CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Tower of London - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"fb6b3dc5-61c3-4264-991c-b902dbc0b67a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Tower_of_London","wgTitle":"Tower of London","wgCurRevisionId":1259468164,"wgRevisionId":1259468164,"wgArticleId":31165,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use British English from February 2014","Use dmy dates from October 2024","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles containing Latin-language text","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB", "Pages containing links to subscription-only content","Articles with hAudio microformats","Spoken articles","Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Featured articles","Tower of London","Castles in London","Defunct prisons in London","Fortifications of London","History museums in London","Local museums in London","Army museums in London","Museums in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets","Museums on the River Thames","National government buildings in London","Historic Royal Palaces","Royal residences in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets","Buildings and structures completed in 1078","Towers completed in the 11th century","Towers in London","Gothic architecture in England","Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets","Grade I listed castles","Defence of London","Honourable Artillery Company","Reportedly haunted locations in London", "Regimental museums in London","Royal Regiment of Fusiliers","William the Conqueror","Buildings and structures on the River Thames","Tourist attractions in London","World Heritage Sites in London","Former civil parishes in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Tower_of_London","wgRelevantArticleId":31165,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000, "wgCoordinates":{"lat":51.50805555555556,"lon":-0.07611111111111112},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q62378","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tower_of_London_from_the_Shard_%288515883950%29.jpg/1200px-Tower_of_London_from_the_Shard_%288515883950%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="779"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tower_of_London_from_the_Shard_%288515883950%29.jpg/800px-Tower_of_London_from_the_Shard_%288515883950%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="519"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tower_of_London_from_the_Shard_%288515883950%29.jpg/640px-Tower_of_London_from_the_Shard_%288515883950%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="415"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Tower of London - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tower_of_London rootpage-Tower_of_London skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tower+of+London" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tower+of+London" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tower+of+London" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tower+of+London" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Architecture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Architecture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Layout </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 White Tower </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innermost_ward" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innermost_ward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Innermost ward </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innermost_ward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_ward" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_ward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Inner ward </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_ward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outer_ward" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_ward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Outer ward </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outer_ward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation_and_early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Foundation and early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Later medieval period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Changing use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_and_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_and_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Restoration and tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_and_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garrison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garrison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Garrison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garrison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crown_Jewels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crown_Jewels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Crown Jewels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crown_Jewels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Menagerie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Menagerie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Royal Menagerie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Menagerie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 General bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tower of London</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londense_Tower" title="Londense Tower – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Londense Tower" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="برج لندن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برج لندن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_q%C9%99sri" title="London qəsri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="London qəsri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%A8" title="টাওয়ার অব লন্ডন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টাওয়ার অব লন্ডন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Таўэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Таўэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Таўэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Таўэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="लंदन टावर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लंदन टावर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Тауър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тауър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonski_Tower" title="Londonski Tower – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Londonski Tower" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Londres" title="Torre de Londres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Torre de Londres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tower of London" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower" title="Tower – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tower" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B5r_Llundain" title="Tŵr Llundain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tŵr Llundain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tower of London" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tower of London" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower" title="Tower – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tower" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Πύργος του Λονδίνου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πύργος του Λονδίνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Londres" title="Torre de Londres – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torre de Londres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turo_de_Londono" title="Turo de Londono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turo de Londono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londresko_dorrea" title="Londresko dorrea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Londresko dorrea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="برج لندن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برج لندن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Londres" title="Tour de Londres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tour de Londres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toer_fan_Londen" title="Toer fan Londen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Toer fan Londen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAr_Londan" title="Túr Londan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Túr Londan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Londres" title="Torre de Londres – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Torre de Londres" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%AB_%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%A8" title="ટાવર ઓફ લંડન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ટાવર ઓફ લંડન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%98%ED%83%91" title="런던탑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="런던탑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թաուեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թաուեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="टावर ऑफ़ लण्डन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टावर ऑफ़ लण्डन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonski_Tower" title="Londonski Tower – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Londonski Tower" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmo_di_London" title="Turmo di London – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turmo di London" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastil_Menara_London" title="Kastil Menara London – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kastil Menara London" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turre_de_London" title="Turre de London – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Turre de London" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund%C3%BAnaturn" title="Lundúnaturn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lundúnaturn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_di_Londra" title="Torre di Londra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Torre di Londra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מצודת לונדון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצודת לונדון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_London" title="Menara London – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Menara London" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0" title="ಲಂಡನ್‌ ಗೋಪುರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಂಡನ್‌ ಗೋಪುರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ლონდონის ტაუერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლონდონის ტაუერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_rasek" title="London rasek – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="London rasek" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turris_Londinii" title="Turris Londinii – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Turris Londinii" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauers" title="Tauers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tauers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tower of London" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londono_Taueris" title="Londono Taueris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Londono Taueris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tore_de_London" title="Tore de London – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tore de London" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londoni_Tower" title="Londoni Tower – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Londoni Tower" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Лондонска кула – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лондонска кула" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC" title="ലണ്ടൻ ടവർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലണ്ടൻ ടവർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torri_ta%27_Londra" title="Torri ta' Londra – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Torri ta' Londra" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="टॉवर ऑफ लंडन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टॉवर ऑफ लंडन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_London" title="Menara London – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Menara London" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B2%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="လန်ဒန်ရဲတိုက်ကြီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လန်ဒန်ရဲတိုက်ကြီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London_(gebouw)" title="Tower of London (gebouw) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tower of London (gebouw)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3%E5%A1%94" title="ロンドン塔 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロンドン塔" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tower of London" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tower of London" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Londres" title="Torre de Londres – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Torre de Londres" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ٹاور آف لندن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹاور آف لندن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="د لندن برج – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د لندن برج" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tower of London" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Londres" title="Torre de Londres – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torre de Londres" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnul_Londrei" title="Turnul Londrei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turnul Londrei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Тауэр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тауэр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tower of London" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tower of London" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tower of London" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonski_Tower" title="Londonski Tower – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Londonski Tower" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86" title="تاوەری لەندەن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تاوەری لەندەن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Лондонска Кула – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лондонска Кула" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonski_Tower" title="Londonski Tower – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Londonski Tower" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontoon_Tower" title="Lontoon Tower – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lontoon Tower" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towern" title="Towern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Towern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tore_ng_Londres" title="Tore ng Londres – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tore ng Londres" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இலண்டன் கோபுரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலண்டன் கோபுரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="หอคอยแห่งลอนดอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หอคอยแห่งลอนดอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra_Kalesi" title="Londra Kalesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Londra Kalesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тауер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тауер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ٹاور آف لندن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹاور آف لندن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1p_Lu%C3%A2n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Tháp Luân Đôn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tháp Luân Đôn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tore_han_London" title="Tore han London – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tore han London" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6%E5%A1%94" title="伦敦塔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伦敦塔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F" title="טורעם פון לאנדאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טורעם פון לאנדאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E5%A1%94" title="倫敦塔 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="倫敦塔" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6%E5%A1%94" title="伦敦塔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伦敦塔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q62378#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tower_of_London" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tower_of_London" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Tower_of_London" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&oldid=1259468164" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Tower_of_London&id=1259468164&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTower_of_London">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTower_of_London">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tower_of_London&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q62378" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tower_of_London&params=51_30_29_N_00_04_34_W_type:landmark_scale:3000_region:GB">51°30′29″N 00°04′34″W / 51.50806°N 0.07611°W / 51.50806; -0.07611</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Tower_of_London-article.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Castle in central London, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tower of London (disambiguation)">Tower of London (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">His Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_of_London_from_the_Shard_(8515883950).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tower_of_London_from_the_Shard_%288515883950%29.jpg/276px-Tower_of_London_from_the_Shard_%288515883950%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tower_of_London_from_the_Shard_%288515883950%29.jpg/414px-Tower_of_London_from_the_Shard_%288515883950%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tower_of_London_from_the_Shard_%288515883950%29.jpg/552px-Tower_of_London_from_the_Shard_%288515883950%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4728" data-file-height="3069" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="London Borough of Tower Hamlets">London Borough of Tower Hamlets</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tower_of_London&params=51_30_29_N_00_04_34_W_type:landmark_scale:3000_region:GB">51°30′29″N 00°04′34″W / 51.50806°N 0.07611°W / 51.50806; -0.07611</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Castle: 12 acres (4.9 ha)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Liberties" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower Liberties">Tower Liberties</a>: 6 acres (2.4 ha)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">27 metres (89 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Built</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>White Tower: 1078</li><li>Inner ward: 1190s</li><li>Rebuilt: 1285</li><li>Wharf expansion: 1377–1399</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Visitors</th><td class="infobox-data">2,790,280 (in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-ALVA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> in right of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">ii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1988 (12th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/488">488</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">England</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">Europe and North America</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #FFC0CB; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Listed_building#England_and_Wales" title="Listed building">Listed Building</a> – Grade I</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #ACE1AF; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Listed_building#England_and_Wales" title="Listed building">Listed Building</a> – Grade II</div></th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:275px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:275px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:275px"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_street_map_central_london.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tower of London is located in Central London"><img alt="Tower of London is located in Central London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Open_street_map_central_london.svg/275px-Open_street_map_central_london.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Open_street_map_central_london.svg/413px-Open_street_map_central_london.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Open_street_map_central_london.svg/550px-Open_street_map_central_london.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="754" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.336%;left:94.258%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Tower of London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of the castle in central London</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Tower of London, officially His Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a> on the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">central London</a>, England. It lies within the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="London Borough of Tower Hamlets">London Borough of Tower Hamlets</a>, which is separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> by the open space known as <a href="/wiki/Tower_Hill" title="Tower Hill">Tower Hill</a>. It was founded toward the end of 1066 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a>. The <a href="/wiki/White_Tower_(Tower_of_London)" title="White Tower (Tower of London)">White Tower</a>, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> in 1078 and was initially a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a>. The castle was also used as a prison from 1100 (<a href="/wiki/Ranulf_Flambard" title="Ranulf Flambard">Ranulf Flambard</a>) until 1952 (<a href="/wiki/Kray_twins" title="Kray twins">Kray twins</a>),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> although that was not its primary purpose. A grand palace early in its history, it served as a royal residence. As a whole, the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a>. There were several phases of expansion, mainly under kings <a href="/wiki/Richard_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard I">Richard I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a> in the 12th and 13th centuries. The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site. The Tower of London has played a prominent role in <a href="/wiki/English_history" class="mw-redirect" title="English history">English history</a>. It was besieged several times, and controlling it has been important to controlling the country. The Tower has served variously as an <a href="/wiki/Armoury" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoury">armoury</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">treasury</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">menagerie</a>, the home of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Keepers_of_the_Records_in_the_Tower_of_London" title="List of Keepers of the Records in the Tower of London">public record office</a>, and the home of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Jewels of England">Crown Jewels of England</a>. From the early 14th century until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> in the 17th century, the monarch would traditionally prepare for several nights at the Tower, and lead a procession from there to <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> for their coronation. In the absence of the monarch, the <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower" title="Constable of the Tower">Constable of the Tower</a> was in charge of the castle. This was a powerful and trusted position in the medieval period. In the late 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a> were housed at the castle when they mysteriously disappeared, presumed murdered. Under the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudors</a>, the Tower became used less as a royal residence, and despite attempts to refortify and repair the castle, its defences lagged behind developments to deal with artillery. The zenith of the castle's use as a prison was the 16th and 17th centuries, when many figures who had fallen into disgrace, such as <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> before she became queen, Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Throckmorton" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Throckmorton">Elizabeth Throckmorton</a>, were held within its walls. This use has led to the phrase "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sent_to_the_Tower" class="extiw" title="wikt:sent to the Tower">sent to the Tower</a>". Despite its enduring reputation as a place of torture and death, popularised by 16th-century religious propagandists and 19th-century writers, only seven people were executed within the Tower before the <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world wars</a> of the 20th century. Executions were more commonly held on the notorious Tower Hill to the north of the castle, with 112 occurring there over a 400-year period. In the latter half of the 19th century, institutions such as the Royal Mint moved out of the castle to other locations, leaving many buildings empty. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Salvin" title="Anthony Salvin">Anthony Salvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(architect)" title="John Taylor (architect)">John Taylor</a> took the opportunity to restore the Tower to what was felt to be its medieval appearance, clearing out many of the vacant post-medieval structures. In the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World Wars</a>, the Tower was again used as a prison and witnessed the executions of 12 men for espionage. After the Second World War, damage caused during <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a> was repaired, and the castle reopened to the public. Today, the Tower of London is one of the country's most popular tourist attractions. Under the ceremonial charge of the Constable of the Tower, operated by the <a href="/wiki/Resident_Governor_of_the_Tower_of_London_and_Keeper_of_the_Jewel_House" title="Resident Governor of the Tower of London and Keeper of the Jewel House">Resident Governor of the Tower of London and Keeper of the Jewel House</a>, and guarded by the <a href="/wiki/Yeomen_Warders" title="Yeomen Warders">Yeomen Warders</a>, the property is cared for by the charity <a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a> and is protected as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="345" data-mwtitle="Mike_Gatting_on_the_Tower_of_London.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Mike_Gatting_on_the_Tower_of_London.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Mike_Gatting_on_the_Tower_of_London.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Mike_Gatting_on_the_Tower_of_London.ogg/Mike_Gatting_on_the_Tower_of_London.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Audio description of the Tower of London by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Gatting" title="Mike Gatting">Mike Gatting</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout">Layout</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Layout">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_of_London_EN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tower_of_London_EN.png/300px-Tower_of_London_EN.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tower_of_London_EN.png/450px-Tower_of_London_EN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tower_of_London_EN.png/600px-Tower_of_London_EN.png 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the Tower of London</figcaption></figure> The Tower was oriented with its strongest and most impressive defences overlooking <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Saxon</a> London, which archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Alan_Vince" title="Alan Vince">Alan Vince</a> suggests was deliberate.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It would have visually dominated the surrounding area and stood out to traffic on the River Thames.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The castle is made up of three "<a href="/wiki/Ward_(fortification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (fortification)">wards</a>", or enclosures. The innermost ward contains the White Tower and is the earliest phase of the castle. Encircling it to the north, east, and west is the inner ward, built during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Richard_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard I">Richard I</a> (1189–1199). Finally, there is the outer ward which encompasses the castle and was built under <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a>. Although there were several phases of expansion after William the Conqueror founded the Tower of London, the general layout has remained the same since Edward I completed his rebuild in 1285. The castle encloses an area of almost 12 acres (4.9 hectares) with a further 6 acres (2.4 ha) around the Tower of London constituting the <a href="/wiki/Tower_Liberties" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower Liberties">Tower Liberties</a> – land under the direct influence of the castle and cleared for military reasons.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The precursor of the Liberties was laid out in the 13th century when <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> ordered that a strip of land adjacent to the castle be kept clear.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_32-33-7">[7]</a> Despite popular fiction, the Tower of London never had a permanent torture chamber, although the basement of the White Tower housed a <a href="/wiki/Rack_(torture)" title="Rack (torture)">rack</a> in later periods.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Tower <a href="/wiki/Wharf" title="Wharf">Wharf</a> was built on the bank of the Thames under Edward I and was expanded to its current size during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a> (1377–1399).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_Tower">White Tower</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: White Tower">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_Tower_(Tower_of_London)" title="White Tower (Tower of London)">White Tower (Tower of London)</a></div> The White Tower is a <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">keep</a> (also known as a donjon), which was often the strongest structure in a medieval castle, and contained lodgings suitable for the lord – in this case, the king or his representative.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> According to military historian Allen Brown, "The great tower [White Tower] was also, by virtue of its strength, majesty and lordly accommodation, the donjon par excellence".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> As one of the largest keeps in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian world">Christian world</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Allen_Brown_1976_44-12">[12]</a> the White Tower has been described as "the most complete eleventh-century palace in Europe".<a href="#cite_note-I&P_16-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitetowerlondon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Whitetowerlondon.jpg/170px-Whitetowerlondon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Whitetowerlondon.jpg/255px-Whitetowerlondon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Whitetowerlondon.jpg/340px-Whitetowerlondon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The original entrance to the White Tower was at first-floor level.</figcaption></figure> The White Tower, not including its projecting corner towers, measures 36 by 32 metres (118 by 105 ft) at the base, and is 27 m (90 ft) high at the southern battlements. The structure was originally three storeys high, comprising a basement floor, an entrance level, and an upper floor. The entrance, as is usual in <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a> keeps, was above ground, in this case on the south face, and accessed via a wooden staircase which could be removed in the event of an attack. It was probably during <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>'s reign (1154–1189) that a forebuilding was added to the south side of the tower to provide extra defences to the entrance, but it has not survived. Each floor was divided into three chambers, the largest in the west, a smaller room in the north-east, and the chapel taking up the entrance and upper floors of the south-east.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_20-21-14">[14]</a> At the western corners of the building are square towers, while to the north-east a round tower houses a spiral staircase. At the south-east corner there is a larger semi-circular projection which accommodates the <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a> of the chapel. As the building was intended to be a comfortable residence as well as a stronghold, latrines were built into the walls, and four fireplaces provided warmth.