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Evolucija - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija

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urejati</span></a></li><li id="n-Izbrani-članki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Izbrani_%C4%8Dlanki"><span>Izbrani članki</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Naklju%C4%8Dno" title="Naložite naključno stran [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Naključna stran</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:ZadnjeSpremembe" title="Seznam zadnjih sprememb Wikipedije [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Zadnje spremembe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-obcestvo" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-obcestvo" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skupnost </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Vsebina" title="Kraj, kjer lahko prejmete pomoč"><span>Pomoč</span></a></li><li id="n-Pod-lipo" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Pod_lipo"><span>Pod lipo</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" 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color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Videz" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Videz</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_sl.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=sl" class=""><span>Denarni prispevki</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Registracija&amp;returnto=Evolucija" title="Predlagamo vam, da si ustvarite račun in se prijavite, vendar to ni obvezno." class=""><span>Ustvari račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&amp;returnto=Evolucija" title="Prijava je zaželena, vendar ni obvezna [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijava</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Več možnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osebna orodja" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osebna orodja</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal 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</div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Vsebina" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vsebina</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Uvod</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Dednost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dednost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Dednost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dednost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Variacija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variacija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Variacija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mutacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mutacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spol_in_rekombinacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spol_in_rekombinacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Spol in rekombinacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spol_in_rekombinacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Populacijska_genetika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Populacijska_genetika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Populacijska genetika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Populacijska_genetika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pretok_genov" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pretok_genov"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pretok genov</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pretok_genov-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mehanizmi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mehanizmi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mehanizmi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mehanizmi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Mehanizmi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mehanizmi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Naravni_izbor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naravni_izbor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Naravni izbor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naravni_izbor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetski_zdrs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetski_zdrs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Genetski zdrs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetski_zdrs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Izid</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Izid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Izid</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Izid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prilagoditev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prilagoditev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prilagoditev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prilagoditev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koevolucija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koevolucija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Koevolucija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koevolucija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kooperacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kooperacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Kooperacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kooperacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speciacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speciacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Speciacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speciacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izumrtje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izumrtje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Izumrtje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izumrtje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolucijska_zgodovina_življenja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolucijska_zgodovina_življenja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evolucijska zgodovina življenja</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolucijska_zgodovina_življenja-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Evolucijska zgodovina življenja</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolucijska_zgodovina_življenja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Izvor_življenja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvor_življenja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Izvor življenja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvor_življenja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skupni_izvor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skupni_izvor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Skupni izvor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skupni_izvor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolucija_življenja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolucija_življenja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Evolucija življenja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolucija_življenja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zgodovina_evolucijske_misli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zgodovina_evolucijske_misli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Zgodovina evolucijske misli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zgodovina_evolucijske_misli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Družbeni_in_kulturni_odzivi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Družbeni_in_kulturni_odzivi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Družbeni in kulturni odzivi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Družbeni_in_kulturni_odzivi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uporaba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uporaba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Uporaba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uporaba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sklici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sklici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sklici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sklici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nadaljnje_branje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nadaljnje_branje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Nadaljnje branje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nadaljnje_branje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glej_tudi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glej_tudi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Glej tudi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glej_tudi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zunanje_povezave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zunanje_povezave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Zunanje povezave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zunanje_povezave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Vsebina" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vklopi kazalo vsebine" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vklopi kazalo vsebine</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Evolucija</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="P9jdi na članek v drugem jeziku. Na voljo v 157 jezikih." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-157" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">157 jezikov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusie" title="Evolusie – afrikanščina" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Evolusie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – nemščina (Švica)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemščina (Švica)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9D%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%98%E1%89%B0_%E1%88%88%E1%8B%8D%E1%8C%A5" title="ዝግመተ ለውጥ – amharščina" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዝግመተ ለውጥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n" title="Evolución – aragonščina" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Evolución" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="التطور – arabščina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التطور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="التطور – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="التطور" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تطور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تطور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6" title="ক্ৰমবিকাশ – asamščina" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ক্ৰমবিকাশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n_biol%C3%B3xica" title="Evolución biolóxica – asturijščina" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Evolución biolóxica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99kam%C3%BCl" title="Təkamül – azerbajdžanščina" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təkamül" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تکامول تئوریسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تکامول تئوریسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция – baškirščina" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evuolioc%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Evuoliocėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Evuoliocėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Эвалюцыя – beloruščina" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="beloruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Эвалюцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Еволюция – bolgarščina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еволюция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8" title="বিবর্তন – bengalščina" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিবর্তন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8" title="বিবর্তন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বিবর্তন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucija" title="Evolucija – bosanščina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Evolucija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эволюци – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эволюци" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3" title="Evolució – katalonščina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Evolució" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ng-hu%C3%A1" title="Céng-huá – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Céng-huá" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эволюци – čečenščina" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эволюци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolusyon" title="Ebolusyon – sebuanščina" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ebolusyon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebuanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="پەرەسەندن – osrednja kurdščina" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەرەسەندن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="osrednja kurdščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluce" title="Evoluce – češčina" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Evoluce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эволюци – čuvaščina" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эволюци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esblygiad" title="Esblygiad – valižanščina" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Esblygiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valižanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="priporočeni članek"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_(biologi)" title="Evolution (biologi) – danščina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Evolution (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – nemščina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusyon" title="Evolusyon – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Evolusyon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BE%CE%B7" title="Εξέλιξη – grščina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξέλιξη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluzi%C3%B2un" title="Evoluziòun – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Evoluziòun" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – angleščina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucio_(teorio)" title="Evolucio (teorio) – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Evolucio (teorio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n_biol%C3%B3gica" title="Evolución biológica – španščina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Evolución biológica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutsioon" title="Evolutsioon – estonščina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Evolutsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboluzio" title="Eboluzio – baskovščina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eboluzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluci%C3%B3n" title="Volución – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Volución" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="فرگشت – perzijščina" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرگشت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluutio" title="Evoluutio – finščina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Evoluutio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menningarl%C3%A6ran" title="Menningarlæran – ferščina" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Menningarlæran" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ferščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89volution_(biologie)" title="Évolution (biologie) – francoščina" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Évolution (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francoščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewolutsion" title="Ewolutsion – severna frizijščina" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ewolutsion" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="severna frizijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evol%C3%BAsje" title="Evolúsje – zahodna frizijščina" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Evolúsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zahodna frizijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89abhl%C3%B3id" title="Éabhlóid – irščina" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éabhlóid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89volousyon_(byoloji)" title="Évolousyon (byoloji) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Évolousyon (byoloji)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean-fh%C3%A0s" title="Mean-fhàs – škotska gelščina" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mean-fhàs" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škotska gelščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n" title="Evolución – galicijščina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Evolución" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekove_%C3%B1emoambue" title="Tekove ñemoambue – gvaranijščina" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekove ñemoambue" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaranijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF" title="ઉત્ક્રાંતિ – gudžaratščina" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉત્ક્રાંતિ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžaratščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="אבולוציה – hebrejščina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבולוציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रम-विकास – hindijščina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रम-विकास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucija" title="Evolucija – hrvaščina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Evolucija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolisyon" title="Evolisyon – haitijska kreolščina" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Evolisyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitijska kreolščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evol%C3%BAci%C3%B3_(biol%C3%B3gia)" title="Evolúció (biológia) – madžarščina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Evolúció (biológia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="madžarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Էվոլյուցիա – armenščina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էվոլյուցիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8" title="Մարդկային Ծիները – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մարդկային Ծիները" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi – indonezijščina" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Evolusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolusion" title="Ebolusion – ilokanščina" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ebolusion" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эволюци – inguščina" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эволюци" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluciono" title="Evoluciono – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Evoluciono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%B3un" title="Þróun – islandščina" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þróun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluzione" title="Evoluzione – italijanščina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Evoluzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化 – japonščina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="進化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivoluushan" title="Ivoluushan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ivoluushan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89volusi" title="Évolusi – javanščina" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Évolusi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ევოლუცია – gruzijščina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamhazt" title="Tamhazt – kabilščina" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamhazt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabilščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A8har%C5%A9raka_(evolution)" title="Ũharũraka (evolution) – kikujščina" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ũharũraka (evolution)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikujščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция – kazaščina" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8" title="ವಿಕಾಸ – kanareščina" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಕಾಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanareščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94" title="진화 – korejščina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция – karačaj-balkarščina" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karačaj-balkarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AA%C5%9Fve%C3%A7%C3%BBn" title="Pêşveçûn – kurdščina" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pêşveçûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplegyans" title="Esplegyans – kornijščina" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Esplegyans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция – kirgiščina" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutio" title="Evolutio – latinščina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Evolutio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutioun_(Biologie)" title="Evolutioun (Biologie) – luksemburščina" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Evolutioun (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция – lezginščina" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolui" title="Evolui – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Evolui" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie) – limburščina" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Evolutie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ວິວັດທະນາການ – laoščina" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວິວັດທະນາການ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoliucija" title="Evoliucija – litovščina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Evoliucija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evol%C5%ABcija" title="Evolūcija – latvijščina" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Evolūcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88volusi" title="Èvolusi – madurščina" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Èvolusi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ev%C3%B4lisi%C3%B4na" title="Evôlisiôna – malgaščina" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Evôlisiôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Еволуција – makedonščina" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еволуција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="ജീവപരിണാമം – malajalamščina" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവപരിണാമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эволюци – mongolščina" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эволюци" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="उत्क्रांती – maratščina" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उत्क्रांती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi – malajščina" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Evolusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluzzjoni" title="Evoluzzjoni – malteščina" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Evoluzzjoni" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eibolu%C3%A7on" title="Eiboluçon – mirandeščina" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eiboluçon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandeščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B2%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA" title="ဆင့်ကဲပြောင်းလဲမှုဖြစ်စဉ် – burmanščina" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆင့်ကဲပြောင်းလဲမှုဖြစ်စဉ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="تکامل – mazanderanščina" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تکامل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutschoon" title="Evolutschoon – nizka nemščina" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Evolutschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nizka nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रम-विकास – nepalščina" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्रम-विकास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="विकासक्रम – nevarščina" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="विकासक्रम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi – niaščina" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Evolusi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="niaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie) – nizozemščina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Evolutie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusjon" title="Evolusjon – novonorveščina" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Evolusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novonorveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusjon" title="Evolusjon – knjižna norveščina" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Evolusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="knjižna norveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucion_(biologia)" title="Evolucion (biologia) – okcitanščina" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Evolucion (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਵਿਕਾਸਵਾਦ – pandžabščina" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਕਾਸਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolusyon" title="Ebolusyon – pampanščina" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ebolusyon" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolushon" title="Evolushon – papiamentu" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Evolushon" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamentu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dober članek"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewolucja_biologiczna" title="Ewolucja biologiczna – poljščina" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ewolucja biologiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolussion" title="Evolussion – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Evolussion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ایولوشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایولوشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="تکامل – paštunščina" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تکامل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Evolução – portugalščina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Evolução" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikch%27aqyay" title="Rikch&#039;aqyay – kečuanščina" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rikch&#039;aqyay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluziun" title="Evoluziun – retoromanščina" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Evoluziun" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="retoromanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolu%C8%9Bie" title="Evoluție – romunščina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evoluție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция – ruščina" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Еволуція – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Еволуція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция – jakutščina" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_de_sa_evolutzioni" title="Teoria de sa evolutzioni – sardinščina" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Teoria de sa evolutzioni" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7" title="ارتقا – sindščina" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ارتقا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucija" title="Evolucija – srbohrvaščina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Evolucija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbohrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzigz" title="Azzigz – tahelitska berberščina" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Azzigz" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tahelitska berberščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="පරිණාමය – sinhalščina" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරිණාමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologick%C3%A1_evol%C3%BAcia" title="Biologická evolúcia – slovaščina" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biologická evolúcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolucioni" title="Evolucioni – albanščina" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Evolucioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Еволуција (биологија) – srbščina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еволуција (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89volusi" title="Évolusi – sundanščina" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Évolusi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution – švedščina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Evolution" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mageuko_ya_spishi" title="Mageuko ya spishi – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mageuko ya spishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="படிவளர்ச்சிக் கொள்கை – tamilščina" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="படிவளர்ச்சிக் கொள்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82" title="పరిణామం – telugijščina" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పరిణామం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusaun" title="Evolusaun – tetumščina" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Evolusaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetumščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволютсия – tadžiščina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эволютсия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="วิวัฒนาการ – tajščina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิวัฒนาการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolusyon" title="Ebolusyon – tagalogščina" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ebolusyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivolusan" title="Ivolusan – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ivolusan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrim" title="Evrim – turščina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Evrim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция – tatarščina" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эволюция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Еволюція – ukrajinščina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еволюція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%82_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7" title="نظریۂ ارتقا – urdujščina" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نظریۂ ارتقا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdujščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutsiya" title="Evolutsiya – uzbeščina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Evolutsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evol%C3%BCcii" title="Evolücii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Evolücii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFn_h%C3%B3a" title="Tiến hóa – vietnamščina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiến hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vot%C3%BCkam" title="Votükam – volapik" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Votükam" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolusyon" title="Ebolusyon – varajščina" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ebolusyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化 – wu-kitajščina" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="演化" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ევოლუცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="עוואלוציע – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עוואלוציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化 – kitajščina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="演化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%BC%94" title="天演 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="天演" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ACn-h%C3%B2a" title="Chìn-hòa – min nan kitajščina" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chìn-hòa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化 – kantonščina" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="進化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1063#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi medjezikovne povezave" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi povezave</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Evolucija" title="Ogled vsebinske strani [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pogovor:Evolucija" rel="discussion" title="Pogovor o vsebinski strani [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pogovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Spremeni različico jezika" > 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id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Izbrani_%C4%8Dlanki" title="To je izbrani članek. Za več podatkov klikni zvezdo."><img alt="Izbrani članek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Iz Wikipedije, proste enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sl" dir="ltr"><p><b>Evolúcija</b> je <a href="/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija">biološki</a> proces pri katerem se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genski_zapis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Genski zapis (stran ne obstaja)">genski zapis</a> <a href="/wiki/Populacija_(biologija)" title="Populacija (biologija)">populacij</a> <a href="/wiki/Organizem" title="Organizem">organizmov</a> spreminja iz generacije v generacijo. Čeprav so spremembe znotraj posamezne generacije majhne, se organizmi z njihovim kopičenjem zlagoma spreminjajo in sčasoma lahko ta proces vodi v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Speciacija (stran ne obstaja)">nastanek novih vrst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pravzaprav podobnosti med poznanimi organizmi nakazujejo, da so se na ta način, s postopnim spreminjanjem, iz skupnega prednika razvile vse <a href="/wiki/Vrsta_(biologija)" title="Vrsta (biologija)">vrste</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Futuyma_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futuyma-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Osnova tega procesa so <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">geni</a>, ki se prenašajo iz generacije v generacijo in se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izra%C5%BEanje_genov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Izražanje genov (stran ne obstaja)">izražajo</a> v obliki dednih lastnosti organizma. Te lastnosti se znotraj populacije razlikujejo; z drugimi besedami, organizmi izkazujejo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetska_variabilnost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetska variabilnost (stran ne obstaja)">genetsko variabilnost</a> svojih lastnosti. Sama evolucija je rezultat dveh nasprotujočih si sil: procesov, ki nenehno producirajo razlike, in procesov, zaradi katerih postanejo nekatere od različic pogostejše, druge pa redkejše. Variabilnost se tvori na dva glavna načina: z <a href="/wiki/Mutacija" title="Mutacija">mutacijami</a> v genih in s prenosom genov med populacijami ter vrstami. Pri vrstah, ki se <a href="/wiki/Spolno_razmno%C5%BEevanje" title="Spolno razmnoževanje">razmnožujejo spolno</a>, se nove kombinacije genov tvorijo tudi z <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekombinacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rekombinacija (stran ne obstaja)">rekombinacijo</a>, ki povečuje variabilnost med organizmi. </p><p>Dva glavna mehanizma določata, katera od različic znotraj populacije bo postala pogostejša, katera pa redkejša. Prvi je <a href="/wiki/Naravni_izbor" title="Naravni izbor">naravni izbor</a>, proces, s katerim postanejo »koristne«&#160;lastnosti (tiste, ki povečujejo verjetnost preživetja in razmnoževanja) pogostejše, »škodljive«&#160;pa redkejše. To se zgodi, ker imajo posamezniki s koristnimi lastnosti večji potencial za razmnoževanje, kar pomeni da bo večje število posameznikov v naslednji generaciji podedovalo to lastnost.<sup id="cite_ref-Futuyma_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futuyma-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lande_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lande-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Preko mnogih generacij se razvijejo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prilagoditev&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prilagoditev (stran ne obstaja)">prilagoditve</a> skozi kombinacijo drobnih, naključnih sprememb v lastnostih in naravnem izboru tistih, ki so najprimernejše za neko okolje.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayala_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayala-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Drugi glavni mehanizem, ki vodi evolucijo, je <a href="/wiki/Genetski_zdrs" title="Genetski zdrs">genetski zdrs</a> (genetski drift), neodvisen proces, ki ustvarja naključne spremembe deleža osebkov z neko lastnostjo v populaciji. Genetski zdrs je posledica vloge <a href="/wiki/Verjetnost" title="Verjetnost">naključij</a> v prenosu genov. </p><p>Z evolucijo se <a href="/wiki/Znanost" title="Znanost">znanstveno</a> ukvarja <a href="/wiki/Evolucijska_biologija" title="Evolucijska biologija">evolucijska biologija</a>, panoga <a href="/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija">biologije</a>, ki spremlja evolucijske spremembe in razvija <a href="/wiki/Teorija" title="Teorija">teorije</a>, ki pojasnjujejo vzroke za ta pojav. Preučevanje evolucije se je pričelo v sredini devetnajstega stoletja, ko so odkritja <a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">fosilov</a> in raziskovanje <a href="/wiki/Biolo%C5%A1ka_raznovrstnost" class="mw-redirect" title="Biološka raznovrstnost">biološke raznovrstnosti</a> prepričale večino znanstvenikov da se vrste spreminjajo s časom.<sup id="cite_ref-EarlyModernGeology_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EarlyModernGeology-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bowler_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowler-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mehanizmi teh sprememb pa so ostali neznani, dokler nista angleška naravoslovca <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> neodvisno razvila teorijo o naravnem izboru. Darwinovo temeljno delo <i><a href="/wiki/O_izvoru_vrst" class="mw-redirect" title="O izvoru vrst">O izvoru vrst</a></i> je leta 1859 razkrilo teorijo evolucije skozi naravni izbor širši javnosti.<sup id="cite_ref-Darwin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Darwinovo delo je kmalu prepričalo večino znanstvenikov o pojavu evolucije.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS1922Resolution_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS1922Resolution-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IAP2006Statement_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAP2006Statement-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAAS2006Statement_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS2006Statement-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCSEStatementsFromScientificOrgs_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSEStatementsFromScientificOrgs-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V <a href="/wiki/1930." title="1930.">tridesetih letih</a> 20. stoletja je prišlo do sodobne sinteze evolucije z združitvijo Darwinovega naravnega izbora in <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Mendlove</a> genetike, ki je združila <i>enote</i> evolucije (gene) z <i>mehanizmom</i> evolucije (naravnim izborom). Ta teorija je postala osrednje načelo sodobne biologije, ki usmerja iskanje in testiranje preverljivih napovedi ter podaja enotno razlago <a href="/wiki/Biodiverziteta" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiverziteta">raznolikosti</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivljenje" title="Življenje">življenja</a> na <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IAP2006Statement_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAP2006Statement-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAAS2006Statement_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS2006Statement-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NewScientistJan2008SpecialReport_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewScientistJan2008SpecialReport-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dednost">Dednost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Uredi razdelek: Dednost" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Dednost"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek&#58; <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">genetika</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:ADN_static.