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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="تكليس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكليس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="ভস্মীকরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভস্মীকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcinacija" title="Kalcinacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kalcinacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcinaci%C3%B3" title="Calcinació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calcinació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalzinierung" title="Kalzinierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalzinierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltsineerimine" title="Kaltsineerimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaltsineerimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Πύρωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πύρωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcinaci%C3%B3n" title="Calcinación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calcinación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="تکلیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تکلیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcination" title="Calcination – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calcination" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%86%8C" title="하소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="निस्तापन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निस्तापन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcinacija" title="Kalcinacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalcinacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsinasi" title="Kalsinasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalsinasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcinazione" title="Calcinazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calcinazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcin%C3%A1l%C3%A1s" title="Kalcinálás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kalcinálás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcinatie" title="Calcinatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Calcinatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%86%E7%84%BC" title="煆焼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="煆焼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkbrenning" title="Kalkbrenning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kalkbrenning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcynowanie" title="Kalcynowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalcynowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcina%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Calcinação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calcinação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcinare" title="Calcinare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calcinare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кальцинация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кальцинация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcinacija" title="Kalcinacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kalcinacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcinering" title="Kalcinering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kalcinering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Manufacturing process</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">Calcification</a>.</div> <p><b>Calcination</b> is <a href="/wiki/Thermal_treatment" title="Thermal treatment">thermal treatment</a> of a solid chemical compound (e.g. mixed <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a>) whereby the compound is raised to high temperature without melting under restricted supply of ambient <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (i.e. gaseous O<sub>2</sub> fraction of air), generally for the purpose of removing impurities or <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> substances and/or to incur <a href="/wiki/Thermal_decomposition" title="Thermal decomposition">thermal decomposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The root of the word calcination refers to its most prominent use, which is to remove carbon from <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> (calcium carbonate) through <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> to yield <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">calcium oxide (quicklime)</a>. This calcination reaction is CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s) → CaO(s) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g). Calcium oxide is a crucial ingredient in modern <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>, and is also used as a chemical <a href="/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)" title="Flux (metallurgy)">flux</a> in <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a>. Industrial calcination generally emits <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>). </p><p>A <b>calciner</b> is a steel cylinder that rotates inside a heated furnace and performs indirect high-temperature processing (550–1150 °C, or 1000–2100 °F) within a controlled atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcination&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of calcination derives its name from the Latin <i>calcinare</i> 'to burn lime'<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to its most common application, the decomposition of calcium carbonate (<a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">calcium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">lime</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, in order to create <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>. The product of calcination is usually referred to in general as "calcine", regardless of the actual minerals undergoing thermal treatment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_processes">Industrial processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcination&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Industrial processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LDLimeShaftKilnBasic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/LDLimeShaftKilnBasic.jpg/250px-LDLimeShaftKilnBasic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/LDLimeShaftKilnBasic.jpg/330px-LDLimeShaftKilnBasic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/LDLimeShaftKilnBasic.jpg/500px-LDLimeShaftKilnBasic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption>An oven for calcination of limestone</figcaption></figure> <p>Calcination is carried out in <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">furnaces</a> or reactors (sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a> or calciners) of various designs including shaft furnaces, <a href="/wiki/Rotary_kiln" title="Rotary kiln">rotary kilns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_hearth_furnace" title="Multiple hearth