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_16-13">[13]</a> The main building material is <a href="/wiki/Kentish_ragstone" title="Kentish ragstone">Kentish ragstone</a>, although some local <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstone</a> was also used. <a href="/wiki/Caen_stone" title="Caen stone">Caen stone</a> was imported from northern France to provide details in the Tower's facing, although little of the original material survives as it was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Portland_stone" title="Portland stone">Portland stone</a> in the 17th and 18th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_22-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reigate_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Reigate stone">Reigate stone</a> was also used as <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> and for carved details. Its location, in the lower courses of the building and at higher levels corresponding to a building break, suggest it was readily available and may have been used when access to Caen stone was restricted.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> As most of the Tower's windows were enlarged in the 18th century, only two original – albeit restored – examples remain, in the south wall at the gallery level.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_22-15">[15]</a> The tower was terraced into the side of a mound, so the northern side of the basement is partially below ground level.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_20-17">[17]</a> As was typical of most keeps,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> the bottom floor was an <a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">undercroft</a> used for storage. One of the rooms contained a well. Although the layout has remained the same since the tower's construction, the interior of the basement dates mostly from the 18th century when the floor was lowered and the pre-existing timber <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaults</a> were replaced with brick counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_20-17">[17]</a> The basement is lit through small slits.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_16-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_John%27s_Chapel,_Tower_of_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/St_John%27s_Chapel%2C_Tower_of_London.jpg/220px-St_John%27s_Chapel%2C_Tower_of_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/St_John%27s_Chapel%2C_Tower_of_London.jpg/330px-St_John%27s_Chapel%2C_Tower_of_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/St_John%27s_Chapel%2C_Tower_of_London.jpg/440px-St_John%27s_Chapel%2C_Tower_of_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>St John's Chapel, inside the White Tower</figcaption></figure> The entrance floor was probably intended for the use of the <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower" title="Constable of the Tower">Constable of the Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_of_the_Tower_of_London" title="Lieutenant of the Tower of London">Lieutenant of the Tower of London</a> and other important officials. The south entrance was blocked during the 17th century, and not reopened until 1973. Those heading to the upper floor had to pass through a smaller chamber to the east, also connected to the entrance floor. The <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypt</a> of <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Chapel,_London" title="St John's Chapel, London">St John's Chapel</a> occupied the south-east corner and was accessible only from the eastern chamber. There is a recess in the north wall of the crypt; according to Geoffrey Parnell, Keeper of the Tower History at the Royal Armouries, "the windowless form and restricted access, suggest that it was designed as a strong-room for safekeeping of royal treasures and important documents".<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_20-17">[17]</a> The upper floor contained a grand hall in the west and residential chamber in the east – both originally open to the roof and surrounded by a gallery built into the wall – and St John's Chapel in the south-east. The top floor was added in the 15th century, along with the present roof.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_20-21-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> St John's Chapel was not part of the White Tower's original design, as the apsidal projection was built after the basement walls.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_20-17">[17]</a> Due to changes in function and design since the tower's construction, except for the chapel little is left of the original interior.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_12-20">[20]</a> The chapel's current bare and unadorned appearance is reminiscent of how it would have been in the Norman period. In the 13th century, during Henry III's reign, the chapel was decorated with such ornamentation as a gold-painted cross, and <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> windows that depicted the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> and the Holy <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innermost_ward">Innermost ward</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Innermost ward">edit</a>]</div> The innermost ward encloses an area immediately south of the White Tower, stretching to what was once the edge of the River Thames. As was the case at other castles, such as the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Hen_Domen" title="Hen Domen">Hen Domen</a>, the innermost ward was probably filled with timber buildings from the Tower's foundation. Exactly when the royal lodgings began to encroach from the White Tower into the innermost ward is uncertain, although it had happened by the 1170s.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_22-15">[15]</a> The lodgings were renovated and elaborated during the 1220s and 1230s, becoming comparable with other palatial residences such as <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_27-22">[22]</a> Construction of Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers – located at the corners of the innermost ward's wall along the river – began around 1220.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_17-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[nb 1]</a> They probably served as private residences for the queen and king respectively. The earliest evidence for how the royal chambers were decorated comes from Henry III's reign: the queen's chamber was whitewashed, and painted with flowers and imitation stonework. A <a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">great hall</a> existed in the south of the ward, between the two towers.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> It was similar to, although slightly smaller than, that also built by Henry III at <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Castle" title="Winchester Castle">Winchester Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Near Wakefield Tower was a <a href="/wiki/Postern_gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Postern gate">postern gate</a> which allowed private access to the king's apartments. The innermost ward was originally surrounded by a protective ditch, which had been filled in by the 1220s. Around this time, a kitchen was built in the ward.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Between 1666 and 1676, the innermost ward was transformed and the palace buildings removed.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The area around the White Tower was cleared so that anyone approaching would have to cross open ground. The Jewel House was demolished, and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom">Crown Jewels</a> moved to Martin Tower.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_67-29">[28]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_view_from_Tower_of_London_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the innermost ward. Right of centre is the 11th-century White Tower; the structure at the end of the walkway to the left is Wakefield Tower. Beyond that can be seen Traitors' Gate."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Panoramic_view_from_Tower_of_London_cropped.jpg/800px-Panoramic_view_from_Tower_of_London_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Panoramic_view_from_Tower_of_London_cropped.jpg/1200px-Panoramic_view_from_Tower_of_London_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Panoramic_view_from_Tower_of_London_cropped.jpg/1600px-Panoramic_view_from_Tower_of_London_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14173" data-file-height="4252" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_view_from_Tower_of_London_cropped.jpg" title="File:Panoramic view from Tower of London cropped.jpg"> </a></div>Interior of the innermost ward. Right of centre is the 11th-century White Tower; the structure at the end of the walkway to the left is Wakefield Tower. Beyond that can be seen Traitors' Gate.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_ward">Inner ward</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inner ward">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Peter_ad_Vincula" title="Church of St Peter ad Vincula">Church of St Peter ad Vincula</a></div> The inner ward was created during Richard the Lionheart's reign, when a moat was dug to the west of the innermost ward, effectively doubling the castle's size.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_15-17-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Henry III created the ward's east and north walls, and the ward's dimensions remain to this day.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_32-33-7">[7]</a> Most of Henry's work survives, and only two of the nine towers he constructed have been completely rebuilt.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_33-32">[31]</a> Between the Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers, the innermost ward's wall also serves as a <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">curtain wall</a> for the inner ward.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_10-33">[32]</a> The main entrance to the inner ward would have been through a <a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">gatehouse</a>, most likely in the west wall on the site of what is now Beauchamp Tower. The inner ward's western curtain wall was rebuilt by Edward I.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> The 13th-century Beauchamp Tower marks the first large-scale use of brick as a building material in Britain, since the 5th-century departure of the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> The Beauchamp Tower is one of 13 towers that stud the curtain wall. Clockwise from the south-west corner they are: Bell, Beauchamp, Devereux, Flint, Bowyer, Brick, Martin, Constable, Broad Arrow, Salt, Lanthorn, Wakefield, and the Bloody Tower.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_10-33">[32]</a> While these towers provided positions from which <a href="/wiki/Flanking_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanking fire">flanking fire</a> could be deployed against a potential enemy, they also contained accommodation. As its name suggests, Bell Tower housed a belfry, its purpose to raise the alarm in the event of an attack. The royal bow-maker, responsible for making <a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">longbows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapults</a>, and other siege and hand weapons, had a workshop in the Bowyer Tower. A turret at the top of Lanthorn Tower was used as a beacon by traffic approaching the Tower at night.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Tower_(CherryX).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/London_Tower_%28CherryX%29.jpg/220px-London_Tower_%28CherryX%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/London_Tower_%28CherryX%29.jpg/330px-London_Tower_%28CherryX%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/London_Tower_%28CherryX%29.jpg/440px-London_Tower_%28CherryX%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The south face of the Waterloo Block</figcaption></figure> As a result of Henry's expansion, <a href="/wiki/St._Peter_ad_Vincula_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter ad Vincula (London)">St Peter ad Vincula</a>, a Norman chapel which had previously stood outside the Tower, was incorporated into the castle. Henry decorated the chapel by adding glazed windows, and stalls for himself and his queen.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_33-32">[31]</a> It was rebuilt by Edward I at a cost of over £300<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> and again by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> in 1519; the current building dates from this period, although the chapel was refurbished in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_55-38">[37]</a> Immediately west of Wakefield Tower, the Bloody Tower was built at the same time as the inner ward's curtain wall, and as a water-gate provided access to the castle from the River Thames. It was a simple structure, protected by a <a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">portcullis</a> and gate.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The Bloody Tower acquired its name in the 16th century, as it was believed to be the site of the murder of the <a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Between 1339 and 1341, a gatehouse was built into the curtain wall between Bell and Salt Towers.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_47-41">[40]</a> During the Tudor period, a range of buildings for the storage of munitions was built along the inside of the north inner ward.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> The castle buildings were remodelled during the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart period</a>, mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance. In 1663, just over £4,000 was spent building a new storehouse (now known as the New Armouries) in the inner ward.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_64-43">[42]</a> Construction of the Grand Storehouse north of the White Tower began in 1688, on the same site as the dilapidated Tudor range of storehouses;<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> it was destroyed by fire in 1841. The Waterloo Block, a former barracks in the castellated Gothic Revival style with Domestic Tudor details,<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> was built on the site and remains to this day, housing the Crown Jewels on the ground floor.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outer_ward">Outer ward</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Outer ward">edit</a>]</div> A third ward was created during Edward I's extension to the Tower, as the narrow enclosure completely surrounded the castle. At the same time a <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastion</a> known as Legge's Mount was built at the castle's northwest corner. Brass Mount, the bastion in the northeast corner, was a later addition. The three rectangular towers along the east wall 15 metres (49 ft) apart were dismantled in 1843. Although the bastions have often been ascribed to the Tudor period, there is no evidence to support this; archaeological investigations suggest that Legge's Mount dates from the reign of Edward I.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_35-37-47">[46]</a> Blocked <a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">battlements</a> (also known as crenellations) in the south side of Legge's Mount are the only surviving medieval battlements at the Tower of London (the rest are Victorian replacements).<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> A new 50-metre (160 ft) moat was dug beyond the castle's new limits;<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> it was originally 4.5 metres (15 ft) deeper in the middle than it is today.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_35-37-47">[46]</a> With the addition of a new curtain wall, the old main entrance to the Tower of London was obscured and made redundant; a new entrance was created in the southwest corner of the external wall circuit. The complex consisted of an inner and an outer gatehouse and a <a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">barbican</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_40-41-50">[49]</a> which became known as the Lion Tower as it was associated with the animals as part of the Royal Menagerie since at least the 1330s.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> The Lion Tower itself no longer survives.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_40-41-50">[49]</a> Edward extended the south side of the Tower of London onto land that had previously been submerged by the River Thames. In this wall, he built St Thomas's Tower between 1275 and 1279; later known as <a href="/wiki/Traitors%27_Gate" title="Traitors' Gate">Traitors' Gate</a>, it replaced the Bloody Tower as the castle's water-gate. The building is unique in England, and the closest parallel is the now demolished water-gate at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre</a> in Paris. The dock was covered with <a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">arrowslits</a> in case of an attack on the castle from the River; there was also a <a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">portcullis</a> at the entrance to control who entered. There were luxurious lodgings on the first floor.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Edward also moved the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a> into the Tower; its exact location early on is unknown, although it was probably in either the outer ward or the Lion Tower.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1943-53">[52]</a> By 1560, the Mint was located in a building in the outer ward near Salt Tower.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Between 1348 and 1355, a second water-gate, Cradle Tower, was added east of St Thomas's Tower for the king's private use.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_47-41">[40]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_the_outer_curtain_wall_of_the_Tower_of_London,_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tower of London's outer curtain wall, with the curtain wall of the inner ward just visible behind. In the centre is Legge's Mount."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Panorama_of_the_outer_curtain_wall_of_the_Tower_of_London%2C_2006.jpg/800px-Panorama_of_the_outer_curtain_wall_of_the_Tower_of_London%2C_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Panorama_of_the_outer_curtain_wall_of_the_Tower_of_London%2C_2006.jpg/1200px-Panorama_of_the_outer_curtain_wall_of_the_Tower_of_London%2C_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Panorama_of_the_outer_curtain_wall_of_the_Tower_of_London%2C_2006.jpg/1600px-Panorama_of_the_outer_curtain_wall_of_the_Tower_of_London%2C_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="453" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_the_outer_curtain_wall_of_the_Tower_of_London,_2006.jpg" title="File:Panorama of the outer curtain wall of the Tower of London, 2006.jpg"> </a></div>The Tower of London's outer curtain wall, with the curtain wall of the inner ward just visible behind. In the centre is Legge's Mount.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_early_history">Foundation and early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foundation and early history">edit</a>]</div> Victorious at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a> on 14 October 1066, the invading <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>, spent the rest of the year securing his holdings by fortifying key positions. He founded several castles along the way, but took a circuitous route toward London;<a href="#cite_note-ABC_5-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liddiard_18-56">[55]</a> only when he reached <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> did he turn towards England's largest city. As the fortified bridge into London was held by <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Saxon</a> troops, he decided instead to ravage <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a> before continuing his journey around southern England.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> A series of Norman victories along the route cut the city's supply lines and in December 1066, isolated and intimidated, its leaders yielded London without a fight.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1-59">[58]</a> Between 1066 and 1087, William established 36 castles,<a href="#cite_note-Liddiard_18-56">[55]</a> although references in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> indicate that many more were founded by his subordinates.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The Normans undertook what has been described as "the most extensive and concentrated programme of castle-building in the whole history of feudal Europe".<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> They were multi-purpose buildings, serving as fortifications (used as a base of operations in enemy territory), centres of administration, and residences.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> William sent an advance party to prepare the city for his entrance, to celebrate his victory and found a castle; in the words of William's biographer, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Poitiers" title="William of Poitiers">William of Poitiers</a>, "certain fortifications were completed in the city against the restlessness of the huge and brutal populace. For he [William] realised that it was of the first importance to overawe the Londoners".<a href="#cite_note-ABC_5-55">[54]</a> At the time, London was the largest town in England; the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> and the old <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Palace#Old_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Palace">Palace of Westminster</a> under <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> had marked it as a centre of governance, and with a prosperous port it was important for the Normans to establish control over the settlement.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson1-59">[58]</a> The other two castles in London – <a href="/wiki/Baynard%27s_Castle" title="Baynard's Castle">Baynard's Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montfichet%27s_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Montfichet's Castle">Montfichet's Castle</a> – were established at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_2-63">[62]</a> The fortification that would later become known as the Tower of London was built onto the south-east corner of the Roman town walls, using them as prefabricated defences, with the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> providing additional protection from the south.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_5-55">[54]</a> This earliest phase of the castle would have been enclosed by a ditch and defended by a timber <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a>, and probably had accommodation suitable for William.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_of_London_White_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tower_of_London_White_Tower.jpg/220px-Tower_of_London_White_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tower_of_London_White_Tower.jpg/330px-Tower_of_London_White_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tower_of_London_White_Tower.jpg/440px-Tower_of_London_White_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2568" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The White Tower dates from the late 11th century.</figcaption></figure> Most of the early Norman castles were built from timber, but by the end of the 11th century a few, including the Tower of London, had been renovated or replaced with stone.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_2-63">[62]</a> Work on the White Tower – which gives the whole castle its name –<a href="#cite_note-Allen_Brown_1976_44-12">[12]</a> is usually considered to have begun in 1078, however the exact date is uncertain. William made <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Gundulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Gundulf">Gundulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rochester" title="Bishop of Rochester">Bishop of Rochester</a>, responsible for its construction, although it may not have been completed until after William's death in 1087.<a href="#cite_note-Allen_Brown_1976_44-12">[12]</a> The White Tower is the earliest stone <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">keep</a> in England, and was the strongest point of the early castle. It also contained grand accommodation for the king.<a href="#cite_note-AB_9-10-65">[64]</a> At the latest, it was probably finished by 1100 when Bishop <a href="/wiki/Ranulf_Flambard" title="Ranulf Flambard">Ranulf Flambard</a> was imprisoned there.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_12-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[nb 2]</a> Flambard was loathed by the English for exacting harsh taxes. Although he is the first recorded prisoner held in the Tower, he was also the first person to escape from it, using a smuggled rope secreted in a butt of wine. He was held in luxury and permitted servants, but on 2 February 1101 he hosted a banquet for his captors. After plying them with drink, when no one was looking he lowered himself from a secluded chamber, and out of the Tower. The escape came as such a surprise that one contemporary chronicler accused the bishop of witchcraft.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a> records that in 1097 King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a> ordered a wall to be built around the Tower of London; it was probably built from stone and likely replaced the timber palisade that arced around the north and west sides of the castle, between the <a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">Roman wall</a> (to the east) and the Thames (to the south).<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> The Norman Conquest of London manifested itself not only with a new ruling class, but in the way the city was structured. Land was confiscated and redistributed amongst the Normans, who also brought over hundreds of Jews, for financial reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_54-70">[68]</a> The Jews arrived under the direct protection of the Crown, as a result of which Jewish communities were often found close to castles.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> The Jews used the Tower as a retreat, when threatened by anti-Jewish violence.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_54-70">[68]</a> The death in 1135 of <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a> left England with a disputed succession; although the king had persuaded his most powerful barons to swear support for the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a>, just a few days after Henry's death <a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_Blois" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen of Blois">Stephen of Blois</a> arrived from France to lay claim to the throne. The importance of the city and its Tower is marked by the speed at which he secured London. The castle, which had not been used as a royal residence for some time, was usually left in the charge of a <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower" title="Constable of the Tower">Constable</a>, a post held at this time by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Mandeville,_1st_Earl_of_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex">Geoffrey de Mandeville</a>. As the Tower was considered an impregnable fortress in a strategically important position, possession was highly valued. Mandeville exploited this, selling his allegiance to Matilda after Stephen was captured in 1141 at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Lincoln">Battle of Lincoln</a>. Once her support waned, the following year he resold his loyalty to Stephen. Through his role as Constable of the Tower, Mandeville became "the richest and most powerful man in England".<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_6-9-72">[70]</a> When he tried the same ploy again, this time holding secret talks with Matilda, Stephen had him arrested, forced him to cede control of his castles, and replaced him with one of his most loyal supporters. Until then the position had been hereditary, originally held by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Mandeville_(11th_century)" title="Geoffrey de Mandeville (11th century)">Geoffrey de Mandeville</a>, but the position's authority was such that from then on it remained in the hands of an appointee of the monarch. The position was usually given to someone of great importance, who might not always be at the castle due to other duties. Although the Constable was still responsible for maintaining the castle and its garrison, from an early stage he had a subordinate to help with this duty: the Lieutenant of the Tower.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_6-9-72">[70]</a> Constables also had civic duties relating to the city. Usually they were given control of the city and were responsible for levying taxes, enforcing the law and maintaining order. The creation in 1191 of the position of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of London</a> removed many of the Constable's civic powers, and at times led to friction between the two.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Expansion">edit</a>]</div> The castle probably retained its form as established by 1100 until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Richard_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard I">Richard I</a> (1189–1199).<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> The castle was extended under <a href="/wiki/William_Longchamp" class="mw-redirect" title="William Longchamp">William Longchamp</a>, King Richard's <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> and the man in charge of England while he was on crusade. The <a href="/wiki/Pipe_rolls" title="Pipe rolls">Pipe rolls</a> record £2,881 1s 10d spent at the Tower of London between 3 December 1189 and 11 November 1190,<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> from an estimated £7,000 spent by Richard on castle building in England.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> According to the contemporary chronicler <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Howden" title="Roger of Howden">Roger of Howden</a>, Longchamp dug a <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a> around the castle and tried in vain to fill it from the Thames.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_15-17-30">[29]</a> Longchamp was also Constable of the Tower, and undertook its expansion while preparing for war with King Richard's younger brother, <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">Prince John</a>, who in Richard's absence arrived in England to try to seize power. As Longchamp's main fortress, he made the Tower as strong as possible. The new fortifications were first tested in October 1191, when the Tower was besieged for the first time in its history. Longchamp capitulated to John after just three days, deciding he had more to gain from surrender than prolonging the siege.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> John succeeded Richard as king in 1199, but his rule proved unpopular with many of his <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">barons</a>, who in response moved against him. In 1214, while the king was at Windsor Castle, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fitzwalter" title="Robert Fitzwalter">Robert Fitzwalter</a> led an army into London and laid siege to the Tower. Although under-garrisoned, the Tower resisted and the siege was lifted once John signed <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_17-18-78">[76]</a> The king reneged on his promises of reform, leading to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">First Barons' War</a>. Even after Magna Carta was signed, Fitzwalter maintained his control of London. During the war, the Tower's garrison joined forces with the barons. John was deposed in 1216 and the barons offered the English throne to <a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Prince Louis</a>, the eldest son of the French king. However, after John's death in October 1216, many began to support the claim of his eldest son, Henry III. War continued between the factions supporting Louis and Henry, with Fitzwalter supporting Louis. Fitzwalter was still in control of London and the Tower, both of which held out until it was clear that Henry III's supporters would prevail.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_17-18-78">[76]</a> In the 13th century, Kings <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> (1216–1272) and <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a> (1272–1307) extended the castle, essentially creating it as it stands today.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_17-23">[23]</a> Henry was disconnected from his barons, and a mutual lack of understanding led to unrest and resentment towards his rule. As a result, he was eager to ensure the Tower of London was a formidable fortification; at the same time Henry was an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aesthete" class="extiw" title="wikt:aesthete">aesthete</a> and wished to make the castle a comfortable place to live.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> From 1216 to 1227 nearly £10,000 was spent on the Tower of London; in this period, only the work at Windsor Castle cost more (£15,000). Most of the work was focused on the palatial buildings of the innermost ward.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_27-22">[22]</a> The tradition of whitewashing the White Tower (from which it derives its name) began in 1240.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_20-80">[78]</a> Beginning around 1238, the castle was expanded to the east, north, and north-west. The work lasted through the reign of Henry III and into that of Edward I, interrupted occasionally by civil unrest. New creations included a new defensive perimeter, studded with towers, while on the west, north, and east sides, where the wall was not defended by the river, a defensive ditch was dug. The eastern extension took the castle beyond the bounds of the old Roman settlement, marked by the city wall which had been incorporated into the castle's defences.