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/200px-ADN_static.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/300px-ADN_static.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/400px-ADN_static.png 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Zgradba molekule DNK. V sredini so <a href="/wiki/Nukleotidna_baza" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleotidna baza">baze</a>, obkrožene z verigami fosfata in sladkorja v <a href="/wiki/Dvojna_vija%C4%8Dnica" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvojna vijačnica">dvojni vijačnici</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Evolucija v živih bitjih poteka s spremembami njihovih dednih lastnosti. Za primer, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barva_o%C4%8Di&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barva oči (stran ne obstaja)">barva oči</a> pri <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clovek" title="Človek">človeku</a> je dedna lastnost, ki jo posameznik podeduje od svojih staršev.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dedne lastnosti so rezultat izražanja <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">genov</a>; popoln nabor genov v <a href="/wiki/Genom" class="mw-redirect" title="Genom">genomu</a> organizma se imenuje <a href="/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip">genotip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson_2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popoln nabor opazljivih lastnosti, ki predstavljajo zgradbo in vedenje nekega organizma, pa se imenuje <a href="/wiki/Fenotip" title="Fenotip">fenotip</a>. Te lastnosti so posledica interakcije med genotipom in njegovim okoljem.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Posledica tega dejstva je, da niso vse lastnosti, ki predstavljajo fenotip organizma, podedovane. Za primer, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagorelost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zagorelost (stran ne obstaja)">zagorelost</a> <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa" title="Koža">kože</a> pri človeku je posledica interakcije med njegovim genotipom in sončno svetlobo; zagorelost se potemtakem ne deduje na njegove potomce. Vendar pa so med ljudmi razlike v odzivu na sončno svetlobo, ki izvirajo iz razlik med njihovimi genotipi; zelo očiten tak primer je <a href="/wiki/Albinizem" title="Albinizem">albinizem</a>, ki je deden.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dedne lastnosti se prenašajo med generacijami preko molekule <a href="/wiki/DNK" class="mw-redirect" title="DNK">DNK</a>, v kateri so zakodirane genetske informacije.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_2006_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson_2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> DNK je <a href="/wiki/Polimer" title="Polimer">polimer</a>, sestavljen iz štirih različnih <a href="/wiki/Nukleotidna_baza" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleotidna baza">nukleotidnih baz</a>. Zaporedje baz vzdolž molekule DNK določa genetski zapis, podobno kot zaporedje <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Crka" title="Črka">črk</a> v vrstici besedila določa <a href="/wiki/Beseda" title="Beseda">besede</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stavek" title="Stavek">stavke</a>. Deli molekule DNK, ki kodirajo funkcionalne enote, se imenujejo <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">geni</a>; različni geni imajo različna zaporedja nukleotidnih baz. Vsaka molekula DNK je zelo dolga in tvori v <a href="/wiki/Celica" title="Celica">celici</a> zgoščeno strukturo, ki ji pravimo <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosom</a>. Posamezna mesta znotraj kromosoma se imenujejo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokus_(genetika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lokus (genetika) (stran ne obstaja)">lokusi</a>. Če se zaporedje DNK tega lokusa med posamezniki razlikuje, pravimo različnim oblikam tega istega zaporedja <a href="/wiki/Alel" title="Alel">aleli</a>. Zaporedja DNK se lahko spreminjajo zaradi <a href="/wiki/Mutacija" title="Mutacija">mutacij</a>, kar ustvarja nove alele. Če pride do mutacije znotraj gena, lahko novi alel vpliva na lastnost, ki jo ta gen kodira, kar spremeni fenotip organizma. </p><p>Vendar pa ta preprosta povezava med aleli in lastnostmi še zdaleč ne razloži vseh možnih variacij. Večina lastnosti je namreč posledica medsebojne interakcije več genov.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lin_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Preučevanje takih kompleksnih lastnosti predstavlja pomemben del sodobne <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">genetike</a>. Še en pomemben, a zaenkrat slabo raziskan pojav je <a href="/wiki/Epigenetika" title="Epigenetika">epigenetika</a>, kjer pride do dednih sprememb organizmov brez spremembe v zaporedjih njihovih genov.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variacija">Variacija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Uredi razdelek: Variacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Variacija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek&#58; <a href="/wiki/Genetska_diverziteta" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetska diverziteta">genetska diverziteta</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Fenotip" title="Fenotip">Fenotip</a> posameznika je posledica tako njegovega <a href="/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip">genotipa</a> kot okolja, v katerem živi. Bistven del raznolikosti fenotipov znotraj populacije je mogoče pripisati razlikam v njihovih genotipih.<sup id="cite_ref-Lin_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sodoben koncept evolucije razlaga evolucijo kot spreminjanje te raznolikosti v času. Delež (<i>frekvenca</i>) nekega alela v populaciji niha in alel postaja bolj ali manj pogost v primerjavi z drugimi oblikami tega gena. Evolucijski pritiski delujejo tako, da usmerjajo spremembe v frekvenci alelov v eno ali drugo smer. Variacija izgine, ko alel doseže točko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiksacija_(populacijska_genetika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiksacija (populacijska genetika) (stran ne obstaja)">fiksacije</a> – bodisi izgine bodisi popolnoma nadomesti predhodnika.<sup id="cite_ref-Amos_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amos-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Variacija je posledica <a href="/wiki/Mutacija" title="Mutacija">mutacij</a> v genetskem zapisu, migracij med populacijami (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetski_pretok&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetski pretok (stran ne obstaja)">genetski pretok</a>) in premešanja genov ob <a href="/wiki/Spolno_razmno%C5%BEevanje" title="Spolno razmnoževanje">spolnem razmnoževanju</a>. Variacija lahko nastane tudi z izmenjavo genov med različnimi <a href="/wiki/Vrsta_(biologija)" title="Vrsta (biologija)">vrstami</a> – na primer s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontalen_prenos_genov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Horizontalen prenos genov (stran ne obstaja)">horizontalnim prenosom genov</a> pri <a href="/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije">bakterijah</a> ali <a href="/wiki/Hibridizacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibridizacija">hibridizacijo</a> pri <a href="/wiki/Rastline" title="Rastline">rastlinah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kljub temu, da ti procesi nenehno povečujejo variabilnost, je velika večina <a href="/wiki/Genom" class="mw-redirect" title="Genom">genoma</a> pri vseh predstavnikih iste vrste identična.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vendar pa lahko tudi razmeroma majhne spremembe genotipa vodijo v velike fenotipske spremembe: genoma <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0impanz" class="mw-redirect" title="Šimpanz">šimpanzev</a> in ljudi se na primer razlikujeta le v okrog 5&#160;%.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutacija">Mutacija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Uredi razdelek: Mutacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Mutacija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek&#58; <a href="/wiki/Mutacija" title="Mutacija">mutacija</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Gene-duplication.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Gene-duplication.svg/100px-Gene-duplication.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Gene-duplication.svg/150px-Gene-duplication.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Gene-duplication.svg/200px-Gene-duplication.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Podvojevanje dela <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosoma</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Genetska variacija je posledica <a href="/wiki/Naklju%C4%8Dje" title="Naključje">naključnih</a> mutacij, do katerih prihaja v genomih organizmov. Mutacije so spremembe v zaporedju DNK posamezne celice, ki jih povzročajo <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivnost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus">virusi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpozon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transpozon (stran ne obstaja)">transpozoni</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mutagen" title="Mutagen">mutageni</a>, pa tudi napake, ki nastanejo pri <a href="/wiki/Mejoza" title="Mejoza">mejozi</a> ali <a href="/wiki/Podvojevanje_DNK" title="Podvojevanje DNK">podvojevanju DNK</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bertram_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertram-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-transposition764_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transposition764-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burrus_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrus-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ti dejavniki povzročajo več vrst sprememb v zaporedjih DNK; spremembe bodisi nimajo vpliva, bodisi povzročijo spremembo v produktih teh genov (<a href="/wiki/Beljakovina" title="Beljakovina">beljakovinah</a>) ali popolnoma preprečijo delovanje gena. Poskusi pri muhah vrste <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> kažejo, da je v primeru spremembe produkta gena ta sprememba v večini primerov škodljiva za organizem. Okrog 70 odstotkov takih mutacij ima škodljiv vpliv, preostale pa bodisi nimajo neposrednega vpliva bodisi so rahlo koristne.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zaradi škodljivih vplivov, ki jih mutacije lahko povzročajo v celicah, so se razvili mehanizmi za <a href="/wiki/Popravljanje_DNK" title="Popravljanje DNK">popravljanje DNK</a>, ki odstranjujejo mutacije. Dejanska hitrost mutacij pri neki vrsti je tako ravnovesje med posledicami visoke stopnje mutacij (recimo osipom osebkov s škodljivimi mutacijami) in <a href="/wiki/Presnova" title="Presnova">presnovno</a> energijo, ki je potrebna za delovanje ter vzdrževanje popravljalnih mehanizmov.<sup id="cite_ref-Sniegowski_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sniegowski-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nekateri organizmih, kot so <a href="/wiki/Retrovirusi" title="Retrovirusi">retrovirusi</a>, imajo tako visoko stopnjo mutacij, da vsebuje večina potomcev vsaj en mutiran gen.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Takšna stopnja mutacij je lahko za viruse koristna, saj jim omogoča, da se hitro prilagajajo na obrambne mehanizme gostiteljevega <a href="/wiki/Imunski_sistem" title="Imunski sistem">imunskega sistema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mutacija lahko povroči podvojitev velikega odseka molekule DNK znotraj kromosoma, kjer postane kopija bogat vir »surovin«&#160;za nastanek novih genov. Če sta namreč v genomu prisotni dve kopiji istega gena, se lahko eden od njiju spremeni, drugi pa ohrani staro funkcijo. Ocenjujejo, da se vsakih milijon let v živalskem genomu tako podvoji na desetine do stotine genov.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Večina genov pripada večjim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dru%C5%BEina_genov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Družina genov (stran ne obstaja)">družinam genov</a>, ki imajo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homologija_(biologija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Homologija (biologija) (stran ne obstaja)">skupen izvor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nastanek_gena_de_novo" title="Nastanek gena de novo">Popolnoma novi geni</a> lahko nastanejo na več načinov, najpogosteje s podvojitvijo in mutacijo predhodnika ali pa z rekombinacijo delov različnih genov, ki ustvari nove kombinacije z novimi funkcijami.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V tem primeru <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beljakovinska_domena&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Beljakovinska domena (stran ne obstaja)">beljakovinske domene</a> delujejo kot gradbeni elementi (moduli) z neodvisnimi funkcijami, ki se lahko kombinirajo na različne načine, vsaka kombinacija z drugačnimi lastnostmi.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Za primer, v človeškem <a href="/wiki/Oko" title="Oko">očesu</a> se izražajo štirje geni za strukture, ki zaznavajo svetlobo: trije za <a href="/wiki/Barvni_vid" title="Barvni vid">barvni vid</a> in eden za gledanje v mraku; vsi štirje so nastali iz istega prednika.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Druga prednost podvojitve gena (ali celo <a href="/wiki/Poliploidija" title="Poliploidija">celotnega genoma</a>) je, da se funkcije kopij prekrivajo, kar omogoča ohranitev alelov, ki bi sicer bili škodljivi za organizem; tako se povečuje genetska raznolikost.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spremembe v kromosomskem številu lahko vključujejo tudi še obsežnejše mutacije, kjer se segmenti DNK znotraj kromosomov prelomijo in nato prerazporedijo. Za primer, dva kromosoma sta se pri <a href="/wiki/Rod_(biologija)" title="Rod (biologija)">rodu</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Homo (stran ne obstaja)">Homo</a></i> zlila in pri človeku tvorita <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromosom_2_(%C4%8Dlove%C5%A1ki)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromosom 2 (človeški) (stran ne obstaja)">kromosom 2</a>, pri ostalih <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clove%C4%8Dnjaki" title="Človečnjaki">človečnjakih</a> pa do tega zlitja ni prišlo in imajo izvorna kromosoma še vedno ločena.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V evoluciji pa je verjetno najpomembnejša vloga tovrstnih kromosomskih prerazporeditev preprečevanje križanja, kar pomaga pri ohranjanju genetskih razlik med populacijami in pospešuje nastajanje novih vrst.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zaporedja DNK, kot so <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpozon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transpozon (stran ne obstaja)">transpozoni</a>, ki se lahko premikajo znotraj genoma, predstavljajo poglaviten del genetskega materiala rastlin in živali in so verjetno igrali pomembno vlogo pri evoluciji genomov.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tako je kratko zaporedje »alu«&#160;v človeškem genomu prisotno vsaj v milijon kopijah in te sekvence so sčasoma pridobile različne funkcije, med njimi regulacijo izražanja genov.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Druga posledica premikanja transpozonov po genomu je možnost mutacije ali delecije obstoječih genov, kar ponovno povečuje genetsko raznolikost.<sup id="cite_ref-transposition764_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transposition764-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spol_in_rekombinacija">Spol in rekombinacija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Uredi razdelek: Spol in rekombinacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Spol in rekombinacija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek&#58; <a href="/wiki/Spolno_razmno%C5%BEevanje" title="Spolno razmnoževanje">spolno razmnoževanje</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <p>Organizmi, ki se razmnožujejo <a href="/wiki/Nespolno_razmno%C5%BEevanje" title="Nespolno razmnoževanje">nespolno</a>, podedujejo vse gene v kompletu, saj se pri razmnoževanju geni različnih osebkov ne morejo kombinirati. Potomci organizmov, ki se razmnožujejo spolno, pa vsebujejo naključno mešanico kromosomov staršev, ki nastane zaradi neodvisnega dodeljevanja le-teh potomcem. S procesom genetske rekombinacije pa lahko spolno razmnožujoči se organizmi izmenjujejo tudi manjše odseke DNK med enakovrednimi kromosomi.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rekombinacija in prerazporeditev ne spreminjata deleža alelov, spreminjata pa, kateri aleli so med seboj povezani in ustvarjata osebke z novimi kombinacijami alelov.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Medtem ko ta proces poveča variabilnost potomcev nekega osebka, lahko predpostavimo da takšno mešanje v populaciji kot celoti bodisi ne bo imelo učinka, bodisi bo <a href="/wiki/Genetska_diverziteta" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetska diverziteta">genetska diverziteta</a> povečana ali zmanjšana (odvisno od tega, kako so aleli v populaciji razporejeni). Za primer, če sta dva alela v populaciji razporejena naključno, potem spolno razmnoževanje ne bo imelo učinka na diverziteto. Če pa se alela pogosto nahajata v paru, bo spolno razmnoževanje približalo njuno razporeditev naključnemu stanju. Posledica tega bo zmanjšanje diverzitete.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Skupni učinek spolnega razmnoževanja na naravno diverziteto še ni povsem razjasnjen, raziskave pa nakazujejo, da jo večinoma povečuje in lahko pospeši hitrost evolucije.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zaradi rekombinacija sta lahko tudi alela, ki se nahajata blizu skupaj v verigi DNK, podedovana neodvisno. Vendar pa je stopnja rekombinacije nizka, saj je na primer pri človeku verjetnost, da se bo zgodila v odseku dolgem milijon <a href="/wiki/Bazni_par" title="Bazni par">baznih parov</a>, okrog enega odstotka na generacijo. Posledica je, da se geni, ki ležijo blizu skupaj, v večini primerov tudi dedujejo skupaj.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To tendenco merimo z ugotavljanjem, kako pogosto se dva alela različnih genov v neki populaciji pojavita skupaj, kar imenujemo njuna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuravnote%C5%BEenost_vezave&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuravnoteženost vezave (stran ne obstaja)">neuravnoteženost vezave</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angle%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Angleščina">angleško</a> <i lang="en">linkage disequilibrium</i>). Kompletu alelov, ki se po navadi deduje v skupini, pravimo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplotip&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplotip (stran ne obstaja)">haplotip</a>. </p><p>Spolno razmnoževanje pomaga pri odstranjanju škodljivih mutacij in ohranjanju koristnih.<sup id="cite_ref-Otto_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otto-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Posledica tega je, da se škodljive mutacije kopičijo, kjer se aleli z rekombinacijo ne morejo ločiti - na primer pri <a href="/wiki/Sesalci" title="Sesalci">sesalskem</a> <a href="/wiki/Kromosom_Y" title="Kromosom Y">kromosomu Y</a>, ki se prenaša samo iz očetov na sinove.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Poleg tega lahko rekombinacija in prerazporeditev ustvarita posameznike z novimi, koristnimi kombinacijami genov. Ta učinek uravnava dejstvo, da lahko ti procesi povzročajo tudi škodljive mutacije in ločujejo koristne kombinacije genov.