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The Effects of Nuclear Weapons - Google Books
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Long - Term Hazard from Delayed Fallout_ Genetic Effects of Nuclear Radiation\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PR14\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PR15","page_number":"xv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e ranges-- 573 , 644 fallout radii___ . 455 vs distance . -- 333 , 365 , 630 , 637 maximum burst height for___ 79 ignition exposures_ 330 , 332 protective factors__ 472 , 474 power vs time .. 359 , 360 maximum , time_ _ . 645\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PR15\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PR16","page_number":"xvi","snippet_text":"... vehicles__ 166 , 174 , 639 , 640 Personnel 169 , 174 blast injury . 553 , 557 , 560 , 561 , 563 telephone and power lines __- 174 , \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e . 553 , 573 , 644 eye__ 575 transportation ( land ) radiation injury__ . 553 , 591.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PR16\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA1","page_number":"1","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e and of starting fires at considerable 1 The terms \u0026quot; nuclear \u0026quot; and \u0026quot; atomic \u0026quot; may be used interchangeably as far as such weapons and explosions are concerned , but \u0026quot; nuclear \u0026quot; is preferred for the reason given in § 1.10 . 1\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA1\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA10","page_number":"10","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e of exposed skin as far away as 12 miles from a 1 - megaton explosion , on a fairly clear day . The warmth may be felt at a distance of 75 miles . For air bursts of higher energy yields , the corresponding distances will , of\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA10\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA44","page_number":"44","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e , in most circumstances following an ordinary air burst the first pulse of thermal radiation is not a significant hazard in this respect , for several reasons . In the first place , only about 1 percent of the thermal radiation\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA44\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA45","page_number":"45","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e of various degrees suffered by exposed individuals up to 12 miles or more , and of eye effects at even greater distances , from the explosion of a 1 - megaton weapon . For weapons of higher energy , the effective damage range is\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA45\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA87","page_number":"87","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e and starting fires in flammable material at a considerable distance . The nuclear processes which cause the explosion and the radioactive decay of the fission products are accompanied by harmful nuclear radiations ( gamma rays and\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA87\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA323","page_number":"323","snippet_text":"... nuclear air burst , in particular , the thermal energy can be appreciable even at considerable distances . The phe- nomena associated with thermal radiation , particularly skin \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e and THERMAL RADIATION EFFECTS 323.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA323\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA324","page_number":"324","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. nomena associated with thermal radiation , particularly skin \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e and incendiary effects on a large scale , are therefore novel as far as weapons are concerned . 7.27 The amount of thermal energy falling upon a unit\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA324\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA326","page_number":"326","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e by thermal radiation is the rate at which the thermal energy is delivered . For a given total amount of thermal energy received by each unit area . of exposed material , the damage will be greater if the energy is deliv- ered\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA326\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA328","page_number":"328","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e \u0026quot; resulting from the absorption of radiant energy by the skin of exposed individuals . In addition , because of the focusing action of the lens of the eye , thermal radiation can cause permanent damage to the eyes of persons who\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA328\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA329","page_number":"329","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e ; nylon , on the other hand , melts when heated to a sufficient extent . The heat energy required to produce a particular change in a fabric depends on a variety of circumstances , as indicated in § 7.34 . The following\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA329\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA334","page_number":"334","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e on upholstery of chairs exposed to bomb flash at window ( 1 mile from ground zero at Hiroshima ) . 3 The effects of thermal radiations on human beings in Japan are described in Chapter XI . Figure 7.48b . Flash \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e on wooden\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA334\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA335","page_number":"335","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. Figure 7.48b . Flash \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e on wooden poles ( 1.7 miles from ground zero at Nagasaki ) . The uncharred portions were protected from thermal radiation by a fence . ( 1.7 miles ) at Hiroshima ( 3 to 4. THERMAL RADIATION\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA335\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA344","page_number":"344","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e less rapidly and with less intensity than a forest of coniferous trees . Green leaves and the trunks of trees would act as shields against thermal radiation , so that the number of points at which ignition occurs in a forest may\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA344\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA347","page_number":"347","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e completely , and the flame was not greatly affected by the blast wave . 