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href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin_delaware" title="Pidgin delaware – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pidgin delaware" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin_Dhelaware" title="Pidgin Dhelaware – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pidgin Dhelaware" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgindelaware" title="Pidgindelaware – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pidgindelaware" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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searchaux" style="display:none">Delaware-based pidgin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: tan;">Pidgin Delaware</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic states">Mid-Atlantic colonies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">after 1785</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami</a>-based pidgin</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/dep" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:dep">dep</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/dep.html">dep.html</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/pidg1246">pidg1246</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Pidgin Delaware</b> (also <b>Delaware Jargon</b> or <b>Trader's Jargon</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> language that developed between speakers of <a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami Delaware</a> and Dutch traders and settlers on the Delaware River in the 1620s.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fur trade in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Atlantic">Middle Atlantic</a> region led Europeans to interact with local native groups, and hence provided an impetus for the development of Pidgin Delaware.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch were active in the fur trade beginning early in the seventeenth century, establishing trading posts in <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>, the name for the Dutch territory of the Middle Atlantic and exchanging trade goods for furs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pidgin languages characteristically arise from interactions between speakers of two or more languages who are not bilingual in the other group's language. Pidgin languages typically have greatly simplified syntax, a limited vocabulary, and are not learned as a first language by its speakers. Words typically have very general meanings but do not carry more than one meaning concept, and do not have the type of structural complexity commonly found in many languages. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidgin_Delaware&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Knowledge of Pidgin Delaware subsequently spread to speakers of Swedish, and later from Swedes to Englishmen, and was used beyond the immediate area where the pidgin originated.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most likely that Swedes learned Pidgin Delaware from Dutch speakers; for examples, one of the early Swedish expeditions to the Delaware area had a Dutch interpreter. Similarly, succeeding English groups learned Pidgin from Swedes; Pennsylvania founder <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>'s interpreter Lars Petersson Crock was Swedish.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pidgin Delaware was used by both Munsee and Unami Delawares in interactions with speakers of Dutch, Swedish, and English.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some non-Delaware users of the pidgin were under the impression that they were speaking true Delaware.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Material cited by William Penn as being from a Delaware language is in fact from Delaware Pidgin, and he was apparently unaware of the difference between real Delaware and Pidgin Delaware.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patterns of usage, involving both Munsee and Unami Delaware, as well as separate groups of Europeans, attests to a widespread and persistent use of Delaware Pidgin as a medium of communication for speakers of Dutch, Swedish, and English, as well as Unami- and Munsee-speaking Delawares.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivation">Derivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidgin_Delaware&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Derivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recordings of Pidgin Delaware suggest that Pidgin words originated from both Northern and Southern Unami.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the best-known early Dutch settlement was <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>, on Manhattan Island, which is in Munsee Delaware territory, Pidgin Delaware has Unami vocabulary almost exclusively, with no terms that can be ascribed solely to Munsee. Even recordings of Pidgin Delaware that were clearly made in Munsee territory have Unami characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1995,_p._139_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1995,_p._139-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first permanent Dutch settlement in New Jersey was <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nassau_(South_River)" title="Fort Nassau (South River)">Fort Nassau</a> (on the site of modern <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_City,_New_Jersey" title="Gloucester City, New Jersey">Gloucester City</a>). Settlers to an earlier and short-lived <a href="/wiki/Factorij" class="mw-redirect" title="Factorij">factorij</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wilhelmus" title="Fort Wilhelmus">Fort Wilhelmus</a> arrived there in 1624 were subsequently removed to Manhattan between November 1626 and October 1628.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_pp._81-82_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_pp._81-82-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these locations are in traditional Unami Delaware territory. The origins of Delaware Pidgin must originate in the earliest contacts between Dutch settlers and Unami Delaware speakers at those locations.