furnace">multiple hearth furnaces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fluidized_bed_reactor" title="Fluidized bed reactor">fluidized bed reactors</a>. </p><p>Examples of calcination processes include the following: </p> <ul><li>decomposition of carbonate ores, as in the calcination of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> to drive off <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>;</li> <li>decomposition of hydrated minerals, as in the calcination of <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate_ore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbonate ore (page does not exist)">carbonate ore</a> to remove <a href="/wiki/Water_of_crystallization" title="Water of crystallization">water of crystallization</a> as water vapor;</li> <li>decomposition of volatile matter contained in raw <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_coke" title="Petroleum coke">petroleum coke</a>;</li> <li>heat treatment to effect phase transformations, as in conversion of <a href="/wiki/Anatase" title="Anatase">anatase</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a> or <a href="/wiki/Devitrification" title="Devitrification">devitrification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> materials;</li> <li>removal of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">synthesis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zeolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeolites">zeolites</a>;</li> <li>defluorination of uranyl fluoride to create <a href="/wiki/Uranium_dioxide" title="Uranium dioxide">uranium dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a> gas;</li> <li>heat treatment of <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a> through electrically fired calcining furnace or gas calcination which results in development of graphitic structure.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcination&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcination reactions usually take place at or above the thermal decomposition temperature (for decomposition and volatilization reactions) or the transition temperature (for <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transitions</a>). This temperature is usually defined as the temperature at which the standard <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy" title="Gibbs free energy">Gibbs free energy</a> for a particular calcination reaction is equal to zero. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limestone_calcination">Limestone calcination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcination&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Limestone calcination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate#Calcination_equilibrium" title="Calcium carbonate">Calcination equilibrium of calcium carbonate</a></div> <p>In limestone calcination, a decomposition process that occurs at 900 to 1050<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C, the chemical reaction is </p> <dl><dd>CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s) → CaO(s) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g)</dd></dl> <p>Today, this reaction largely occurs in a <a href="/wiki/Cement_kiln" title="Cement kiln">cement kiln</a>. </p><p>The standard Gibbs free energy of reaction in [J/mol] is approximated as Δ<i>G</i>°<sub><i>r</i></sub> ≈ 177,100 J/mol − 158 J/(mol*K) * <i>T</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard free energy of reaction is 0 in this case when the temperature, <i>T</i>, is equal to 1121<span class="nowrap"> </span>K, or 848 °C. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxidation">Oxidation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcination&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oxidation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some cases, calcination of a metal results in <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> of the metal to produce a <a href="/wiki/Oxide#Oxides_of_metals" title="Oxide">metal oxide</a>. In his essay "<i>Formal response to the question, why Tin and Lead increase in weight when they are calcined</i>" (1630), <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rey_(physician)" title="Jean Rey (physician)">Jean Rey</a> notes that "having placed two pounds six ounces of fine English tin in an iron vessel and heated it strongly on an open furnace for the space of six hours with continual agitation and without adding anything to it, he recovered two pounds thirteen ounces of a white calx". He claimed "That this increase in weight comes from the air, which in the vessel has been rendered denser, heavier, and in some measure adhesive, by the vehement and long-continued heat of the furnace: which air mixes with the calx (frequent agitation aiding) and becomes attached to its most minute particles: not otherwise than water makes heavier sand which you throw into it and agitate, by moistening it and adhering to the smallest of its grains", presumably the metal gained weight as it was being oxidized.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At room temperature, tin is quite resistant to the impact of air or water, as a thin oxide film forms on the surface of the metal. In air, tin starts to oxidize at a temperature of over 150 °C: Sn + O<sub>2</sub> → SnO<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> explored this experiment with similar results time later.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alchemy">Alchemy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcination&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alchemy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, calcination was believed to be one of the <a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus_(alchemy)#Expansion_on_the_four_stages" title="Magnum opus (alchemy)">12 vital processes</a> required for the transformation of a substance. </p><p>Alchemists distinguished two kinds of calcination, <i>actual</i> and <i>potential</i>. Actual calcination is that brought about by actual fire, from wood, coals, or other fuel, raised to a certain temperature. Potential calcination is that brought about by <i>potential</i> fire, such as corrosive chemicals; for example, gold was calcined in a <a href="/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace" title="Reverberatory furnace">reverberatory furnace</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salammoniac" title="Salammoniac">salammoniac</a>; silver with common salt and <a href="/wiki/Alkali_salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali salts">alkali salt</a>; <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> with salt and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>; <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> with salammoniac and <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>; tin with <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>; lead with sulfur; and mercury with <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cyclo_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyclo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was also <i>philosophical calcination</i>, which was said to occur when horns, hooves, etc., were hung over boiling water, or other liquor, until they had lost their <a href="/wiki/Mucilage" title="Mucilage">mucilage</a>, and were easily reducible into powder.