFTif_Z5Rc_sEvdhNQxwN7a1KN_FgtNayUBmDmwDO0WlLkzwJNf0tqQEUQIBBWj1FlPl3MG4",mdrd: "LrXdh_jU5tC8J56KwSKz.7qG3yeW5VpSCSCSDvFb20Y-1739788882-1.2.1.1-D6Il46XhwOoJniJOkEvLDgvflUsAP48BIJMuf4OfFZ7zW.w.mOIf_MQT6Bx4eWKsauZN49jG26c5o1GvmIwU7AJAu9MzhZyW5pBil6frOa6I1RWsFquwMY1P8oOCQME0eVDfRuGhEdsWPR4r_2M11QECF4VC9xWFz.0f8IzcpdlFXcxTDr0m3DsgX0Kv3EbM53tTcXDEiJbG.WJAgsBSVu1UoFdVlrec7vc.lJzAqnGXOWE5I8gNsxvDjcr5xj_TnUT2p2NTh8WENLt4yagC.TXbPZ9CljDIOVG8QUwelPSqNB3xPUxQ3UZ79hm5CwtlJVDz1dCVHcpQ2cBJ2rRTRHnW1bQC_2vQ08ws6CvcvxE4e18vsnWzmcBNUJgUgQ.mkqzDpouC957hOSHeTC3.BBmkVKmv2ZW6KZgY3XZgM5xIgXx4oI2_W.gX0Op0TVFQ7SlVRJH5GPtRglNvhN0Xmq.ENGPYSjxYdfyTwdZadf32KyOI_eSZSMe3csmr_i.zFSGx0t4MZDbdXcNg7z0q23UURqdyPoMWXior6M9yKwo29JkD2hGCGCk3LvAhaqrPL3CPi8cVqbIuBMu.EtBuG.d39sHsU579i3k4K2707l9X7Jiq0xfppnppcusgUKBHfg1s28JZBuuTAOo4lLwjHJqSRwdWYVXmrmBJ1WPqiAYW7pV68.uZlUGk1Yt.cg0C0sYIA2lbtMOfV68nxhcBo6Mq9KaEoyuB88GIjP78QwCPBLlFCzY87FVZ8JqW.jSh7WQvX16FD4V8frK6q7bhCFakifzaGewkkeC8qSUoUH3vj0j3.H2579mM7LO.ZnXpr4sYtms89FVNgIz_FUXql8.XOfyYMR45MErj117Y9tJBS75pj_.VmZBq3m0WuEfGh0ueClNOdmSgKabxO_D_V.bZmblkdIkQKHbQVyWavleIi8jatgFw0PEEeSWiuf3ETc3ci9vMXBW0L3hwMD6vctfdQS2tYeAXR5NwtLUsmgFxOb2lk7q6_X4QpfC_5aDHtimk0YLH6Z_CrDbgH1ZtMon5A1KhihU.Ik94_QRMvNFkgIlJGIJNziywvAg7iCHuSVpmTnef7pw0T_prIiIoNPwPJ8fz_Icc4wSbnNB9180G6BK7RCF0crkyWv6B3YIswQo__vgufKxckRpRaCZcrRKTC8eN9YlzZeEaZotM_211Zt56_GY5U2UjHXAGUCob9kOhbwe5kZyI2W55CHqpEbJojnTfY1FoR7e8DD2wnafI_70ZqYQrl5D8_0WiBO3mbC8_wzMVpAS.QKnQleri9W_l7f0uSjeiK8BZ0CrpqtZahSMef4cQt4K3WBOrPAGng_cVERsXwu6WjiKJPAEBolXKV.A_ZFEefoHKPPQGqzoatZmcm8ALBJyaWN2if4YBV5AZ6p_CunyvlXr9aHLjIxONi6XwLOdm.KO3j6blgM6Jc24OTcaeRvfTWV3v3fXp.EngQIgmeP9J4XnuRXzJDGe6LjhRAylidghwGWCV0KJahThUGjKEhmph2fnpZ8bQjSVtgHtmjEyaY3nXCh7sQfQu9yzOXnt_Do9CgelaNbyCijFgXvXmdGJcRgu_U2nc3Lkq7SFK.XUgVRKpihZGRcVp9i7JmhhM9bSyNe.inzuKqAzFeM.9q8ZlVYYW7x.MALAMaLcPE1ca3Yj160JmEJ3DDLYqhPtjYiFWzjCBrLZW1vQ.Z4ZJA1ztCErmqZtyZeCDPI3mSyqhdqg_82Eo8dRkmvB8aFIPZaxzxrbczoaRWbwsvXVPEWBktjQvVnPEaQS1A1e4uizzczjDBm1GHxlDtJUPfMsl7Afwvg0_hiOtfHdl7cjzMCA7E448yh.rqxlBHuc5o2WCct3NygtfJ0DEYemgUqjXGkwvVD9ZgBNHutblrlAriE6f_CVFXGP.K2ACv6ZWiT4z7Yja7WQ_GQ_X_Yo7KPT5rEESiMYk88J0HSPZSjsYVud2g9GGEOJq6DUPH0r9fuxI7NPOYn_rhg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91352a254b2afd83';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Audrey%20Smith&__cf_chl_rt_tk=YWFHw.eNIofkfKetM.uSXhk6MJVoNn4cUhSskaiONMY-1739788882-1.0.1.1-ix_oywqO9jW5hVhFkidVqLHz6RApnrAVP99tzPHFYrw" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>