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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Adverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_parts_of_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_parts_of_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Other parts of speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_parts_of_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Betoi language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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– Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas betoi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betoi" title="Betoi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Betoi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_betoi" title="Lingua betoi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua betoi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_betoi" title="Língua betoi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua betoi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Бетой (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бетой (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_Betoi" title="Gjuha Betoi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha Betoi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Betoi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Jirara</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a> <a href="/wiki/Llanos" title="Llanos">Llanos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">mid 19th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;">Betoi–<a href="/wiki/Saliban_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Saliban languages">Saliban</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Betoi</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Situfa</li> <li>Airico</li> <li>Lolaca</li> <li>Jirara</li> <li>Betoi</li> <li>Ele</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i> (<code>mis</code>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/qtd">qtd</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/beto1236">beto1236</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Betoi</b> (<i>Betoy</i>) or <b>Betoi-Jirara</b> is an extinct language of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, south of the <a href="/wiki/Apure_River" title="Apure River">Apure River</a> near the modern border with Colombia. The names Betoi and Jirara are those of two of its peoples/dialects; the language proper has no known name. At contact, Betoi was a local <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> spoken between the <a href="/wiki/Uribante_River" title="Uribante River">Uribante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarare_River" title="Sarare River">Sarare</a> rivers and along the <a href="/wiki/Arauca_River" title="Arauca River">Arauca</a>. Enough was recorded for a brief grammatical monograph to be written (Zamponi 2003). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betoi_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Betoi is generally seen as an isolate, though Kaufman (2007) included it in <a href="/wiki/Macro-Paesan" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Paesan">Macro-Paesan</a>. </p><p>Zamponi (2017) finds enough lexical resemblances between Betoi and the <a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Saliban languages</a> to conclude that a genealogical relationship is plausible.<sup id="cite_ref-Zamponi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamponi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betoi_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically a dialect cluster, varieties include Betoi, Jirara, Situfa, Ayrico, Ele, Lucalia, Jabúe, Arauca, Quilifay, Anabali, Lolaca, and Atabaca.<sup id="cite_ref-Amazonian_isolates_1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amazonian_isolates_1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Below is a full list of Betoi varieties listed by <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka</a> (1968), including names of unattested varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Loukotka_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loukotka-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Betoi</b> / <b>Guanero</b> / <b>Isabaco</b> - extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Casanare_River" title="Casanare River">Casanare River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cravo_Norte_River" title="Cravo Norte River">Cravo Norte River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apure_River" title="Apure River">Apure River</a>, Arauca territory, Colombia.</li> <li><b>Situfa</b> / <b>Cituja</b> - extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Casanare_River" title="Casanare River">Casanare River</a> in the Arauca region.</li> <li><b>Airico</b> - once spoken at the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Manacac%C3%ADas_River" title="Manacacías River">Manacacías River</a>. (Gumilla 1745, pt. 2, pp. 243-247, only a few words.)</li> <li><b>Jirara</b> - spoken once in the upper <a href="/wiki/Manacac%C3%ADas_River" title="Manacacías River">Manacacías River</a> region. (Gumilla 1745, pt. 1, pp. 201 and 203, pt. 2, pp. 16 and 328, only a few words and phrases.)</li> <li><b>Atabaca</b> - once spoken in the upper <a href="/wiki/Manacac%C3%ADas_River" title="Manacacías River">Manacacías River</a> region. (Gumilla 1745, pt. 2, p. 274, only a few words.)</li> <li><b>Lolaca</b> - once spoken on the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Arauca_River" title="Arauca River">Arauca River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chitag%C3%A1" title="Chitagá">Chitagá</a> River. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Quilifay</b> - once spoken around the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Arauca_River" title="Arauca River">Arauca River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chitag%C3%A1" title="Chitagá">Chitagá</a> River. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Anabali</b> - spoken south of the Atabaca tribe around the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Arauca_River" title="Arauca River">Arauca River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chitag%C3%A1" title="Chitagá">Chitagá</a> River. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Ele</b> - spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ele_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ele River (page does not exist)">Ele River</a>. (Unattested.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betoi_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lexicon of Betoi compiled by Zamponi (2003) from various sources:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betoi_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>English gloss</th> <th>Betoi</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>earth (soil)</td> <td>dafibú, umena</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>country</td> <td>ajabó</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sky</td> <td>teo-tucu</td> <td>lit. ‘house of the