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_pp._81-82_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_pp._81-82-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidgin_Delaware&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first recorded mention of Pidgin Delaware dates from 1628,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the final recorded mention is from 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two main sources of Pidgin Delaware material. Swedish Lutheran minister <a href="/wiki/Johan_Campanius" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan Campanius">Johan Campanius</a>, who served in <a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a> from 1642 to 1648, prepared a vocabulary list and translated into Delaware Pidgin a version of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther's</a> <i>Little Catechism,</i> which was published after Campanius returned to Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well, an anonymous vocabulary list of some 260 words entitled "The Indian Interpreter" compiled in the late seventeenth century in West Jersey (an early British colony), and found in a book of land records from <a href="/wiki/Salem_County,_New_Jersey" title="Salem County, New Jersey">Salem County, New Jersey</a>, also contains words in Delaware Jargon. There are also small amounts of material in several other sources, including a 1633 vocabulary collected by <a href="/wiki/Joannes_de_Laet" title="Joannes de Laet">Joannis deLaet</a> (de Laet's first name is often spelled inconsistently). Gabriel Thomas collected some Delaware Pidgin materials that were published in 1698. Another vocabulary collected by Ebenezer Denny in 1785 from Delawares who had migrated to western Pennsylvania has features of Pidgin Delaware.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Thomason has suggested on theoretical grounds that Pidgin Delaware predated the arrival of Europeans and was used for communication with speakers of <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian languages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is no attestation of its existence prior to European contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._83_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._83-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against this suggestion are references to the difficulty of communication between Delawares and Iroquoian speakers. Similarly, while Dutch recordings in this early period contain words in the Iroquoian language <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a>, and Swedish documents contain words in <a href="/wiki/Susquehannock_language" title="Susquehannock language">Susquehannock</a>, another Iroquoian language, the primary Dutch and Swedish recordings of interactions with Delawares reflect Pidgin Delaware, suggesting that these Europeans were not using Pidgin Delaware to communicate with Iroquoian speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._83_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._83-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The recordings of Delaware Pidgin reflect the background of the recorder. Campanius was consistent in mostly using Swedish spelling conventions to reflect phonetic details of Delaware Pidgin words, while the orthography used by deLaet shows Dutch influence, but is rendered less consistent by his attempts to using spelling conventions of other European languages to capture Delaware Pidgin characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writing used in the "Indian Interpreter" reflects both English and non-English features; some of the latter can be explained by assuming that its author learned the Pidgin from an individual or individuals with a Swedish or Dutch background.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following table gives a sample of Pidgin Delaware recordings of the words for 'one' through 'ten' from four different sources, with the corresponding terms from Munsee Delaware and Unami Delaware.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cases where the Munsee and Unami terms differ, the Pidgin term corresponds to its Unami congener, confirming the position that Unami is the source language for Pidgin vocabulary. </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <caption>Pidgin Delaware numbers from 'one' to 'ten' </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="125"><b>English</b> </th> <th width="125"><b>Munsee Delaware</b> </th> <th width="125"><b>Unami Delaware</b> </th> <th width="125"><b>De Laet (1633)</b> </th> <th width="125"><b>Campanius (ca. 1645)</b> </th> <th width="125"><b>Interpreter (1684?)</b> </th> <th width="125"><b>Thomas (1698)</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>one</i></td> <td>nkwə́ti</td> <td>kwə́t·i</td> <td>cotté</td> <td>ciútte</td> <td>Cutte</td> <td>Kooty </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>two</i></td> <td>ní·ša</td> <td>ní·š·a</td> <td>nyssé</td> <td>nissa</td> <td>Nisha</td> <td>nisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>three</i></td> <td>nxá</td> <td>naxá</td> <td>nacha</td> <td>náha</td> <td>Necca</td> <td>nacha </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>four</i></td> <td>né·wa</td> <td>né·wa</td> <td>wywe<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>næwo</td> <td>Neuwa</td> <td>neo </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>five</i></td> <td>ná·lan</td> <td>palé·naxk</td> <td>parenagh</td> <td>parenach</td> <td>Palenah</td> <td>pelenach </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>six</i></td> <td>nkwə́ta·š</td> <td>kwə́t·a·š</td> <td>cottash</td> <td>ciuttas</td> <td>Cuttas</td> <td>Kootash </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>seven</i></td> <td>ní·ša·š</td> <td>ní·š·a·š</td> <td>nyssas</td> <td>nissas</td> <td>Neshas</td> <td>nishash </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>eight</i></td> <td>(n)xá·š</td> <td>xá·š</td> <td>gechas</td> <td>haas</td> <td>Haas</td> <td>choesh </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>nine</i></td> <td>nó·li·</td> <td>pé·škunk</td> <td>pescon</td> <td>paéschun</td> <td>Pescunk</td> <td>peskonk </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ten</i></td> <td>wí·mpat</td> <td>télən</td> <td>terren</td> <td>thæræn</td> <td>Tellen</td> <td>telen </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many Pidgin Delaware words are clearly of Unami origin, even though they were recorded in traditional Munsee territory in the greater New York area. For example, the Pidgin word <i>cacheus</i> 'crazy, drunk' was recorded from an Esopus sachem on the Hudson River in 1658; this word is from Unami <i>kí·wsu</i> 'he is drunk'. The corresponding Munsee word is the completely different <i>waní·sə̆məw</i><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the Pidgin expression <i>rancontyn marinit</i>, also recorded as <i>rancontyn marenit</i> 'make peace' was recalled by David de Vries as having been used by Delawares near Lewes, Delaware in 1632, and also near Rockaway, Long Island in 1643, the latter being in Munsee territory. The Pidgin verb <i>marinit</i> or <i>marenit</i> is based upon a Unami verb *<i>maləni·to-·</i> 'to make' that does not occur in Munsee.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1995,_p._139_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1995,_p._139-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidgin_Delaware&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pidgin Delaware is characterized by its extreme simplification of the intricate grammatical features of Unami nouns and verbs, with no use of the complex <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> morphology that Unami uses to convey grammatical information.