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_20-80">[78]</a> The Tower had long been a symbol of oppression, despised by Londoners, and Henry's building programme was unpopular. So when the gatehouse collapsed in 1240, the locals celebrated the setback.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> The expansion caused disruption locally and £166 was paid to <a href="/wiki/St_Katharine%27s_by_the_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="St Katharine's by the Tower">St Katherine's Hospital</a> and the prior of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Priory,_Aldgate" title="Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate">Holy Trinity</a> in compensation.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Henry III often held court at the Tower of London, and held parliament there on at least two occasions (1236 and 1261) when he felt that the barons were becoming dangerously unruly. In 1258, the discontented barons, led by <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon de Montfort">Simon de Montfort</a>, forced the King to agree to reforms including the holding of regular parliaments. Relinquishing the Tower of London was among the conditions. Henry III resented losing power and sought permission from the pope to break his oath. With the backing of mercenaries, Henry installed himself in the Tower in 1261. While negotiations continued with the barons, the King ensconced himself in the castle, although no army moved to take it. A truce was agreed with the condition that the King hand over control of the Tower once again. Henry won a significant victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Evesham" title="Battle of Evesham">Battle of Evesham</a> in 1265, allowing him to regain control of the country and the Tower of London. Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Ottobuon</a> came to England to excommunicate those who were still rebellious; the act was deeply unpopular and the situation was exacerbated when the cardinal was granted custody of the Tower. <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_6th_Earl_of_Hertford" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford">Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford</a>, marched on London in April 1267 and laid siege to the castle, declaring that custody of the Tower was "not a post to be trusted in the hands of a foreigner, much less of an ecclesiastic".<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Despite a large army and siege engines, Gilbert de Clare was unable to take the castle. The Earl retreated, allowing the King control of the capital, and the Tower experienced peace for the rest of Henry's reign.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Although he was rarely in London, Edward I undertook an expensive remodelling of the Tower, costing £21,000 between 1275 and 1285, over double that spent on the castle during the whole of Henry III's reign.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_35-85">[83]</a> Edward I was a seasoned castle builder, and used his experience of siege warfare during the <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusades</a> to bring innovations to castle building.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_35-85">[83]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Castles_and_Town_Walls_of_King_Edward_in_Gwynedd" title="Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd">programme of castle building in Wales</a> heralded the introduction of the widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">arrowslits</a> in castle walls across Europe, drawing on Eastern influences.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> At the Tower of London, Edward filled in the moat dug by Henry III and built a new curtain wall along its line, creating a new enclosure. A new moat was created in front of the new curtain wall. The western part of Henry III's curtain wall was rebuilt, with Beauchamp Tower replacing the castle's old gatehouse. A new entrance was created, with elaborate defences including two gatehouses and a <a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">barbican</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> In an effort to make the castle self-sufficient, Edward I also added two <a href="/wiki/Watermill" title="Watermill">watermills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Six hundred Jews were imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1278, charged with <a href="/wiki/Coin_clipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Coin clipping">coin clipping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_54-70">[68]</a> Persecution of the country's Jewish population under Edward began in 1276 and culminated in 1290 when he issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">Edict of Expulsion</a>, forcing the Jews out of the country.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> In 1279, the country's numerous mints were unified under a single system whereby control was centralised to the mint within the Tower of London, while mints outside of London were reduced, with only a few local and <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">episcopal</a> mints continuing to operate.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> During this period, many Jews were imprisoned at the Tower before <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_expulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Edict of expulsion">edict of expulsion</a> in 1290.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_medieval_period">Later medieval period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later medieval period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_of_London_model_close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tower_of_London_model_close_up.jpg/220px-Tower_of_London_model_close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tower_of_London_model_close_up.jpg/330px-Tower_of_London_model_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tower_of_London_model_close_up.jpg/440px-Tower_of_London_model_close_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2636" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>A model of the Tower of London as it appeared after the extension of the wharf in the late medieval period and the addition of the brick Bulwark at the west end of the castle under Edward IV<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a></figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/Edward_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward II">Edward II</a>'s reign (1307–1327) there was relatively little activity at the Tower of London.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> However, it was during this period that the <a href="/wiki/Wardrobe_(government)" title="Wardrobe (government)">Privy Wardrobe</a> was founded. The institution was based at the Tower and responsible for organising the state's arms.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> In 1321, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_de_Clare,_Baroness_Badlesmere" title="Margaret de Clare, Baroness Badlesmere">Margaret de Clare, Baroness Badlesmere</a> became the first woman imprisoned in the Tower of London after she refused <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France" title="Isabella of France">Queen Isabella</a> admittance to <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Castle" title="Leeds Castle">Leeds Castle</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> and ordered her archers to target Isabella, killing six of the royal escort.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Generally reserved for high-ranking inmates, the Tower was the most important royal prison in the country.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> However it was not necessarily very secure, and throughout its history people bribed the guards to help them escape. In 1323, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_1st_Earl_of_March" title="Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March">Roger Mortimer, Baron Mortimer</a>, was aided in his escape from the Tower by the Sub-Lieutenant of the Tower who let Mortimer's men inside. They hacked a hole in his cell wall and Mortimer escaped to a waiting boat. He fled to France where he encountered Edward's Queen. They began an affair and plotted to overthrow the King. One of Mortimer's first acts on entering England in 1326 was to capture the Tower and release the prisoners held there. For four years he ruled while <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a> was too young to do so himself; in 1330, Edward and his supporters captured Mortimer and threw him into the Tower.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> Under Edward III's rule (1312–1377) England experienced renewed success in warfare after his father's reign had put the realm on the backfoot against the Scots and French. Amongst Edward's successes were the battles of <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy" class="mw-redirect" title="Crécy">Crécy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers_(1356)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Poitiers (1356)">Poitiers</a> where King <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II of France</a> was taken prisoner, and the capture of the King <a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II of Scotland</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neville%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Neville's Cross">Neville's Cross</a>. During this period, the Tower of London held many noble prisoners of war.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_42-101">[99]</a> Edward II had allowed the Tower of London to fall into a state of disrepair,<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_47-41">[40]</a> and by the reign of Edward III the castle was an uncomfortable place. The nobility held captive within its walls were unable to engage in activities such as hunting which were permissible at other royal castles used as prisons, for instance Windsor. Edward III ordered that the castle should be renovated.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Towrlndn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Towrlndn.JPG/220px-Towrlndn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Towrlndn.JPG/330px-Towrlndn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Towrlndn.JPG/440px-Towrlndn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="2630" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Charles, Duke of Orléans">Charles, Duke of Orléans</a>, the nephew of the King of France, was held in the Tower during the Hundred Years' War. This late 15th-century image is the earliest surviving non-schematic picture of the Tower of London. It shows the White Tower, the water-gate, and <a href="/wiki/Old_London_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Old London Bridge">Old London Bridge</a> in the background.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_51-103">[101]</a></figcaption></figure> When <a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a> was crowned in 1377, he led a procession from the Tower to <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. This tradition began in at least the early 14th century and lasted until 1660.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_42-101">[99]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a> of 1381 the Tower of London was besieged with the King inside. When Richard rode out to meet with <a href="/wiki/Wat_Tyler" title="Wat Tyler">Wat Tyler</a>, the rebel leader, a crowd broke into the castle without meeting resistance and looted the <a href="/wiki/Jewel_House" title="Jewel House">Jewel House</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Sudbury" title="Simon Sudbury">Simon Sudbury</a>, took refuge in St John's Chapel, hoping the mob would respect the sanctuary. However, he was taken away and beheaded on Tower Hill.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_53-104">[102]</a> Six years later there was again civil unrest, and Richard spent Christmas in the security of the Tower rather than Windsor as was more usual.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bolingbroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Bolingbroke">Henry Bolingbroke</a> returned from exile in 1399, Richard was imprisoned in the White Tower. He abdicated and was replaced on the throne by Bolingbroke, who became King Henry IV.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_53-104">[102]</a> In the 15th century, there was little building work at the Tower of London, yet the castle still remained important as a place of refuge. When supporters of the late Richard II attempted a <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_Rising" title="Epiphany Rising">coup</a>, Henry IV found safety in the Tower of London. During this period, the castle also held many distinguished prisoners. The heir to the Scottish throne, later King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I of Scotland</a>, was kidnapped while journeying to France in 1406 and held in the Tower. The reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a> (1413–1422) renewed England's fortune in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> against France. As a result of Henry's victories, such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a>, many high-status prisoners were held in the Tower of London until they were ransomed.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Much of the latter half of the 15th century was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> between the claimants to the throne, the houses of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_46-107">[105]</a> The castle was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Tower_of_London_(1460)" title="Siege of the Tower of London (1460)">once again besieged in 1460</a>, this time by a <a href="/wiki/Yorkist" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkist">Yorkist</a> force. The Tower was damaged by artillery fire but only surrendered when <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> was captured at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Battle of Northampton</a>. With the help of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick</a> (nicknamed "the Kingmaker") Henry recaptured the throne for a short time in 1470. However, <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> soon regained control and Henry VI was imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he was probably murdered.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_53-104">[102]</a> In 1471, during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_London_(1471)" title="Siege of London (1471)">Siege of London</a>, the Tower's Yorkist garrison exchanged fire with Lancastrians holding <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>, and sallied from the fortress to take part in a pincer movement to attack Lancastrians who were assaulting <a href="/wiki/Aldgate" title="Aldgate">Aldgate</a> on <a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">London's defensive wall</a>. During the wars, the Tower was fortified to withstand gunfire, and provided with <a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">loopholes</a> for cannons and handguns: an enclosure called the Bulwark was created for this purpose to the south of Tower Hill, although it no longer survives.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_46-107">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Princes_in_the_Tower_by_John_Everett_Millais_(1878).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Princes_in_the_Tower_by_John_Everett_Millais_%281878%29.png/170px-The_Princes_in_the_Tower_by_John_Everett_Millais_%281878%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Princes_in_the_Tower_by_John_Everett_Millais_%281878%29.png/255px-The_Princes_in_the_Tower_by_John_Everett_Millais_%281878%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Princes_in_the_Tower_by_John_Everett_Millais_%281878%29.png/340px-The_Princes_in_the_Tower_by_John_Everett_Millais_%281878%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="3037" /></a><figcaption>Prince Edward V and Richard in the Tower, 1483 by Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>, 1878</figcaption></figure> Shortly after the death of Edward IV in 1483, the notorious murder of the <a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a> is traditionally believed to have taken place. The incident is one of the most infamous events associated with the Tower of London.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_46-47-108">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a>'s uncle <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a> was declared <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> while the prince was too young to rule.<a href="#cite_note-Horrox-109">[107]</a> Traditional accounts have held that the 12-year-old Edward was confined to the Tower of London along with his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_1st_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York">Richard</a>. The Duke of Gloucester was proclaimed King Richard III in June. The princes were last seen in public in June 1483;<a href="#cite_note-I&P_46-47-108">[106]</a> it has traditionally been thought that the most likely reason for their disappearance is that they were murdered late in the summer of 1483.<a href="#cite_note-Horrox-109">[107]</a> Bones thought to belong to them were discovered in 1674 when the 12th-century forebuilding at the entrance to the White Tower was demolished; however, the reputed level at which the bones were found (10 ft or 3 m) would put the bones at a depth similar to that of the Roman graveyard found, in 2011, 12 ft (4 m) underneath <a href="/wiki/Minories" title="Minories">the Minories</a> a few hundred yards to the north.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Opposition to Richard escalated until he was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth Field</a> in 1485 by the Lancastrian <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a>, who ascended to the throne as Henry VII.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_46-47-108">[106]</a> As king, Henry VII built a tower for a library next to the King's Tower.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_use">Changing use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Changing use">edit</a>]</div> The beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> marked the start of the decline of the Tower of London's use as a royal residence. As 16th-century chronicler <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Holinshed" title="Raphael Holinshed">Raphael Holinshed</a> said the Tower became used more as "an armouries and house of munition, and thereunto a place for the safekeeping of offenders than a palace roiall for a king or queen to sojourne in".<a href="#cite_note-I&P_51-103">[101]</a> Henry VII visited the Tower on fourteen occasions between 1485 and 1500, usually staying for less than a week at a time.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yeoman_Warder" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeoman Warder">Yeoman Warders</a> have been the Royal Bodyguard since at least 1509.<a href="#cite_note-Yeoman_Warders-113">[111]</a> In 1517 the Tower fired its cannon at City crowds engaged in the xenophobic <a href="/wiki/Evil_May_Day" title="Evil May Day">Evil May Day</a> riots, in which the properties of foreign residents were looted. It is not thought that any rioters were hurt by the gunfire, which was probably meant merely to intimidate the mob.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Basire_-_The_Procession_of_King_Edward_VI_from_the_Tower_-_B1977.14.11652_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/James_Basire_-_The_Procession_of_King_Edward_VI_from_the_Tower_-_B1977.14.11652_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg/400px-James_Basire_-_The_Procession_of_King_Edward_VI_from_the_Tower_-_B1977.14.11652_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/James_Basire_-_The_Procession_of_King_Edward_VI_from_the_Tower_-_B1977.14.11652_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg/600px-James_Basire_-_The_Procession_of_King_Edward_VI_from_the_Tower_-_B1977.14.11652_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/James_Basire_-_The_Procession_of_King_Edward_VI_from_the_Tower_-_B1977.14.11652_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg/800px-James_Basire_-_The_Procession_of_King_Edward_VI_from_the_Tower_-_B1977.14.11652_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>The traditional coronation procession from the Tower to Westminster for King Edward VI (1547)</figcaption></figure> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, the Tower was assessed as needing considerable work on its defences. In 1532, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a> spent £3,593 on repairs and imported nearly 3,000 tons of Caen stone for the work.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_55-38">[37]</a> Even so, this was not sufficient to bring the castle up to the standard of contemporary military fortifications which were designed to withstand powerful artillery.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Although the defences were repaired, the palace buildings were left in a state of neglect after Henry's death. Their condition was so poor that they were virtually uninhabitable.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_51-103">[101]</a> From 1547 onwards, the Tower of London was only used as a royal residence when its political and historic symbolism was considered useful, for instance each of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> briefly stayed at the Tower before their coronations.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> In the 16th century, the Tower acquired an enduring reputation as a grim, forbidding prison. This had not always been the case. As a royal castle, it was used by the monarch to imprison people for various reasons, however these were usually high-status individuals for short periods rather than common citizenry as there were plenty of prisons elsewhere for such people. Contrary to the popular image of the Tower, prisoners were able to make their life easier by purchasing amenities such as better food or tapestries through the Lieutenant of the Tower.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> As holding prisoners was originally an incidental role of the Tower – as would have been the case for any castle – there was no purpose-built accommodation for prisoners until 1687 when a brick shed, a "Prison for Soldiers", was built to the north-west of the White Tower. The Tower's reputation for torture and imprisonment derives largely from 16th-century religious propagandists and 19th-century romanticists.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_91-118">[116]</a> Although much of the Tower's reputation is exaggerated, the 16th and 17th centuries marked the castle's zenith as a prison, with many religious and political undesirables locked away.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_91-118">[116]</a> The Privy Council had to sanction the use of torture, so it was not often used; between 1540 and 1640, the peak of imprisonment at the Tower, there were 48 recorded cases of the use of torture. The three most common forms used were the infamous <a href="/wiki/Rack_(torture)" title="Rack (torture)">rack</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scavenger%27s_daughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Scavenger's daughter">Scavenger's daughter</a>, and manacles.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_92-119">[117]</a> The rack was introduced to England in 1447 by the Duke of Exeter, the Constable of the Tower; consequentially it was also known as the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Exeter%27s_daughter" title="Duke of Exeter's daughter">Duke of Exeter's daughter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> One of those tortured at the Tower was <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a>, who was brought there on 6 November 1605; after torture he signed a full confession to the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_91-118">[116]</a> Among those held and executed at the Tower was <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_91-118">[116]</a> Although the Yeoman Warders were once the Royal Bodyguard, by the 16th and 17th centuries their main duty had become to look after the prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_117-121">[119]</a> The Tower was often a safer place than other prisons in London such as the <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Prison" title="Fleet Prison">Fleet</a>, where disease was rife. High-status prisoners could live in conditions comparable to those they might expect outside; one such example was that while <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> was held in the Tower his rooms were altered to accommodate his family, including his son who was born there in 1605.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_92-119">[117]</a> Executions were usually carried out on Tower Hill rather than in the Tower of London itself, and 112 people were executed on the hill over 400 years.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_94-122">[120]</a> Before the 20th century, there had been seven executions within the castle on <a href="/wiki/Tower_Green" title="Tower Green">Tower Green</a>; as was the case with <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a>, this was reserved for prisoners for whom public execution was considered dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_94-122">[120]</a> After Lady Jane Grey's execution on 12 February 1554,<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Queen Mary I imprisoned her sister Elizabeth, later Queen Elizabeth I, in the Tower under suspicion of causing rebellion as Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wyatt_the_Younger" title="Thomas Wyatt the Younger">Thomas Wyatt</a> had led a revolt against Mary in Elizabeth's name.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London-10-2_(48189346536).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/London-10-2_%2848189346536%29.jpg/220px-London-10-2_%2848189346536%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/London-10-2_%2848189346536%29.jpg/330px-London-10-2_%2848189346536%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/London-10-2_%2848189346536%29.jpg/440px-London-10-2_%2848189346536%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Memorial To The Executed in the Tower, unveiled in 2006, designed by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Catling" title="Brian Catling">Brian Catling</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_Hill,_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tower_Hill%2C_2006.jpg/220px-Tower_Hill%2C_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tower_Hill%2C_2006.jpg/330px-Tower_Hill%2C_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tower_Hill%2C_2006.jpg/440px-Tower_Hill%2C_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The cobbled surface of <a href="/wiki/Tower_Hill" title="Tower Hill">Tower Hill</a> to the north of the Tower of London. Over a period of 400 years, 112 people were executed on the hill.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_94-122">[120]</a></figcaption></figure> The Office of Ordnance and Armoury Office were founded in the 15th century, taking over the Privy Wardrobe's duties of looking after the monarch's arsenal and valuables.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> As there was no standing army before 1661, the importance of the royal armoury at the Tower of London was that it provided a professional basis for procuring supplies and equipment in times of war. The two bodies were resident at the Tower from at least 1454, and by the 16th century they had moved to a position in the inner ward.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Ordnance" title="Board of Ordnance">Board of Ordnance</a> (successor to these Offices) had its headquarters in the White Tower and used surrounding buildings for storage. In 1855 the Board was abolished; its successor (the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Ordnance_Corps" title="Royal Army Ordnance Corps">Military Store Department</a> of the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a>) was also based there until 1869, after which its headquarters staff were relocated to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arsenal" title="Royal Arsenal">Royal Arsenal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a> (where the recently closed <a href="/wiki/Woolwich_Dockyard" title="Woolwich Dockyard">Woolwich Dockyard</a> was converted into a vast ordnance store).<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Political tensions between <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> and Parliament in the second quarter of the 17th century led to an attempt by forces loyal to the King to secure the Tower and its valuable contents, including money and munitions. London's <a href="/wiki/London_Trained_Bands" title="London Trained Bands">Trained Bands</a>, a militia force, were moved into the castle in 1640. Plans for defence were drawn up and gun platforms were built, readying the Tower for war. The preparations were never put to the test. In 1642, Charles I attempted to arrest five members of parliament. When this failed he fled the city, and Parliament retaliated by removing Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Byron,_1st_Baron_Byron" title="John Byron, 1st Baron Byron">John Byron</a>, the Lieutenant of the Tower. The Trained Bands had switched sides, and now supported Parliament; together with the London citizenry, they blockaded the Tower. With permission from the King, Byron relinquished control of the Tower. Parliament replaced Byron with a man of their own choosing, Sir <a href="/wiki/Conyers_baronets" title="Conyers baronets">John Conyers</a>. By the time the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> broke out in November 1642, the Tower of London was already in Parliament's control.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> The last monarch to uphold the tradition of taking a procession from the Tower to Westminster to be crowned was <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> in 1661. At the time, the castle's accommodation was in such poor condition that he did not stay there the night before his coronation.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_54-55-129">[127]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart kings">Stuart kings</a> the Tower's buildings were remodelled, mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance. Just over £4,000 was spent in 1663 on building a new storehouse, now known as the New Armouries in the inner ward.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_64-43">[42]</a> In the 17th century there were plans to enhance the Tower's defences in the style of the <a href="/wiki/Trace_italienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace italienne">trace italienne</a>, however they were never acted on. Although the facilities for the garrison were improved with the addition of the first purpose-built quarters for soldiers (the "Irish Barracks") in 1670, the general accommodations were still in poor condition.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_of_London,_south,_Buck_brothers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tower_of_London%2C_south%2C_Buck_brothers.jpg/300px-Tower_of_London%2C_south%2C_Buck_brothers.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tower_of_London%2C_south%2C_Buck_brothers.jpg/450px-Tower_of_London%2C_south%2C_Buck_brothers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tower_of_London%2C_south%2C_Buck_brothers.jpg/600px-Tower_of_London%2C_south%2C_Buck_brothers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>An engraving of the Tower of London in 1737 by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_and_Nathaniel_Buck" title="Samuel and Nathaniel Buck">Samuel and Nathaniel Buck</a></figcaption></figure> When the <a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoverian dynasty">Hanoverian dynasty</a> ascended the throne, their situation was uncertain and with a possible Scottish rebellion in mind, the Tower of London was repaired. Most of the work in this period (1750 to 1770) was done by the King's Master Mason, <a href="/wiki/John_Deval" title="John Deval">John Deval</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Gun platforms added under the Stuarts had decayed. The number of guns at the Tower was reduced from 118 to 45, and one contemporary commentator noted that the castle "would not hold out four and twenty hours against an army prepared for a siege".<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> For the most part, the 18th-century work on the defences was spasmodic and piecemeal, although a new gateway in the southern curtain wall permitting access from the wharf to the outer ward was added in 1774. The moat surrounding the castle had become silted over the centuries since it was created despite attempts at clearing it. It was still an integral part of the castle's defences, so in 1830 the Constable of the Tower, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>, ordered a large-scale clearance of several feet of silt. However this did not prevent an outbreak of disease in the garrison in 1841 caused by poor water supply, resulting in several deaths. To prevent the festering ditch posing further health problems, it was ordered that the moat should be drained and filled with earth. The work began in 1843 and was mostly complete two years later. The construction of the Waterloo Barracks in the inner ward began in 1845, when the Duke of Wellington laid the foundation stone. The building could accommodate 1,000 men; at the same time, separate quarters for the officers were built to the north-east of the White Tower. The building is now the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers" title="Royal Fusiliers">Royal Regiment of Fusiliers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> The popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Chartist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartist movement">Chartist movement</a> between 1828 and 1858 led to a desire to refortify the Tower of London in the event of civil unrest. It was the last major programme of fortification at the castle. Most of the surviving installations for the use of artillery and firearms date from this period.