<sup id="cite_ref-Otto_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otto-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Populacijska_genetika">Populacijska genetika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Uredi razdelek: Populacijska genetika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Populacijska genetika"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Biston.betularia.7200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Biston.betularia.7200.jpg/220px-Biston.betularia.7200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Biston.betularia.7200.jpg/330px-Biston.betularia.7200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Biston.betularia.7200.jpg/440px-Biston.betularia.7200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2798" data-file-height="1662" /></a><figcaption>Brezov pedic (<i>Biston betularia</i>), bela forma</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg/220px-Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg/330px-Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg/440px-Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Brezov pedic (<i>Biston betularia</i>), črna forma</figcaption></figure> <p>S stališča genetike je evolucija <i>sprememba frekvenc alelov od generacije do generacije znotraj populacije, ki ima skupen genski sklad</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Populacija_(biologija)" title="Populacija (biologija)">Populacija</a> je skupina pripadnikov iste vrste v nekem kraju. Za primer, skupina <a href="/wiki/No%C4%8Dni_metulji" title="Nočni metulji">nočnih metuljev</a> iste vrste, ki živijo v izoliranem gozdu, predstavlja populacijo. Nek gen v tej populaciji lahko ima več različnih oblik, kar povzroča razlike med fenotipi osebkov znotraj te populacije. En takih primerov je gen za obarvanost nočnih metuljev, ki ima dve obliki (alela): za črno in svetlo obarvanost. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genski_sklad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Genski sklad (stran ne obstaja)">Genski sklad</a> je popoln nabor alelov v neki populaciji in vsak alel se pojavi pri določenem številu oz. deležu osebkov, s tem pa tudi v genskem skladu te populacije. Delež določenega alela v genskem skladu je pogostost oz. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frekvenca_alela&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Frekvenca alela (stran ne obstaja)">frekvenca alela</a>. Do evolucije pride, ko se spremenijo frekvence alelov znotraj populacije organizmov, ki se križajo med seboj; na primer, alel za črno obarvanost v populaciji nočnih metuljev lahko postane pogostejši. </p><p>Za razumevanje mehanizmov, ki povzročajo evolucijo populacije, je koristno vedeti, pri katerih pogojih do evolucije ne pride. <i><a href="/wiki/Hardy-Weinbergovo_na%C4%8Delo" title="Hardy-Weinbergovo načelo">Hardy-Weinbergovo načelo</a></i> določa, da bo frekvenca alelov v dovolj veliki populaciji ostala enaka, če bosta nanjo vplivala samo naključno prerazporejanje teh alelov pri nastanku <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spolna_celica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spolna celica (stran ne obstaja)">spolnih celic</a> in njihovo naključno kombiniranje ob <a href="/wiki/Oploditev" title="Oploditev">oploditvi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oneil_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oneil-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pravimo, da je takšna populacija v <i>Hardy-Weinbergovem ravnovesju</i> in se ne razvija.<sup id="cite_ref-Teach2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teach2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pretok_genov">Pretok genov</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Uredi razdelek: Pretok genov" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Pretok genov"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Lion_waiting_in_Namibia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lion_waiting_in_Namibia.jpg/250px-Lion_waiting_in_Namibia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lion_waiting_in_Namibia.jpg/375px-Lion_waiting_in_Namibia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lion_waiting_in_Namibia.jpg/500px-Lion_waiting_in_Namibia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Samci <a href="/wiki/Lev" title="Lev">levov</a> zapustijo svoj trop, ko odrastejo in si poiščejo novega, kjer se parijo. Posledica tega je pretok genov med tropi.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretok_genov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pretok genov (stran ne obstaja)">Pretok genov</a> je izmenjava genov med populacijami, ki večinoma pripadajo isti vrsti.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dva zgleda za pretok genov sta parjenje organizmov, ki se selijo med populacijami, in razširjanje <a href="/wiki/Pelod" title="Pelod">peloda</a>. Prenos genov med vrstami predstavljata med drugim nastanek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kri%C5%BEanje_(biologija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Križanje (biologija) (stran ne obstaja)">križancev</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontalni_prenos_genov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Horizontalni prenos genov (stran ne obstaja)">horizontalni prenos genov</a>. </p><p>Preseljevanje v populacijo ali iz nje lahko spremeni frekvence alelov, predstavlja pa tudi nov vir genske diverzitete v populaciji. Priseljevanje lahko doda nov genetski material v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genski_sklad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Genski sklad (stran ne obstaja)">genski sklad</a> populacije, nasprotno pa ga odseljevanje lahko odstranjuje. Glede na to, da so <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reproduktivna_izolacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reproduktivna izolacija (stran ne obstaja)">prepreke za križanje</a> nujne pri nastanku novih vrst iz ločujočih se populacij, lahko pretok genov upočasni ta proces z zmanjševanjem genetskih razlik. Pretok genov lahko zaustavijo denimo geografske ovire, kot so gorske verige, oceani in puščave, pa tudi človeške strukture, kot je <a href="/wiki/Veliki_kitajski_zid" class="mw-redirect" title="Veliki kitajski zid">veliki kitajski zid</a>, ki opazno upočasnjuje pretok genov med populacijami rastlin na obeh straneh.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Če se dve vrsti še nista dovolj temeljito ločili med seboj, lahko imata še vedno skupne potomce, na primer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mula&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mula (stran ne obstaja)">mule</a> kot potomci <a href="/wiki/Doma%C4%8Di_konj" title="Domači konj">konj</a> in <a href="/wiki/Osel" title="Osel">oslov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Takšni križanci so največkrat <a href="/wiki/Neplodnost" title="Neplodnost">neplodni</a>, saj imajo dva različna kompleta kromosomov, ki se v <a href="/wiki/Mejoza" title="Mejoza">mejozi</a> ne morejo kombinirati. V tem primeru se lahko zelo sorodni vrsti redno križata, vendar se hibridi ne razmnožujejo dalje in tako dolgoročno ne prihaja do pretoka genov, vrsti pa ostaneta ločeni. V redkih primerih so križanci plodni, v tem primeru ima lahko nova vrsta vmesne lastnosti obeh starševskih vrst ali popolnoma nov fenotip.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vloga hibridizacije pri tvorbi novih vrst živali je še nerazjasnjena, vendar se primeri pojavljajo pri mnogih vrstah,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> najočitneje pri <a href="/wiki/Dvo%C5%BEivke" title="Dvoživke">dvoživkah</a>. </p><p>Hibridizacija je po drugi strani pomemben mehanizem nastanka novih vrst (speciacije) pri rastlinah, kjer je <a href="/wiki/Poliploidija" title="Poliploidija">poliploidija</a> (prisotnost več kopij istega kromosoma) manjša ovira za preživetje.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendel_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendel-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Semon_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semon-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Poliploidija tu omogoča razmnoževanje hibridov, saj se med mejozo lahko dva različna kompleta kromosomov združita z ustreznima partnerjema, potomci pa imajo nato različna kromosomska števila.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Poliploidi imajo tudi večjo gensko diverziteto, kar zmanjša škodljiv vpliv križanja v sorodstvu pri majhnih populacijah.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontalni_genski_prenos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Horizontalni genski prenos (stran ne obstaja)">Horizontalni genski prenos</a> je prenos genov med organizmoma, ki nista starš in potomec; pojav je najpogostejši pri <a href="/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije">bakterijah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Njegove posledice so najbolj opazne v <a href="/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina">medicini</a>, saj omogoča širjenje genov, ki povzročajo odpornost proti <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">antibiotikom</a>, med različnimi bakterijskimi vrstami.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domnevajo tudi, da je prišlo do horizontalnega prenosa genov med bakterijami in <a href="/wiki/Evkarioti" class="mw-redirect" title="Evkarioti">evkarioti</a>, kot sta kvasovka <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Hro%C5%A1%C4%8Di" title="Hrošči">hrošč</a> <i>Callosobruchus chinensis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tu izstopajo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bdeloidi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bdeloidi (stran ne obstaja)">bdeloidni kotačniki</a>, ki so kot kaže prejeli vrsto genov od bakterij, gliv in rastlin.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tudi <a href="/wiki/Virusi" title="Virusi">virusi</a> lahko prenašajo DNK med organizmi in omogočajo prenos genov celo med <a href="/wiki/Domena_(biologija)" title="Domena (biologija)">domenami organizmov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Do večjega prenosa genov je prišlo tudi med predniki sodobnih <a href="/wiki/Evkarioti" class="mw-redirect" title="Evkarioti">evkariotskih celic</a> in prokarioti ob prevzemu <a href="/wiki/Kloroplast" title="Kloroplast">kloroplastov</a> ter <a href="/wiki/Mitohondrij" title="Mitohondrij">mitohondrijev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rgruqh_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgruqh-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mehanizmi">Mehanizmi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Uredi razdelek: Mehanizmi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Mehanizmi"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dva glavna mehanizma evolucije sta <a href="/wiki/Naravni_izbor" title="Naravni izbor">naravni izbor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Genetski_zdrs" title="Genetski zdrs">genetski zdrs</a>. Naravni izbor daje prednost genom, ki povečujejo sposobnost organizma za preživetje in reprodukcijo. Genetski zdrs pa je naključna sprememba v frekvenci alelov, ki jo povzroča do neke mere naključen izbor genov vsake generacije, ki se bodo prenesli v naslednjo generacijo. Vpliv enega ali drugega mehanizma v določeni populaciji je odvisen od moči selekcijskega pritiska in števila posameznikov, sposobnih reprodukcije.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitlock_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitlock-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pri večjih populacijah ima pomembnejšo vlogo naravni izbor, pri manjših pa genetski zdrs. Prevladujoč vpliv zdrsa v majhnih populacijah lahko vodi celo do fiksacije rahlo škodljivih mutacij.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohta_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohta-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Posledica tega je, da lahko spremembe v velikosti populacije močno vplivajo na potek evolucije. Zgled so populacijska ozka grla, kjer se velikost populacije začasno zmanjša, s čimer se izgubi del genetske diverzitete in postane populacija bolj monotona.<sup id="cite_ref-Amos_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amos-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naravni_izbor">Naravni izbor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Uredi razdelek: Naravni izbor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Naravni izbor"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek&#58; <a href="/wiki/Naravni_izbor" title="Naravni izbor">naravni izbor</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Mutation_and_selection_diagram_sl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mutation_and_selection_diagram_sl.svg/300px-Mutation_and_selection_diagram_sl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mutation_and_selection_diagram_sl.svg/450px-Mutation_and_selection_diagram_sl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mutation_and_selection_diagram_sl.svg/600px-Mutation_and_selection_diagram_sl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naravni_izbor" title="Naravni izbor">Naravni izbor</a> v populaciji za temno obarvanost</figcaption></figure> <p>Naravni izbor je proces, s katerim postanejo mutacije, ki izboljšajo možnosti za reprodukcijo, pogostejše in to razmerje tudi ohranjajo v nadaljnjih generacijah. Ta mehanizem pogosto obravnavamo kot »samoumeven«, saj je logična posledica treh preprostih dejstev: </p> <ul><li>Znotraj populacije organizmov obstaja dedna variabilnost</li> <li>Organizmi imajo več potomcev kot jih lahko preživi</li> <li>Potomci imajo na račun podedovanih lastnosti različne možnosti za preživetje in reprodukcijo.</li></ul> <p>Posledica tega je tekmovanje med organizmi za preživetje in razmnožitev. To povzroči, da organizmi z lastnostmi, ki jim dajejo prednost pred tekmeci, te lastnosti prenesejo na svoje potomce, lastnosti, ki ne dajejo te prednosti pa se ne prenesejo na naslednjo generacijo.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurst_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurst-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Osrednji koncept naravne selekcije je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucijski_doprinos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolucijski doprinos (stran ne obstaja)">evolucijski doprinos</a> (evolucijski fitnes) organizma. To je mera, koliko prispeva nek organizem naslednjim generacijam v genetskem smislu. Doprinos ni enak številu potomcev, temveč gre za delež osebkov v nadaljnjih generacijah, ki nosijo njegove gene.<sup id="cite_ref-Haldane_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haldane-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zatorej, če nek alel poveča doprinos bolj kot drugi aleli tega gena, bo z vsako generacijo postal pogostejši v populaciji. Selekcija deluje v prid lastnosti. Lastnosti, ki lahko povečata doprinos, sta povečana možnost preživetja in večja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plodnost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Plodnost (stran ne obstaja)">plodnost</a>. Nasprotno je pri alelih, ki doprinos zmanjšujejo.<sup id="cite_ref-Lande_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lande-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pomembno je razumeti, da doprinos alela ni nespremenljiva lastnost; če se okolje spremeni, lahko prej nevtralne ali škodljive lastnosti postanejo koristne, ali pa koristne lastnosti postanejo škodljive.<sup id="cite_ref-Futuyma_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futuyma-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naravni izbor za lastnost, ki lahko zavzema večji obseg vrednosti (npr. telesna višina), lahko razdelimo v tri različne tipe. Prvi je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Usmerjena_selekcija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Usmerjena selekcija (stran ne obstaja)">usmerjena selekcija</a>, ki je sprememba povprečne vrednosti neke lastnosti v času – za primer, predstavniki populacije lahko počasi postajajo višji.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Drugi je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disruptivna_selekcija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Disruptivna selekcija (stran ne obstaja)">disruptivna selekcija</a>, ki favorizira ekstreme in deluje proti povprečni vrednosti, rezultat česar je pogosto obstoj dveh različnih tipov v populaciji. Takšen tip selekcije bi potekal, če bi imeli zelo visoki in zelo nizki organizmi prednost pred povprečno visokimi. Nazadnje pa gre evolucija pri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabilizirajo%C4%8Da_selekcija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stabilizirajoča selekcija (stran ne obstaja)">stabilizirajoči selekciji</a> v smeri povprečja, ekstremi pa imajo manjšo možnost preživetja. Posledica tega je zmanjšanje <a href="/wiki/Varianca" title="Varianca">variance</a> porazdelitve te lastnosti in manjša raznolikost.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurst_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurst-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ta tip selekcije bi počasi povzročil, da bi bili vsi predstavniki populacije približno enako visoki. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Cerf-volant_MHNT_Close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cerf-volant_MHNT_Close_up.jpg/250px-Cerf-volant_MHNT_Close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cerf-volant_MHNT_Close_up.jpg/375px-Cerf-volant_MHNT_Close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cerf-volant_MHNT_Close_up.jpg/500px-Cerf-volant_MHNT_Close_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6020" data-file-height="4859" /></a><figcaption>Ogromne <a href="/wiki/Obustni_aparat" title="Obustni aparat">čeljusti</a> <a href="/wiki/Roga%C4%8D" title="Rogač">rogačev</a> so privlačne za samice, samcem pa otežujejo prehranjevanje</figcaption></figure> <p>Poseben primer naravnega izbora je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spolna_selekcija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spolna selekcija (stran ne obstaja)">spolna selekcija</a>, ki favorizira vse lastnosti, ki povečujejo možnost za <a href="/wiki/Parjenje" title="Parjenje">parjenje</a>, s tem da povečajo privlačnost organizma za potencialne spolne partnerje.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lastnosti, ki so se razvile s spolno selekcijo, so še posebej očitne pri samcih nekaterih živalskih vrst, čeprav okorni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rog_(anatomija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rog (anatomija) (stran ne obstaja)">rogovi</a>, paritveno oglašanje, živa obarvanost in podobne lastnosti sicer zmanjšujejo možnost preživetja s privabljanjem <a href="/wiki/Plenilec" class="mw-redirect" title="Plenilec">plenilcev</a> ali otežujejo vsakodnevne aktivnosti.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Večji paritveni uspeh samcev, ki izkazujejo omenjene lastnosti, je protiutež za to pomanjkljivost.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naravni izbor v splošnem postavlja naravo za merilo, po katerem imajo posamezniki in posamezne lastnosti večjo ali manjšo možnost preživetja. »Naravo«&#160;v tem smislu predstavlja <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">ekosistem</a>, torej sistem, v katerem organizmi delujejo vzajemno z vsemi ostalimi elementi tega sistema, tako abiotskimi kot biotskimi v njihovem neposrednem okolju. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Odum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene Odum (stran ne obstaja)">Eugene Odum</a>, eden od začetnikov <a href="/wiki/Ekologija" title="Ekologija">ekologije</a>, je definiral ekosistem kot »vsako enoto, ki vključuje vse organizme... na danem območju, ki delujejo vzajemno s fizičnim okoljem, tako da pretok energije vodi do jasno definirane trofične strukture, biotske raznolikosti in kroženja snovi (tj. izmenjavo snovi med živimi in neživimi komponentami) znotraj sistema.