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._57_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._57-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morphologically complex words are replaced by sequences of separate words.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cases where a Pidgin word is based on a Unami word that contains more than one morpheme, it can be argued in all cases that the word is treated in the Pidgin as a single unanalysable unit.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._58_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._58-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Unami distinction between singular and plural inflection of nouns and verbs is eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._57_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._57-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pronominal categories, which are extensively marked in Unami with prefixes on nouns and verbs, as well as through the system of <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstrative</a> pronouns, are indicated instead with separate words, and distinctions of gender and number (i.e. singular and plural) are eliminated. Separate pronouns that are normally used only for emphasis are used in the Pidgin for first, second, and third person. Pronominal reference is made by using the separate Unami emphatic pronouns for first person singular, second person singular, and an emphatic form of the inanimate singular demonstrative pronoun ('this').<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._57_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._57-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following examples, "C" = Campanius, "II" = Indian Interpreter, "T" = Thomas; Pidgin words are enclosed in angled brackets, and items separated by commas are orthographic variants.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._58_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._58-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>(a) First person: C <i>nijr</i>, <i>nijre</i>, II <i>ne</i>, T <i>nee</i>; Unami <i>ni·</i> 'I' </p><p>(b) Second person: C <i>chijr</i>, <i>chijre</i>, II <i>ke</i>, T <i>kee</i>; Unami <i>ki·</i> 'you (singular)' </p><p>(c) Third person / demonstrative 'this, that': C <i>jɷ̃ni</i>, II <i>une</i> 'that, this'; Unami <i>yó·ni</i> 'this (emphatic)' </p><p>The third person pronoun appears both as a third person, and also with demonstrative uses; in the second example the third person is interpreted as plural.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._59_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._59-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>(a) C <i>yɷ̃ni Aana</i> 'this way, that road' </p><p>(b) C <i>mátta yɷ̃ní tahottamen nijre</i> 'they do not love me' (not third-person love first-person) </p><p>The pronouns are used with both singular and plural reference.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._59_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._59-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>(a) II <i>Nee hatta</i> 'I have' (First-person have) </p><p>(b) II <i>Ne olocko toon</i> 'We run into holes' (First-person hole go) </p><p>The Unami plural independent personal pronouns are used with both plural and singular reference.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._59_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._59-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>(a) C <i>nirɷ̃na</i> 'my, our', II <i>Ne rune</i> 'we'; Unami <i>ni·ló·na</i> 'we (exclusive)' </p><p>(b) C <i>chirɷ̃na</i> 'your (singular or plural)', II <i>Ke runa</i> 'thou', <i>ke rune</i> 'thee'; Unami <i>ki·ló·na</i> 'we (inclusive)', compare Unami <i>ki·ló·wa</i> 'you (plural)' </p><p>Delaware Pidgin features include: (a) elimination of the distinction between singular and plural forms normally marked on nouns with a plural suffix; (b) simplification of the complex system of person marking, with no indication of grammatical gender or plurality, and concomitant use of separate pronouns to indicate grammatical person; (c) elimination of reference to plural pronominal categories of person; (d) elimination of negative suffixes on verbs, with negation marked solely by independent particles.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_of_gender">Treatment of gender</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidgin_Delaware&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treatment of gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A central concept in the Delaware languages, and in all other Algonquian languages is the distinction made between the two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a>, animate and inanimate. Every noun in Unami and Munsee is categorized as either animate or inanimate. Gender does not always correspond to biological categories. All living entities are animate, but so are items such as tobacco pipes, bows, nails, potatoes, and others. Nouns <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agree</a> in gender with other words in a sentence. For example, the form of a <a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammatical_category)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitivity (grammatical category)">transitive</a> verb will vary depending upon the gender of the grammatical <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>. The Unami verb for 'I saw it' has the form <i>nné·mən</i> if the grammatical object is inanimate (e.g. a knife, pumpkin, water) but the form <i>nné·yɔ</i> if the object is a ball, an apple, or snow.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demonstrative pronouns also agree in gender with the noun they are in construction with, so that <i>wá</i> (with emphatic form <i>wán</i>) means 'this' referring to animate nouns, such as man, peach, kettle; <i>yə́</i> (emphatic form <i>yó·n</i> or <i>yó·ni</i>) also means 'this', referring to inanimate nouns such as stone, pumpkin, or boat.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1999,_p._67_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1999,_p._67-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Pidgin grammatical gender is not distinguished anywhere. The pronoun <i>yó·n</i> in Pidgin Delaware is used for any demonstrative use as well as the third person pronoun; hence the meaning can be interpreted as 'he', 'she', 'it', 'they', 'this', 'that', 'these', and 'those'.