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, eleven men were tried in private and shot by firing squad at the Tower for espionage.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the Tower was once again used to hold prisoners of war. One such person was <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s deputy, albeit just for four days in 1941. He was the last state prisoner to be held at the castle.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> The last person to be executed at the Tower was German spy <a href="/wiki/Josef_Jakobs" title="Josef Jakobs">Josef Jakobs</a> who was shot on 15 August 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Sellers_179-137">[135]</a> The executions for espionage during the wars took place in a prefabricated <a href="/wiki/Miniature_rifle_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniature rifle range">miniature rifle range</a> which stood in the outer ward and was demolished in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> The Second World War also saw the last use of the Tower as a fortification. In the event of a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sealion" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Sealion">German invasion</a>, the Tower, together with the Royal Mint and nearby warehouses, was to have formed one of three "keeps" or complexes of defended buildings which formed the last-ditch defences of the capital.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration_and_tourism">Restoration and tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Restoration and tourism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_of_London_(8145477096).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tower_of_London_%288145477096%29.jpg/220px-Tower_of_London_%288145477096%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tower_of_London_%288145477096%29.jpg/330px-Tower_of_London_%288145477096%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tower_of_London_%288145477096%29.jpg/440px-Tower_of_London_%288145477096%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption>A recreation of <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a>'s bedchamber in the river-side St Thomas's Tower above <a href="/wiki/Traitors%27_Gate" title="Traitors' Gate">Traitors' Gate</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a></figcaption></figure> The Tower of London has become established as one of the most popular tourist attractions in the country. It has been a tourist attraction since at least the Elizabethan period, when it was one of the sights of London that foreign visitors wrote about. Its most popular attractions were the Royal Menagerie and displays of armour. The <a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom">Crown Jewels</a> also garner much interest, and have been on public display since 1669. The Tower steadily gained popularity with tourists through the 19th century, despite the opposition of the Duke of Wellington to visitors. Numbers became so high that by 1851 a purpose-built ticket office was erected. By the end of the century, over 500,000 were visiting the castle every year.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_111-141">[139]</a> Over the 18th and 19th centuries, the palatial buildings were slowly adapted for other uses and demolished. Only the Wakefield and St Thomas's Towers survived.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_54-55-129">[127]</a> The 18th century marked an increasing interest in England's medieval past. One of the effects was the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a>. In the Tower's architecture, this was manifest when the New Horse Armoury was built in 1825 against the south face of the White Tower. It featured elements of Gothic Revival architecture such as battlements. Other buildings were remodelled to match the style and the Waterloo Barracks were described as "castellated Gothic of the 15th century".<a href="#cite_note-I&P_117-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> Between 1845 and 1885 institutions such as the Mint which had inhabited the castle for centuries moved to other sites; many of the post-medieval structures left vacant were demolished. In 1855, the War Office took over responsibility for manufacture and storage of weapons from the Ordnance Office, which was gradually phased out of the castle. At the same time, there was greater interest in the history of the Tower of London.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_117-142">[140]</a> Public interest was partly fuelled by contemporary writers, of whom the work of <a href="/wiki/William_Harrison_Ainsworth" title="William Harrison Ainsworth">William Harrison Ainsworth</a> was particularly influential. In <a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_London_(novel)" title="The Tower of London (novel)">The Tower of London: A Historical Romance</a> he created a vivid image of underground torture chambers and devices for extracting confessions that stuck in the public imagination.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_91-118">[116]</a> Ainsworth also played another role in the Tower's history, as he suggested that Beauchamp Tower should be opened to the public so they could see the inscriptions of 16th- and 17th-century prisoners. Working on the suggestion, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Salvin" title="Anthony Salvin">Anthony Salvin</a> refurbished the tower and led a further programme for a comprehensive restoration at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>. Salvin was succeeded in the work by <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(architect)" title="John Taylor (architect)">John Taylor</a>. When a feature did not meet his expectations of medieval architecture Taylor would ruthlessly remove it; as a result, several important buildings within the castle were pulled down and in some cases post-medieval internal decoration removed.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_of_London_main_entrance,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tower_of_London_main_entrance%2C_2009.jpg/220px-Tower_of_London_main_entrance%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tower_of_London_main_entrance%2C_2009.jpg/330px-Tower_of_London_main_entrance%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tower_of_London_main_entrance%2C_2009.jpg/440px-Tower_of_London_main_entrance%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The main entrance to the Tower of London. Today the castle is a popular tourist attraction.</figcaption></figure> Although only one bomb fell on the Tower of London in the First World War (it landed harmlessly in the moat), the Second World War left a greater mark. On 23 September 1940, during <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>, high-explosive bombs damaged the castle, destroying several buildings and narrowly missing the White Tower. After the war, the damage was repaired and the Tower of London was reopened to the public.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_124-145">[143]</a> A <a href="/wiki/1974_Tower_of_London_bombing" title="1974 Tower of London bombing">1974 bombing</a> in the White Tower <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortar</a> Room left one person dead and 41 injured. No one claimed responsibility for the blast, but the police investigated suspicions that the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">IRA</a> was behind it.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> In the 21st century, tourism is the Tower's primary role, with the remaining routine military activities, under the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Logistic_Corps" title="Royal Logistic Corps">Royal Logistic Corps</a>, having wound down in the latter half of the 20th century and moved out of the castle.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_124-145">[143]</a> However, the Tower is still home to the regimental headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Fusiliers" title="Royal Regiment of Fusiliers">Royal Regiment of Fusiliers</a>, and the museum dedicated to it and its predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers" title="Royal Fusiliers">Royal Fusiliers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Also, a detachment of the unit providing the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Guard" title="King's Guard">King's Guard</a> at Buckingham Palace still mounts a guard at the Tower, and with the <a href="/wiki/Yeomen_Warders" title="Yeomen Warders">Yeomen Warders</a>, takes part in the <a href="/wiki/Ceremony_of_the_Keys" title="Ceremony of the Keys">Ceremony of the Keys</a> each day.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> On several occasions through the year <a href="/wiki/21-gun_salute#United_Kingdom" title="21-gun salute">gun salutes</a> are fired from the Tower by the <a href="/wiki/Honourable_Artillery_Company" title="Honourable Artillery Company">Honourable Artillery Company</a>, these consist of 62 rounds for royal occasions, and 41 on other occasions.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jubilee_and_Munin,_Ravens,_Tower_of_London_2016-04-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jubilee_and_Munin%2C_Ravens%2C_Tower_of_London_2016-04-30.jpg/220px-Jubilee_and_Munin%2C_Ravens%2C_Tower_of_London_2016-04-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jubilee_and_Munin%2C_Ravens%2C_Tower_of_London_2016-04-30.jpg/330px-Jubilee_and_Munin%2C_Ravens%2C_Tower_of_London_2016-04-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jubilee_and_Munin%2C_Ravens%2C_Tower_of_London_2016-04-30.jpg/440px-Jubilee_and_Munin%2C_Ravens%2C_Tower_of_London_2016-04-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2723" data-file-height="2723" /></a><figcaption>Two of the <a href="/wiki/Ravens_of_the_Tower_of_London" title="Ravens of the Tower of London">ravens</a></figcaption></figure> Since 1990, the Tower of London has been cared for by an independent charity, <a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a>, which receives no funding from the Government or the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> In 1988, the Tower of London was added to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> list of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>, in recognition of its global importance and to help conserve and protect the site.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> However, recent developments, such as the construction of skyscrapers nearby, have pushed the Tower towards being added to the United Nations' Heritage in Danger List.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The remains of the medieval palace have been open to the public since 2006 where visitors can explore the restored chambers.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> Although the position of Constable of the Tower remains the highest position held at the Tower,<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> the responsibility of day-to-day administration is delegated to the <a href="/wiki/Resident_Governor_of_the_Tower_of_London_and_Keeper_of_the_Jewel_House" title="Resident Governor of the Tower of London and Keeper of the Jewel House">Resident Governor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> The Constable is appointed for a five-year term; this is primarily a ceremonial post today but the Constable is also a trustee of Historic Royal Palaces and of the Royal Armouries. General Sir <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Messenger" title="Gordon Messenger">Gordon Messenger</a> was appointed Constable in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> At least <a href="/wiki/Ravens_of_the_Tower_of_London" title="Ravens of the Tower of London">six ravens are kept at the Tower</a> at all times, in accordance with the belief that if they are absent, the kingdom will fall.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> They are under the care of the <a href="/wiki/Ravenmaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravenmaster">Ravenmaster</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Yeoman_Warders" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeoman Warders">Yeoman Warders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> As well as having ceremonial duties, the Yeoman Warders provide guided tours around the Tower.<a href="#cite_note-Yeoman_Warders-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_117-121">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Garrison">Garrison</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Garrison">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tower_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower division">Tower division</a></div> The Yeomen Warders provided the permanent garrison of the Tower, but the <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower" title="Constable of the Tower">Constable of the Tower</a> could call upon the men of the <a href="/wiki/Tower_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower division">Tower Hamlets</a> to supplement them when necessary. The <a href="/wiki/Tower_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower division">Tower Hamlets, aka Tower Division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ossulstone_Hundred" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossulstone Hundred">Middlesex's Ossulstone Hundred</a> was an area, significantly larger than the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="London Borough of Tower Hamlets">modern London Borough of the same name</a>, which owed military service to the Constable in his ex officio role as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_Tower_Hamlets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets">Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> The earliest surviving reference to the inhabitants of the Tower Hamlets having a duty to provide a guard for the Tower of London is from 1554, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a>, but the relationship is thought to go back much further. Some believe the connection goes back to the time of the Conqueror.<a href="#cite_note-stepney-164">[162]</a> The duty is likely to have had its origin in the rights and obligations of the <a href="/wiki/Stepney#Manor_and_Ancient_Parish" title="Stepney">Manor of Stepney</a> which covered most or all of the Hamlets area.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-stepney-164">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crown_Jewels">Crown Jewels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Crown Jewels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom">Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewel_House" title="Jewel House">Jewel House</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Edward%27s_Crown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Saint_Edward%27s_Crown.jpg/170px-Saint_Edward%27s_Crown.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Saint_Edward%27s_Crown.jpg/255px-Saint_Edward%27s_Crown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Saint_Edward%27s_Crown.jpg/340px-Saint_Edward%27s_Crown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Edward%27s_Crown" title="St Edward's Crown">St Edward's Crown</a></figcaption></figure> The tradition of housing the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London probably dates from the reign of Henry III (1216–1272). The Jewel House was built specifically to house the royal regalia, including jewels, plate, and symbols of royalty such as the crown, sceptre, and sword. When money needed to be raised, the treasure could be pawned by the monarch. The treasure allowed the monarch independence from the aristocracy and consequently was closely guarded. A new position for "keeper of the jewels, armouries and other things" was created,<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_29-166">[164]</a> which was well rewarded; in the reign of Edward III (1327–1377) the holder was paid 12d a day. The position grew to include other duties including purchasing royal jewels, gold, and silver, and appointing royal goldsmiths and jewellers.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_29-166">[164]</a> In 1649, during the <a href="/wiki/English_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="English Commonwealth">English Commonwealth</a> following <a href="/wiki/Regicide_of_Charles_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Regicide of Charles I of England">Charles I's execution</a>, the contents of the Jewel House were disposed of along with other royal properties, as decreed by Cromwell. Metal items were sent to the Mint to be melted down and re-used, and the crowns were "totallie broken and defaced".<a href="#cite_note-I&P_106-167">[165]</a> When the monarchy was <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">restored</a> in 1660, the only surviving items of the coronation regalia were a 12th-century spoon and three ceremonial swords. (Some pieces that had been sold were later returned to the Crown.)<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> Detailed records of old regalia survived, and replacements were made for the coronation of Charles II in 1661 based on drawings from the time of Charles I. For the coronation of Charles II, gems were rented because the treasury could not afford to replace them.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> In 1669, the Jewel House was demolished<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_67-29">[28]</a> and the Crown Jewels moved into Martin Tower (until 1841).<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> They were displayed here for viewing by the paying public. This was exploited two years later when Colonel <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blood" title="Thomas Blood">Thomas Blood</a> attempted to steal them.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_111-141">[139]</a> Blood and his accomplices bound and gagged the Jewel House keeper. Although they laid their hands on the Imperial State Crown, Sceptre and Orb, they were foiled when the keeper's son turned up unexpectedly and raised the alarm.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_106-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> Since 1994, the Crown Jewels have been on display in the <a href="/wiki/Jewel_House" title="Jewel House">Jewel House</a> in the Waterloo Block. Some of the pieces were once regularly used by Queen Elizabeth II. The display includes 23,578 gemstones, the 800-year-old Coronation Spoon, St Edward's Crown (traditionally placed on a monarch's head at the moment of crowning) and the Imperial State Crown.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_Menagerie">Royal Menagerie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Royal Menagerie">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_sculpture_by_Kendra_Haste,_Tower_of_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Elephant_sculpture_by_Kendra_Haste%2C_Tower_of_London.jpg/220px-Elephant_sculpture_by_Kendra_Haste%2C_Tower_of_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Elephant_sculpture_by_Kendra_Haste%2C_Tower_of_London.jpg/330px-Elephant_sculpture_by_Kendra_Haste%2C_Tower_of_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Elephant_sculpture_by_Kendra_Haste%2C_Tower_of_London.jpg/440px-Elephant_sculpture_by_Kendra_Haste%2C_Tower_of_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Wire elephant sculpture at the tower by <a href="/wiki/Kendra_Haste" title="Kendra Haste">Kendra Haste</a></figcaption></figure> There is evidence that <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John</a> (1166–1216) first started keeping wild animals at the Tower.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent1-176">[174]</a> Records of 1210–1212 show payments to lion keepers.<a href="#cite_note-royalarmouries-177">[175]</a> The Royal <a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">Menagerie</a> is frequently referenced during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>. Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> presented Henry with three <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1235, which were kept in the Tower.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-178">[176]</a> In 1252, the sheriffs were ordered to pay fourpence a day towards the upkeep of the <a href="/wiki/White_bear_of_Henry_III" title="White bear of Henry III">King's polar bear</a>, a gift from <a href="/wiki/Haakon_IV_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon IV of Norway">Haakon IV of Norway</a> in the same year; the bear attracted a great deal of attention from Londoners when it went fishing in the <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a> while tied to the land by a chain.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_54-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> In 1254 or 1255, Henry III received <a href="/wiki/Elephant_of_Henry_III" title="Elephant of Henry III">an African elephant</a> from <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis IX">Louis IX</a> of France depicted by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Chronica_Majora" title="Chronica Majora">Chronica Majora</a>. A wooden structure was built to house the elephant, 12.2 m (40 ft) long by 6.1 m (20 ft) wide.<a href="#cite_note-royalarmouries-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parnell_1993_54-70">[68]</a> The animal died in 1258, possibly because it was given red wine, but also perhaps because of the cold <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of England">climate of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> In 1288, <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a> added a <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">lynx</a> and appointed the first official Keeper of the animals.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.ca-182">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a> added other types of animals, two lions, a leopard and two <a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">wildcats</a>. Under subsequent kings, the number of animals grew to include additional cats of various types, <a href="/wiki/Jackal" title="Jackal">jackals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyenas</a>, and an old <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a>, Max, gifted to <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> by <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Maximilian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> In 1436, during the time of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a>, all the lions died and the employment of Keeper William Kerby was terminated.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.ca-182">[180]</a> Historical records indicate that a semi-circular structure or <a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">barbican</a> was built by Edward I in 1277; this area was later named the Lion Tower, to the immediate west of the Middle Tower. Records from 1335 indicate the purchase of a lock and key for the lions and leopards, also suggesting they were located near the western entrance of the Tower. By the 1500s that area was called the Menagerie.<a href="#cite_note-royalarmouries-177">[175]</a> Between 1604 and 1606 the Menagerie was extensively refurbished and an exercise yard was created in the moat area beside the Lion Tower. An overhead platform was added for viewing of the lions by the royals, during <a href="/wiki/Lion_baiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion baiting">lion baiting</a>, for example in the time of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>. Reports from 1657 include mention of six lions, increasing to 11 by 1708, in addition to other types of cats, <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a> and a jackal.<a href="#cite_note-royalarmouries-177">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skull_of_a_Barbary_Lion_(25297910567).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Skull_of_a_Barbary_Lion_%2825297910567%29.jpg/220px-Skull_of_a_Barbary_Lion_%2825297910567%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Skull_of_a_Barbary_Lion_%2825297910567%29.jpg/330px-Skull_of_a_Barbary_Lion_%2825297910567%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Skull_of_a_Barbary_Lion_%2825297910567%29.jpg/440px-Skull_of_a_Barbary_Lion_%2825297910567%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Skull of a <a href="/wiki/Barbary_lion" title="Barbary lion">Barbary lion</a> that was kept at Tower of London, <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a></figcaption></figure> By the 18th century, the menagerie was open to the public; admission cost three half-pence or a cat or dog to be fed to the lions. By the end of the century, that had increased to 9 pence.<a href="#cite_note-royalarmouries-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> A particularly famous inhabitant was <a href="/wiki/Old_Martin" title="Old Martin">Old Martin</a>, a large <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bear</a> given to <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> in 1811.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> An 1800 inventory also listed a <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a>, leopards, a hyena, a large <a href="/wiki/Baboon" title="Baboon">baboon</a>, various types of <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolves">wolves</a>, and "other animals".<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> By 1822, however, the collection included only a grizzly bear, an elephant, and some birds. Additional animals were then introduced.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> In 1828, there were over 280 representing at least 60 species as the new keeper Alfred Copps was actively acquiring animals.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> After the death of <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> in 1830, a decision was made to close down the Menagerie on the orders of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-190">[188]</a> In 1831, most of the stock was moved to the <a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a> which had opened in 1828.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> This decision was made after an incident, although sources vary as to the specifics: either a lion was accused of biting a soldier,<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_94-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> or Ensign Seymour had been bitten by a monkey.<a href="#cite_note-royalarmouries-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> The last of the animals left in 1835, relocated to <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a>. The Menagerie buildings were removed in 1852 but the Keeper of the Royal Menagerie was entitled to use the Lion Tower as a house for life. Consequently, even though the animals had long since left the building, the tower was not demolished until the death of Copps, the last keeper, in 1853.<a href="#cite_note-Parnell_94-192">[190]</a> In 1999, physical evidence of lion cages was found, one being 2x3 metres (6.5x10 feet) in size, very small for a lion that can grow to be 2.5 meters (approximately 8 feet) long.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-178">[176]</a> In 2008, the skulls of two male <a href="/wiki/Barbary_lion" title="Barbary lion">Barbary lions</a> (now extinct in the wild) from northwest Africa were found in the moat area of the Tower. Radiocarbon tests dated them from 1280 to 1385 and 1420–1480.<a href="#cite_note-independent1-176">[174]</a> In 2011, an exhibition was hosted at the Tower with fine wire sculptures by <a href="/wiki/Kendra_Haste" title="Kendra Haste">Kendra Haste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_folklore">In folklore</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In folklore">edit</a>]</div> The Tower of London has been represented in popular culture in many ways. As a result of 16th- and 19th-century writers, the Tower has a reputation as a grim fortress, a place of torture and execution.<a href="#cite_note-I&P_91-118">[116]</a> One of the earliest traditions associated with the Tower was that it was built by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>; the story was popular amongst writers and antiquaries. The earliest recorded attribution of the Tower to the Roman ruler dates to the mid-14th century in a poem by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grey_(chronicler)" title="Thomas Grey (chronicler)">Sir Thomas Gray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> The origin of the myth is uncertain, although it may be related to the fact that the Tower was built in the corner of London's Roman walls. Another possibility is that someone misread a passage from <a href="/wiki/Gervase_of_Tilbury" title="Gervase of Tilbury">Gervase of Tilbury</a> in which he says Caesar built a tower at Odnea in France. Gervase wrote Odnea as Dodres, which is close to the French for London, Londres.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> Today, the story survives in <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_(play)" title="Richard II (play)">Richard II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a>,<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> and as late as the 18th century some still regarded the Tower as built by Caesar.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a> was beheaded in 1536 for treason against <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>; her ghost supposedly haunts the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Peter_ad_Vincula" title="Church of St Peter ad Vincula">Church of St Peter ad Vincula</a> in the Tower, where she is buried, and has been said to walk around the <a href="/wiki/White_Tower_(Tower_of_London)" title="White Tower (Tower of London)">White Tower</a> carrying her head under her arm.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> This haunting is commemorated in the 1934 comic song "<a href="/wiki/With_Her_Head_Tucked_Underneath_Her_Arm" title="With Her Head Tucked Underneath Her Arm">With Her Head Tucked Underneath Her Arm</a>". Other reported ghosts include <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Pole">Margaret Pole</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hole-201">[199]</a> In January 1816, a sentry on guard outside the Jewel House claimed to have witnessed an apparition of a bear advancing towards him, and reportedly died of fright a few days later.<a href="#cite_note-Hole-201">[199]</a> In October 1817, a tubular, glowing apparition was claimed to have been seen in the <a href="/wiki/Jewel_House" title="Jewel House">Jewel House</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Crown_Jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="Keeper of the Crown Jewels">Keeper of the Crown Jewels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Lenthal_Swifte" title="Edmund Lenthal Swifte">Edmund Lenthal Swifte</a>. He said that the apparition hovered over the shoulder of his wife, leading her to exclaim: "Oh, Christ! It has seized me!" Other nameless and formless terrors have been reported, more recently, by night staff at the Tower.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/16px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/24px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/33px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="427" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:London" title="Portal:London">London portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castles_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Castles in Great Britain and Ireland">Castles in Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower" title="Constable of the Tower">Constable of the Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_that_survived_the_Great_Fire_of_London" title="List of buildings that survived the Great Fire of London">List of buildings that survived the Great Fire of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">List of castles in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisoners_of_the_Tower_of_London" title="List of prisoners of the Tower of London">List of prisoners of the Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zammitello_Palace" title="Zammitello Palace">Zammitello Palace</a>, built in imitation of the Tower of London</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Wakefield Tower was originally called Blundeville Tower.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_17-23">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Flambard, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Bishop of Durham</a>, was imprisoned by <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a> "for the many injustices which Henry himself and the king's other sons had suffered".<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_5-66">[65]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ALVA-1"><a href="#cite_ref-ALVA_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-68577122">"British Museum is the most-visited UK attraction again"</a>. BBC News. 