«<sup id="cite_ref-Odum1971_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odum1971-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vsaka populacija znotraj ekosistema zavzema določeno <a href="/wiki/Ekolo%C5%A1ka_ni%C5%A1a" title="Ekološka niša">ekološko nišo</a> oz. položaj z določenimi razmerji do ostalih delov sistema. Ta razmerja vključujejo med drugim ontogenetski razvoj organizma, njegov položaj v <a href="/wiki/Prehranjevalna_veriga" title="Prehranjevalna veriga">prehranjevalni verigi</a> in njegovo geografsko razširjenost. Takšen splošen pogled na naravo omogoča znanstvenikom opazovanje posameznih vplivov, ki skupaj predstavljajo naravni izbor. </p><p>Raziskave se osredotočajo na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enota_izbora&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Enota izbora (stran ne obstaja)">enoto izbora</a>, kjer so lahko subjekt naravnega izbora geni, celice, posamezni organizmi, skupine organizmov ali celo vrste.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nobena od enot ne izključuje drugih in izbor lahko deluje na več nivojih hkrati.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zgled za selekcijo pod nivojem organizma so <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpozon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transpozon (stran ne obstaja)">transpozoni</a>, geni, ki se lahko podvajajo in razširjajo znotraj <a href="/wiki/Genom" class="mw-redirect" title="Genom">genoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selekcija nad nivojem posameznika, npr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skupinska_selekcija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Skupinska selekcija (stran ne obstaja)">skupinska selekcija</a>, lahko vodi do evolucije kooperacije, kot je opisana spodaj.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetski_zdrs">Genetski zdrs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Uredi razdelek: Genetski zdrs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Genetski zdrs"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek&#58; <a href="/wiki/Genetski_zdrs" title="Genetski zdrs">Genetski zdrs</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Allele-frequency.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Allele-frequency.png/250px-Allele-frequency.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Allele-frequency.png 1.5x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption> Simulacija genetskega zdrsa 20 nepovezanih alelov v populacijah velikosti 10 (zgoraj) in 100 (spodaj). Zdrs do dokončne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiksacija_(populacijska_genetika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiksacija (populacijska genetika) (stran ne obstaja)">fiksacije</a> je hitrejši v manjši populaciji.</figcaption></figure> <p>Genetski zdrs oz. drift je sprememba v frekvenci alelov od ene generacije do druge, do katere pride, ker aleli pri potomcih predstavljajo naključni <a href="/wiki/Vzorec_(statistika)" title="Vzorec (statistika)">vzorec</a> tistih od staršev, pa tudi zaradi vloge, ki jo ima naključje pri tem ali se bo določen organizem uspel razmnožiti.<sup id="cite_ref-Amos_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amos-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V matematičnem smislu so aleli podvrženi napaki pri vzorčenju. Posledica je, da se bodo frekvence alelov v odsotnosti selekcijskega pritiska naključno spreminjale navzgor ali navzdol. Zdrs se zaključi, ko alel nazadnje postane <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiksacija_(populacijska_genetika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiksacija (populacijska genetika) (stran ne obstaja)">fiksiran</a>, bodisi tako da izgine iz populacije ali popolnoma nadomesti vse druge alele. Genetski zdrs lahko tako odstrani nekatere alele iz populacije samo na podlagi naključja in povzroči, da se začneta dve ločeni populaciji razlikovati po genetskem zapisu tudi brez vsakršnega selekcijskega pritiska.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Čas, v katerem postane alel fiksiran z zdrsom, je odvisen od velikosti populacije, pri čemer pride do fiksacije hitreje v manjših populacijah.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pri tem je potrebno upoštevati natančno merilo populacije, t. i. »razpoložljivo velikost populacije«. Razpoložljiva velikost populacije je vedno manjša od celotnega števila osebkov, saj ne vključuje osebkov, ki so premladi oz. prestari za razmnoževanje, upošteva pa tudi nižjo verjetnost parjenja osebkov, ki živijo daleč vsaksebi, in stopnjo parjenja v sorodstvu.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pomembno vprašanje v sodobni evolucijski biologiji je, kolikšen je vpliv teh dveh sil na evolucijske spremembe oz. katera od njiju je pomembnejša (čeravno je za prilagajanje odgovoren naravni izbor).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Raziskave je vzpodbudila t. i. nevtralna teorija molekularne evolucije, ki predpostavlja, da je večina evolucijskih sprememb posledica fiksacije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevtralna_mutacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevtralna mutacija (stran ne obstaja)">nevtralnih mutacij</a>, ki nimajo neposrednega vpliva na fitnes organizma.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V tem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(znanost)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Model (znanost) (stran ne obstaja)">modelu</a> je torej večina genetskih sprememb v populaciji posledica nenehnih mutacij in genetskega zdrsa.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Danes je teorija v tej obliki večjidel zavrnjena, saj ne se ne ujema z genetsko raznovrstnostjo kot je vidna v naravi.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vendar pa je iz nje izšla bolje podprta »skoraj nevtralna teorija molekularne evolucije«, ki predpostavlja, da ima večina mutacij le majhen vpliv na fitnes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurst_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurst-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izid">Izid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Uredi razdelek: Izid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Izid"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evolucija vpliva na vse ravni oblike in vedenja organizmov. Najočitnejše so vedenjske in fizične prilagoditve, ki so posledica naravnega izbora. Te prilagoditve povečujejo fitnes, saj olajšujejo aktivnosti kot so iskanje hrane, izogibanje plenilcem in privabljanje spolnih partnerjev. Organizmi se lahko odzovejo na selekcijo tudi tako da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kooperacija_(evolucija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kooperacija (evolucija) (stran ne obstaja)">sodelujejo</a>, največkrat tako da pomagajo sorodnikom ali vzpostavijo <a href="/wiki/So%C5%BEitje" title="Sožitje">sožitje</a>, ki koristi obema partnerjema. Evolucija na dolgi rok ustvarja nove vrste tako, da ločuje izvorne populacije organizmov v nove skupine, ki se ne križajo med seboj. </p><p>Tovrstne rezultate evolucije včasih delimo na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makroevolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Makroevolucija (stran ne obstaja)">makroevolucijo</a>, ki je evolucija na nivoju vrste ali nad njim (npr. <a href="/wiki/Izumrtje" title="Izumrtje">izumrtje</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Speciacija (stran ne obstaja)">speciacija</a>), ter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroevolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroevolucija (stran ne obstaja)">mikroevolucijo</a>, ki obravnava manjše evolucijske spremembe, denimo prilagoditve znotraj vrste ali populacije. Makroevolucijo v splošnem razumemo kot posledico dolgega obdobja mikroevolucije.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V tem smislu razlika med mikro- in makroevolucijo ni bistvena - razlikujeta se samo v času, ki je potreben za spremembe.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vendar pa so lahko pri makroevoluciji pomembne tudi lastnosti vrste kot celote. Za primer, večja variabilnost osebkov omogoča vrsti da se hitro prilagodi novemu življenjskemu okolju, kar zmanjšuje možnost za njeno izumrtje, medtem ko veliko območje razširjenosti povečuje možnost za nastanek nove vrste s tem ko poveča verjetnost da bo del populacije postal izoliran od glavnine. Tako po mnenju nekaterih mikro- in makroevolucija obravnavata selekcijo na različnih nivojih - mikroevolucija deluje na gene in organizme, makroevolucijski procesi pa na nivoju celotnih vrst, kjer vplivajo na hitrost speciacije ter izumrtja.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski2000_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski2000-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uveljavljeno je zmotno prepričanje, da je evolucija »progresivna«, torej da proizvaja vedno kompleksnejše organizme. V resnici naravni izbor nima končnega cilja in ne vodi nujno do večje kompleksnosti.<sup id="cite_ref-sciam_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Čeprav so kompleksni organizmi nastali z evolucijo, je to prej stranski učinek povečevanja števila organizmov in preprosti organizmi še vedno prevladujejo na Zemlji.<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ocenjujejo, da veliko večino vrst predstavljajo mikroskopski <a href="/wiki/Prokarioti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokarioti">prokarioti</a>, ki navkljub svoji majhni velikosti predstavljajo polovico svetovne <a href="/wiki/Biomasa" title="Biomasa">biomase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schloss_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schloss-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Preprosti organizmi so bili skozi celotno zemeljsko zgodovino in so še vedno prevladujoča oblika življenja, višje oblike življenja pa delujejo bolj raznolike le zato, ker jih je lažje opaziti ter preučevati.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prilagoditev">Prilagoditev</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Uredi razdelek: Prilagoditev" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Prilagoditev"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prilagajanje (s tujko <i>adaptacija</i>) je eden od osnovnih pojavov v biologiji<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in je <i>proces</i>, s katerim postane organizem primernejši za svoj <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ekologija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ekologija)">habitat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Izraz se lahko nanaša tudi na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lastnost_(biologija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lastnost (biologija) (stran ne obstaja)">lastnost</a>, ki je pomembna za preživetje organizma. Zgled je prilagoditev <a href="/wiki/Doma%C4%8Di_konj" title="Domači konj">konjevih</a> zob za mletje trave ali sposobnost hitrega teka, s katerim uide plenilcem. Z uporabo izraza <i>prilagajanje</i> za evolucijski proces in <i>prilagoditev</i> za njegov rezultat (strukturo ali funkcijo), lahko ločimo oba pomena. Prilagoditve so rezultat <a href="/wiki/Naravni_izbor" title="Naravni izbor">naravnega izbora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Genetik in evolucijski biolog <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a> je postavil naslednje definicije: </p> <dl><dd><ol><li><i>Prilagajanje</i> je evolucijski proces, s katerim postane organizem bolj sposoben živeti v svojem habitatu oz. habitatih.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Prilagojenost</i> je lastnost, ki iz tega izhaja - stopnja, do katere je organizem sposoben preživeti in se razmnoževati v danem okolju.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Prilagoditev</i> je vidik razvojnega vzorca organizma, ki mu omogoča ali poveča verjetnost za njegovo preživetje in razmnožitev.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ol></dd></dl> <p>Prilagajanje lahko povzroči bodisi pridobitev nove lastnosti, bodisi izgubo lastnosti, ki so jo imeli predniki nekega organizma. Zgled, ki ponazarja obe vrsti sprememb, je prilagajanje <a href="/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije">bakterij</a> na <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">antibiotike</a>, kjer genetske spremembe povzročijo odpornost na antibiotike tako, da spremenijo strukturo, na katero se antibiotik veže, ali povečajo aktivnost transportnih molekul, ki odstranjujejo antibiotike iz celice.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Podobno izraziti zgledi so bakterije vrste <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>, ki so v dolgoročnem laboratorijskem poskusu razvile sposobnost uporabe <a href="/wiki/Citronska_kislina" title="Citronska kislina">citronske kisline</a> kot hranila,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> bakterije iz rodu <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavobacterium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Flavobacterium (stran ne obstaja)">Flavobacterium</a></i>, ki so razvile nov <a href="/wiki/Encim" title="Encim">encim</a>, ki jim omogoča rast na stranskih produktih proizvodnje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Najlona&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Najlona (stran ne obstaja)">najlona</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in bakterije <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphingobium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphingobium (stran ne obstaja)">Sphingobium</a></i>, ki so razvile popolnoma novo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolna_pot&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metabolna pot (stran ne obstaja)">metabolno pot</a> za razgradnjo sintetičnega <a href="/wiki/Pesticid" title="Pesticid">pesticida</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentaklorofenol&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentaklorofenol (stran ne obstaja)">pentaklorofenola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vendar pa so mnoge lastnosti, ki so navidez enostavne prilagoditve, dejansko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksaptacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksaptacija (stran ne obstaja)">eksaptacije</a>: strukture, prvotno prilagojene za neko funkcijo, ki so po naključju postale koristne tudi za neko drugo funkcijo v procesu evolucije.<sup id="cite_ref-GouldStructP1235_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GouldStructP1235-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zgled je afriška kuščarica vrste <i>Holaspis guentheri</i>, pri kateri se je razvila izjemno ploščata glava za skrivanje v špranjah (podobno kot pri bližnje sorodnih vrstah), a je postala tako ploščata, da koristi tudi pri jadranju z drevesa na drevo.<sup id="cite_ref-GouldStructP1235_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GouldStructP1235-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Drug tak zgled je uporaba encimov iz <a href="/wiki/Glikoliza" title="Glikoliza">glikolize</a> in razgradnje organizmu tujih snovi (<a href="/wiki/Ksenobiotik" title="Ksenobiotik">ksenobiotikov</a>) za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristalin (stran ne obstaja)">kristaline</a>, strukturne elemente, ki gradijo lečo v <a href="/wiki/Oko" title="Oko">očesu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Whale_skeleton.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Whale_skeleton.png/350px-Whale_skeleton.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Whale_skeleton.png/525px-Whale_skeleton.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Whale_skeleton.png/700px-Whale_skeleton.png 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Okostje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vosati_kiti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vosati kiti (stran ne obstaja)">vosatega kita</a>; z <i>a</i> in <i>b</i> so označene kosti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plavut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Plavut (stran ne obstaja)">plavuti</a>, ki so se razvile iz kosti prednjih nog; <i>c</i> označuje zakrnele kosti zadnjih nog.<sup id="cite_ref-transformation445_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transformation445-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ker je adaptacija posledica postopnega spreminjanja obstoječih struktur, imajo lahko strukture s podobno notranjo zgradbo zelo različne vloge pri sorodnih organizmih. Do tega pride, ker se je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homologija_(biologija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Homologija (biologija) (stran ne obstaja)">izvorna struktura</a> prilagodila za opravljanje različnih nalog. Za primer, kosti v krilu <a href="/wiki/Netopirji" title="Netopirji">netopirjev</a> so po zgradbi podobne tako tistim v človeški roki kot tistim v plavuti <a href="/wiki/Delfini" title="Delfini">delfina</a>, saj so se pri vseh treh razvile iz sprednjih okončin skupnega prednika teh bitij, ki je imel na vsaki pet prstov. Druge take anatomske značilnosti, kot so denimo <a href="/wiki/Zapestna_kost" title="Zapestna kost">zapestne kosti</a> pri <a href="/wiki/Orja%C5%A1ki_panda" title="Orjaški panda">pandi</a>, ki so oblikovane v nekakšen »palec«, nam kažejo, da lahko evolucijski izvor nekega organizma omejuje obseg prilagoditev njegovih potomcev.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>S prilagajanjem lahko nekatere strukture izgubijo svojo vlogo in postanejo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakrnelost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zakrnelost (stran ne obstaja)">zakrnele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fong_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fong-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Take strukture imajo majhno vlogo ali sploh nobene pri dani vrsti, pri njenem predniku ali bližnje sorodnih vrstah pa je lahko vloga povsem jasna. Zgled so <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psevdogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Psevdogen (stran ne obstaja)">psevdogeni</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> nefunkcionalni ostanki oči pri slepih jamskih ribah,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> krila pri <a href="/wiki/Pti%C4%8D_neletalec" title="Ptič neletalec">neletečih ptičih</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in prisotnost kosti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Okol%C4%8Dje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Okolčje (stran ne obstaja)">okolčja</a> pri <a href="/wiki/Kiti" title="Kiti">kitih</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ka%C4%8De" title="Kače">kačah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-transformation445_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transformation445-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pri človeku so take strukture <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modrostni_zobje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modrostni zobje (stran ne obstaja)">modrostni zobje</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trtica" title="Trtica">trtica</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fong_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fong-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Slepi%C4%8D" title="Slepič">slepič</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fong_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fong-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eno osnovnih načel <a href="/wiki/Ekologija" title="Ekologija">ekologije</a> je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompetitivna_izklju%C4%8Ditev&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompetitivna izključitev (stran ne obstaja)">kompetitivna izključitev</a>: dve vrsti ne moreta zasedati iste <a href="/wiki/Ekolo%C5%A1ka_ni%C5%A1a" title="Ekološka niša">ekološke niše</a> v istem okolju dlje časa.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Posledica je, da bo naravni izbor deloval v smeri prilagoditve vrst za različne niše. Model za ta proces so ribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sladkovodni_ostri%C5%BEniki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sladkovodni ostrižniki (stran ne obstaja)">sladkovodni ostrižniki</a> (družina Cichlidae), pri katerih je prišlo do specializacije različnih populacij za različne habitate, kar je zmanjšalo kompeticijo za hrano in vodilo do nastanka velikega števila ozko sorodnih vrst.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eno od področij raziskav v evolucijski biologiji so <a href="/wiki/Razvojna_biologija" title="Razvojna biologija">razvojne</a> osnove adaptacij in eksaptacij.