<sup id="cite_ref-cyclo_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyclo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the obsolete <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston_theory" title="Phlogiston theory">phlogiston theory</a>, the '<a href="/wiki/Calx" title="Calx">calx</a>' was the true elemental substance that was left after phlogiston was driven out of it in the process of <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcination&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/C00773.html">"Calcination"</a>. <i>The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology</i>. 2014. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.C00773">10.1351/goldbook.C00773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calcination&rft.btitle=The+IUPAC+Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fgoldbook.C00773&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldbook.iupac.org%2FC00773.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.process-heating.com/articles/89334-high-temperature-processing-with-calciners">"High-Temperature Processing with Calciners"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High-Temperature+Processing+with+Calciners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.process-heating.com%2Farticles%2F89334-high-temperature-processing-with-calciners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mosby's Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Mosby-Year Book Inc., 1994, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilchrist1989" class="citation book cs1">Gilchrist, J.D. (1989). <i>Extraction Metallurgy</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-036612-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-036612-8"><bdi>978-0-08-036612-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extraction+Metallurgy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=145&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-08-036612-8&rft.aulast=Gilchrist&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRey1953" class="citation book cs1">Rey, Jean (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/154124030"><i>Essays of Jean Rey, doctor of medicine, on an enquiry into the cause wherefore tin and lead increase in weight on calcination (1630)</i></a>. E. & S. Livingstone for the Alembic Club. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/154124030">154124030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+of+Jean+Rey%2C+doctor+of+medicine%2C+on+an+enquiry+into+the+cause+wherefore+tin+and+lead+increase+in+weight+on+calcination+%281630%29.&rft.pub=E.+%26+S.+Livingstone+for+the+Alembic+Club&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F154124030&rft.aulast=Rey&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F154124030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://melscience.com/US-en/articles/tin-its-oxidation-states-and-reactions-it/">"Tin: its oxidation states and reactions with it"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tin%3A+its+oxidation+states+and+reactions+with+it&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmelscience.com%2FUS-en%2Farticles%2Ftin-its-oxidation-states-and-reactions-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/classicalcs/lavoisiernote.html">"Lavoisier tin calcination"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lavoisier+tin+calcination&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.lemoyne.edu%2F~giunta%2Fclassicalcs%2Flavoisiernote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cyclo-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cyclo_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cyclo_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChambers1728" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Chambers" title="Ephraim Chambers">Chambers, Ephraim</a>, ed. (1728). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&id=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01&entity=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01.p0291">"Calcination"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclop%C3%A6dia,_or_an_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences">Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences</a></i> (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calcination&rft.btitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia%2C+or+an+Universal+Dictionary+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=James+and+John+Knapton%2C+et+al&rft.date=1728&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FHistSciTech%2FHistSciTech-idx%3Ftype%3Dturn%26id%3DHistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01%26entity%3DHistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01.p0291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaintith2008" class="citation book cs1">Daintith, John, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100323514;jsessionid=F3EE9D03E3314E78021F1D253B297995">"Phlogiston theory"</a>. <i>A Dictionary of Chemistry</i> (6th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199204632.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199204632.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191726569" title="Special:BookSources/9780191726569"><bdi>9780191726569</bdi></a> – via Oxford Reference. <q>In the early 18th century Georg Stahl renamed the substance phlogiston (from the Greek for 'burned') and extended the theory to include the calcination (and corrosion) of metals. Thus, metals were thought to be composed of calx (a powdery residue) and phlogiston; when a metal was heated, phlogiston was set free and the calx remained. The process could be reversed by heating the metal over charcoal (a substance believed to be rich in phlogiston, because combustion almost totally consumed it). The calx would absorb the phlogiston released by the burning charcoal and become metallic again.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phlogiston+theory&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Chemistry&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199204632.