sun’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>sun</td> <td>teo, theo, teo-umasoi</td> <td>lit. ‘sun-man’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>moon</td> <td>teó-ro</td> <td>lit. ‘sun-woman’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>star</td> <td>silicó</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a></td> <td>ucasú, ocasú</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>wind</td> <td>fafuala</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lightning</td> <td>buní</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>rain</td> <td>ofacú</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>water</td> <td>ocú, ocudú, oculiba</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lake</td> <td>ocú</td> <td>= ‘water’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>stone</td> <td>inakí</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fire</td> <td>fútui, futuit</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>day</td> <td>munitá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>month</td> <td>teo-ró</td> <td>= ‘moon’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>year</td> <td>ucasú, ocasú</td> <td>= ‘Pleiades’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>living being (animal, rational being)</td> <td>ubad-, sg. ubadoi, pl. ubadola</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>man</td> <td>humas-, umas-, sg. humasoi, pl. humasola</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>woman</td> <td>ro, pl. roducajaná</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>monkey</td> <td>sorroy</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>jaguar</td> <td>ufi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bird</td> <td>cosiú, cusí</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>duck</td> <td>cuiviví</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hen</td> <td>focará</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k.o. mosquito</td> <td>sumí</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fish</td> <td>dujiduca</td> <td><i>duca</i> may be the demonstrative enclitic ‘this’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ants (collective)</td> <td>irruqui</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cock</td> <td>toteleló</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>honey</td> <td>alalaba</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>forest</td> <td>quaja, ucaca-ajabo</td> <td>ajabo = ‘country’ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polypody" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypody">polypody</a> (k.o. fern)</td> <td>sorroy umucosó</td> <td>lit. ‘hand of monkey’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>maize</td> <td>romú</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>body</td> <td>ejebosi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>head</td> <td>osacá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hair</td> <td>ubuca</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>forehead</td> <td>afubá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>face</td> <td>afucá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eye</td> <td>ufonibá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nose</td> <td>iusaca</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mouth</td> <td>afubó</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lip</td> <td>afubé</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tooth</td> <td>oxoki</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tongue</td> <td>inecá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>throat</td> <td>emalafadá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>arm</td> <td>dafucá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hand</td> <td>umucosó, umocoso</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>finger</td> <td>umucurrú</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>leg, foot</td> <td>emocá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>thigh</td> <td>uduba</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>heart</td> <td>ijiba</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>belly</td> <td>utucú</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>shoulder</td> <td>telisá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>father</td> <td>babí, babbí</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mother</td> <td>mamá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ancestors</td> <td>ojabolá</td> <td>pl. </td></tr> <tr> <td>house</td> <td>tucú, pl. tucujaná</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>road</td> <td>maná</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>needs (requirements)</td> <td>duiji</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>spirit, devil</td> <td>memelú</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>God</td> <td>Diosó</td> <td>< Spanish Dios </td></tr> <tr> <td>Father, missionary</td> <td>Babí</td> <td>= ‘father’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>devil</td> <td>memelú-fofei</td> <td>lit. ‘bad spirit’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>will</td> <td>ojaca, ajaca</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betoi_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>English gloss</th> <th>Betoi</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>advise</td> <td>babasa-, o- -eba</td> <td>-eba = ‘make, do’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>assail</td> <td>rolea-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bathe</td> <td>do-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>be (location verb (?) and auxiliary)</td> <td>-u</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>be (copula)</td> <td>aj-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>be dismayed (or astonished)</td> <td>ijuca- -uma</td> <td>Italian: ‘essere sbigottito’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>be good</td> <td>mamiaj-</td> <td>mamí = ‘well’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>be not (copula and auxiliary)</td> <td>re- (sg.) ~ ref- (pl.)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>be obedient</td> <td>obai- -omucaaj-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>be pitiful</td> <td>dusucaaj-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bum</td> <td>fafole-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>call</td> <td>cofa-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>come</td> <td>-usa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>deceive</td> <td>-olea, -oloa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>die</td> <td>-iju, rijubi-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fill</td> <td>anu- -eba</td> <td>-eba = ‘make, do’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>forgive</td> <td>-usuca</td> <td>= ‘pay’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>give</td> <td>-umua</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>go</td> <td>-anu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>help</td> <td>-ausu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>illuminate</td> <td>tulu- -eba</td> <td>-eba = ‘make, do’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>look for</td> <td>be-, cula- -atu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>make, do</td> <td>-ebá, sa-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I must beat you</td> <td>robarriabarrarráácajú</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pay</td> <td>-usuca</td> <td>= ‘forgive’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>don’t permit</td> <td>jitebometú</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>prevent</td> <td>tu-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>revere</td> <td>-omea</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>speak, say</td> <td>faá-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>steal</td> <td>rááquirra-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>take away</td> <td>cumi-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>take care of</td> <td>-inefá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>think</td> <td>o- -acaa</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adverbs">Adverbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betoi_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>English