Standards | NIST

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<div class="nist-block nist-block--no-margin"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043230im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2021/03/08/SpinachSRM_1200x248.png" width="1200" height="248" alt="Leaves of uncooked spinach with four spinach SRM bottles on top " typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-section-header__main grid-container"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="nist-section-header__title"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">Standards</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--topic-description padding-top-4 margin-top-1"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>Overview</h2> </div> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-8 padding-right-5 margin-bottom-4"> <div class="text-with-summary"> <p>When we talk about standards in our personal lives, we might think about the quality we expect in things such as restaurants and first dates. But the standards that exist in science and technology have an even greater impact on our lives. Technical standards keep us safe, enable technology to advance, and help businesses succeed. They quietly make the modern world tick and prevent technological problems that you might not realize could even happen.</p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/">The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</a> has been deeply devoted to efforts in this area for more than 120 years. NIST has brought about improvements to everyday life you may take for granted, and solved problems that have advanced everything from manufacturing to public safety.</p> <p>Take fire hydrants. If you ever have to call 911 to report a fire, you don’t have to worry about the hoses that firefighters bring when they arrive.</p> <p>But that wasn’t the case in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043230/https://baltimorepolicemuseum.com/en/business-economy/our-police-3/baltimore-fire-1904">Great Baltimore Fire of 1904</a>, which burned for more than a day and destroyed 1,500 buildings. Starting on a quiet Sunday morning, the fire spread quickly and overwhelmed the city’s ability to fight it alone. Fire companies from New York, Philadelphia, Wilmington, Harrisburg and elsewhere swiftly rushed in to help. They had more than enough water and people to fight the fire, but there was a problem: Most of their fire hoses wouldn’t fit the hydrants, prolonging the fire to 30 hours and damaging an area the size of 70 blocks in the city’s business district.</p> <figure class="align-right nist-image"><img alt="Old Photo of 1904 Baltimore Blaze with red fire hydrant and hose images at the bottom." height="252" loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043230im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/05/03/StandardsFeature_Intro_BaltimoreFire.png?itok=ir2Qqauz" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"/><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> The Great Baltimore Fire of 1904 led to standards for fire hydrants and hoses. </div> <div class="nist-image__credit"> <span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span> Grigvovan/Shutterstock, Nerthuz/Shutterstock, black and white photo: public domain </div> </figcaption></figure><p>A <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043230/http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/circ/nbscircular50.pdf">NIST study</a> found more than 600 variations in firehose fittings across the U.S. NIST worked with the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043230/https://www.nfpa.org/">National Fire Protection Association</a> to usher in a national standard for fire hydrant connections. Thanks to this standard, firefighters from different companies could work together more easily to extinguish large fires and prevent another disaster like the 1904 Baltimore blaze.</p> <p>NIST also looks toward the future in order to avert technological catastrophes. As a prime example, all personal and financial information on the internet faces a grave threat of being exposed by future versions of so-called quantum computers. Such powerful computers could break the current encryption schemes that are used to protect everything from online banking to our email accounts. Thankfully, however, decades of basic research by mathematicians have led to forms of encryption that even quantum computers would have trouble breaking. Using these “quantum-resistant” mathematical functions, NIST has been working with the academic and industrial communities to develop a “<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043230/https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/post-quantum-cryptography">post-quantum cryptography</a>” standard, with the <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7bbcf712-b87a-4e7f-8656-61cd36e07e4d" href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/07/nist-announces-first-four-quantum-resistant-cryptographic-algorithms" media_library="Media Library" title="NIST Announces First Four Quantum-Resistant Cryptographic Algorithms">initial release in 2022</a>.</p> <p>Standards are everywhere if you look for them. NIST helped to specify the standard color of school buses to help drivers recognize them instantly. Medical procedures deliver accurate amounts of X-rays and other radiation thanks in part to NIST’s national standards for ionizing radiation and radioactivity. We can use credit cards seamlessly in most places around the world thanks to standards.</p> <p><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="569009a9-120a-4bcb-a50b-1649bb7719f0" href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories/why-you-need-standards" media_library="Media Library" title="Why You Need Standards">Learn more about NIST's history and present activities in standards.