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1999,_p._67_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1999,_p._67-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the treatment of verbs, Pidgin Delaware typically uses the form a verb specialized for inanimate gender, regardless of the gender of the entity being referred to. Unami uses the verb <i>wələ́su</i> 'be good, pretty' to refer to anything that is classified as animate in gender (e.g. a person, animal), and the corresponding verb <i>wələ́t</i> 'be good, pretty' to refer to anything that is classified as inanimate (e.g. a house, gun). Pidgin Delaware only uses the inanimate form regardless of the gender of the referent; the word is typically represented as orthographic <i>orit</i> or <i>olit</i>. Hence the Pidgin expression 'good friend' occurs as <i>orit nietap</i>, with <i>nietap</i> being the Pidgin word for 'friend'.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1999,_p._67_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1999,_p._67-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same pattern holds for transitive verbs as well. </p><p>Learning the patterns of when to use animate and inanimate forms of verbs and pronouns would be very difficult for Europeans to learn since there are no overt cues to help learners decide whether nouns are animate or inanimate. It is likely that the most difficult point would come from nouns such as 'snow' or 'tobacco' which are not biologically alive but count as grammatically animate in gender. Goddard proposes that the strikingly consistent use of inanimate forms, rather than a mixture of animate or inanimate, derives from a systematic strategy adapted by native Delaware speakers to simplify their language when addressing Europeans by employing the inanimate as a default, presumably triggered by the erroneous use of inanimate forms of verbs and pronouns with nouns that are animate in gender but not logically animate.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comments by Jonas Michaëlis, an early observer, suggest that Delaware speakers deliberately simplified their language to facilitate communication with the small numbers of Dutch settlers and traders they encountered in the 1620s.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same observer also notes that when the Delaware talked among themselves, their language was incomprehensible to Dutch speakers who were otherwise able to communicate with the Delaware using the Pidgin, strongly suggesting that the Delawares reserved the full Delaware language for themselves and used the simplified Pidgin when addressing Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delaware Pidgin appears to show no grammatical influence at all from Dutch or other European languages, contrary to the general patterns occurring in pidgin languages, according to which a European contributing language will constitute a significant component of the pidgin.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delaware Pidgin also appears to be unusual among pidgin languages in that almost all its vocabulary appears to come from the language spoken by the Delaware users of the Pidgin, with virtually none coming from European users. The relatively few Pidgin Delaware words that are not from Unami likely were borrowings mediated through Unami or Munsee or other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Algonquian_pidgin_languages">Other Algonquian pidgin languages<span class="anchor" id="Pidgin_Massachusett"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidgin_Delaware&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other Algonquian pidgin languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pidgin Delaware is only one of a number of pidgin languages that arose on the Atlantic coast due to contact between speakers of Algonquian languages and Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although records are fragmentary, it is clear that many Indians used varieties of pidginized English, and there are also recorded fragments of a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Massachusett" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Massachusett">pidgin Massachusett</a>, an Eastern Algonquian language spoken to the north of Delaware territory in what is now Boston and adjacent areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1977:_41_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1977:_41-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is likely that, as with Pidgin Delaware, Europeans who learned other local pidgins were under the impression that they were using the actual indigenous language.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1977:_41_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1977:_41-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidgin_Delaware&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidgin_Delaware&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomason, Sarah, 1980, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feister, Lois,1973, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1974, p. 105; Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1995, p. 38; Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1978a, pp. 221; Goddard, Ives, 1971, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1971, p. 15; Goddard, Ives, 1978a, pp. 221; Goddard, Ives, 1999, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1995, p. 138; Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1995,_p._139-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1995,_p._139_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1995,_p._139_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1995, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apparently referring to the erection of a fort on Verhulsten Island, near the present site of Trenton, N. J., which was recommended to Verhulst in 1625. (See Document C.) Another fort, called Fort Nassau, was erected near Gloucester, N. J., as early as 1624. Wassenaer, under date of April 1624, says: "They also placed a fort which they named 'Wilhelmus' on Prince's Island, heretofore called Murderer's Island; it is open in front, and has a curtain in the rear and is garrisoned by sixteen men for the defence of the river below." The location of this fort has not been definitely ascertained. Brodhead suggests that it may have been on Pollepel's Island, just above the Highlands, in the Hudson River, but more likely it was on the South or Delaware River, which on the Buchelius chart is called the "Wilhelmus river." (See J. F. Jameson, Narratives of New Netherland, frontispiece, and pp. 76, 84, 271, and J. R. Brodhead, History of the State of New York, 1:758.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030402154621/http://www.tourburlington.org/SeeSites.html">"Places to See - City of Burlington NJ Historic Sites"</a>. <i>www.tourburlington.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourburlington.org/SeeSites.html">the original</a> on 2003-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tourburlington.org&rft.atitle=Places+to+See+-+City+of+Burlington+NJ+Historic+Sites&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourburlington.org%2FSeeSites.