7.69 It is not known to what extent thermal radiation contributed to the initiation of fires in the nuclear bombings in Japan . It is possible that , up to a\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA347\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA348","page_number":"348","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e as rapidly as they would have done had they remained standing . Moreover , the noncombustible debris . produced by the blast frequently covered and prevented the \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e- ing of combustible material . There is some doubt , therefore\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA348\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA350","page_number":"350","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e . Some 7 hours later , the wind had shifted to the east and its velocity had dropped to 10 to 15 miles per hour . These winds undoubtedly restricted the spread of fire in the respective directions from which they were blowing . The\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA350\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA357","page_number":"357","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e ( and possibly eye injury ) by taking evasive action , the important quantity is tmax , since the rate of emission of thermal radiation from the fireball is then a maximum . It is seen from the relationship in § 7.92 that this\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA357\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA359","page_number":"359","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e , the emission time is too short to permit evasive action . For detonations in the megaton range occurring near the lower limit of the high - altitude region , i.e. , around 20 miles , skin \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e are possible on the earth\u0026#39;s\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA359\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA370","page_number":"370","snippet_text":"... air burst , for instance , would not cause observable injury even without protective shielding . However , exposure to thermal radiation at this distance could produce serious skin \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e . 370 INITIAL NUCLEAR RADIATION.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA370\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA371","page_number":"371","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. radiation at this distance could produce serious skin \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e . On the other hand , when the energy of the nuclear explosion is relatively small , e.g. , a kiloton or less , the initial nuclear radiation has the greater\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA371\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA547","page_number":"547","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e injuries due to a nuclear explosion is exceptionally high . Most of these are flash \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e caused by direct exposure to the thermal radiation , although individuals trapped by spreading fires may be subjected to flame \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e . In\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA547\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA549","page_number":"549","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e can occur . This is particularly the case for heavier structures extending below as well as above ground ; persons properly located in such buildings could be protected from blast and initial nuclear radiations as well as from\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA549\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA551","page_number":"551","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e , and nuclear radiation injuries as a source of fatalities in the nuclear bombings of Japan . It has been estimated that some 50 percent of the deaths were caused by \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e of one kind or another , but this figure is only a rough\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA551\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA552","page_number":"552","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e would have been much less . Alternatively , had the weather been cold , fewer people would have been outdoors and they would have been wearing more extensive clothing . Both the number of people and individual skin areas exposed\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA552\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA553","page_number":"553","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBurns\u003c/b\u003e ( flash and flame ) Nuclear radiation ( initial ) . Percent of sur- vivors 70 65 30 11.19 Among survivors the proportion of indirect blast ( mechani- cal ) injuries due to flying missiles and movement of other debris was smallest\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA553\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA554","page_number":"554","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e from the gases and debris , and irritation , and possibly suffocation , caused by airborne dust . The present section will treat direct injuries , and indirect blast effects will be discussed later . 11.22 The general interactions\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA554\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA563","page_number":"563","snippet_text":"... ( a ) 0.1- to 10- gram pieces of window glass , and ( b ) a 165 - pound man in 1 - kiloton surface and optimized air bursts . 623539 0-62-37 11.43 \u003cb\u003eBURN\u003c/b\u003e INJURIES CLASSIFICATION OF \u003cb\u003eBURNS\u003c/b\u003e Thermal radiation can cause BLAST INJURIES 563.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA563\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA564","page_number":"564","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. 11.43 \u003cb\u003eBURN\u003c/b\u003e INJURIES CLASSIFICATION OF \u003cb\u003eBURNS\u003c/b\u003e Thermal radiation can cause \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e injuries either ... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e are often called \u0026quot; flash \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e , \u0026quot; since they are produced by the flash of thermal radiation from the fireball\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA564\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA565","page_number":"565","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e did not survive , since they were caught in burning buildings and could not escape . The character of the flame \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e was similar to that of \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e caused by other conflagrations . The clothing usually caught fire , and so large\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA565\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA566","page_number":"566","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e did occur through clothing , they generally involved regions where the clothes were tightly drawn over the skin , at the elbows and shoulders , for example . Such \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e may have been due to contact with the hot fabric , as\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA566\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA567","page_number":"567","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBURNS\u003c/b\u003e 11.53 In spite of the thousands of flash \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e experienced after the nuclear attacks on Japan , only their general features were reported . The Figure 11.50 . The skin under the areas of contact with clothing is burned\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA567\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA569","page_number":"569","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e show a much smaller depth of penetration of the skin than do flame \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e . This is to be expected if the thermal radiation effective in causing \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e is emitted during a very short time . In the 20 - kiloton explosions over Japan\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA569\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA570","page_number":"570","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e produced in the incendiary bomb attacks on Tokyo . It is of interest to note that a tendency has been observed for the keloids to disappear gradually in the course of time . \u003cb\u003eBURN\u003c/b\u003e INJURY ENERGIES AND RANGES 11.59 A first - degree \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA570\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA571","page_number":"571","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBURN\u003c/b\u003e FIRST - DEGREE \u003cb\u003eBURN\u003c/b\u003e 0 0.1 KT 1.0 KT 10 KT 100 KT EXPLOSION YIELD 1 MT 10 MT Figure 11.61 . Radiant exposures required to produce first- and second - degree \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e as a function of total energy yield . 11.63 Taking into consideration\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA571\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA572","page_number":"572","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e formation . The value on the horizontal ( distance ) scale corresponding to this point is seen to be 4 miles . Hence , it may be expected that , for a 100 - kiloton explosion , moderate second - degree ( or more severe ) \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e will\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA572\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA573","page_number":"573","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBURN\u003c/b\u003e FIRST - DEGREE \u003cb\u003eBURN\u003c/b\u003e 1 KT 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1 2 4 7 10 20 40 SLANT RANGE FROM EXPLOSION ( MILES ) Figure 11.63 . Ranges for first- and second - degree \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e as a function of the total energy yield . 11.67 Investigators have reported\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA573\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA574","page_number":"574","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e and often singeing of the eyebrows and eyelashes . Nevertheless , some 3 years later the corneas were found to be normal . 11. 68 Several reasons have been suggested for the scarcity of severe eye injuries in Japan . For example\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA574\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA575","page_number":"575","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e may be expected at greater distances from the point of burst for similar energy yields . In order to obtain data concerning the possi- bility of eye injury , rabbits were exposed to the radiation from the TEAK shot of a megaton\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA575\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA576","page_number":"576","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e . The effect is a localized bleaching of the visual elements , with image persistence , after - image ... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e and flash blindness would arrive so soon after the explosion of a weapon in the kiloton energy range that\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA576\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA579","page_number":"579","snippet_text":"... the absorbed dose in rads . 10 Beta particles from sources on or near the body can also cause skin lesions , called \u0026quot; beta \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e \u0026quot; ( § 11.148 ) . 623539 0-62- -38 taken as 1.0 ( see § 11.88 ) , but NUCLEAR RADIATION INJURY 579.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA579\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA590","page_number":"590","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e will produce earlier and more severe shock than would the comparable \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e alone . The healing of wounds of all kinds will be retarded because of the susceptibility to secondary infection accompanying radiation injury and for\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA590\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA593","page_number":"593","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e , and other lesions , can be a serious complicating factor . This would result to a large degree from loss of the white blood cells , and a marked depression in the body\u0026#39;s immunological process . For example , ulceration about the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA593\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA594","page_number":"594","snippet_text":"... more , was also noted in some cases . 11.123 Those patients in Japan who survived for 3 to. Figure 11.119 . An example of epilation due to radiation exposure . Figure 11.151a . Beta \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e on neck 1 month after. 594 EFFECTS ON PERSONNEL.