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Te raziskave se osredotočajo na izvor in evolucijo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Embrionalni_razvoj&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Embrionalni razvoj (stran ne obstaja)">embrionalnega razvoja</a> ter kako lahko spremembe le-tega vodijo do novih lastnosti.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zgled so kosti, ki postanejo v razvoju zarodka pri sesalcih del <a href="/wiki/Srednje_uho" title="Srednje uho">srednjega ušesa</a>, pri ostalih <a href="/wiki/Vreten%C4%8Darji" title="Vretenčarji">vretenčarjih</a> pa del čeljusti.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Možen je tudi ponoven pojav struktur, ki so se v evoluciji izgubile, zaradi sprememb genov odgovornih za potek embrionalnega razvoja. Tako lahko <a href="/wiki/Doma%C4%8Da_koko%C5%A1" title="Domača kokoš">kokoši</a> zrastejo zobje, podobni <a href="/wiki/Krokodili" title="Krokodili">krokodilovim</a>, če pride do mutacije enega od teh kontrolnih genov.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vse bolj kaže, da so spremembe oblike organizmov v veliki meri posledica spremembe stopnje in časa izražanja majhne skupine genov, ki nadzorujejo embrionalni razvoj.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koevolucija">Koevolucija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Uredi razdelek: Koevolucija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Koevolucija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek&#58; <a href="/wiki/Koevolucija" title="Koevolucija">koevolucija</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <p>Medsebojno delovanje organizmov je lahko bodisi konfliktno, bodisi kooperativno (sodelovanje). Kadar gre za interakcijo različnih vrst, kot sta <a href="/wiki/Patogen" title="Patogen">patogen</a> in njegov <a href="/wiki/Gostitelj_(biologija)" title="Gostitelj (biologija)">gostitelj</a> ali <a href="/wiki/Plenilec" class="mw-redirect" title="Plenilec">plenilec</a> in njegov plen, lahko pride pri takih parih do razvoja povezanih mutacij. Tukaj evolucija ene vrste povzroči prilagajanje druge. Spremembe pri drugi vrsti nato povzročijo nove adaptacije pri prvi. Ta krog selekcije in odzivanja na medsebojne spremembe imenujemo <a href="/wiki/Koevolucija" title="Koevolucija">koevolucija</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zgled za tak par sta <a href="/wiki/Mo%C4%8Deradi_in_pupki" class="mw-redirect" title="Močeradi in pupki">močerad</a> vrste <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taricha_granulosa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Taricha granulosa (stran ne obstaja)">Taricha granulosa</a></i>, ki izloča <a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoksin" title="Tetrodotoksin">tetrodotoksin</a> za obrambo, in <a href="/wiki/Ka%C4%8De" title="Kače">kača</a> vrste <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thamnophis_sirtalis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thamnophis sirtalis (stran ne obstaja)">Thamnophis sirtalis</a></i>, ki se z njim prehranjuje in je razvila odpornost proti tetrodotoksinu. Pri tem paru plen-plenilec sta se tako zaradi t. i. »evolucijske oborožitvene tekme«&#160;razvila izredno visoka količina toksina pri močeradu in ustrezno visoka odpornost nanj pri kači.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kooperacija">Kooperacija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Uredi razdelek: Kooperacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Kooperacija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vendar pa ne pride pri vseh interakcijah med organizmi do konflikta.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Z evolucijo so se razvili tudi mnogi primeri medsebojno koristnih interakcij. Ekstremen primer kooperacije je med rastlinami in <a href="/wiki/Mikoriza" title="Mikoriza">mikoriznimi glivami</a>, ki rastejo na njihovih <a href="/wiki/Korenina" title="Korenina">koreninah</a> in pomagajo pri črpanju hranilnih snovi iz prsti.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To je vzajemno razmerje, saj imajo tudi glive korist - od rastlin dobijo sladkorje, ki jih te pridobijo s <a href="/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza">fotosintezo</a>. Mikoriza je ekstremen primer sodelovanja, saj rastejo glive v notranjosti rastlinskih celic, kar jim omogoča izmenjavo hranil z gostiteljem, hkrati pa izločajo snovi, ki zavirajo <a href="/wiki/Imunski_sistem" title="Imunski sistem">imunski sistem</a> rastline.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Takšne zveze so se razvile tudi med organizmi iste vrste. Najočitnejši tak primer je <a href="/wiki/Evsocialnost" title="Evsocialnost">evsocialnost</a> pri socialnih žuželkah, kot so <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cebele" title="Čebele">čebele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termiti" title="Termiti">termiti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mravlje" title="Mravlje">mravlje</a>, kjer množica sterilnih osebkov v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolonija_(biologija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolonija (biologija) (stran ne obstaja)">koloniji</a> hrani in varuje majhno število tistih, ki so se sposobni razmnožvati. Nekaj organizacijskih stopenj nižje je primer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Somati%C4%8Dna_celica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Somatična celica (stran ne obstaja)">somatičnih celic</a>, ki sestavljajo telo organizma. Njihovo delovanje je tesno regulirano da vzdržujejo <a href="/wiki/Homeostaza" title="Homeostaza">stabilnost</a> organizma, to pa vzdržuje majhno število <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spolna_celica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spolna celica (stran ne obstaja)">spolnih celic</a>, ki imajo vlogo ustvarjanja potomcev. Kadar se celice ne odzivajo na signale, ki jim omejujejo rast in delitev, lahko njihova nenadzorovana rast povzroči <a href="/wiki/Rak_(bolezen)" title="Rak (bolezen)">raka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bertram_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertram-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Takšna kooperacija znotraj vrste se je domnevno razvila s procesom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorodstvena_selekcija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorodstvena selekcija (stran ne obstaja)">sorodstvene selekcije</a>, kjer en organizem pomaga pri skrbi za potomstvo sorodnika.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Takšna dejavnost ima selekcijsko prednost, saj obstaja visoka verjetnost, da bosta oba - tako skrbnik kot oskrbovani potomec sorodnika - nosilca enakih alelov, ki spodbujajo kooperacijo, s čimer se ti aleli prenašajo v naslednje generacije.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Podoben proces je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skupinska_selekcija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Skupinska selekcija (stran ne obstaja)">skupinska selekcija</a>, kjer sodelovanje daje prednost celotni skupini organizmov.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speciacija">Speciacija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Uredi razdelek: Speciacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Speciacija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Speciation_modes_sl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Speciation_modes_sl.svg/350px-Speciation_modes_sl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Speciation_modes_sl.svg/525px-Speciation_modes_sl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Speciation_modes_sl.svg/700px-Speciation_modes_sl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Štirje mehanizmi speciacije</figcaption></figure> <p>Speciacija je proces, s katerim se vrsta razdeli v dve ali več vrst.<sup id="cite_ref-Gavrilets_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gavrilets-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V evolucijski biologiji obravnavamo vrste kot <a href="/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika">statističen</a> pojav in ne biološke kategorije oz. tipe. Tak pogled je precej drugačen od uveljavljenega pojmovanja vrste kot razreda organizmov, ki ga predstavlja <a href="/wiki/Biolo%C5%A1ki_tip" class="mw-redirect" title="Biološki tip">tipski organizem</a>, ki izkazuje vse lastnosti te vrste. Namesto tega definiramo vrsto kot ločeno razvijajočo se linijo, ki tvori enoten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genski_sklad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Genski sklad (stran ne obstaja)">genski sklad</a>. Lastnosti, kot so genski zapis in telesna zgradba, se uporabljajo za ločevanje med ozko sorodnimi linijami, vendar te lastnosti niso popolnoma zanesljiv znak.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sama definicija izraza »vrsta«&#160;ni splošno sprejeta, posebej pri prokariotih.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Queiroz_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queiroz-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Biologi so predlagali več natančnejših definicij, vendar je izbira definicije pogosto pragmatična, odvisna od posebnosti vrste, ki je predmet raziskave.<sup id="cite_ref-Queiroz_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queiroz-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V večini primerov pa je predmet biološke raziskave tako ali tako <a href="/wiki/Populacija_(biologija)" title="Populacija (biologija)">populacija</a>, torej skupina organizmov, ki so v medsebojnem stiku, in ne vrsta - skupina med seboj podobnih osebkov. </p><p>Speciacijo so opazovali že večkrat, tako v nadzorovanih laboratorijskih pogojih kot v naravi.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pri organizmih, ki se razmnožujejo <a href="/wiki/Spolno_razmno%C5%BEevanje" title="Spolno razmnoževanje">spolno</a>, je speciacija posledica t. i. reproduktivne izolacije - nezmožnosti križanja dela populacije s preostankom, ki ji sledi <a href="/wiki/Rodoslovje" title="Rodoslovje">genealoška</a> ločitev. Poznamo štiri mehanizme speciacije. Najpogostejša pri živalih je <a href="/wiki/Alopatri%C4%8Dna_speciacija" title="Alopatrična speciacija">alopatrična speciacija</a>, do katere pride v populacijah, ki se razdelijo zaradi geografskih preprek. Selekcija lahko v teh razmerah zelo hitro vodi do sprememb v zgradbi in vedenju organizmov.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Losos1997_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Losos1997-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ker selekcija in genetski zdrs delujeta neodvisno na matično populacijo in njen ločeni del, vodi ločitev do nastanka organizmov, ki se ne morejo več križati med seboj.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drug mehanizem je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peripatri%C4%8Dna_speciacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peripatrična speciacija (stran ne obstaja)">peripatrična speciacija</a>, kjer postane izoliran v novem okolju majhen del populacije. Peripatrična se od alopatrične speciacije razlikuje po tem, da je pri njej izolirana populacija številčno mnogo manjša od matične. Tu je speciacija še hitrejša zaradi učinka genetskega drifta in delovanja selekcije na majhen genski sklad.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tretji mehanizem je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parapatri%C4%8Dna_speciacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Parapatrična speciacija (stran ne obstaja)">parapatrična speciacija</a>. Tako kot pri peripatrični gre tu za majhno populacijo, ki poseli nov habitat, vendar pri parapatrični speciaciji ni fizične ločitve med populacijama. Namesto tega je speciacija posledica razvoja mehanizmov, ki preprečujejo pretok genov med njima.<sup id="cite_ref-Gavrilets_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gavrilets-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To se največkrat zgodi, kadar pride do drastične spremembe okolja v habitatu matične vrste. Tak primer je <a href="/wiki/Trave" title="Trave">trava</a> vrste <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthoxanthum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthoxanthum (stran ne obstaja)">Anthoxanthum odoratum</a></i>, pri kateri je parapatrična speciacija odziv na lokalizirano onesnaženje s težkimi kovinami iz rudnikov na območju, kjer raste.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V okolici rudnikov se razvijejo trave, ki so odporne na velike količine kovin v prsti. Selekcija deluje proti križancem z rastlinami, ki niso odporne proti kovinam, zato se kmalu razvijejo mehanizmi, ki preprečujejo križanje - pospešujejo križanje znotraj populacije in spreminjajo lastnosti tako, da preprečujejo križanje med populacijami (drugačen čas cvetenja, oblika spolnih organov ipd.). Posledica je reproduktivna izolacija.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Darwin%27s_finches.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Darwin%27s_finches.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>Geografska izolacija je vodila v nastanek več kot ducata novih vrst pri Darwinovih ščinkavcih</figcaption></figure> <p>Zadnji mehanizem je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpatri%C4%8Dna_speciacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Simpatrična speciacija (stran ne obstaja)">simpatrična speciacija</a>, kjer se vrsti ločita brez geografske izolacije ali sprememb v habitatu. Takšen pojav je redek, saj vsak pretok genov zmanjšuje genetske razlike med deli populacij.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Da lahko pride do reproduktivne izolacije v teh pogojih, mora znotraj vrste nastati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polimorfizem_(biologija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Polimorfizem (biologija) (stran ne obstaja)">polimorfizem</a> in se razviti preferenca za parjenje z eno ali drugo obliko (torej nenaključno).<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poseben primer simpatrične speciacije je pojav, kjer pride do križanja dveh sorodnih vrst z nastankom križancev. Tak pojav je pri živalih zelo redek, saj so križanci večinoma sterilni. Sterilnost je posledica tega, da se med <a href="/wiki/Mejoza" title="Mejoza">mejozo</a> združijo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homologni_kromosom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Homologni kromosom (stran ne obstaja)">homologni kromosomi</a>; če so kromosomi med seboj različni, se ne morejo uspešno združiti. Pogosteje se to dogaja pri rastlinah, ki so znane po tem, da lahko podvojijo število kromosomov (<a href="/wiki/Poliploidija" title="Poliploidija">poliploidija</a>). To omogoča kromosomom vsake starševske vrste, da se pri mejozi združijo z enako kopijo in razvoj zarodka se nadaljuje normalno.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To se je zgodilo pred okrog 20.000 leti, ko sta se križali <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabidopsis_thaliana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabidopsis thaliana (stran ne obstaja)">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i> in <i>Arabidopsis arenosa</i> ter ustvarili novo vrsto <i>Arabidopsis suecica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Biologi so ta dogodek uspešno ponovili v laboratoriju, kar daje možnost za preučevanje udeleženih genetskih mehanizmov.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tudi podvojevanje kromosomov samo po sebi je lahko vzrok reproduktivne izolacije, saj polovica kromosomov ostane brez para če se taka rastlina križa z rastlino brez podvojenih kromosomov.<sup id="cite_ref-Semon_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semon-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pojavi speciacije so posebej pomembni v teoriji, ki predpostavlja, da se evolucijske spremembe dogajajo skokovito, med temi skoki pa so daljša obdobja stabilnosti v zgradbi organizmov (t. i. punctuated equilibrium). Teorija se ujema z vzorcem <a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">fosilnega</a> zapisa, ki nam kaže hitre »izbruhe«&#160;evolucije, med njimi pa razmeroma dolga obdobja stabilnosti oblike organizmov.<sup id="cite_ref-pe1972_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pe1972-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Po tej teoriji sta speciacija in »izbruhi«&#160;evolucije povezana pojava, saj naravni izbor in genetski drift delujeta najmočneje na organizme, ki so podvrženi speciaciji v novih habitatih, in majhne populacije. Obdobja stabilnosti v fosilnem zapisu tako predstavljajo matične populacije, organizmi, ki se spreminjajo, pa so fosilizirani v mnogo manjšem številu, saj gre za majhne ali geografsko zelo omejene populacije.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izumrtje">Izumrtje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Uredi razdelek: Izumrtje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Izumrtje"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek&#58; <a href="/wiki/Izumrtje" title="Izumrtje">izumrtje</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Tarbosaurus_museum_Muenster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tarbosaurus_museum_Muenster.jpg/225px-Tarbosaurus_museum_Muenster.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tarbosaurus_museum_Muenster.jpg/338px-Tarbosaurus_museum_Muenster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Tarbosaurus_museum_Muenster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Fosil <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarbozaver&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarbozaver (stran ne obstaja)">tarbozavra</a></i>. Ne-<a href="/wiki/Pti%C4%8Di" title="Ptiči">ptičji</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinozavri" title="Dinozavri">dinozavri</a> so izumrli konec <a href="/wiki/Kreda" title="Kreda">krede</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Izumrtje je izginotje celotne vrste. To ni redek ali nenavaden dogodek, saj vrste redno nastajajo s speciacijo in izginjajo z izumiranjem.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Večina vrst, ki je nastala od začetka življenja, je danes izumrla<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in kaže, da je izumrtje končna usoda vsake vrste.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ti dogodki so se dogajali skozi vso zgodovino življenja, v določenih obdobjih, t. i. množičnih izumrtjih, pa se je hitrost izumiranja močno povečala.<sup id="cite_ref-Raup_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raup-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Najbolj znano tako izumrtje je bilo na prelomu <a href="/wiki/Kreda" title="Kreda">krede</a> in <a href="/wiki/Terciar" title="Terciar">terciarja</a>, ko so izumrli med drugim ne-ptičji dinozavri, vendar pa za najhujše velja tisto na prelomu <a href="/wiki/Perm" title="Perm">perma</a> in triasa, ko je izumrlo približno 96 odstotkov vseh vrst.<sup id="cite_ref-Raup_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raup-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Po teh kriterijih trenutno poteka <a href="/wiki/Holocen" title="Holocen">holocensko</a> množično izumiranje, povezano z razširjanjem <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clovek" title="Človek">človeka</a> v zadnjih nekaj tisočletjih. Trenutna hitrost izumiranja je sto- do tisočkrat večja od povprečne in lahko se zgodi, da bo do sredine <a href="/wiki/21._stoletje" title="21. stoletje">21. stoletja</a> izumrlo do 30 odstotkov vrst, ki so živele pred vzponom človeka.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Človeška dejavnost je glavni vzrok za trenutno izumiranje;<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> v bližnji prihodnosti ga utegne dodatno pospešiti še <a href="/wiki/Globalno_segrevanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalno segrevanje">globalno segrevanje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Različni tipi izumiranja imajo različno vlogo pri evoluciji. Vzroki za nenehno »počasno«&#160;izumiranje, ki predstavlja večino izumiranja, še niso povsem jasni in so lahko posledica tekmovanja med vrstami za omejene naravne vire (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompetitivna_izklju%C4%8Ditev&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompetitivna izključitev (stran ne obstaja)">kompetitivna izključitev</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Kutschera_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutschera-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Če lahko medvrstno tekmovanje spremeni verjetnost da bo neka vrsta izumrla, je lahko selekcija vrst merilo za jakost naravnega izbora.