</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <div class="nist-block nist-block--no-margin"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Featured Content</h2> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-hidden nist-field--link-list link font-sans-sm"> <div class="nist-field__items"> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov">Standards.gov</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov/usg-nss">U.S. Government National Standards Strategy for Critical and Emerging Technology</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap">National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP)</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/srm">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/sri">Standard Reference Instruments (SRIs)</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/srd">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations">Calibration Services</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system">NIST Quality System</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg-base-lightest padding-y-5 margin-y-4"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--topic-list grid-container"> <div class="views-element-container nist-block margin-bottom-0"> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-d10bca2379a4e5d5543b3fb052ca033522444c76aeb31de1b32fb67501ee63f6"> <div class="nist-block margin-bottom-0"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>Standards Topics</h2> </div> <ul class="add-list-reset link-list"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/accreditation" hreflang="en">Accreditation</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/calibration-services" hreflang="en">Calibration services</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/conformity-assessment" hreflang="en">Conformity assessment</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/documentary-standards" hreflang="en">Documentary standards</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/frameworks" hreflang="en">Frameworks</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/reference-data" hreflang="en">Reference data</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/reference-instruments" hreflang="en">Reference instruments</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/reference-materials" hreflang="en">Reference materials</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/standards-education" hreflang="en">Standards education</a></div></div></li> </div> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--main"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="grid-container margin-y-5"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--topic-research paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>The Research</h2> </div> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-8 padding-right-5 margin-y-2"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Projects & Programs</h2> <article about="/programs-projects/documentary-standards-iec-62755-standard-n42-data-format" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/documentary-standards-iec-62755-standard-n42-data-format"><span>Documentary Standards: IEC 62755 Standard N42 Data Format</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> The purpose of the IEC 62755 standard N42 data format is to facilitate manufacturer-independent transfer of information from radiation measurement instruments </div> </div> </div> </article> <article about="/programs-projects/development-reference-measurement-procedures-and-reference-materials-creatinine" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/development-reference-measurement-procedures-and-reference-materials-creatinine" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043230im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/08/08/3666_0.jpg?itok=tEjxhacG" width="100" height="55" alt="Albumin and Creatinine in Frozen Human Urine" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/development-reference-measurement-procedures-and-reference-materials-creatinine"><span>Development of Reference Measurement Procedures and Reference Materials for Creatinine</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing problem in the U.S., and current estimates suggest that more than 20 million Americans are affected by this disease </div> </div> </div> </article> <article about="/programs-projects/department-homeland-security-response-robot-performance-standards" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/department-homeland-security-response-robot-performance-standards" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043230im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/el/isd/ks/nist_2008_group_photo_med_1.jpg?itok=P3hYPeK7" width="100" height="67" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/department-homeland-security-response-robot-performance-standards"><span>Department of Homeland Security Response Robot Performance Standards</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> FEMA Responders often face daunting challenges during search and rescue tasks in dangerous environments. As such, the concept of including robots as a part of </div> </div> </div> </article> <article about="/programs-projects/development-reference-measurement-procedure-c-reactive-protein-human-serum" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/development-reference-measurement-procedure-c-reactive-protein-human-serum" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043230im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/mml/csd/09cstl020_c-reactive_protein_lr.jpg?itok=5zRjjZT7" width="100" height="100" alt="Computer-generated image of the structure for C-reactive protein" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043230/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/development-reference-measurement-procedure-c-reactive-protein-human-serum"><span>Development of a Reference Measurement Procedure for C-Reactive Protein in Human Serum</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--green boolean">Completed</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in serum or plasma have been used as an indicator of inflammation and infection. 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