CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "philpapers.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '927cdf9bd8af3fc9',cH: '6XZEduzGn0syp.7ouuIWozv8a6c7fueSzynXBXQBDzQ-1743225159-1.2.1.1-S_s1vdZwCGyJ6qwsO0gAwMvzNK4lAt2m5qtY20.T1xwHUU66g5Wnv7lnVnEWdKKU',cUPMDTk: "\/browse\/theatre?__cf_chl_tk=R2m_8fWIBqnVpVOMC8IPs5onmP_y.jTscRtdKA12I8M-1743225159-1.0.1.1-O3nBEU3olHx0cnK3cHREKKlC2Jse0E9VI7qLDYglXBE",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1743225159',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/browse\/theatre?__cf_chl_f_tk=R2m_8fWIBqnVpVOMC8IPs5onmP_y.jTscRtdKA12I8M-1743225159-1.0.1.1-O3nBEU3olHx0cnK3cHREKKlC2Jse0E9VI7qLDYglXBE",md: "sG.DiB1K9V.2AIE1pKUTuF9exmuUbsSVISL_oyh.PZ0-1743225159-1.2.1.1-IbQ9II5jEOoIowODhA03i8AsrxmY49vF_nzX6czOgLbNIFd1Gim46hWvJchuDvQNJkFFK8bz.FQZL8yUQUPN3cUv6.ToDg3eJvAXtkQ3VmFNYnaIZgnWZLJUjGvkb0KdegQsEdEp5jO.wcxVHwjHQS4P9stZR5AssOhY8L.wVKrpv6fAE7dhzdr8Gv9y5_qgDksjF6PFaqu.xJ2uwG0frVgHBErR8XF8JiR3otkIZi8MWKXLcqr1TPbK_EhKb2i8XAkm7To2lrApCuG8uOmINuf2zzEOiCiBgFXe202vlgq09eJYwQj5JXvm2mt.iURD4ucvGVXtGcB4RsZEt1JPFBxgFqFg59D51VyIJgkPi.8I63bdZKEB_8iSMmtylSb4iA.pdBGw6EpXwuEyTDwNKo4ZGN9gMfbYj9xW8OA8p7YFlehizbzltb5Q53yi64Abvm56ZcEHL6wdyuELXcsFkSMmz0EUnkm0TmgiLmzy8p0Oix5QFXy3sA65pS4P2QE4MBxtEWrYTfOX9KmIicgkb68SeCoTGDCl4k0bgyxh8YvgTmKqj0oTl2mNVkXP508QvAqmefhlXeqtgjOyfEhYWSZhcuO2_KywmaxgiJN2zPYrAqZo2PnGSyH327UncJMCh2ZUX6hccwXRftUXHCau_RNzM7Dnv4WffK9y8TpbxVtjF9viiuHWOfg6hJS8E4oBkhNTZ3gCECBocVtL1jBmLvYzHfkIGKuKV2CHyNJkK09ENin7YVWTVcUdm6v89LH869lXnaEJsASpjNdtWo9Jpjg9cRppHKkJNaMYX56YEUOsqIxBe2kHI0yWLy8Wmz7HJoTdjygAicgPqvB4Y9iX55Wj7rJqoK_bxJVj8NGOKy6VQRtd.Po9bF.kqfyTBBcRlP_JrELDnIYVRGHZPDLxRZIk7cwoOjl0_KsYz75838NG1q21HelXmE_uDUng57h5aAMGMU3KB1ey6MyMQggAXljRuseqgJW9bf5ZMDrszhv6lM6PJuCPzFzPFjhEFC21e6B9jbRsPzZ.rQsV.c24idBMJl550Rzeef.luDbYt6fJOuNJ6xoIncLIwcYXbqD2sJ9uWUey4mDHw9O4wpK7fwolps5Dd0gcA1uMM6yQ8WPcyC2RZ5W6nR98JClcQGe_G4gIuwMsfMvn1Qn4Emht6F_R2hUo1_jOywavbREzYO5PLCl9XptEx4wEYAVmPPR9X68AAVyuzVuHs3ClHp1sqQ",mdrd: "BuIb8tI7GG2f6K_tsEdPkEzag1ZvrqBao73DW5Bdq90-1743225159-1.2.1.1-lDsVmIbRgGHMtyPjdSnpte93dRJNy9nRBI2klidWx4TmznEuGilVmubyNsTbLnIhGzWauoo1OxeGhQkT_a5nHCrCteTB7Do9QGW6TJUD9.6bfJJvgPKrOrVpuoOaIpWCs0zlnEiDrb80F835s1RhOzJciWyN1whQJZ4EeAr0kqdg96ho7a7zrTt1Gnvzu3rWq9NvcesPQHJedYqft_NFQLTHJkXVWzJyVmdhU2hhlaiwlIsfQucumlqhqGC4ePHKaBz_.yxus_KxdUCMymAKIWCasYLNVCwtQqz0j3CG5P8LiKQCHEPo.rTmpXNi7e.UyDsM9YuhJtlFe.iMQ2cpcCrXEIjBytPFjgLShQrdJm5XegHOACzaYp.Mhg6DbzUZigm6tWNQeXLExBI.gLZ2.L5xkqUBHq8R4PzY_0LSPcHXXXWqZB5wZeQf59CfSv35I.eXrBrpYN_nCind0PZG.1zRE8faZ9DX8GSHsUFcbrB4owtXKgmThxCkcwupXPSPyWw_TwBXoBU_abcxEy6jnhroYKzaRNnv9gwKlzO1aTlDyQ_YgG.9zGURM6l.PoRsQVpgOeFQR0EYRP8bWkoIm4Lff4TQMWp.P1p7WexVGRKdZr1I58j2OuAKv7bNVWJjobaNuiCIZFsfDn5FxPpr6zmx.4_aklmWl3VV26b2yEoEffntY8VRD93SoPm.c.VJ53b_rXG5rrpCjiVtdT48eo7q1.cMQFuY1MWqj3TJ_RsuqYueHTsydhaFFTI3JXugSXfzuDY42nGjxcQZpvvjvel2EVqBkP3CwenYaapxjKtA2Lmt_Lx42ZtHxii9rRaACCsSdjb5TVxtVSlQAWSD39V9elBD9JifOFS80zy_yB51iu9cmZEZgnLup81CfnO0npev2McvpZjOB.YFOaP0P5Pq7uv0Bzxo9mnv94akYOSO7ONzAgWO9WyTnn3g74qZMi2yDQkHJHOZIifWijk4.g1eY4UPaICAlKyVS5eIHE8xc0S7iCAa6jUTW3YoZCtRdwzcOCXlW6g4ieQ6DLCfnQ7468Uada2kb2YvOGqSQL6tVTjPD7iPKxfSDwBS8RNbiHkl3_UA1AChEcGzWPXPEF45Hh6zSzHfATrqDeB9GVn17oiwo6pM1.RFzKRf2OpHbirx.mSrrNgewDlm68ZxtcnhfXazxowdIxYin.rQ0f09zI_8T0E6dV.OS7VYWTBsbSQ3vd386spLD3S6hElYOHMIS.QaBP9Ci3fxMIa6AGYb.mFvV6kSscJAn.duMuESaxcsdCCHKLtXWj3zzOJFFvAzlpken9RXgHBpZm0t_.lyBftFvaouv7SSjViyxe2OzYVP5RtwPEmOK759ysGW3JGiD5vp_Hbp9cPYBVTtUynkCY0svGlEIreWSS9Zg_5.01WZlzvTVW40tZGFVqcD_6mWbw6.EH1pxR8KAnbOCL69aFYMv1bkSQMeEWblUM8HDk28TaeZ.tCEwuZSCPsK7ML2FmwcrjF3h90b2UYydlnbL3tKINBH3ZJqUT2XtY.Srrd.L7ocHtBsfGLmyJfB1Ljl522OqtVmNHRz4m5iaiLIgAj5EBstOYV85YDJTkgl17.coP6KqYmBuBNRCoPVi0AfkOD9sEsydlBEN6N_XmIBWJV8AZ7AgvtRh4m.A2ip5kpA8.j0v79jTYYPbI_1uysEdahufNs27EPetxZDA2r6cN1pqZnYPxBwv4TGmEj7AzwFdQl.VFgW827pDekrEWB5jDONnAaqI_1thDBDlZxm9uHDF38HKr_AO5Pal9nkKLweeZvxxmPzEW1YgK1vc09LdXnD.v1VaG3RBH2ceBlYDVDCsQhu_aQhO29jVQVVndqv1Qu1_YsH93SUjsO4Whr.y2IHfEExEeTWUQ0tEMezr8jx4t8J2AaBNIBVetsZZdrircePZkdSYkV.le8FdYDOWicwngoVGmDawuQ6SiSeZciGWr5TSyKuZ1WIbqPPiU8lBs2_S0rFUdZDJAsqqASPRGxe50PWfK0V8uIGmJqSKIFUhzrM7vhkP9JnGSlcBTsAea4qbtYFfZfpJAFTZA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=927cdf9bd8af3fc9';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/browse\/theatre?__cf_chl_rt_tk=R2m_8fWIBqnVpVOMC8IPs5onmP_y.jTscRtdKA12I8M-1743225159-1.0.1.1-O3nBEU3olHx0cnK3cHREKKlC2Jse0E9VI7qLDYglXBE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>