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=British+Museum+is+the+most-visited+UK+attraction+again&rft.date=2024-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-london-68577122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrp.org.uk/about-us/who-we-are/history/">"History"</a>. Historic Royal Palaces. Retrieved 22 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fwho-we-are%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227072443/http://www.hrp.org.uk/discoverthepalaces/FAQs#11">Tower of London Frequently Asked Questions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrp.org.uk/discoverthepalaces/FAQs#11">the original</a> on 27 December 2013, retrieved 2 December 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tower+of+London+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pub=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2Fdiscoverthepalaces%2FFAQs%2311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVince1990">Vince 1990</a> in <a href="#CITEREFCreighton2002">Creighton 2002</a>, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCreighton2002">Creighton 2002</a>, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1993_32-33-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_32-33_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_32-33_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, pp. 32–33 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriar2003">Friar 2003</a>, p. 163 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen_Brown1976">Allen Brown 1976</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen_Brown_1976_44-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_Brown_1976_44_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_Brown_1976_44_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_Brown_1976_44_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen_Brown1976">Allen Brown 1976</a>, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-I&P_16-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_16_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_16_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_16_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1993_20-21-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_20-21_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_20-21_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, pp. 19–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1993_22-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_22_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_22_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_22_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichetteVilesVlachouAngus2020">Michette et al. 2020</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_20-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_20_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_20_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_20_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_20_17-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriar2003">Friar 2003</a>, p. 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC_12-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_12_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_12_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen_BrownCurnow1984">Allen Brown & Curnow 1984</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1993_27-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_27_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_27_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC_17-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_17_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_17_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_17_23-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen_BrownCurnow1984">Allen Brown & Curnow 1984</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen_BrownCurnow1984">Allen Brown & Curnow 1984</a>, pp. 17–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1993_67-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_67_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_67_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC_15-17-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_15-17_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_15-17_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen_BrownCurnow1984">Allen Brown & Curnow 1984</a>, pp. 15–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1993_33-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_33_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_33_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1993_10-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_10_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_10_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, pp. 34–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1993_55-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_55_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_55_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100428063720/http://www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon/Sightsandstories/Prisoners/Towers/BloodyTower.aspx">Bloody Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon/Sightsandstories/Prisoners/Towers/BloodyTower.aspx">the original</a> on 28 April 2010, retrieved 22 July 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloody+Tower&rft.pub=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2FTowerOfLondon%2FSightsandstories%2FPrisoners%2FTowers%2FBloodyTower.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1993_47-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_47_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_47_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_47_41-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1993_64-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_64_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_64_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1242210" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1242210?section=official-list-entry">"Waterloo Block (1242210)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a>. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Waterloo+Block+%281242210%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1242210%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.hrp.org.uk/curators/historic-royal-patchworks/">"Historic Royal... Patchworks?"</a>. Historic Royal Palaces. Retrieved 8 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Royal...+Patchworks%3F&rft.pub=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.hrp.org.uk%2Fcurators%2Fhistoric-royal-patchworks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1993_35-37-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_35-37_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_35-37_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, pp. 35–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, pp. 43–44 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1993_40-41-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_40-41_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_40-41_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, pp. 40–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, pp. 38–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1943-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1943_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC_5-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_5_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_5_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_5_55-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen_BrownCurnow1984">Allen Brown & Curnow 1984</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Liddiard_18-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liddiard_18_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liddiard_18_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiddiard2005">Liddiard 2005</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, pp. 45–47 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson1-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen_Brown1976">Allen Brown 1976</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen_Brown1976">Allen Brown 1976</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriar2003">Friar 2003</a>, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson_2-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_2_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_2_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen_BrownCurnow1984">Allen Brown & Curnow 1984</a>, pp. 5–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-AB_9-10-65"><a href="#cite_ref-AB_9-10_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen_BrownCurnow1984">Allen Brown & Curnow 1984</a>, pp. 9–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson_5-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_5_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, pp. 5–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen_BrownCurnow1984">Allen Brown & Curnow 1984</a>, pp. 12–13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1993_54-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_54_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_54_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_54_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_54_70-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_54_70-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCreighton2002">Creighton 2002</a>, p. 147 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson_6-9-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_6-9_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_6-9_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, pp. 6–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, pp. 14–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen_BrownCurnow1984">Allen Brown & Curnow 1984</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen_BrownCurnow1984">Allen Brown & Curnow 1984</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, p. 304 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, pp. 13–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson_17-18-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_17-18_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_17-18_78-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, pp. 17–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, pp. 19–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC_20-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_20_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_20_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen_BrownCurnow1984">Allen Brown & Curnow 1984</a>, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen_BrownCurnow1984">Allen Brown & Curnow 1984</a>, pp. 20–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, pp. 24–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1993_35-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_35_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_35_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCathcart_King1988">Cathcart King 1988</a>, p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, pp. 35–44 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, pp. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, pp. 34, 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C207">"Records of the Royal Mint"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Archive">The National Archive</a>. Retrieved 6 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Royal+Mint&rft.pub=The+National+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2FC207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLellan2024" class="citation web cs1">McLellan, Rory (13 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrp.org.uk/about-us/research/the-jewish-history-of-the-medieval-tower-of-london/#gs.a7xgdo">"The Jewish History of the Medieval Tower of London"</a>. Historic Royal Palaces. Retrieved 13 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+History+of+the+Medieval+Tower+of+London&rft.date=2024-06-13&rft.aulast=McLellan&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fresearch%2Fthe-jewish-history-of-the-medieval-tower-of-london%2F%23gs.a7xgdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrp.org.uk/media/1490/2016-03-31_tol_whsmanagementplan_v1.pdf">"Tower of London World Heritage Site Management Plan"</a> (PDF). Historic Royal Palaces. pp. xi–xii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tower+of+London+World+Heritage+Site+Management+Plan&rft.pages=xi-xii&rft.pub=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2Fmedia%2F1490%2F2016-03-31_tol_whsmanagementplan_v1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLapperParnell2000">Lapper & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCostain1958">Costain 1958</a>, pp. 193–195 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Calendar of Patent Rolls. 1321–1327. p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrickland1840">Strickland 1840</a>, p. 201 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriar2003">Friar 2003</a>, p. 235 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, pp. 34, 42–43 </li> <li id="cite_note-I&P_42-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_42_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_42_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-I&P_51-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_51_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_51_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_51_103-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1993_53-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_53_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_53_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_53_104-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-I&P_46-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_46_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_46_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-I&P_46-47-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_46-47_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_46-47_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_46-47_108-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, pp. 46–47 </li> <li id="cite_note-Horrox-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horrox_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horrox_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorrox2004">Horrox 2004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2013" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Maev (29 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/oct/29/roman-eagle-found-archaeologists-london-sculpture-art">"Roman eagle found by archaeologists in City of London"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Roman+eagle+found+by+archaeologists+in+City+of+London&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Maev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2013%2Foct%2F29%2Froman-eagle-found-archaeologists-london-sculpture-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 16–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThurley2017">Thurley 2017</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yeoman_Warders-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yeoman_Warders_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yeoman_Warders_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100729164307/http://www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon/stories/yeomanwarder.aspx">Yeoman Warders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon/stories/yeomanwarder.aspx">the original</a> on 29 July 2010, retrieved 21 July 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yeoman+Warders&rft.pub=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2FTowerOfLondon%2Fstories%2Fyeomanwarder.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowle1964">Bowle 1964</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 73 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, pp. 10–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-I&P_91-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_91_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_91_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_91_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_91_118-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_91_118-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_91_118-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-I&P_92-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_92_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_92_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlack1927">Black 1927</a>, p. 345 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1993_117-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_117_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_117_121-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-I&P_94-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_94_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_94_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_94_122-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlowden2004">Plowden 2004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollinson2004">Collinson 2004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemark1997" class="citation book cs1">Semark, H.W. (1997). The Royal Naval Armament Depots of Priddy's Hard, Elson, Frater and Bedenham, 1768–1977. Winchester: Hampshire County Council. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Naval+Armament+Depots+of+Priddy%27s+Hard%2C+Elson%2C+Frater+and+Bedenham%2C+1768%E2%80%931977&rft.place=Winchester&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Hampshire+County+Council&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Semark&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-I&P_54-55-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_54-55_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_54-55_129-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, pp. 54–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, pp. 76–77 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660–1851 by Rupert Gunnisp.129 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, pp. 79–80 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110705121450/http://www.hrp.org.uk/Resources/Executions%20at%20the%20Tower.pdf">Executions at The Tower of London</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrp.org.uk/Resources/Executions%20at%20the%20Tower.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 July 2011, retrieved 31 July 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Executions+at+The+Tower+of+London&rft.pub=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2FResources%2FExecutions%2520at%2520the%2520Tower.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sellers_179-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Sellers_179_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSellers1997">Sellers 1997</a>, p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, pp. 117–118 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOsbourne2012">Osbourne 2012</a>, p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530014315/http://www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon/stories/medievalpalace.aspx">Medieval Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon/stories/medievalpalace.aspx">the original</a> on 30 May 2010, retrieved 19 July 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Palace&rft.pub=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2FTowerOfLondon%2Fstories%2Fmedievalpalace.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_1993_111-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_111_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_1993_111_141-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-I&P_117-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_117_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_117_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, pp. 118–121 </li> <li id="cite_note-I&P_124-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_124_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_124_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/17/newsid_2514000/2514429.stm">On This Day 1974: Bomb blast at the Tower of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>, 17 July 1974</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+This+Day+1974%3A+Bomb+blast+at+the+Tower+of+London&rft.pub=BBC+News+Online&rft.date=1974-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjuly%2F17%2Fnewsid_2514000%2F2514429.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100905220948/http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/5452.aspx">"Regimental History"</a>, British Army website, Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, 2010, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/5452.aspx">the original</a> on 5 September 2010, retrieved 16 June 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Army+website&rft.atitle=Regimental+History&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mod.uk%2Finfantry%2Fregiments%2F5452.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726064711/http://www.armymuseums.org.uk/museums/0000000114-Royal-Regiment-of-Fusiliers-London-Museum.htm">Royal Regiment of Fusiliers (London) Museum</a>, Army Museums Ogilby Trust, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armymuseums.org.uk/museums/0000000114-Royal-Regiment-of-Fusiliers-London-Museum.htm">the original</a> on 26 July 2011, retrieved 16 June 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Regiment+of+Fusiliers+%28London%29+Museum&rft.pub=Army+Museums+Ogilby+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armymuseums.org.uk%2Fmuseums%2F0000000114-Royal-Regiment-of-Fusiliers-London-Museum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100604032857/http://www.hrp.org.uk/toweroflondon/whatson/ceremonyofthekeys.aspx">The Ceremony of the Keys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a>, 2004–2010, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon/WhatsOn/ceremonyofthekeys.aspx">the original</a> on 4 June 2010, retrieved 16 June 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ceremony+of+the+Keys&rft.pub=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft.date=2004%2F2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2FTowerOfLondon%2FWhatsOn%2Fceremonyofthekeys.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100906233400/http://www.army.mod.uk/events/ceremonial/1071.aspx">The Queen's Guard</a>, British Army, 2010, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mod.uk/events/ceremonial/1071.aspx">the original</a> on 6 September 2010, retrieved 16 June 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queen%27s+Guard&rft.pub=British+Army&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mod.uk%2Fevents%2Fceremonial%2F1071.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/RoyalEventsandCeremonies/Ceremonialbodies/YeomenWarders.aspx">Yeomen Warders</a>, Royal Household of the United Kingdom, 2008–2009, retrieved 16 June 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yeomen+Warders&rft.pub=Royal+Household+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2008%2F2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FRoyalEventsandCeremonies%2FCeremonialbodies%2FYeomenWarders.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317070617/http://www.royal.gov.uk/RoyalEventsandCeremonies/GunSalutes/Gunsalutes.aspx">Gun salutes</a>, Royal Household of the United Kingdom, 2008–2009, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/RoyalEventsandCeremonies/GunSalutes/Gunsalutes.aspx">the original</a> on 17 March 2015, retrieved 16 June 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gun+salutes&rft.pub=Royal+Household+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2008%2F2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FRoyalEventsandCeremonies%2FGunSalutes%2FGunsalutes.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091222002931/http://www.hrp.org.uk/aboutus/whoweare/causeandprinciples.aspx">Cause and principles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrp.org.uk/aboutus/whoweare/causeandprinciples.aspx">the original</a> on 22 December 2009, retrieved 30 April 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cause+and+principles&rft.pub=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2Faboutus%2Fwhoweare%2Fcauseandprinciples.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329170647/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D15244%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html">UNESCO Constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15244&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">the original</a> on 29 March 2019, retrieved 17 August 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Constitution&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fev.php-URL_ID%3D15244%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/488">Tower of London</a>, UNESCO, retrieved 28 July 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tower+of+London&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6072580.stm">UNESCO warning on Tower of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>, 21 October 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNESCO+warning+on+Tower+of+London&rft.pub=BBC+News+Online&rft.date=2006-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Flondon%2F6072580.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071221042706/http://www.hrp.org.uk/NewsAndMedia/Pressresources/tolpressresources/pressreleasemedievalTower.aspx">Medieval Palace: Press Release</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrp.org.uk/NewsAndMedia/Pressresources/tolpressresources/pressreleasemedievalTower.aspx">the original</a> on 21 December 2007, retrieved 19 July 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Palace%3A+Press+Release&rft.pub=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2FNewsAndMedia%2FPressresources%2Ftolpressresources%2FpressreleasemedievalTower.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091130201029/http://www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon/stories/palacepeople/TheConstableoftheTower.aspx">The Constable of the Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon/stories/palacepeople/TheConstableoftheTower.aspx">the original</a> on 30 November 2009, retrieved 27 September 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constable+of+the+Tower&rft.pub=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2FTowerOfLondon%2Fstories%2Fpalacepeople%2FTheConstableoftheTower.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206190019/http://www.hrp.org.uk/aboutus/whoweare/MajorGeneralKeithCima_.aspx">Maj Gen Keith Cima: Resident Governor HM Tower of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrp.org.uk/aboutus/whoweare/MajorGeneralKeithCima_.aspx">the original</a> on 6 December 2008, retrieved 27 September 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maj+Gen+Keith+Cima%3A+Resident+Governor+HM+Tower+of+London&rft.pub=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2Faboutus%2Fwhoweare%2FMajorGeneralKeithCima_.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2022/april/07/20220407-general-sir-gordon-makes-history-as-first-rm-in-charge-of-tower-of-london">General Sir Gordon makes history as first Royal Marine in charge of Tower of London</a>, Royal Navy, 7 April 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Sir+Gordon+makes+history+as+first+Royal+Marine+in+charge+of+Tower+of+London&rft.pub=Royal+Navy&rft.date=2022-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavy.mod.uk%2Fnews-and-latest-activity%2Fnews%2F2022%2Fapril%2F07%2F20220407-general-sir-gordon-makes-history-as-first-rm-in-charge-of-tower-of-london&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJerome2006">Jerome 2006</a>, pp. 148–149 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/world/meet-the-ravenmaster">"Why the Tower of London has a ravenmaster — a man charged with keeping at least six ravens at the castle at all times"</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a>, 30 September 2018, retrieved 1 October 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Why+the+Tower+of+London+has+a+ravenmaster+%E2%80%94+a+man+charged+with+keeping+at+least+six+ravens+at+the+castle+at+all+times&rft.date=2018-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmeet-the-ravenmaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th Edition, 1993. Article on Tower Hamlets </li> <li id="cite_note-stepney-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stepney_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stepney_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Metropolitan Borough of Stepney, Official Guide (10th ed.). Ed J Burrows & Co. 1962. pp. 25–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metropolitan+Borough+of+Stepney%2C+Official+Guide&rft.pages=25-29&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Ed+J+Burrows+%26+Co&rft.date=1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethnal_Green1998" class="citation book cs1">Bethnal Green, ed. (1998). "Stepney: Early Stepney". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol11/pp1-7">A History of the County of Middlesex</a>. Vol. 11. T F T Baker. pp. 1–7. Retrieved 3 December 2021 – via British History Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stepney%3A+Early+Stepney&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Middlesex&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=T+F+T+Baker&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Fmiddx%2Fvol11%2Fpp1-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson_29-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_29_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_29_166-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1998">Wilson 1998</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-I&P_106-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_106_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&P_106_167-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFImpeyParnell2000">Impey & Parnell 2000</a>, p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815165715/https://royalexhibitions.co.uk/crown-jewels-2/">"British Crown Jewels"</a>. Royal Exhibitions. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalexhibitions.co.uk/crown-jewels-2/">the original</a> on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Crown+Jewels&rft.pub=Royal+Exhibitions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalexhibitions.co.uk%2Fcrown-jewels-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2011" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, William (23 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EB7BBAAAQBAJ&q=tower+of+london+jewels+1660&pg=PT16">A Brief History of Britain 1660 – 1851</a>. Little, Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849018159" title="Special:BookSources/9781849018159"><bdi>9781849018159</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Britain+1660+%E2%80%93+1851&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2011-06-23&rft.isbn=9781849018159&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEB7BBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtower%2Bof%2Blondon%2Bjewels%2B1660%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRennison2010" class="citation book cs1">Rennison, Nick (31 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HWBquVNVZMUC&q=crown+jewels+tower+of+london+jewels+1669&pg=PA32">The Book Of Lists London</a>. Canongate Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847676665" title="Special:BookSources/9781847676665"><bdi>9781847676665</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+Of+Lists+London&rft.pub=Canongate+Books&rft.date=2010-08-31&rft.isbn=9781847676665&rft.aulast=Rennison&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHWBquVNVZMUC%26q%3Dcrown%2Bjewels%2Btower%2Bof%2Blondon%2Bjewels%2B1669%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706133644/http://www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon/stories/anattempttostealthecrownjewels.aspx">Colonel Blood's raid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon/stories/anattempttostealthecrownjewels.aspx">the original</a> on 6 July 2010, retrieved 22 June 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonel+Blood%27s+raid&rft.pub=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2FTowerOfLondon%2Fstories%2Fanattempttostealthecrownjewels.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/near-you/jewel-house#/">"The Royal Collection at The Tower of London: Jewel House"</a>. www.royalcollection.org.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.royalcollection.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Collection+at+The+Tower+of+London%3A+Jewel+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalcollection.org.uk%2Fcollection%2Fnear-you%2Fjewel-house%23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys2010" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, Rob (4 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=96NlZrT5UkYC&q=crown+jewels+tower+of+london+on+display+waterloo+block&pg=PT373">The Rough Guide to London</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405384759" title="Special:BookSources/9781405384759"><bdi>9781405384759</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2010-01-04&rft.isbn=9781405384759&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D96NlZrT5UkYC%26q%3Dcrown%2Bjewels%2Btower%2Bof%2Blondon%2Bon%2Bdisplay%2Bwaterloo%2Bblock%26pg%3DPT373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/explore/the-crown-jewels/#gs.WFXa90k">"The Crown Jewels"</a>. Historic Royal Palaces.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft.atitle=The+Crown+Jewels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2Ftower-of-london%2Fexplore%2Fthe-crown-jewels%2F%23gs.WFXa90k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristen_Deiter2011" class="citation book cs1">Kristen Deiter (23 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvGTAgAAQBAJ&q=tower+of+london+menagerie&pg=PA34">The Tower of London in English Renaissance Drama: Icon of Opposition</a>. Routledge. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135894061" title="Special:BookSources/9781135894061"><bdi>9781135894061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tower+of+London+in+English+Renaissance+Drama%3A+Icon+of+Opposition&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft.isbn=9781135894061&rft.au=Kristen+Deiter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvGTAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtower%2Bof%2Blondon%2Bmenagerie%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent1-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent1_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent1_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Connor2008" class="citation news cs1">Steve Connor (25 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924191557/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/royal-menagerie-lions-uncovered-800351.html">"Royal Menagerie lions uncovered"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/royal-menagerie-lions-uncovered-800351.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Royal+Menagerie+lions+uncovered&rft.date=2008-03-25&rft.au=Steve+Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2Froyal-menagerie-lions-uncovered-800351.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-royalarmouries-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-royalarmouries_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-royalarmouries_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-royalarmouries_177-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-royalarmouries_177-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-royalarmouries_177-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-royalarmouries_177-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalarmouries.org/power-house/institutions-of-the-tower/menagerie">"Menagerie"</a>. Royal Armouries. Retrieved 21 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Menagerie&rft.pub=Royal+Armouries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalarmouries.org%2Fpower-house%2Finstitutions-of-the-tower%2Fmenagerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051105025912/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1103_051103_tower_lions.html">"Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London "Zoo""</a>. National Geographic. 11 November 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1103_051103_tower_lions.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Medieval+Lion+Skulls+Reveal+Secrets+of+Tower+of+London+%22Zoo%22&rft.date=2005-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2F11%2F1103_051103_tower_lions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_Royal_Palaces" class="citation web cs1">Historic Royal Palaces. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204153554/http://www.hrp.org.uk/TowerofLondon/Stories/Palacehighlights/RoyalBeasts/Stories">"Discover The Incredible Tales Of The Tower Of London's Royal Beasts"</a>. hrp.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrp.org.uk/TowerofLondon/Stories/Palacehighlights/RoyalBeasts/Stories">the original</a> on 4 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hrp.org.uk&rft.atitle=Discover+The+Incredible+Tales+Of+The+Tower+Of+London%27s+Royal+Beasts&rft.au=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2FTowerofLondon%2FStories%2FPalacehighlights%2FRoyalBeasts%2FStories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2016" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Matthew (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LBNDQAAQBAJ&q=polar+bear+tower+of+london+fished+in+the+thames&pg=PP143">Henry III: The Son of Magna Carta</a>. Amberley Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445653587" title="Special:BookSources/9781445653587"><bdi>9781445653587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+III%3A+The+Son+of+Magna+Carta&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781445653587&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LBNDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpolar%2Bbear%2Btower%2Bof%2Blondon%2Bfished%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bthames%26pg%3DPP143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMount2016" class="citation book cs1">Mount, Toni (15 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WcZ5DAAAQBAJ&q=tower+of+london+african+elephant+Louis+IX&pg=PT180">A Year in the Life of Medieval England</a>. Amberley Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445652405" title="Special:BookSources/9781445652405"><bdi>9781445652405</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Year+in+the+Life+of+Medieval+England&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2016-05-15&rft.isbn=9781445652405&rft.aulast=Mount&rft.aufirst=Toni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWcZ5DAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtower%2Bof%2Blondon%2Bafrican%2Belephant%2BLouis%2BIX%26pg%3DPT180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.ca-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.ca_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.ca_182-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2012" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Nigel (2 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuvepzgkYMgC&q=tower+of+london+menagerie+Edward+III+added+several+animals&pg=PA23">Tower: An Epic History of the Tower of London</a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250018144" title="Special:BookSources/9781250018144"><bdi>9781250018144</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tower%3A+An+Epic+History+of+the+Tower+of+London&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2012-10-02&rft.isbn=9781250018144&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAuvepzgkYMgC%26q%3Dtower%2Bof%2Blondon%2Bmenagerie%2BEdward%2BIII%2Badded%2Bseveral%2Banimals%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Harrison_Ainsworth1858" class="citation book cs1">William Harrison Ainsworth (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WxQlAAAAMAAJ&q=tower+of+london+menagerie&pg=PA249">The Tower of London: An Historical Romance</a>. p. 249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tower+of+London%3A+An+Historical+Romance&rft.pages=249&rft.date=1858&rft.au=William+Harrison+Ainsworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWxQlAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtower%2Bof%2Blondon%2Bmenagerie%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlunt1976">Blunt 1976</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170325025611/http://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/visit-us/top-things-to-see-and-do/royal-beasts/the-royal-menagerie/the-beasts-within/#gs.pK8nWJ0">"The Tower of London: Discover The Wild Beasts That Once Roamed The Royal Menagerie"</a>. Historic Royal Palaces. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/visit-us/top-things-to-see-and-do/royal-beasts/the-royal-menagerie/the-beasts-within/#gs.pK8nWJ0">the original</a> on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tower+of+London%3A+Discover+The+Wild+Beasts+That+Once+Roamed+The+Royal+Menagerie&rft.pub=Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2Ftower-of-london%2Fvisit-us%2Ftop-things-to-see-and-do%2Froyal-beasts%2Fthe-royal-menagerie%2Fthe-beasts-within%2F%23gs.pK8nWJ0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1999" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Maev (18 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/oct/18/maevkennedy">"Tower's old grizzly back on show"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tower%27s+old+grizzly+back+on+show&rft.date=1999-10-18&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Maev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F1999%2Foct%2F18%2Fmaevkennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKisling2000" class="citation book cs1">Kisling, Vernon N. (18 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ulbMBQAAQBAJ&q=tower+of+london+menagerie+opened+as+a+zoo+public+shillings&pg=PA51">Zoo and Aquarium History: Ancient Animal Collections To Zoological Gardens</a>. CRC Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420039245" title="Special:BookSources/9781420039245"><bdi>9781420039245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoo+and+Aquarium+History%3A+Ancient+Animal+Collections+To+Zoological+Gardens&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2000-09-18&rft.isbn=9781420039245&rft.aulast=Kisling&rft.aufirst=Vernon+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DulbMBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtower%2Bof%2Blondon%2Bmenagerie%2Bopened%2Bas%2Ba%2Bzoo%2Bpublic%2Bshillings%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1829" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Edward Turner (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p1RjAAAAcAAJ&q=tower+of+london+menagerie&pg=PR15">The Tower Menagerie: Comprising the Natural History of the Animals Contained ...</a> p. 15. Retrieved 21 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tower+Menagerie%3A+Comprising+the+Natural+History+of+the+Animals+Contained+...&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Edward+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp1RjAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dtower%2Bof%2Blondon%2Bmenagerie%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">African History at the Tower of London. Tower Hamlets: Tower Hamlets African and Caribbean Mental Health Organisation. 2008. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9551368-7-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9551368-7-0"><bdi>978-0-9551368-7-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+History+at+the+Tower+of+London&rft.place=Tower+Hamlets&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Tower+Hamlets+African+and+Caribbean+Mental+Health+Organisation&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9551368-7-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-190"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4371908.stm">"Big cats prowled London's tower"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 24 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Big+cats+prowled+London%27s+tower&rft.date=2005-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F4371908.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Allaby2010" class="citation book cs1">Michael Allaby (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KtKZ12YN9qcC&q=tower+of+london+menagerie+opened+as+a+zoo&pg=PT68">Animals: From Mythology to Zoology</a>. Infobase. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816061013" title="Special:BookSources/9780816061013"><bdi>9780816061013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animals%3A+From+Mythology+to+Zoology&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780816061013&rft.au=Michael+Allaby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtKZ12YN9qcC%26q%3Dtower%2Bof%2Blondon%2Bmenagerie%2Bopened%2Bas%2Ba%2Bzoo%26pg%3DPT68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell_94-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_94_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parnell_94_192-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParnell1993">Parnell 1993</a>, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Parnell, Geoffrey (2 December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIJnAAAAMAAJ&q=geoffrey+parnell+tower+of+London+Menagerie+1835">Book of the Tower of London</a>. B. T. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713468649" title="Special:BookSources/9780713468649"><bdi>9780713468649</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+the+Tower+of+London&rft.pub=B.+T.+Batsford&rft.date=1993-12-02&rft.isbn=9780713468649&rft.aulast=Parnell&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIJnAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgeoffrey%2Bparnell%2Btower%2Bof%2BLondon%2BMenagerie%2B1835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1999" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Maev (18 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/oct/18/maevkennedy">"Tower's old grizzly back on show"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tower%27s+old+grizzly+back+on+show&rft.date=1999-10-18&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Maev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F1999%2Foct%2F18%2Fmaevkennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viewlondon.co.uk/whatson/royal-beasts-at-tower-of-london-article-10531.html">Royal Beasts at Tower of London</a>, View London, retrieved 14 April 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Beasts+at+Tower+of+London&rft.pub=View+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viewlondon.co.uk%2Fwhatson%2Froyal-beasts-at-tower-of-london-article-10531.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNearing1948">Nearing 1948</a>, p. 229 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNearing1948">Nearing 1948</a>, pp. 231–232 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNearing1948">Nearing 1948</a>, p. 228 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNearing1948">Nearing 1948</a>, p. 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarson1978">Farson 1978</a>, pp. 14–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hole-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hole_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hole_201-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHole1951">Hole 1951</a>, pp. 61–62, 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoud2009">Roud 2009</a>, pp. 60–61 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: General bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen_Brown1976" class="citation book cs1">Allen Brown, Reginald (1976) [1954]. Allen Brown's English Castles. The Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-069-6"><bdi>978-1-84383-069-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allen+Brown%27s+English+Castles&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-069-6&rft.aulast=Allen+Brown&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen_BrownCurnow1984" class="citation book cs1">Allen Brown, Reginald; Curnow, P (1984). Tower of London, Greater London: Department of the Environment Official Handbook. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-671148-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-671148-9"><bdi>978-0-11-671148-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tower+of+London%2C+Greater+London%3A+Department+of+the+Environment+Official+Handbook&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-11-671148-9&rft.aulast=Allen+Brown&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rft.au=Curnow%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2001" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Matthew (2001). Campaigns of the Norman Conquest. Essential Histories. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-228-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-228-9"><bdi>978-1-84176-228-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campaigns+of+the+Norman+Conquest&rft.series=Essential+Histories&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-228-9&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1927" class="citation journal cs1">Black, Ernest (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8145&context=penn_law_review">"Torture under English Law"</a>. University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register. 75 (4): 344–348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3307506">10.2307/3307506</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3307506">3307506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Law+Review+and+American+Law+Register&rft.atitle=Torture+under+English+Law&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=344-348&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3307506&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3307506%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D8145%26context%3Dpenn_law_review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlunt1976" class="citation book cs1">Blunt, Wilfred (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_241893313">The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century</a>. Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-89331-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-89331-9"><bdi>978-0-241-89331-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ark+in+the+Park%3A+The+Zoo+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-241-89331-9&rft.aulast=Blunt&rft.aufirst=Wilfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_241893313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowle1964" class="citation book cs1">Bowle, John Edward (1964). Henry VIII: A Biography. Allen & Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Bowle&rft.aufirst=John+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathcart_King1988" class="citation book cs1">Cathcart King, David James (1988). The Castle in England and Wales: an Interpretative History. Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918400-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-918400-08-6"><bdi>978-0-918400-08-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Castle+in+England+and+Wales%3A+an+Interpretative+History&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-918400-08-6&rft.aulast=Cathcart+King&rft.aufirst=David+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinson2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Collinson, Patrick (2004). "Elizabeth I (1533–1603), Queen of England and Ireland". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8636">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8636">10.1093/ref:odnb/8636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8636&rft.aulast=Collinson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F8636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) (subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostain1958" class="citation book cs1">Costain, Thomas (1958). The Three Edwards. Garden City.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Edwards&rft.pub=Garden+City&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Costain&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreighton2002" class="citation book cs1">Creighton, Oliver (2002). Castles and Landscapes. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5896-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5896-4"><bdi>978-0-8264-5896-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castles+and+Landscapes&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5896-4&rft.aulast=Creighton&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarson1978" class="citation book cs1">Farson, Daniel (1978). Ghosts in Fact and Fiction. Hamlyn Young Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-600-34053-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-600-34053-9"><bdi>978-0-600-34053-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghosts+in+Fact+and+Fiction&rft.pub=Hamlyn+Young+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-600-34053-9&rft.aulast=Farson&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriar2003" class="citation book cs1">Friar, Stephen (2003). The Sutton Companion to Castles. Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3994-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3994-2"><bdi>978-0-7509-3994-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sutton+Companion+to+Castles&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3994-2&rft.aulast=Friar&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillingham2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gillingham" title="John Gillingham">Gillingham, John</a> (2002) [1999]. Richard I. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09404-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09404-6"><bdi>978-0-300-09404-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+I&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09404-6&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHole1951" class="citation book cs1">Hole, Christina (1951). Haunted England: A Survey of English Ghost-Lore (3 ed.). Batsford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haunted+England%3A+A+Survey+of+English+Ghost-Lore&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Hole&rft.aufirst=Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrox2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Horrox, Rosemary (2004). "Edward V (1470–1483), king of England and lord of Ireland". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8521">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8521">10.1093/ref:odnb/8521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8521&rft.aulast=Horrox&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F8521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) (subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImpeyParnell2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Impey" title="Edward Impey">Impey, Edward</a>; Parnell, Geoffrey (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toweroflondon00edwa">The Tower of London: The Official Illustrated History</a>. Merrell Publishers in association with <a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85894-106-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85894-106-6"><bdi>978-1-85894-106-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tower+of+London%3A+The+Official+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=Merrell+Publishers+in+association+with+Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85894-106-6&rft.aulast=Impey&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Parnell%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoweroflondon00edwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome2006" class="citation book cs1">Jerome, Fiona (2006). Tales from the Tower: Secrets and Stories from a Gory and Glorious Past. Think Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84525-026-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84525-026-3"><bdi>978-1-84525-026-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+from+the+Tower%3A+Secrets+and+Stories+from+a+Gory+and+Glorious+Past&rft.pub=Think+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84525-026-3&rft.aulast=Jerome&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapperParnell2000" class="citation book cs1">Lapper, Ivan; Parnell, Geoffrey (2000). The Tower of London: A 2000-year History. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-170-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-170-1"><bdi>978-1-84176-170-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tower+of+London%3A+A+2000-year+History&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-170-1&rft.aulast=Lapper&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Parnell%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddiard2005" class="citation book cs1">Liddiard, Robert (2005). Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500. Windgather Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9545575-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9545575-2-2"><bdi>978-0-9545575-2-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castles+in+Context%3A+Power%2C+Symbolism+and+Landscape%2C+1066+to+1500&rft.pub=Windgather+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9545575-2-2&rft.aulast=Liddiard&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichetteVilesVlachouAngus2020" class="citation journal cs1">Michette, Martin; Viles, Heather; Vlachou, Constantina; Angus, Ian (8 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10116551/1/Michette_s40494-020-00424-w.pdf">"The many faces of Reigate Stone: an assessment of variability in historic masonry based on Medieval London's principal freestone"</a> (PDF). Heritage Science. 8 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40494-020-00424-w">10.1186/s40494-020-00424-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2050-7445">2050-7445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Science&rft.atitle=The+many+faces+of+Reigate+Stone%3A+an+assessment+of+variability+in+historic+masonry+based+on+Medieval+London%27s+principal+freestone&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2020-08-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40494-020-00424-w&rft.issn=2050-7445&rft.aulast=Michette&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Viles%2C+Heather&rft.au=Vlachou%2C+Constantina&rft.au=Angus%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F10116551%2F1%2FMichette_s40494-020-00424-w.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNearing1948" class="citation book cs1">Nearing, Homer Jr. (April 1948). "Julius Caesar and the Tower of London". Modern Language Notes. Vol. 63. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 228–233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2908562">10.2307/2908562</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2908562">2908562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Julius+Caesar+and+the+Tower+of+London&rft.btitle=Modern+Language+Notes&rft.pages=228-233&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1948-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2908562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2908562%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nearing&rft.aufirst=Homer+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsbourne2012" class="citation book cs1">Osbourne, Mike (2012). Defending London: A Military History from Conquest to Cold War. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6465-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6465-7"><bdi>978-0-7524-6465-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defending+London%3A+A+Military+History+from+Conquest+to+Cold+War&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-6465-7&rft.aulast=Osbourne&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParnell1993" class="citation book cs1">Parnell, Geoffrey (1993). The Tower of London. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-6864-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-6864-9"><bdi>978-0-7134-6864-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tower+of+London&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-6864-9&rft.aulast=Parnell&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlowden2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Plowden, Alison (2004). "Grey (married name Dudley), Lady Jane (1537–1554)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8154">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8154">10.1093/ref:odnb/8154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8154&rft.aulast=Plowden&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F8154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) (subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoud2009" class="citation book cs1">Roud, Steve (2009) [2008]. London Lore: The Legends and Traditions of the World's Most Vibrant City. Arrow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-951986-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-951986-7"><bdi>978-0-09-951986-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Lore%3A+The+Legends+and+Traditions+of+the+World%27s+Most+Vibrant+City&rft.pub=Arrow+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-09-951986-7&rft.aulast=Roud&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSax2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sax, Boria (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727122825/http://www.animalsandsociety.org/assets/library/737_s4.pdf">"How Ravens Came to the Tower of London"</a> (PDF). Society and Animals. 15 (3): 269–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853007X217203">10.1163/156853007X217203</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animalsandsociety.org/assets/library/737_s4.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society+and+Animals&rft.atitle=How+Ravens+Came+to+the+Tower+of+London&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=269-283&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853007X217203&rft.aulast=Sax&rft.aufirst=Boria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animalsandsociety.org%2Fassets%2Flibrary%2F737_s4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellers1997" class="citation book cs1">Sellers, Leonard (1997). Shot in the Tower:The Story of the Spies executed in the Tower of London during the First World War. Leo Cooper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-026-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-026-3"><bdi>978-1-84884-026-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shot+in+the+Tower%3AThe+Story+of+the+Spies+executed+in+the+Tower+of+London+during+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-026-3&rft.aulast=Sellers&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrickland1840" class="citation book cs1">Strickland, Agnes (1840). Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest. Volume II. Vol. II. Henry Colburn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Queens+of+England+from+the+Norman+Conquest.+Volume+II&rft.pub=Henry+Colburn&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=Agnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurley2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thurley" title="Simon Thurley">Thurley, Simon</a> (2017). Houses of Power: The Places that Shaped the Tudor World. Bantam Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473510807" title="Special:BookSources/9781473510807"><bdi>9781473510807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Houses+of+Power%3A+The+Places+that+Shaped+the+Tudor+World&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781473510807&rft.aulast=Thurley&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVince1990" class="citation book cs1">Vince, Alan (1990). Saxon London: An Archaeological Investigation. Seaby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85264-019-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85264-019-4"><bdi>978-1-85264-019-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saxon+London%3A+An+Archaeological+Investigation&rft.pub=Seaby&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-85264-019-4&rft.aulast=Vince&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2008" class="citation book cs1">Weir, Alison (2008). Henry VIII: The King and His Court. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-43708-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-43708-2"><bdi>978-0-345-43708-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII%3A+The+King+and+His+Court&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-345-43708-2&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1998" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Derek (1998) [1978]. The Tower of London: A Thousand Years (2nd ed.). Allison & Busby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7490-0332-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7490-0332-6"><bdi>978-0-7490-0332-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tower+of+London%3A+A+Thousand+Years&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Allison+%26+Busby&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7490-0332-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1829" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Edward Turner (1829). The Tower Menagerie: Comprising the Natural History of the Animals Contained in that Establishment; with Anecdotes of their Characters and History. Robert Jennings.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tower+Menagerie%3A+Comprising+the+Natural+History+of+the+Animals+Contained+in+that+Establishment%3B+with+Anecdotes+of+their+Characters+and+History&rft.pub=Robert+Jennings&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Edward+Turner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarman1864" class="citation book cs1">Harman, A. (1864). Sketches of the Tower of London as a Fortress, a Prison, and a Palace. J. Wheeler.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketches+of+the+Tower+of+London+as+a+Fortress%2C+a+Prison%2C+and+a+Palace&rft.pub=J.+Wheeler&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Harman&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParnell2009" class="citation book cs1">Parnell, Geoffrey (2009). The Tower of London: Past & Present. History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5036-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5036-0"><bdi>978-0-7524-5036-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tower+of+London%3A+Past+%26+Present&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-5036-0&rft.aulast=Parnell&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (1 hour and 10 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="4206" data-mwtitle="En-Tower_of_London-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/En-Tower_of_London-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/En-Tower_of_London-article.ogg/En-Tower_of_London-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Tower_of_London-article.ogg" title="File:En-Tower of London-article.