gloss</th> <th>Betoi</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>beforehand</td> <td>umarrá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>now</td> <td>maidacasí</td> <td>maida ‘today’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>soon, already</td> <td>maydaytú, maydaitú</td> <td>maida ‘today’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>afterwards, later</td> <td>lojenuma</td> <td><i>numa</i> may be the root ‘all’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>yesterday</td> <td>vita</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>today</td> <td>maidda, maida</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>another time</td> <td>jajamú</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>there</td> <td>fá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>down</td> <td>umenanú</td> <td>= ‘on earth’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>everywhere</td> <td>ubujenuma</td> <td><i>numa</i> may be the root ‘all’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>where</td> <td>día</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>from where</td> <td>diatú</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>well</td> <td>mamí</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>little by little</td> <td>caibanú</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>casually</td> <td>foirreojanudá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>so</td> <td>mai, may</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>little, a bit</td> <td>bijeasi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sufficiently</td> <td>fedanú</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>how</td> <td>day</td> <td>= ‘what, ?how much’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>very</td> <td>naisú</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betoi_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>English gloss</th> <th>Betoi</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>rau</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>you (sg.)</td> <td>uju</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>he, she, it</td> <td>yairi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>we</td> <td>raufisucá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>you (pl.)</td> <td>ujurrola</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>they</td> <td>yarola</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>this one (m.)</td> <td>irrí</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>this one (f.)</td> <td>iú</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>this one (n.)</td> <td>ijé</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>the same one</td> <td>oanú</td> <td>= ‘as’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>who (sg. m.) (interrogative and relative)</td> <td>madoi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>who (sg. f.) (interrogative and relative)</td> <td>mado</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>what, which, that (sg. n.) (interrogative and relative)</td> <td>majaduca</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>what</td> <td>day</td> <td>= ‘how, ?how much’ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_parts_of_speech">Other parts of speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betoi_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other parts of speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>English gloss</th> <th>Betoi</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>this</td> <td>-ducá</td> <td>demonstrative clitic? </td></tr> <tr> <td>white</td> <td>cocosiajo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sweet</td> <td>olisa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bad</td> <td>fofei, fofej, fofey</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>wise, prudent</td> <td>culasa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>other</td> <td>ed-, sg. edoi, pl. edolatu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>next, coming</td> <td>edasu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>one</td> <td>edojojoi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>two</td> <td>edoi</td> <td>= ‘other’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>three</td> <td>ibutú</td> <td>= ‘and’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>four</td> <td>ibutú-edojojoi</td> <td>lit. ‘and/three one’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>five</td> <td>rumucoso</td> <td>lit. ‘my hand’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>many</td> <td>maitolá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>all</td> <td>-numa, sg. bagenuma, pl. bolanuma</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>how much</td> <td>daitolá</td> <td>pl. </td></tr> <tr> <td>above</td> <td>ubo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>inside</td> <td>toli</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>and</td> <td>ibutú</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>but</td> <td>uita</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>because</td> <td>day</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>as</td> <td>oanu</td> <td>= ‘the same one’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>no</td> <td>ebamucá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>true!</td> <td>tugaday</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>how did this happen?</td> <td>day día qué</td> <td>day = ‘what, how, ?how much’; día ‘where’, -qué = ‘interrogative’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>excl. of wonder</td> <td>ayaddi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>excl. of admiration</td> <td>ódique</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>excl. of desire and uncertainty</td> <td>odijá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>excl. of fear</td> <td>odifarracá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>excl. of grief</td> <td>ai asidí</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>interrogative marker</td> <td>-qué</td> <td>day = ‘what, how, ?how much’; -qué = ‘interrogative’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tag-question marker</td> <td>dayqué</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>moreover</td> <td>farrocafada, farrocafeda</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betoi_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zamponi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zamponi_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zamponi, Raoul (2017). Betoi-Jirara, Sáliban, and Hod i: Relationships among Three Linguistic Lineages of the Mid-Orinoco Region. <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>, Volume 59, Number 3, Fall 2017, pp. 263-321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amazonian_isolates_1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amazonian_isolates_1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEppsMichael2023" class="citation book cs1">Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). <i>Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra</i>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-041940-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-041940-5"><bdi>978-3-11-041940-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazonian+Languages%3A+Language+Isolates.+Volume+I%3A+Aikan%C3%A3+to+Kandozi-Chapra&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-11-041940-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetoi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loukotka-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loukotka_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoukotka1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka, Čestmír</a> (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk"><i>Classification of South American Indian languages</i></a></span>. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classification+of+South+American+Indian+languages&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=UCLA+Latin+American+Center&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Loukotka&rft.aufirst=%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassificationof0007louk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetoi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zamponi, Raoul. 2003. <i>Betoi</i>. Languages of the World, 428. München: Lincom Europa.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betoi_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a word list at <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Betoi_word_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Betoi word list">Appendix:Betoi word list</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabre2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fabre, Alain (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.fi/Entradas%20diccionario/Dic=Betoi.pdf"><i>Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: BETOI</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+etnoling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico+y+gu%C3%ADa+bibliogr%C3%A1fica+de+los+pueblos+ind%C3%ADgenas+sudamericanos%3A+BETOI&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Fabre&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.fi%2FEntradas%2520diccionario%2FDic%3DBetoi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetoi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamponi2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Zamponi, Raoul (2003). <i>Betoi</i>. 428. Vol. Languages of the World/Materials. Lincom. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-757-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-757-8"><bdi>3-89586-757-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Betoi&rft.series=428&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Lincom&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-89586-757-8&rft.aulast=Zamponi&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetoi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Template:Languages of Venezuela"><abbr 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href="/wiki/Maracucho_Spanish" title="Maracucho Spanish">Maracucho</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawak_language" title="Arawak language">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baniwa_of_I%C3%A7ana" class="mw-redirect" title="Baniwa of Içana">Baniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caquetio_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Caquetio language">Caquetio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandawaca_language" title="Mandawaca language">Mandawaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraujano_language" title="Paraujano language">Paraujano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piapoco_language" title="Piapoco language">Piapoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warekena_language" title="Warekena language">Warekena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayuu_language" title="Wayuu language">Wayuu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arutani-Sape_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arutani-Sape languages">Arutani-Sape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap%C3%A9_language" title="Sapé language">Sapé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carib_language" title="Carib language">Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japreria_language" title="Japreria language">Japreria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kap%C3%B3ng_language" title="Kapóng language">Kapóng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macushi_language" title="Macushi language">Macushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapoyo-Yabarana_language" title="Mapoyo-Yabarana language">Mapoyo-Yabarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panare_language" title="Panare language">Panare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_language" title="Pemon language">Pemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikiana_language" title="Sikiana language">Sikiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanaku_language" title="Tamanaku language">Tamanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%27kuana_language" title="Ye'kuana language">Ye'kuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukpa_language" title="Yukpa language">Yukpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%AD_language" title="Barí language">Barí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwa_language" title="Uwa language">Uwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guahiban_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Guahiban languages">Guahiban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuiba_language" title="Cuiba language">Cuiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guahibo_language" title="Guahibo language">Guahibo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayoman_language" title="Ayoman language">Ayoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayon_language" title="Gayon language">Gayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajara_language" title="Jirajara language">Jirajara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mucuch%C3%AD_language" title="Mucuchí language">Mucuchí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timote_language" title="Timote language">Timote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Betoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukude_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jukude language">Jukude</a> (Maku-Auari)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nheengatu_language" title="Nheengatu language">Nheengatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninam_language" title="Ninam language">Ninam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanum%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanumá language">Sanumá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Native<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Colonia Tovar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Venezuela" title="Italian language in Venezuela">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_American_languages" title="Template:South American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_American_languages" title="Template talk:South American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="Indigenous languages of South America">South America</a> <br /><small>(based on <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#Campbell_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Campbell 2012</a> classification)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Macro-Jê" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%AA_languages" title="Jê languages">Jê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabutian_languages" title="Yabutian languages">Jabutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_languages" title="Kamakã languages">Kamakã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krenak_languages" title="Krenak languages">Krenakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan_languages" title="Maxakalían languages">Maxakalian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaik%C3%B3_language" title="Jaikó language">Jaikó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language" title="Ofayé language">Ofayé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language" title="Rikbaktsa