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APidgin+Delaware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bert van Steeg,<i>Walen in de Wildernis</i> :<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517171002/http://stuyvesant.library.uu.nl/kaarten/steegessay.htm">"Walen in de Wildernis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stuyvesant.library.uu.nl/kaarten/steegessay.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walen+in+de+Wildernis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstuyvesant.library.uu.nl%2Fkaarten%2Fsteegessay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APidgin+Delaware" class="Z3988"></span> Bij aankomst in de kolonie werden de kolonisten opgesplitst in vier groepen en werden er op een aantal plaatsen kleine vestigingen gesticht, vooral in de buurt van de al bestaande handelsposten. Een aantal families werden gevestigd aan de Delaware. Hier werd fort Wilhelmus gesticht. Twee families en zes mannen werden naar de Connecticut rivier gestuurd. Ook op Governors’ eiland werden een aantal kolonisten geplaatst om een fort te bouwen. Het grootste aantal kolonisten, onder wie Catalina Rapalje, werd echter net ten zuiden van het huidige Albany geplaatst. May liet hier een klein fort bouwen dat de naam Fort Orange kreeg. Hier verbleven ongeveer achttien families.[30]Brodhead, J.R., History of the state of New York (New York 1871), 150–191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_pp._81-82-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_pp._81-82_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_pp._81-82_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997, pp. 81–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 44; Thomason, Sarah, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomason, Sarah, 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._83-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._83_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._83_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997, pp. 50–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997, pp. 54–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1995, p. 139; Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Presumably a typographical error for <i>nywe</i>; see Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1995, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._57-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._57_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._57_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._57_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1999, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._58-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._58_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._58_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._59-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._59_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._59_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1997,_p._59_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997, pp. 57–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1999, pp. 66–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1999,_p._67-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1999,_p._67_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1999,_p._67_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1999,_p._67_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1999, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1999, p. 68-69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997, pp. 81, 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feister, Lois, 1973, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997, pp. 84–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1997, pp. 77–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard,_Ives,_1977:_41-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1977:_41_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard,_Ives,_1977:_41_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Ives, 1977: 41</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_2">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidgin_Delaware&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Goddard, Ives. 1977. "Some early examples of American Indian Pidgin English from New England." <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i> 43: 37–41.</li> <li>Goddard, Ives. 1997. "Pidgin Delaware." Sarah G. Thomason, ed., <i>Contact Languages: A Wider Perspective,</i> pp. 43–98. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.</li> <li>Goddard, Ives. 1999. "The use of pidgins and jargons on the east coast of North America." Edward R. Gray and Norman Fiering, eds., <i>The Language Encounter in the Americas, </i> pp. 61–78. New York: Berghahn Books.</li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pidgin_Delaware&oldid=1254046642">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pidgin_Delaware&oldid=1254046642</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_history_of_Delaware" title="Category:Native American history of Delaware">Native American history of Delaware</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_America_Native-based_pidgins_and_creoles" title="Category:North America Native-based pidgins and creoles">North America Native-based pidgins and creoles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_attested_from_the_17th_century" title="Category:Languages attested from the 17th century">Languages attested from the 17th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1620s_establishments_in_North_America" title="Category:1620s establishments in North America">1620s establishments in North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_extinct_in_the_17th_century" title="Category:Languages extinct in the 17th century">Languages extinct in the 17th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_disestablishments_in_North_America" title="Category:17th-century disestablishments in North America">17th-century disestablishments in North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_language_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Dutch language in the United States">Dutch language in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linglist_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linglist code">Language articles with Linglist code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_unreferenced_extinction_date" title="Category:Language articles with unreferenced extinction date">Language articles with unreferenced extinction date</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 05:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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