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 4 May 2018 (2018-05-04), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London" class="extiw" title="commons:Tower of London">Tower of London</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tower_of_London" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tower of London">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a listing for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/London/City_of_London#Q62378" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:London/City of London">Tower of London</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100511080832/http://www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon/stories/buildinghistory/bibliography.aspx">Further reading recommended by Historic Royal Palaces</a> (archived 11 May 2010)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/1904.html">Bibliography of sources relating to the Tower of London</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tower_of_London,_The">"Tower of London, The" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tower+of+London%2C+The&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+London" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_London" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:London_history" title="Template:London history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:London_history" title="Template talk:London history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:London_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:London history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_London" title="History of London">History of London</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_London" title="Timeline of London">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Lundenwic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_London" title="County of London">County of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_London" title="Timeline of London">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Roman London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Anglo-Saxon London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_and_Medieval_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman and Medieval London">Norman and Medieval London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_London" title="Tudor London">Tudor London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_London" title="Stuart London">Stuart London</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_London" title="18th-century London">18th-century London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th-century_London" title="19th-century London">19th-century London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London_(1900%E2%80%931939)" title="History of London (1900–1939)">1900–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_in_World_War_II" title="London in World War II">World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London#1945–2000" title="History of London">1945–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London#21st_century" title="History of London">21st century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">Coronations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_England" title="Black Death in England">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak" title="1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak">1854 cholera outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Stink" title="Great Stink">Great Stink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Exhibition" title="Franco-British Exhibition">1908 Franco-British Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">The Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London" title="Great Smog of London">Great Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">Abdication of Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_Sixties" title="Swinging Sixties">Swinging London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup_final" title="1966 FIFA World Cup final">1966 FIFA World Cup final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings" title="Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings">Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_February_2003_anti-war_protests#London" title="15 February 2003 anti-war protests">Anti-war protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7/7 bombings</a></li> <li>Olympic Games <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">2012 Summer Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire" title="Grenfell Tower fire">Grenfell Tower fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London" title="COVID-19 pandemic in London">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_London" title="History of local government in London">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Historic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works" title="Metropolitan Board of Works">Metropolitan Board of Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Council" title="Greater London Council">Greater London Council</a></li></ul></li> <li>Current <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_London" title="List of political parties in London">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="London Labour Party">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Liberal_Democrats" title="London Liberal Democrats">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Green_Party" title="London Green Party">London Green Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_independence" title="London independence">London independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners" title="Bow Street Runners">Bow Street Runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Metropolitan_Police" title="History of the Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Ambulance_Service" title="London Ambulance Service">London Ambulance Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade" title="London Fire Brigade">London Fire Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_London_Authority" title="Port of London Authority">Port of London Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_sewer_system" title="London sewer system">London sewer system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_London_Underground" title="History of the London Underground">London Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Metropolitan_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="London Metropolitan Archives">London Metropolitan Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of the City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_the_City_of_London" title="Wards of the City of London">Wards of the City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery_company" title="Livery company">Livery Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor%27s_Show" title="Lord Mayor's Show">Lord Mayor's Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London" title="Monument to the Great Fire of London">The Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_London" title="Fortifications of London">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Greater_London" title="Scheduled monuments in Greater London">Scheduled monuments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_London" title="Category:History of London">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_royal_residences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EEF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_palaces_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Royal palaces in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_palaces_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Royal palaces in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_palaces_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal palaces in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_royal_residences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_royal_residences" title="List of British royal residences">British royal residences</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EEF;;width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Castle" title="Hillsborough Castle">Hillsborough Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EEF;;width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birkhall" title="Birkhall">Birkhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craigowan_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Craigowan Lodge">Craigowan Lodge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatcombe_Park" title="Gatcombe Park">Gatcombe Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highgrove_House" title="Highgrove House">Highgrove House</a></li> <li>Kensington Palace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Cottage" title="Ivy Cottage">Ivy Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Cottage" title="Nottingham Cottage">Nottingham Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_House" title="Wren House">Wren House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llwynywermod" title="Llwynywermod">Llwynywermod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandringham_House" title="Sandringham House">Sandringham House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anmer_Hall" title="Anmer Hall">Anmer Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Farm" title="Wood Farm">Wood Farm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarisk,_Isles_of_Scilly" title="Tamarisk, Isles of Scilly">Tamarisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatched_House_Lodge" title="Thatched House Lodge">Thatched House Lodge</a></li> <li>Windsor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Cottage" title="Adelaide Cottage">Adelaide Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagshot_Park" title="Bagshot Park">Bagshot Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogmore_Cottage" title="Frogmore Cottage">Frogmore Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Lodge" title="Royal Lodge">Royal Lodge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EEF;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_royal_residences#Former_royal_residences" title="List of British royal residences">Former royal residences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> <ul><li>as part of <a href="/wiki/Great_Spa_Towns_of_Europe" title="Great Spa Towns of Europe">Great Spa Towns of Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey" title="St Augustine's Abbey">St Augustine's Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Canterbury" title="St Martin's Church, Canterbury">St Martin's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_and_West_Devon_Mining_Landscape" title="Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape">Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derwent_Valley_Mills" title="Derwent Valley Mills">Derwent Valley Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Castle" title="Durham Castle">Durham Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge" title="Ironbridge Gorge">Ironbridge Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Coast" title="Jurassic Coast">Jurassic Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Royal Botanic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Maritime Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> including <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltaire" title="Saltaire">Saltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge,_Avebury_and_Associated_Sites" title="Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites">Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studley_Royal_Park" title="Studley Royal Park">Studley Royal Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fountains_Abbey" title="Fountains Abbey">Fountains Abbey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tower of London</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/100px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/150px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/200px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="355" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Edinburgh" title="Old Town, Edinburgh">Edinburgh Old Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_Bridge" title="Forth Bridge">Forth Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Neolithic_Orkney" title="Heart of Neolithic Orkney">Heart of Neolithic Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St Kilda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Wales" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaenavon_Industrial_Landscape" title="Blaenavon Industrial Landscape">Blaenavon Industrial Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castles_and_Town_Walls_of_King_Edward_in_Gwynedd" title="Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd">Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaumaris_Castle" title="Beaumaris Castle">Beaumaris Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_town_walls" title="Caernarfon town walls">Town Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conwy_town_walls" title="Conwy town walls">Town Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Overseas Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorham%27s_Cave" title="Gorham's Cave">Gorham's Cave Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inaccessible_Island" title="Inaccessible Island">Inaccessible Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_Island_(Pitcairn_Islands)" title="Henderson Island (Pitcairn Islands)">Henderson Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">Town of St George and Related Fortifications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" title="Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Maritime_Mercantile_City" title="Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City">Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prisons_in_London" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prisons_in_London" title="Template:Prisons in London"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prisons_in_London" title="Template talk:Prisons in London"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prisons_in_London" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prisons in London"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prisons_in_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prisons in London</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Belmarsh" title="HM Prison Belmarsh">Belmarsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Brixton" title="HM Prison Brixton">Brixton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Feltham" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Prison Feltham">Feltham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Isis" title="HM Prison Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Pentonville" title="HM Prison Pentonville">Pentonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Thameside" title="HM Prison Thameside">Thameside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Wandsworth" title="HM Prison Wandsworth">Wandsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Wormwood_Scrubs" title="HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs">Wormwood Scrubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_Compter" title="Borough Compter">Borough Compter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridewell_Palace" title="Bridewell Palace">Bridewell Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerkenwell_Bridewell" title="Clerkenwell Bridewell">Clerkenwell Bridewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerkenwell_Prison" title="Clerkenwell Prison">Clerkenwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clink" title="The Clink">The Clink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coldbath_Fields_Prison" title="Coldbath Fields Prison">Coldbath Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Prison" title="Fleet Prison">Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulham_Refuge" title="Fulham Refuge">Fulham Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatehouse_Prison" title="Gatehouse Prison">Gatehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giltspur_Street_Compter" title="Giltspur Street Compter">Giltspur Street Compter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Holloway" title="HM Prison Holloway">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsemonger_Lane_Gaol" title="Horsemonger Lane Gaol">Horsemonger Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Bench_Prison" title="King's Bench Prison">King's Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latchmere_House" title="Latchmere House">Latchmere House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshalsea" title="Marshalsea">Marshalsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millbank_Prison" title="Millbank Prison">Millbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Prison" title="New Prison">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newgate_Prison" title="Newgate Prison">Newgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Placentia" title="Palace of Placentia">Palace of Placentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_Compter" title="Poultry Compter">Poultry Compter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27s_Roundhouse" title="St Giles's Roundhouse">St Giles's Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tothill_Fields_Bridewell" title="Tothill Fields Bridewell">Tothill Fields Bridewell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Street_Compter" title="Wood Street Compter">Wood Street Compter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prisons_in_London" title="Category:Prisons in London">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gates_and_bars_of_the_City_of_London" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:City_of_London_gates" title="Template:City of London gates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:City_of_London_gates" title="Template talk:City of London gates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:City_of_London_gates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:City of London gates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gates_and_bars_of_the_City_of_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">Gates</a> and bars of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><a href="/wiki/Temple_Bar,_London" title="Temple Bar, London"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Temple_Bar_ILN_1870.jpg/80px-Temple_Bar_ILN_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Temple_Bar_ILN_1870.jpg/120px-Temple_Bar_ILN_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Temple_Bar_ILN_1870.jpg/159px-Temple_Bar_ILN_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="452" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4em; padding-right:25px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Former gates of <a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">London Wall</a> and City bars Listed clockwise from the West <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Bar,_London" title="Temple Bar, London">Temple Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludgate" title="Ludgate">Ludgate</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holborn_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Holborn Bar">Holborn Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newgate" title="Newgate">Newgate</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldersgate#The_gate" title="Aldersgate">Aldersgate</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripplegate#The_gate" title="Cripplegate">Cripplegate</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorgate#The_gate" title="Moorgate">Moorgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate" title="Bishopsgate">Bishopsgate</a>† Bars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldgate#The_gate" title="Aldgate">Aldgate</a>†</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">(Tower) Posterngate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Water</a>-gates: <a href="/wiki/Billingsgate" title="Billingsgate">Billingsgate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dowgate" title="Dowgate">Dowgate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">Bridge</a>-gates: Great Stone Gateway and New Stone Gate</li></ul> <ul><li>†The six <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Roman</a> gates</li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Aldgate" title="Aldgate"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1600_Aldgate.jpg/43px-1600_Aldgate.jpg" decoding="async" width="43" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1600_Aldgate.jpg/65px-1600_Aldgate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1600_Aldgate.jpg/87px-1600_Aldgate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="871" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="London_landmarks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:London_landmarks" title="Template:London landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:London_landmarks" title="Template talk:London landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:London_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:London landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="London_landmarks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> landmarks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_London" title="Category:Buildings and structures in London">Buildings and structures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bridges_in_London" title="Category:Bridges in London">Bridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bridge,_London" title="Albert Bridge, London">Albert Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Bridge" title="Battersea Bridge">Battersea Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Bridge" title="Blackfriars Bridge">Blackfriars Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Bridge" title="Chelsea Bridge">Chelsea Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Bridge" title="Hammersmith Bridge">Hammersmith Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_Bridge_and_Golden_Jubilee_Bridges" title="Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges">Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Bridge" title="Lambeth Bridge">Lambeth Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Bridge,_London" title="Millennium Bridge, London">Millennium Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putney_Bridge" title="Putney Bridge">Putney Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Bridge,_London" title="Richmond Bridge, London">Richmond Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Bridge" title="Southwark Bridge">Southwark Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Bridge" title="Vauxhall Bridge">Vauxhall Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge" title="Waterloo Bridge">Waterloo Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Bridge" title="Westminster Bridge">Westminster Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Entertainment_venues_in_London" title="Category:Entertainment venues in London">Entertainment venues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cinemas_in_London" title="Category:Cinemas in London">Cinemas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BFI_IMAX" title="BFI IMAX">BFI IMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire,_Leicester_Square" title="Empire, Leicester Square">Empire, Leicester Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odeon_Luxe_Leicester_Square" title="Odeon Luxe Leicester Square">Odeon Luxe Leicester Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Football stadia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a> (national stadium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentford_Community_Stadium" title="Brentford Community Stadium">Brentford Community Stadium</a> (Brentford)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Road" title="Brisbane Road">Brisbane Road</a> (Leyton Orient)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craven_Cottage" title="Craven Cottage">Craven Cottage</a> (Fulham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Den" title="The Den">The Den</a> (Millwall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Stadium" title="Emirates Stadium">Emirates Stadium</a> (Arsenal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loftus_Road" title="Loftus Road">Loftus Road</a> (Queens Park Rangers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stadium" title="London Stadium">London Stadium</a> (West Ham United)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plough_Lane" title="Plough Lane">Plough Lane</a> (AFC Wimbledon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selhurst_Park" title="Selhurst Park">Selhurst Park</a> (Crystal Palace)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_(stadium)" title="Stamford Bridge (stadium)">Stamford Bridge</a> (Chelsea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Valley_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Valley (London)">The Valley</a> (Charlton Athletic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_Stadium" title="Tottenham Hotspur Stadium">Tottenham Hotspur Stadium</a> (Tottenham Hotspur)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_venues_in_London" title="Category:Sports venues in London">Other major sports venues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Club" title="All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club">All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Championship_Course" title="The Championship Course">The Championship Course</a> (rowing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_National_Sports_Centre" title="Crystal Palace National Sports Centre">Crystal Palace National Sports Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s" title="Lord's">Lord's</a> (cricket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Olympic_Park" title="Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park">Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oval" title="The Oval">The Oval</a> (cricket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium" title="Twickenham Stadium">Twickenham Stadium</a> (rugby)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theatres_in_London" title="Template:Theatres in London">Theatres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphi_Theatre" title="Adelphi Theatre">Adelphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Victoria_Theatre" title="Apollo Victoria Theatre">Apollo Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Coliseum" title="London Coliseum">Coliseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_Theatre" title="Criterion Theatre">Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theatre" title="Dominion Theatre">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London" title="Lyceum Theatre, London">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Vic" title="The Old Vic">Old Vic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Palladium" title="London Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">Royal National Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Haymarket" title="Theatre Royal Haymarket">Theatre Royal Haymarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville_Theatre" title="Vaudeville Theatre">Vaudeville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Palace" title="Alexandra Palace">Alexandra Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brixton_Academy" title="Brixton Academy">Brixton Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExCeL_London" title="ExCeL London">ExCeL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Apollo" title="Hammersmith Apollo">Hammersmith Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_O2_Arena" title="The O2 Arena">The O2 Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall" title="Royal Festival Hall">Royal Festival Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wembley_Arena" title="Wembley Arena">Wembley Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Arch" title="Admiralty Arch">Admiralty Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Southwark)" title="City Hall, London (Southwark)">City Hall (Southwark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Newham)" title="City Hall, London (Newham)">City Hall (Newham)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Hall,_London" title="County Hall, London">County Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Guards_(building)" title="Horse Guards (building)">Horse Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansion_House,_London" title="Mansion House, London">Mansion House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey">Old Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice" title="Royal Courts of Justice">Royal Courts of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIS_Building" title="SIS Building">SIS Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_House" title="Thames House">Thames House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_London" title="Category:Museums in London">Museums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Art_museums_and_galleries_in_London" title="Category:Art museums and galleries in London">galleries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_War_Rooms" title="Churchill War Rooms">Churchill War Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Gallery" title="Courtauld Gallery">Courtauld Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutty_Sark" title="Cutty Sark">Cutty Sark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Hinde_(1973)" title="Golden Hinde (1973)">Golden Hinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall_Art_Gallery" title="Guildhall Art Gallery">Guildhall Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Belfast" title="HMS Belfast">HMS Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_London" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Collection" title="Wallace Collection">Wallace Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_V%26A" title="Young V&A">Young V&A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_buildings_and_structures_in_London" title="Category:Religious buildings and structures in London">Places of worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows-by-the-Tower" title="All Hallows-by-the-Tower">All Hallows-by-the-Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAPS_Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir_London" title="BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London">BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevis_Marks_Synagogue" title="Bevis Marks Synagogue">Bevis Marks Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Central_Hall,_Westminster" title="Methodist Central Hall, Westminster">Methodist Central Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Central_Mosque" title="London Central Mosque">Regent's Park Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Clement_Danes" title="St Clement Danes">St Clement Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's, Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields" title="St Martin-in-the-Fields">St Martin-in-the-Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary-le-Bow" title="St Mary-le-Bow">St Mary-le-Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Cathedral" title="Southwark Cathedral">Southwark Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Retailing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Shops_in_London" title="Category:Shops in London">Shops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortnum_%26_Mason" title="Fortnum & Mason">Fortnum & Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamleys" title="Hamleys">Hamleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Nichols" title="Harvey Nichols">Harvey Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchards" title="Hatchards">Hatchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(department_store)" title="Liberty (department store)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jones_(department_store)" title="Peter Jones (department store)">Peter Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfridges,_Oxford_Street" title="Selfridges, Oxford Street">Selfridges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Shopping_centres_in_London" title="Category:Shopping centres in London">Shopping centres</a> and markets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_Market" title="Borough Market">Borough Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Cross_Shopping_Centre" title="Brent Cross Shopping Centre">Brent Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_Arcade" title="Burlington Arcade">Burlington Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Market" title="Camden Market">Camden Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Arcade" title="Kensington Arcade">Kensington Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadenhall_Market" title="Leadenhall Market">Leadenhall Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_New_Change" title="One New Change">One New Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoat_Lane_Market" title="Petticoat Lane Market">Petticoat Lane Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_London" title="Royal Exchange, London">Royal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_London" title="Westfield London">Westfield London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_Stratford_City" title="Westfield Stratford City">Westfield Stratford City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_buildings_in_London" title="Category:Royal buildings in London">Royal buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Partly occupied by the royal family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Unoccupied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banqueting_House,_Whitehall" class="mw-redirect" title="Banqueting House, Whitehall">Banqueting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Palace" title="Kew Palace">Kew Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Gallery">The Queen's Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mews" title="Royal Mews">Royal Mews, Buckingham Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Skyscrapers_in_London" title="Category:Skyscrapers in London">Skyscrapers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Canada_Square" title="One Canada Square">One Canada Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Churchill_Place" title="One Churchill Place">One Churchill Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_Canada_Square" title="8 Canada Square">8 Canada Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_Fenchurch_Street" title="20 Fenchurch Street">20 Fenchurch Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/122_Leadenhall_Street" title="122 Leadenhall Street">122 Leadenhall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadgate_Tower" title="Broadgate Tower">Broadgate Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citigroup_Centre_(London)" title="Citigroup Centre (London)">Citigroup Centre (London)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gherkin" title="The Gherkin">The Gherkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron_Tower" title="Heron Tower">Heron Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shard" title="The Shard">The Shard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_George_Wharf_Tower" title="St George Wharf Tower">St George Wharf Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_42" title="Tower 42">Tower 42</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Memorial" title="Albert Memorial">Albert Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArcelorMittal_Orbit" title="ArcelorMittal