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA594\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA601","page_number":"601","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBURNS\u003c/b\u003e 11.148 Injury to the body from external sources of beta particles can arise in two general ways . If the beta ... \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e , \u0026quot; will result . In addition , in an area of extensive early fallout , the whole surface of the body will\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA601\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA602","page_number":"602","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. 11.149 Valuable information concerning the development and healing of beta \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e has been obtained from observations of the Marshall Islanders who were exposed to fallout in March 1954 . Within about 5 hours of the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA602\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA603","page_number":"603","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e , and there was no evidence of malignant changes . Figure 11.151b . Beta \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e on feet 1 month after. Figure 11.151a . Beta \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e on neck 1 month after exposure . 11.156 Wherever fallout occurs there is a chance that radioactive.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA603\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA604","page_number":"604","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. Figure 11.151b . Beta \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e on feet 1 month after exposure . Blood studies of platelets and red blood cells indicated levels lower than average at 5 years after exposure ; at 7 years after exposure the platelets\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA604\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA605","page_number":"605","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e on neck 1 year after exposure ( see Fig . 11.151a ) . Figure 11.154b . Beta \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e on feet 6 months after. EFFECTS OF EARLY FALLOUT 605.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA605\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA606","page_number":"606","snippet_text":"... processes as the naturally occurring , inactive ( stable ) iso- topes of the same element . This is the case. Figure 11.154b . Beta \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e on feet 6 months after exposure ( see Fig . 11.151b ) . 606 EFFECTS ON PERSONNEL.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA606\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA629","page_number":"629","snippet_text":"... initial nuclear radia- tion dose will be so small that its immediate consequences are neg- ligible , but thermal radiation may still be a significant source of 30 20 1 PSI 2ND - DEGREE \u003cb\u003eBURNS\u003c/b\u003e 30 30 BASIS FOR PROTECTIVE ACTION 629.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA629\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA630","page_number":"630","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBURNS\u003c/b\u003e 20 30 10 KT 100 KT 1 MT 10 MT 30 casualties . Second - degree \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e may be experienced at. MILES FROM GROUND ZERO 5 PSI 10 10 -5 PSI AND 5 PSI 1 PSI 5 PSI 10 100 REMS 1 PSI 2ND - DEGREE \u003cb\u003eBURNS\u003c/b\u003e 100 REMS 2ND - DEGREE \u003cb\u003eBURNS\u003c/b\u003e -100\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA630\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA631","page_number":"631","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. casualties . Second - degree \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e may be experienced at distances approaching those for 1 psi overpressure and less severe \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e may be suffered at much greater distances from ground zero . Eye injury may also occur at\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA631\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA632","page_number":"632","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e range to about four - fifths of those shown in Fig . 12.08 . However , there would be early fallout which might cover very extensive areas , from about 7 square miles for a 1 - kiloton explosion to several thousand square miles for\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA632\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA633","page_number":"633","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e will occur in persons looking directly at the explosion . Other effects will be relatively unimportant . AIR BURST Light : Fairly intense , but much less than for high - altitude burst . Heat : Intense out to considerable\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA633\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA643","page_number":"643","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e , generally called flash \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e to distinguish them from flame \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e , and permanent or temporary eye damage . \u003cb\u003eBurns\u003c/b\u003e are classified by \u0026quot; degree \u0026quot; ; first - degree \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e being mild in nature , roughly similar to moderate sunburn\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA643\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA644","page_number":"644","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e are experienced , the differences are small . TABLE 12.31 RANGES FROM GROUND ZERO FOR \u003cb\u003eBURNS\u003c/b\u003e TO BARE SKIN FROM AIR BURSTS * First - degree \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e_- Second - degree \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e . Explosion yield 1 KT 10 KT 0.7 0.5 1. 9 100 KT ( Distance in\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA644\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA645","page_number":"645","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e . Materials of light color are usually preferable to dark materials because the former reflect the radiation . Clothing of dark shades absorbs the thermal radiation and may become hot enough to ignite , so that severe flame \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA645\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA646","page_number":"646","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e . 