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vmesna množična izumiranja so prav tako pomembna, vendar ne delujejo kot selekcijska sila, temveč drastično in vsepovprek zmanjša biološko raznolikost. To povzroči izbruhe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adaptivna_radiacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adaptivna radiacija (stran ne obstaja)">hitre evolucije</a> in speciacije pri preživelih.<sup id="cite_ref-Raup_170-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raup-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <br clear="all" /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolucijska_zgodovina_življenja"><span id="Evolucijska_zgodovina_.C5.BEivljenja"></span>Evolucijska zgodovina življenja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Uredi razdelek: Evolucijska zgodovina življenja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Evolucijska zgodovina življenja"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izvor_življenja"><span id="Izvor_.C5.BEivljenja"></span>Izvor življenja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Uredi razdelek: Izvor življenja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Izvor življenja"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek&#58; <a href="/wiki/Abiogeneza" title="Abiogeneza">abiogeneza</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <p>Začetek življenja je nujen pogoj za biološko evolucijo, vendar nam za razumevanje mehanizmov evolucije in njenega poteka ni potrebno točno vedeti, kako se je življenje začelo.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Uveljavljeno mnenje je, da je kompleksna <a href="/wiki/Biokemija" title="Biokemija">biokemična</a> osnova življenja nastala iz preprostejših kemičnih reakcij, vendar ni jasno, kako se je to zgodilo.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nasploh je razmeroma malo znanega o najzgodnejšem razvoju življenja, zgradbi prvih živih bitij in zadnjemu skupnemu predniku vseh današnjih živih bitij oz. izvornemu genskemu skladu.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zaradi tega enotnega mnenja o začetku življenja med znanstveniki ni, obstajajo pa hipoteze o samopodvajajočih molekulah, kot je <a href="/wiki/RNK" class="mw-redirect" title="RNK">RNK</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in sestavljanju preprostih celic.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skupni_izvor">Skupni izvor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Uredi razdelek: Skupni izvor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Skupni izvor"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Ape_skeletons.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ape_skeletons.png/320px-Ape_skeletons.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ape_skeletons.png/480px-Ape_skeletons.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ape_skeletons.png/640px-Ape_skeletons.png 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Vsi <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clove%C4%8Dnjaki" title="Človečnjaki">človečnjaki</a> so potomci skupnega prednika</figcaption></figure> <p>Vsi <a href="/wiki/Organizem" title="Organizem">organizmi</a> na <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlji</a> so potomci istega skupnega prednika oz. genskega sklada.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vrste, ki živijo danes, so stopnja v procesu evolucije, njihova raznolikost pa je posledica dolge serije speciacij in izumrtij.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> O skupnem izvoru vseh organizmov sklepamo na osnovi štirih preprostih dejstev: prvič, njihove geografske razširjenosti ni možno razložiti samo z adaptacijo na lokalne pogoje. Drugič, kljub vsej raznolikosti trenutni organizmi niso skupina popolnoma edinstvenih vrst, temveč organizmov, ki imajo določene podobnosti v telesni zgradbi. Tretjič, zakrnele strukture brez jasne funkcije so podobne strukturam njihovih prednikov, kjer imajo znano funkcijo, in nazadnje, na podlagi teh podobnosti je možno razvrstiti organizme v hierarhično strukturo, podobno rodoslovnemu drevesu.<sup id="cite_ref-Darwin_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vendar pa na podlagi novejših ugotovitev sklepamo, da je zaradi horizontalnega prenosa genov to&#160;»<a href="/w/index.php?title=Drevo_%C5%BEivljenja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Drevo življenja (stran ne obstaja)">drevo življenja</a>«&#160;nekoliko bolj zapleteno, saj so se nekateri geni prenesli med vrstami, ki si niso bližnje sorodne.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tudi vrste, ki so živele v preteklosti, so zapustile sledi svojega razvoja. Njihovi <a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">fosili</a>, skupaj z zgradbo danes živečih organizmov, predstavljajo zapis evolucijske zgodovine.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> S primerjanjem telesne zgradbe sodobnih in izumrlih vrst lahko paleontologi sklepajo na sorodnost teh vrst. Vendar pa je tak pristop najuspešnejši pri organizmih, ki so imeli trdne telesne dele, kot so oklepi, kosti ali zobje, in manj učinkovit pri tistih z mehkim telesom. Posebej problematični so <a href="/wiki/Prokarioti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokarioti">prokarioti</a>, kot so <a href="/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije">bakterije</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arheje" title="Arheje">arheje</a>, ki imajo zelo malo podobnosti, zato njihovi fosili ne razkrivajo sorodnosti. </p><p>V zadnjem času ugotavljamo dokaze o skupnem izvoru tudi na podlagi podobnosti v <a href="/wiki/Biokemija" title="Biokemija">biokemični</a> zgradbi. Za primer, vse žive celice uporabljajo enak nabor <a href="/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid">nukleotidov</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aminokislina" title="Aminokislina">aminokislin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Razvoj <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekularna_genetika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekularna genetika (stran ne obstaja)">molekularne genetike</a> je omogočil vpogled v sledi evolucije znotraj <a href="/wiki/Genom" class="mw-redirect" title="Genom">genomov</a> organizmov. Na podlagi t. i. molekularne ure, ki je rezultat nenehnih mutacij, lahko ocenimo, kdaj so se vrste ločile.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Primerjava zaporedij DNK je tako razkrila bližnjo sorodnost ljudi in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0impanz" class="mw-redirect" title="Šimpanz">šimpanzov</a> ter omogočila predvidevanje, kdaj je obstajal skupni prednik obeh skupin.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolucija_življenja"><span id="Evolucija_.C5.BEivljenja"></span>Evolucija življenja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Uredi razdelek: Evolucija življenja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Evolucija življenja"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png/400px-Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png/600px-Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png/800px-Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogenetsko_drevo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Filogenetsko drevo (stran ne obstaja)">Evolucijsko drevo</a>, ki prikazuje razvoj sodobnih skupin organizmov od skupnega prednika v sredini.<sup id="cite_ref-Ciccarelli_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciccarelli-190"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tri <a href="/wiki/Domena_(biologija)" title="Domena (biologija)">domene</a> so obarvane - <a href="/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije">bakterije</a> modro, <a href="/wiki/Arheje" title="Arheje">arheje</a> zeleno in <a href="/wiki/Evkarioti" class="mw-redirect" title="Evkarioti">evkarioti</a> rdeče.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kljub temu, da ne vemo natančno kako se je življenje začelo, je večina znanstvenikov mnenja, da so <a href="/wiki/Prokarioti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokarioti">prokarioti</a> naseljevali Zemljo že pred približno 3-4 milijardami let.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith-191"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tekom naslednjih nekaj milijard let se njihova oblika in organizacija nista bistveno spremenili.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naslednja pomembna stopnja v razvoju celične strukture so bili <a href="/wiki/Evkarioti" class="mw-redirect" title="Evkarioti">evkarioti</a>. Ti so se razvili tako, da so predniki evkariotskih celic vključili vase starodavne bakterije in vzpostavili obliko sodelovanja, ki ji pravimo <a href="/wiki/Endosimbioza" title="Endosimbioza">endosimbioza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rgruqh_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgruqh-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dyall_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyall-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vključene bakterije in njihovi gostitelji so nato šli skozi proces koevolucije, v katerem so se bakterije razvile bodisi v <a href="/wiki/Mitohondrij" title="Mitohondrij">mitohondrije</a>, bodisi v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogenosom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogenosom (stran ne obstaja)">hidrogenosome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ločeno je kasneje prišlo do vključitve organizmov, podobnih <a href="/wiki/Modrozelene_cepljivke" title="Modrozelene cepljivke">modrozelenim cepljivkam</a>, ki danes tvorijo <a href="/wiki/Kloroplast" title="Kloroplast">kloroplaste</a> v algah in rastlinah.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kdaj natančno se je to zgodilo ni povsem jasno, iz fosilnih ostankov pa sklepamo, da je bilo to pred 1,6 do 2,7 milijardami let. </p><p>Začetek življenja so zaznamovali enocelični evkarioti, prokarioti in arheje, dokler se pred približno 610 milijoni let niso v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediakar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ediakar (stran ne obstaja)">ediakarskih</a> oceanih pojavili večcelični organizmi.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith-191"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Večceličnost se je razvila mnogokrat ločeno, pri <a href="/wiki/Spu%C5%BEve" title="Spužve">spužvah</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rjave_alge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rjave alge (stran ne obstaja)">rjavih algah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modrozelene_cepljivke" title="Modrozelene cepljivke">modrozelenih cepljivkah</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glive_sluzavke&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Glive sluzavke (stran ne obstaja)">glivah sluzavkah</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miksobakterije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Miksobakterije (stran ne obstaja)">miksobakterijah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kmalu po pojavu prvih večceličnih organizmov je v roku le 10 milijonov let nastala izredna biotska raznovrstnost. Temu pojavu pravimo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kambrijska_eksplozija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kambrijska eksplozija (stran ne obstaja)">kambrijska eksplozija</a>. V tem času je nastala večina <a href="/wiki/Deblo_(biologija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deblo (biologija)">tipov</a> sodobnih živali, pa tudi nekaj samosvojih linij, ki so kasneje izumrle.<sup id="cite_ref-Valentine_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valentine-201"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Med možnimi vzroki za kambrijsko eksplozijo je kopičenje <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisika</a> v <a href="/wiki/Ozra%C4%8Dje" title="Ozračje">ozračju</a> zaradi <a href="/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza">fotosinteze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pred okrog 500 milijonov let so kopno poseljevale <a href="/wiki/Rastline" title="Rastline">rastline</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glive" title="Glive">glive</a>, kmalu pa so jim sledili še <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clenono%C5%BEci" title="Členonožci">členonožci</a> in druge živali.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dvo%C5%BEivke" title="Dvoživke">Dvoživke</a> so se prvič pojavile pred približno 300 milijoni let, sledili so jim zgodnji <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amnioti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Amnioti (stran ne obstaja)">amnioti</a> in njim pred približno 200 milijoni let <a href="/wiki/Sesalci" title="Sesalci">sesalci</a>. Tako kot slednji so se iz <a href="/wiki/Plazilci" title="Plazilci">plazilcem</a> podobnih organizmov pred 100 milijoni let razvili tudi <a href="/wiki/Pti%C4%8Di" title="Ptiči">ptiči</a>. Organizmi, ki so podobni zgodnjim prebivalcem Zemlje, ostajajo kljub razvoju teh velikih živali zelo uspešni in predstavljajo prevladujočo skupino živih bitij, tako po <a href="/wiki/Biomasa" title="Biomasa">biomasi</a> kot po številu vrst.<sup id="cite_ref-Schloss_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schloss-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zgodovina_evolucijske_misli">Zgodovina evolucijske misli</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Uredi razdelek: Zgodovina evolucijske misli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zgodovina evolucijske misli"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg/150px-Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg/225px-Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg/300px-Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> pri 51 letih, kmalu po izidu njegovega dela <i><a href="/wiki/O_izvoru_vrst" class="mw-redirect" title="O izvoru vrst">O izvoru vrst</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Zamisli o skupnem izvoru in postopnem preoblikovanju vrst so stare vsaj 2600 let, ko jih je razlagal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Starogr%C5%A1ka_filozofija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Starogrška filozofija (stran ne obstaja)">starogrški filozof</a> <a href="/wiki/Anaksimander" title="Anaksimander">Anaksimander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Drugi s podobnimi idejami so bili Grk <a href="/wiki/Empedoklej" title="Empedoklej">Empedoklej</a>, rimski filozof in pesnik <a href="/wiki/Lukrecij" title="Lukrecij">Lukrecij</a>, arabski biolog <a href="/wiki/Al-D%C5%BEahiz" title="Al-Džahiz">Al-Džahiz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> perzijski filozof <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Miskawayh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Miskawayh (stran ne obstaja)">Ibn Miskawayh</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bratov%C5%A1%C4%8Dina_%C4%8Distosti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bratovščina čistosti (stran ne obstaja)">Bratovščina čistosti</a><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in kitajski filozof <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhuangzi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhuangzi (stran ne obstaja)">Zhuangzi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Z večanjem znanja o naravi so ideje o evoluciji razvili nekateri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filozofija_narave&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Filozofija narave (stran ne obstaja)">filozofi narave</a>, med njimi <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis">Pierre Maupertuis</a> leta 1745 in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Erasmus Darwin (stran ne obstaja)">Erasmus Darwin</a> leta 1796.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Še posebej vplivna je bila <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Lamarckova</a> teorija o preoblikovanju vrst. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> je prišel na idejo o <a href="/wiki/Naravni_izbor" title="Naravni izbor">naravnem izboru</a> leta 1838 in je ravno razvijal svojo teorijo, ko mu je leta 1858 <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> poslal lastno, skoraj identično. Dogovorila sta se za skupno predstavitev in svoji teoriji prvič javno predstavila julija tistega leta pred <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnejevo_dru%C5%A1tvo_v_Londonu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Linnejevo društvo v Londonu (stran ne obstaja)">Linnejevim društvom v Londonu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Darwinovo delo <i><a href="/wiki/O_izvoru_vrst" class="mw-redirect" title="O izvoru vrst">O izvoru vrst</a></i>, ki je izšlo leta 1859, je podrobno razložilo naravni izbor, dokazi za evolucijo predstavljeni v njem pa so prepričali strokovno in širšo javnost o pojavu. </p><p>Razprave o mehanizmu evolucije so se s tem šele dobro pričele, saj Darwin ni mogel pojasniti izvora dednih variacij, na katere deluje naravni izbor. Podobno kot Lamarck je mislil, da starši prenesejo na svoje potomce prilagoditve, ki so jih pridobili tekom svojega življenja;<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ta teorija je kasneje dobila ime <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamarkizem&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamarkizem (stran ne obstaja)">Lamarkizem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V 1880. letih je <a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Weismann&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="August Weismann (stran ne obstaja)">August Weismann</a> v praksi dokazal, da spremembe zaradi uporabe oz. neuporabe niso dedne in Lamarkizem je bil sčasoma presežen.<sup id="cite_ref-ImaginaryLamarck_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImaginaryLamarck-213"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kar je še pomembneje, Darwin ni znal pojasniti kako se lastnosti prenašajo iz generacije v generacijo. Leta 1865 je <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> odkril, da se lastnosti dedujejo po določenih statističnih načelih, vendar njegovo delo takrat ni bilo deležno širše pozornosti.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiling_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiling-215"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ob ponovnem odkritju Mendlovega dela v začetku 20. stoletja so nasprotja med zgodnjimi genetiki in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biostatistika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Biostatistika (stran ne obstaja)">biometriki</a> prerasla v razkol med zagovorniki Mendlovega in Darwinovega modela evolucije. </p><p>Kljub temu pa je ponovno odkritje Mendlovega dela o osnovah genetike (o kateri Darwin in Wallace nista vedela ničesar) dalo zagon raziskavam z namenom boljšega razumevanja kako pride do raznolikosti v lastnostih živali in rastlin. Kljub temu, da so bili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_de_Vries&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo de Vries (stran ne obstaja)">Hugo de Vries</a> in drugi zgodnji genetiki skeptični glede teorije evolucije, je ravno njihovo delo podalo osnovo, na kateri je teorija evolucije stala še trdneje kot prej.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Navidezno navzkrižje med Darwinovo teorijo evolucije z naravnim izborom in Mendlovimi ugotovitvami so presegli v 1920. in 1930. letih evolucijski biologi, kot so <a href="/w/index.php?title=J.B.S._Haldane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="J.B.S. Haldane (stran ne obstaja)">J.B.S. Haldane</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewall_Wright&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sewall Wright (stran ne obstaja)">Sewall Wright</a> in še posebej <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a>, ki je postavil osnove <a href="/w/index.php?title=Populacijska_genetika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Populacijska genetika (stran ne obstaja)">populacijske genetike</a>. Rezultat tega je bila kombinacija evolucije z naravnim izborom in dedovanja po Mendlovih principih, kar velja danes za sodobno sintezo evolucije.