language">Rikbaktsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></i></li> <li>? <i><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Karirian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purian_languages" title="Purian languages">Purían</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taruma_language" title="Taruma language">Taruma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gamela_language" title="Gamela language">Gamela</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baenan_language" title="Baenan language">Baenan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katembri_language" title="Katembri language">Katembri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%BA_language" title="Natú language">Natú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pankarar%C3%BA_language" title="Pankararú language">Pankararú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarairi%C3%BA_language" title="Tarairiú language">Tarairiú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tux%C3%A1_language" title="Tuxá language">Tuxá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huamo%C3%A9_language" title="Huamoé language">Wamoé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xoc%C3%B3_language" title="Xocó language">Xokó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xukuruan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Xukuruan languages">Xukurú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Yaté</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oti_language" title="Oti language">Otí</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas#Orinoco–Amazon" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Orinoco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sap%C3%A9_language" title="Sapé language">Sapé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Máku</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guamo_language" title="Guamo language">Guamo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="?_Duho" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">? <a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1liban_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sáliban languages">Sáliban</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Betoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andaqui_language" title="Andaqui language">Andaquí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japur%C3%A1_River" title="Japurá River">Japurá</a>–<a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_River" title="Vaupés River">Vaupés</a> area)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></b></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and Ecuador)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Chocoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurumangu%C3%AD_language" title="Yurumanguí language">Yurumanguí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_language" title="Esmeralda language">Esmeralda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sechura%E2%80%93Catacao_languages" title="Sechura–Catacao languages">Sechura–Catacao</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari%E2%80%93Puruh%C3%A1_languages" title="Cañari–Puruhá languages">Cañari–Puruhá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano–Tacanan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omurano_language" title="Omurano language">Omurano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Waorani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taushiro_language" title="Taushiro language">Taushiro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca_language" title="Tequiraca language">Tequiraca</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (west-central Brazil)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut_language" title="Harákmbut language">Harákmbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katukinan_languages" title="Katukinan languages">Katukinan</a></li></ul></li> <li>? Mura–Matanawí <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Muran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matanawi_language" title="Matanawi language">Matanawí</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mure_language" title="Mure language">Mure</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororoan_languages" title="Bororoan languages">Bororoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Mosetenan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwazá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Mato Grosso Arára language">Arara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>, Bolivia, and Chile)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Culle_language" title="Culle language">Culle</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a>–Pampas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guachi_language" title="Guachi language">Guachí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payagua_language" title="Payagua language">Payaguá</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarpean_languages" title="Huarpean languages">Huarpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Far South (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chile" title="Languages of Chile">Chile</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Qawasqaran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yaghan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chono_language" title="Chono language">Chono</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Andean_languages" title="Macro-Andean languages">Macro-Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Arawakan_languages" title="Macro-Arawakan languages">Macro-Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Jibaro_languages" title="Macro-Jibaro languages">Macro-Jibaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Macro-Otomákoan languages">Macro-Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Paesan_languages" title="Macro-Paesan languages">Macro-Paesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Panoan_languages" title="Macro-Panoan languages">Macro-Panoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Puinavean_languages" title="Macro-Puinavean languages">Macro-Puinavean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Warpean_languages" title="Macro-Warpean languages">Macro-Warpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya%E2%80%93Yunga%E2%80%93Chipayan_languages" title="Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages">Maya–Yunga–Chipayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moseten%E2%80%93Chonan_languages" title="Moseten–Chonan languages">Moseten–Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamo%E2%80%93Chapakura_languages" title="Wamo–Chapakura languages">Wamo–Chapakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Argentina" title="Languages of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Languages of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ecuador" title="Languages of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Paraguay" title="Languages of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guyana" title="Languages of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="List of indigenous languages of South America">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_South_America" title="List of extinct languages of South America">Extinct languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_languages_of_the_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n_River_basin" title="Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin">Marañón River basin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_South_America" title="List of unclassified languages of South America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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