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780191726569&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803100323514%3Bjsessionid%3DF3EE9D03E3314E78021F1D253B297995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_processing" title="Mineral processing">Mineral processing</a><br /><small>(by physical means)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_survey" title="Geological survey">Geological survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">Ore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geology" title="Economic geology">Economic geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Mineral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">Underground in hard rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(soft_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (soft rock)">Underground in soft rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comminution" title="Comminution">Comminution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_mill" title="Stamp mill">Stamp mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrastra" title="Arrastra">Arrastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusher" title="Crusher">Crusher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)#Autogenous_mill" title="Mill (grinding)">AG mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)#SAG_mill" title="Mill (grinding)">SAG mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)#Pebble_mill" title="Mill (grinding)">Pebble mill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_mill" title="Ball mill">Ball mill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)#Rod_mill" title="Mill (grinding)">Rod mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IsaMill" title="IsaMill">IsaMill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sizing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ore_sorting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ore sorting">Ore sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanning" title="Vanning">Vanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocyclone" title="Hydrocyclone">Hydrocyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trommel_screen" title="Trommel screen">Trommel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclonic_separation" title="Cyclonic separation">Cyclonic separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyratory_equipment" title="Gyratory equipment">Gyratory equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_screening" title="Mechanical screening">Mechanical screening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ore_concentrate" title="Ore concentrate">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">Froth flotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_cell" title="Jameson cell">Jameson cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_panning" title="Gold panning">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig_concentrators" title="Jig concentrators">Jig concentrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_processing#Gravity_concentration" title="Mineral processing">Gravity Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_separation" title="Magnetic separation">Magnetic separation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnetation_(iron_ore)" title="Magnetation (iron ore)">Magnetation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_box" title="Rocker box">Rocker box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drywasher" title="Drywasher">Dry washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddle_pit" title="Buddle pit">Buddle pit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrometallurgy" title="Pyrometallurgy">Pyrometallurgy</a><br /><small>(by heat)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Iron smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_smelting" title="Lead smelting">Lead smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_smelting" title="Zinc smelting">Zinc smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_smelting" title="Flash smelting">Flash smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISASMELT" title="ISASMELT">ISASMELT</a> furnace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">Refractory linings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Refining_(metallurgy)" title="Refining (metallurgy)">Refining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cupellation" title="Cupellation">Cupellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkes_process" title="Parkes process">Parkes process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom-blown_oxygen_converter" title="Bottom-blown oxygen converter">Bottom-blown oxygen converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(metallurgy)" title="Poling (metallurgy)">Poling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IsaKidd_refining_technology" title="IsaKidd refining technology">IsaKidd process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calcination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting_(metallurgy)" title="Roasting (metallurgy)">Roasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquation" title="Liquation">Liquation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrometallurgy" title="Hydrometallurgy">Hydrometallurgy</a><br /><small>(by aqueous solution)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(metallurgy)" title="Leaching (metallurgy)">Leaching</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lixiviant" title="Lixiviant">Lixiviant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heap_leaching" title="Heap leaching">Heap leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_leaching" title="Dump leaching">Dump leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_leaching" title="Tank leaching">Tank leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_situ_leach" title="In situ leach">In situ leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newbery%E2%80%93Vautin_chlorination_process" title="Newbery–Vautin chlorination process">Gold chlorination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_cyanidation" title="Gold cyanidation">Gold cyanidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayer_process" title="Bayer process">Bayer process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">Amalgamation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patio_process" title="Patio process">Patio process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_amalgamation" title="Pan amalgamation">Pan amalgamation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrometallurgy" title="Electrometallurgy">Electrometallurgy</a><br /><small>(by electricity)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Electrolysis16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">Electrolysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">Electrowinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Hall–Héroult process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castner_process" title="Castner process">Castner process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downs_cell" title="Downs cell">Downs cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Tailings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangue" title="Gangue">Gangue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">Slag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(waste)" title="Clinker (waste)">Clinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chat_(mining)" title="Chat (mining)">Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauxite_tailings" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauxite tailings">Red mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_sand" title="Stamp sand">Stamp sand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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