12.38 Protection against eye injury is difficult , especially for those persons who happen to be facing the burst point . The blink reflex , i.e. , the automatic blinking of the eye , which requires 0.15 second , may be helpful\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA646\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA648","page_number":"648","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e of exposed skin are included . It is seen that the hazards from blast and thermal radiation extend to much greater distances than do those from initial nuclear radiation , especially for weapons of yields in excess of 10 kilotons\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA648\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA650","page_number":"650","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e \u0026quot; produced by the action of the beta particles , and the second is due to the continuous exposure of the body to gamma rays , both direct and scattered , from fallout particles . It is with the second of these hazards that the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA650\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA665","page_number":"665","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e . Fires resulting from large quantities of burning high explosives are very difficult to extinguish . At the same time , acrid , suffocating , and toxic gases are produced , and a poisonous residue may remain . If the high\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA665\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA666","page_number":"666","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e and possibly explode . A.8 Rough handling of high explosives as well as accidents can lead to the formation of powdered explosive . Under these condi- tions , most explosive materials are more unstable than in bulk form and are\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA666\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA705","page_number":"705","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBURN\u003c/b\u003e : A \u003cb\u003eburn\u003c/b\u003e caused by excessive exposure ( of bare skin ) to thermal radiation . See Thermal radiation . FRACTIONATION : Any one of several processes , apart from radioactive decay , which results in change in the composition of\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA705\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA717","page_number":"717","snippet_text":"... surge , underground burst , 2.89 , 2.90 underwater burst , 2.70-2.73 Beta \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e , 11.148-11.155 , 12.50 Beta particles ( or radiation ) , 1.26 , 1.58 , 1.62 , 2.41 , 2.78 , 8.01 717 destructive range , 4.58 , 12.21 , 12.22 Bone - INDEX.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA717\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA718","page_number":"718","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBurns\u003c/b\u003e , 7.35 , 7.95-7.97 , 8.06 , 11.02 , 11.14 , 11.45-11.76 , 12.10 , 12.31 , see also Casualties ; Injuries beta , 11.148-11.155 , 12.50 chorioretinal , 11.70 , 11.76 classification , 11.43-11.46 , 12.31 to eyes , see Eye injuries\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA718\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA721","page_number":"721","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e , 11.69-11.74 , 11.76 flash blindness , 11.69 , 11.75 , 11.76 Fabric damage , thermal , 7.38–7.40 , 7.43 , 7.48 , 7.53 , 7.59 absorption of thermal radiation , 7.29 Fallout , 2.23-2.31 , 2.118 , 9.01-9.198 , 12.16 , 12.48 activity\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA721\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA722","page_number":"722","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e , 11.43 , 11.47 Flash blindness , 11.75 , 12.16 \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e , 7.37 , 11.14 , 11.47–11.58 , 12.37 Fluorescence radiation , burst , 2.210 high - altitude Fog , effect on thermal radiation , 7.18– 7.20 from thermal radiation , 7.54-7.60\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA722\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA723","page_number":"723","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e , 11.72 , 11.73 , 12.16 fireball , 2.56 , 2.57 , 2.59 , 2.60 , 2.120 , 7.25 fluorescence radiation , 2.120 ORANGE shot , 2.53 , 2.55-2.60 , 2.127 , 10.52 , 10.58 , 10.93 phenomena , 1.33 , 1.34 , 2.53-2.60 , 2.119-2.129 , 12.16\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA723\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA724","page_number":"724","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBurns\u003c/b\u003e ; Casualties ; Injuries ; Radiation injury blast , 11.21-11.42 direct , 11.21-11.32 displacement , 11.34 , 11.41 , 11.42 indirect , 11.33 , 11.34 missile , 11.35-11.40 , 11.42 to blood , 11.126-11.138 \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e , 11.18 , 11.43-11.76\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA724\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA726","page_number":"726","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e , 11.49 Protection ( and Protective measures ) , 12.01-12.80 , see also Evasive action ; Shelters ; Shielding , 12.55 in basement , 9.138 from blast , 12.24-12.30 clothing , 12.37 construction , 4.12 , 12.24-12.30 effective areas\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA726\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA727","page_number":"727","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e , see Eye injuries Roentgen , definition , 8.26 Roentgen equivalent man , see Rem Roentgen equivalent physical , see Rep RPG , see Radiation Protection Guide Rupture zone , 6.05 , 6.47 Salting , weapon , 9.06 , 9.11 , 9.110\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA727\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA728","page_number":"728","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e , see \u003cb\u003eBurns\u003c/b\u003e \u0026quot; Skyshine , \u0026quot; 8.40 , 9.180 Slick , in underwater burst , 2.63 Smoke , and thermal radiation , 7.18-7.20 Sodium , induced activity , 9.35 Soil , vaporization in surface burst , 2.18 Spray dome , 2.64 , 2.82 Stagnation\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA728\u0026vq=burns"},{"page_id":"PA729","page_number":"729","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBurns\u003c/b\u003e in high - altitude burst , 1.33 , 1.34 , 2.121-2.123 , 7.25 , 7.86-7.88 , 7.96 , 7.97 , 7.107-7.110 ignition ... \u003cb\u003eburns\u003c/b\u003e , see \u003cb\u003eBurns\u003c/b\u003e , flash Trailer coach , damage , see Damage , mobile homes Transient , blast wind , 3.07\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA729\u0026vq=burns"}],"search_query_escaped":"burns"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; 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