Orbit">ArcelorMittal Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph" title="The Cenotaph">The Cenotaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra%27s_Needle,_London" title="Cleopatra's Needle, London">Cleopatra's Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_transmitting_station" title="Crystal Palace transmitting station">Crystal Palace transmitting station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Eye" title="London Eye">London Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">London Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Arch" title="Marble Arch">Marble Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London" title="Monument to the Great Fire of London">Monument to the Great Fire of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Memorial_Fountain" title="Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain">Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain ("Eros")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Barrier" title="Thames Barrier">Thames Barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Arch" title="Wellington Arch">Wellington Arch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_City_Airport" title="London City Airport">City Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_station" title="Blackfriars station">Blackfriars station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Street_station" title="Cannon Street station">Cannon Street station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station" title="Charing Cross railway station">Charing Cross station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station" title="Clapham Junction railway station">Clapham Junction station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">Euston station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenchurch_Street_railway_station" title="Fenchurch Street railway station">Fenchurch Street station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">King's Cross station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station" title="Liverpool Street station">Liverpool Street station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_station" title="London Bridge station">London Bridge station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_station" title="London Paddington station">Paddington station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_station" title="Stratford station">Stratford station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_station" title="London Victoria station">Victoria station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_station" title="London Waterloo station">Waterloo station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Cable_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="London Cable Car">London Cable Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Coach_Station" title="Victoria Coach Station">Victoria Coach Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbican_Estate" title="Barbican Estate">Barbican Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Power_Station" title="Battersea Power Station">Battersea Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Tower" title="BT Tower">BT Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Kew Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_building" title="Lloyd's building">Lloyd's building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxo_Tower" title="Oxo Tower">Oxo Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithfield_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithfield Market">Smithfield Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital" title="St Bartholomew's Hospital">St Bartholomew's Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Parks_and_open_spaces_in_London" title="Parks and open spaces in London">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Parks_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Parks of London">Royal Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushy_Park" title="Bushy Park">Bushy Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Park" title="Green Park">Green Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Park" title="Greenwich Park">Greenwich Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Park" title="Hampton Court Park">Hampton Court Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Gardens" title="Kensington Gardens">Kensington Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park" title="Richmond Park">Richmond Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Park" title="St James's Park">St James's Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Park" title="Battersea Park">Battersea Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Park" title="Burgess Park">Burgess Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapham_Common" title="Clapham Common">Clapham Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Green,_London" title="College Green, London">College Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsbury_Park" title="Finsbury Park">Finsbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnersbury_Park" title="Gunnersbury Park">Gunnersbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_Park" title="Holland Park">Holland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitcham_Common" title="Mitcham Common">Mitcham Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osterley_Park" title="Osterley Park">Osterley Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Park" title="Trent Park">Trent Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_London" title="Victoria Park, London">Victoria Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandsworth_Common" title="Wandsworth Common">Wandsworth Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Common" title="Wimbledon Common">Wimbledon Common</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Squares_in_London" title="Squares in London">Squares</a> and public spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade" title="Horse Guards Parade">Horse Guards Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Square" title="Leicester Square">Leicester Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus" title="Piccadilly Circus">Piccadilly Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloane_Square" title="Sloane Square">Sloane Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Streets_in_London" title="Category:Streets in London">Streets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldwych" title="Aldwych">Aldwych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Street" title="Baker Street">Baker Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate" title="Bishopsgate">Bishopsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_Street" title="Bond Street">Bond Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnaby_Street" title="Carnaby Street">Carnaby Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_Road" title="Charing Cross Road">Charing Cross Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheapside" title="Cheapside">Cheapside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornhill,_London" title="Cornhill, London">Cornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Street" title="Denmark Street">Denmark Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenchurch_Street" title="Fenchurch Street">Fenchurch Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Street" title="Fleet Street">Fleet Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket,_London" title="Haymarket, London">Haymarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermyn_Street" title="Jermyn Street">Jermyn Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_High_Street" title="Kensington High Street">Kensington High Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Road" title="King's Road">King's Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_Street,_London" title="Lombard Street, London">Lombard Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mall,_London" title="The Mall, London">The Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtle_Avenue,_Hounslow" title="Myrtle Avenue, Hounslow">Myrtle Avenue, Hounslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Lane" title="Park Lane">Park Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portobello_Road" title="Portobello Road">Portobello Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_Street" title="Regent Street">Regent Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Avenue" title="Shaftesbury Avenue">Shaftesbury Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloane_Street" title="Sloane Street">Sloane Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road" title="Tottenham Court Road">Tottenham Court Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Embankment" title="Victoria Embankment">Victoria Embankment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Museums_and_galleries_in_London" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Museums_and_galleries_in_London" title="Template:Museums and galleries in London"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Museums_and_galleries_in_London" title="Template talk:Museums and galleries in London"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Museums_and_galleries_in_London" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Museums and galleries in London"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Museums_and_galleries_in_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_London" title="List of museums in London">Museums and galleries in London</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="National_museums" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body" title="Non-departmental public body">National museums</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horniman_Museum" title="Horniman Museum">Horniman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Home" title="Museum of the Home">Museum of the Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Army_Museum" title="National Army Museum">National Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum_London" title="Royal Air Force Museum London">Royal Air Force Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Soane%27s_Museum" title="Sir John Soane's Museum">Sir John Soane's Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Collection" title="Wallace Collection">Wallace Collection</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_War_Rooms" title="Churchill War Rooms">Churchill War Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Belfast" title="HMS Belfast">HMS Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_Greenwich" title="Royal Museums Greenwich">Royal Museums Greenwich</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutty_Sark" title="Cutty Sark">Cutty Sark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_House" title="Queen's House">Queen's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Observatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_Group" title="Science Museum Group">Science Museum Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tate" title="Tate">Tate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_V%26A" title="Young V&A">Young V&A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Designated_collections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Designation_Scheme" title="Designation Scheme">Designated collections</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Gallery" title="Courtauld Gallery">Courtauld Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulwich_Picture_Gallery" title="Dulwich Picture Gallery">Dulwich Picture Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunterian_Museum,_London" title="Hunterian Museum, London">Hunterian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_London" title="Jewish Museum London">Jewish Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Transport_Museum" title="London Transport Museum">London Transport Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Domestic_Design_and_Architecture" title="Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture">Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Freemasonry" title="Museum of Freemasonry">Museum of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology" title="Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology">Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Museum_of_London" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_London" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Museum_Docklands" title="London Museum Docklands">London Museum Docklands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_museums_and_galleries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other museums and galleries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal_Football_Club_Museum" title="Arsenal Football Club Museum">Arsenal Football Club Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England_Museum" title="Bank of England Museum">Bank of England Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbican_Centre" title="Barbican Centre">Barbican Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Uri_Gallery_%26_Museum" title="Ben Uri Gallery & Museum">Ben Uri Gallery & Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_House" title="Benjamin Franklin House">Benjamin Franklin House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Street_Police_Museum" title="Bow Street Police Museum">Bow Street Police Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens_Museum" title="Charles Dickens Museum">Charles Dickens Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Severs%27_House" title="Dennis Severs' House">Dennis Severs' House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Museum" title="Design Museum">Design Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr_Johnson%27s_House" title="Dr Johnson's House">Dr Johnson's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estorick_Collection_of_Modern_Italian_Art" title="Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art">Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_Textile_Museum" title="Fashion and Textile Museum">Fashion and Textile Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Museum" title="Garden Museum">Garden Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall_Art_Gallery" title="Guildhall Art Gallery">Guildhall Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_Place" title="Hall Place">Hall Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handel_%26_Hendrix_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel & Hendrix in London">Handel & Hendrix in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayward_Gallery" title="Hayward Gallery">Hayward Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth%27s_House" title="Hogarth's House">Hogarth's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Arts" title="Institute of Contemporary Arts">Institute of Contemporary Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leighton_House_Museum" title="Leighton House Museum">Leighton House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Museum_of_Water_%26_Steam" title="London Museum of Water & Steam">London Museum of Water & Steam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markfield_Beam_Engine_and_Museum" title="Markfield Beam Engine and Museum">Markfield Beam Engine and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Museum,_London" title="Migration Museum, London">Migration Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Brands" title="Museum of Brands">Museum of Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Immigration_and_Diversity" title="Museum of Immigration and Diversity">Museum of Immigration and Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_House" title="Orleans House">Orleans House Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Museum,_London" title="Postal Museum, London">Postal Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music_Museum" title="Royal Academy of Music Museum">Royal Academy of Music Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saatchi_Gallery" title="Saatchi Gallery">Saatchi Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentine_Galleries" title="Serpentine Galleries">Serpentine Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_Museum" title="Sherlock Holmes Museum">Sherlock Holmes Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Temple_Place" title="Two Temple Place">Two Temple Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Gallery" title="Whitechapel Gallery">Whitechapel Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris_Gallery" title="William Morris Gallery">William Morris Gallery</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/The_London_Museums_of_Health_%26_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="The London Museums of Health & Medicine">The London Museums of Health & Medicine</a> (selected)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Museum" title="Florence Nightingale Museum">Florence Nightingale Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundling_Museum" title="Foundling Museum">Foundling Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freud_Museum" title="Freud Museum">Freud Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Order_of_St_John" title="Museum of the Order of St John">Museum of the Order of St John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Operating_Theatre_Museum_and_Herb_Garret" title="Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret">Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Collection" title="Wellcome Collection">Wellcome Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;">Local history museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnet_Museum" title="Barnet Museum">Barnet Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Castle" title="Bruce Castle">Bruce Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_House" title="Burgh House">Burgh House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuming_Museum" title="Cuming Museum">Cuming Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hall" title="Forty Hall">Forty Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Heritage_Centre" title="Greenwich Heritage Centre">Greenwich Heritage Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnersbury_Park" title="Gunnersbury Park">Gunnersbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_Museum" title="Hackney Museum">Hackney Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havering_Museum" title="Havering Museum">Havering Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headstone_Manor_and_Museum" title="Headstone Manor and Museum">Headstone Manor and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islington_Museum" title="Islington Museum">Islington Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Museum" title="Kingston Museum">Kingston Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Croydon" title="Museum of Croydon">Museum of Croydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Richmond" title="Museum of Richmond">Museum of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Wimbledon" title="Museum of Wimbledon">Museum of Wimbledon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Museum" title="Twickenham Museum">Twickenham Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_House_Museum" title="Valence House Museum">Valence House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestry_House_Museum" title="Vestry House Museum">Vestry House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandsworth_Museum" title="Wandsworth Museum">Wandsworth Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall,_Cheam" title="Whitehall, Cheam">Whitehall Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gallery" title="King's Gallery">King's Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mews" title="Royal Mews">Royal Mews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banqueting_House,_Whitehall" class="mw-redirect" title="Banqueting House, Whitehall">Banqueting House, Whitehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Palace" title="Kew Palace">Kew Palace</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tower of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_Willow_Road" title="2 Willow Road">2 Willow Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/575_Wandsworth_Road" title="575 Wandsworth Road">575 Wandsworth Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blewcoat_School" title="Blewcoat School">Blewcoat School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlyle%27s_House" title="Carlyle's House">Carlyle's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastbury_Manor_House" title="Eastbury Manor House">Eastbury Manor House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenton_House,_Hampstead" title="Fenton House, Hampstead">Fenton House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_George_Inn,_Southwark" title="The George Inn, Southwark">The George Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_House" title="Lindsey House">Lindsey House</a> <ul><li>restricted</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morden_Hall_Park" title="Morden Hall Park">Morden Hall Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osterley_Park" title="Osterley Park">Osterley Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainham_Hall" title="Rainham Hall">Rainham Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_House,_Bexleyheath" title="Red House, Bexleyheath">Red House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths,_Strand_Lane" title="Roman Baths, Strand Lane">Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_House,_London" title="Sutton House, London">Sutton House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_House" title="Apsley House">Apsley House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiswick_House" title="Chiswick House">Chiswick House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_House" title="Down House">Down House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eltham_Palace" title="Eltham Palace">Eltham Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_Tower" title="Jewel Tower">Jewel Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenwood_House" title="Kenwood House">Kenwood House (Iveagh Bequest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">London Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill_House" title="Marble Hill House">Marble Hill House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger%27s_House" title="Ranger's House">Ranger's House (Wernher Collection)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Palace" title="Winchester Palace">Winchester Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_London" title="Category:Museums in London">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62378#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62378#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62378#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404923259">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128321639">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4302320-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85136293">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124211409">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124211409">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20081218009&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90166256">Norway</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/57416">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282109805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20012322">Structurae</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/1c058adf-a78a-4d64-bfa0-82ce1ad7d36d">MusicBrainz place</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500302014">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&oldid=1259468164">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&oldid=1259468164</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tower_of_London" title="Category:Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Castles_in_London" title="Category:Castles in London">Castles in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_prisons_in_London" title="Category:Defunct prisons in London">Defunct prisons in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fortifications_of_London" title="Category:Fortifications of London">Fortifications of London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_museums_in_London" title="Category:History museums in London">History museums in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Local_museums_in_London" title="Category:Local museums in London">Local museums in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Army_museums_in_London" title="Category:Army museums in London">Army museums in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_the_London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="Category:Museums in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets">Museums in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_on_the_River_Thames" title="Category:Museums on the River Thames">Museums on the River Thames</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_government_buildings_in_London" title="Category:National government buildings in London">National government buildings in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Category:Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_residences_in_the_London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="Category:Royal residences in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets">Royal residences in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_completed_in_1078" title="Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1078">Buildings and structures completed in 1078</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Towers_completed_in_the_11th_century" title="Category:Towers completed in the 11th century">Towers completed in the 11th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Towers_in_London" title="Category:Towers in London">Towers in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gothic_architecture_in_England" title="Category:Gothic architecture in England">Gothic architecture in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_the_London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="Category:Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets">Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grade_I_listed_castles" title="Category:Grade I listed castles">Grade I listed castles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defence_of_London" title="Category:Defence of London">Defence of London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honourable_Artillery_Company" title="Category:Honourable Artillery Company">Honourable Artillery Company</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_London" title="Category:Reportedly haunted locations in London">Reportedly haunted locations in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regimental_museums_in_London" title="Category:Regimental museums in London">Regimental museums in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_Regiment_of_Fusiliers" title="Category:Royal Regiment of Fusiliers">Royal Regiment of Fusiliers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:William_the_Conqueror" title="Category:William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_on_the_River_Thames" title="Category:Buildings and structures on the River Thames">Buildings and structures on the River Thames</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_London" title="Category:Tourist attractions in London">Tourist attractions in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_London" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in London">World Heritage Sites in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_civil_parishes_in_the_London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="Category:Former civil parishes in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets">Former civil parishes in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2018">Articles with dead external links from April 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_February_2014" title="Category:Use British English from February 2014">Use British English from February 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2024">Use dmy dates from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spoken_articles" title="Category:Spoken articles">Spoken articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia" title="Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia">Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 09:30 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-wwrt2","wgBackendResponseTime":184,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.920","walltime":"2.173","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13410,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":414089,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11557,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":433001,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1780.431 1 -total"," 33.40% 594.699 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.43% 328.066 5 Template:Infobox"," 12.51% 222.773 1 Template:Infobox_historic_site"," 11.22% 199.799 45 Template:Cite_book"," 9.23% 164.375 140 Template:Harvnb"," 8.04% 143.188 14 Template:Navbox"," 6.89% 122.746 1 Template:Lang"," 5.83% 103.866 6 Template:Cite_news"," 4.42% 78.697 1 Template:London_history"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.052","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24531663,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllen_Brown1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen_BrownCurnow1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett1829\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBennett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethnal_Green1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlunt1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowle1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCathcart_King1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCostain1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreighton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarson1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillingham2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarman1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistoric_Royal_Palaces\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHole1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorrox2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreys2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImpeyParnell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerome2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKisling2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristen_Deiter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapperParnell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddiard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLellan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Allaby2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichetteVilesVlachouAngus2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMount2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNearing1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsbourne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParnell1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParnell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlowden2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRennison2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoud2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSax2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSellers1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSemark1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteve_Connor2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrickland1840\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThurley2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVince1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeir2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Harrison_Ainsworth1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"Royal_Menagerie,_Tower_of_London\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 45,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 12,\n [\"City of London gates\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons and category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 12,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Tower Of London\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 140,\n [\"Infobox historic site\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"London history\"] = 1,\n [\"London landmarks\"] = 1,\n [\"London museums and galleries\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"NHLE\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Prisons in London\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Royal palaces in the United Kingdom\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 2,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 3,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wideimage\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikivoyage-listing\"] = 1,\n [\"World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","25.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","21.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","3.6"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","40","3.6"],["match","40","3.6"],["type","40","3.6"],["[others]","240","21.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-6twhv","timestamp":"20241128020304","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tower of London","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tower_of_London","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q62378","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q62378","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-21T10:58:48Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T09:30:42Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ec\/Tower_of_London_from_the_Shard_%288515883950%29.jpg","headline":"castle in central London, United Kingdom"}</script> </body> </html>