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V 1940. letih so odkrili še fizično osnovo za dednost. Ključna pri tem sta bila spoznanje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Avery&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oswald Avery (stran ne obstaja)">Oswalda Averyja</a> in njegovih kolegov da je <a href="/wiki/DNK" class="mw-redirect" title="DNK">DNK</a> genetski material ter odkritje <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Watson">Jamesa Watsona</a> in <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francisa Cricka</a>, ki sta razvozlala zgradbo te molekule. Od takrat sta <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">genetika</a> in <a href="/wiki/Molekularna_biologija" title="Molekularna biologija">molekularna biologija</a> neločljiv del <a href="/wiki/Evolucijska_biologija" title="Evolucijska biologija">evolucijske biologije</a>, ki sta revolucionirala področje <a href="/wiki/Filogenetika" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenetika">filogenetike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kutschera_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutschera-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>V zgodnjih letih so se z evolucijsko biologijo ukvarjali predvsem znanstveniki s področij, ki se tradicionalno ukvarjajo s taksonomijo in so na podlagi znanja o posameznih skupinah organizmov razreševali evolucijske probleme. Kasneje pa je evolucijska biologija kot disciplina počasi pridobivala na veljavi in začela angažirati tudi znanstvenike s širšega biološkega ozadja.<sup id="cite_ref-Kutschera_175-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutschera-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Danes so v preučevanje evolucijskih problemov vključeni biologi s področij kot so <a href="/wiki/Biokemija" title="Biokemija">biokemija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekologija" title="Ekologija">ekologija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">genetika</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fiziologija" title="Fiziologija">fiziologija</a>, posredno pa se koncepti uporabljajo še znotraj bolj oddaljenih področij, kot so <a href="/wiki/Psihologija" title="Psihologija">psihologija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina">medicina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija">filozofija</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalni%C5%A1tvo" title="Računalništvo">računalništvo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Družbeni_in_kulturni_odzivi"><span id="Dru.C5.BEbeni_in_kulturni_odzivi"></span>Družbeni in kulturni odzivi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Uredi razdelek: Družbeni in kulturni odzivi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Družbeni in kulturni odzivi"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_(1871).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/150px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/225px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/300px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="2782" /></a><figcaption>Ob vzponu&#160;»<a href="/wiki/Darvinizem" title="Darvinizem">Darvinizma</a>«&#160;v 1870. letih so <a href="/wiki/Karikatura" title="Karikatura">karikature</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwina</a> z <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clove%C4%8Dnjaki" title="Človečnjaki">opičjim</a> telesom simbolizirale evolucijo.<sup id="cite_ref-Browne2003e_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browne2003e-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>V 19. stoletju, posebno po izidu knjige <i><a href="/wiki/O_izvoru_vrst" class="mw-redirect" title="O izvoru vrst">O izvoru vrst</a></i> (1859), je teorija, da se je življenje razvilo zlagoma, postala predmet živahne razprave v akademskih krogih; posebno njene filozofske, sociološke in verske implikacije. Danes v znanstvenih publikacijah ni dvomov o tem, da se evolucija dogaja, uveljavljena sodobna razlaga tega pojava pa ima široko podporo pri znanstvenikih. Kljub temu pa ostaja ideja evolucije sporna za nekatere verske skupine.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nekatere religije in njihove ločine so uskladile svoje verovanje z evolucijo s pomočjo pojmov, kot je <a href="/wiki/Teisti%C4%8Dna_evolucija" title="Teistična evolucija">teistična evolucija</a>, še vedno pa obstajajo <a href="/wiki/Kreacionizem" title="Kreacionizem">kreacionisti</a>, ki zavračajo evolucijo, saj naj bi nasprotovala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_o_stvarjenju_sveta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mit o stvarjenju sveta (stran ne obstaja)">mitom o stvarjenju sveta</a> kot delu njihovih religij.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross2005_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross2005-223"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Izkazalo se je, da je najbolj sporen del teorije implikacija, da so se človekove umske in moralne sposobnosti <a href="/wiki/Evolucija_%C4%8Dloveka" title="Evolucija človeka">razvile</a> po enakih načelih kot lastnosti drugih živali in da niso nekaj popolnoma ločenega od materialnega sveta.<sup id="cite_ref-bowler_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowler-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V nekaterih državah - najočitneje v Združenih državah Amerike - so spori med znanostjo in religijo privedli do obsežnega konflikta v politiki in javnem <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0olstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Šolstvo">šolstvu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Evolucijska biologija je še posebej na udaru in to kljub temu, da so odkritja na področjih <a href="/wiki/Kozmologija" title="Kozmologija">kozmologije</a><sup id="cite_ref-wmap_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wmap-225"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Vede_o_Zemlji" title="Vede o Zemlji">ved o Zemlji</a><sup id="cite_ref-zircon_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zircon-226"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> prav tako v nasprotju z dobesednimi razlagami mnogih verskih besedil. </p><p>Drug sporen koncept, ki ga napačno povezujejo s teorijo evolucije, je t. i.&#160;»<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialni_darvinizem&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialni darvinizem (stran ne obstaja)">socialni darvinizem</a>«, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltuzianizem&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maltuzianizem (stran ne obstaja)">maltuzianistično</a> ideologijo, ki jo je razvil <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> in obravnava idejo&#160;»<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEivetje_najmo%C4%8Dnej%C5%A1ega&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Preživetje najmočnejšega (stran ne obstaja)">preživetja najmočnejšega</a>«&#160;v človeški družbi, kar so kot argument uporabljali zagovorniki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dru%C5%BEbena_neenakost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Družbena neenakost (stran ne obstaja)">družbene neenakosti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rasizem" title="Rasizem">rasizma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seksizem" title="Seksizem">seksizma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Imperializem" title="Imperializem">imperializma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V resnici socialni darvinizem nasprotuje Darwinovim stališčem in po mnenju sodobnih znanstvenikov ga sodobna teorija evolucije ne podpira.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uporaba">Uporaba</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Uredi razdelek: Uporaba" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Uporaba"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eno najpomembnejših področij praktične uporabe evolucije je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umetna_selekcija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Umetna selekcija (stran ne obstaja)">umetna selekcija</a>, kjer človek namenoma izbira določene lastnosti v populaciji. Ljudje izvajamo umetno selekcijo <a href="/wiki/Udoma%C4%8Ditev" title="Udomačitev">udomačenih</a> živali in rastlin že tisočletja.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V zadnjih letih je ta metoda tudi pomemben del <a href="/wiki/Genetsko_in%C5%BEenirstvo" title="Genetsko inženirstvo">genetskega inženirstva</a>, kjer se preverja uspešnost vstavljanja genov v genom z določenimi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozna%C4%8Devalni_gen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Označevalni gen (stran ne obstaja)">označevalnimi geni</a> (npr. za odpornost proti <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">antibiotikom</a>). </p><p>Razumevanje sprememb, ki so se zgodile skozi evolucijsko zgodovino vrste, lahko razkrije gene pomembne za izgradnjo določenih delov telesa oz. gene, ki so vpleteni v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genska_okvara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Genska okvara (stran ne obstaja)">genske okvare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Za primer, <i>Astyanax mexicanus</i> je <a href="/wiki/Albinizem" title="Albinizem">albinistična</a> jamska riba, ki je z evolucijo izgubila vid. Z načrtnim križanjem različnih populacij teh rib so dobili nekaj potomcev z delujočimi očmi, saj je pri različnih populacijah prišlo do različnih mutacij, ki so povzročile izgubo vida.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Z genetskimi analizami staršev in potomcev v teh poskusih so identificirali gene, pomembne za vid in barvo kože.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Podobno je primerjava genomov skupine antarktičnih rib, ki so brez <a href="/wiki/Eritrocit" title="Eritrocit">eritrocitov</a>, z bližnje sorodnimi skupinami razkrila gene, potrebne za izgradnjo teh krvnih celic.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glede na to, da evolucija ustvarja močno optimizirane procese in omrežja, je široko uporabna v <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalni%C5%A1tvo" title="Računalništvo">računalništvu</a>. V tej panogi so se simulacije evolucije z <a href="/wiki/Evolucijski_algoritem" title="Evolucijski algoritem">evolucijskimi algoritmi</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umetno_%C5%BEivljenje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Umetno življenje (stran ne obstaja)">umetnim življenjem</a> pričele z delom Nilsa Aalla Barricellija v 1960. letih. To delo je nadaljeval <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alex_Fraser_(znanstvenik)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex Fraser (znanstvenik) (stran ne obstaja)">Alex Fraser</a>, ki je objavil vrsto člankov o simuliranju umetne selekcije.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Umetna evolucija je postala uveljavljena metoda za optimiziranje na podlagi dela <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingo_Rechenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingo Rechenberg (stran ne obstaja)">Inga Rechenberga</a> v 1960-ih in zgodnjih 1970. letih. Rechenberg je uporabljal evolucijske strategije za reševanje kompleksnih problemov v inženirstvu.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Posebej priljubljeni so postali <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetski_algoritem&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetski algoritem (stran ne obstaja)">genetski algoritmi</a>, ki jih je razvil <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Holland&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Henry Holland (stran ne obstaja)">John Holland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sočasno s pozornostjo akademskih krogov je rasla tudi računska moč računalniške opreme, ki je omogočila uporabo teh metod v praksi, npr. pri samodejni evoluciji <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalni%C5%A1ki_program" title="Računalniški program">računalniških programov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Danes se evolucijski algoritmi uporabljajo za učinkovito reševanje večdimenzionalnih problemov in sistemsko optimizacijo.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sklici">Sklici</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Uredi razdelek: Sklici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Sklici"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5980307">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«""›""‹"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFGould_S.J.2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould S.J.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structureofevolu00goul"><i>The Structure of Evolutionary Theory</i></a>. Cambridge: Belknap Press (Harvard University Press). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-674-00613-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-674-00613-5"><bdi>0-674-00613-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Evolutionary+Theory&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Belknap+Press+%28Harvard+University+Press%29&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=0-674-00613-5&amp;rft.au=Gould+S.J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructureofevolu00goul&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Futuyma-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Futuyma_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Futuyma_2-1">2,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Futuyma_2-2">2,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFFutuyma_D.J.2005" class="citation book cs1">Futuyma D.J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolution0000futu"><i>Evolution</i></a>. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-87893-187-2" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-87893-187-2"><bdi>0-87893-187-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution&amp;rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Massachusetts&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates%2C+Inc&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=0-87893-187-2&amp;rft.au=Futuyma+D.J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolution0000futu&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lande-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lande_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lande_3-1">3,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFLande_R.Arnold_S.J.1983" class="citation journal cs1">Lande R.; Arnold S.J. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_evolution_1983-11_37_6/page/1210">»The measurement of selection on correlated characters«</a>. <i>Evolution</i>. <b>37</b>: 1210–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2408842">10.2307/2408842</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifikator)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-3820">0014-3820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=The+measurement+of+selection+on+correlated+characters&amp;rft.volume=37&amp;rft.pages=1210-26&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2408842&amp;rft.issn=0014-3820&amp;rft.au=Lande+R.&amp;rft.au=Arnold+S.J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_evolution_1983-11_37_6%2Fpage%2F1210&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayala-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ayala_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFAyala_F.J.2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ayala F.J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111026041027/http://www.pnas.org/content/104/suppl.1/8567.full">»Darwin's greatest discovery: design without designer«</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. 104 Suppl 1: 8567–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0701072104">10.1073/pnas.0701072104</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17494753">17494753</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/suppl.1/8567.full">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 26. oktobra 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 8. junija 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.atitle=Darwin%27s+greatest+discovery%3A+design+without+designer&amp;rft.volume=104+Suppl+1&amp;rft.pages=8567-73&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0701072104&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17494753&amp;rft.au=Ayala+F.J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F104%2Fsuppl.1%2F8567.full&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EarlyModernGeology-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EarlyModernGeology_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston_I.C.1999" class="citation web cs1">Johnston I.C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080701211900/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/darwin/sect2.htm">»History of Science: Early Modern Geology«</a>. Malaspina University-College. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/darwin/sect2.htm">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 1. julija 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 15. januarja 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=neznano&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+Science%3A+Early+Modern+Geology&amp;rft.pub=Malaspina+University-College&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.au=Johnston+I.C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecords.viu.ca%2F~johnstoi%2Fdarwin%2Fsect2.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bowler-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bowler_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bowler_6-1">6,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBowler_P.J.2003" class="citation book cs1">Bowler P.J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8"><i>Evolution: The History of an Idea</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-52023693-9" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-52023693-9"><bdi>0-52023693-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution%3A+The+History+of+an+Idea&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=0-52023693-9&amp;rft.au=Bowler+P.J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darwin-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Darwin_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Darwin_7-1">7,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin_C.1859" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin C.</a> (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=16"><i>On the Origin of Species</i></a> (1.&#160;izd.). London: John Murray. str.&#160;1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+of+Species&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.edition=1.&amp;rft.pub=John+Murray&amp;rft.date=1859&amp;rft.au=Darwin+C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF373%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D16&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span> Zgodnejše podobne zamisli je Darwin opisal v <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin_C.1861" class="citation book cs1">Darwin C. (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F381&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=20"><i>On the Origin of Species</i></a> (3.&#160;izd.). London: John Murray. xiii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+of+Species&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=xiii&amp;rft.edition=3.&amp;rft.pub=John+Murray&amp;rft.date=1861&amp;rft.au=Darwin+C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF381%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D20&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS1922Resolution-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS1922Resolution_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFAAAS_Council1922" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty">AAAS Council (26. december 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717172017/http://archives.aaas.org/docs/resolutions.php?doc_id=450">»AAAS Resolution: Present Scientific Status of the Theory of Evolution«</a>. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.aaas.org/docs/resolutions.php?doc_id=450">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 17. julija 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 8. junija 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=neznano&amp;rft.btitle=AAAS+Resolution%3A+Present+Scientific+Status+of+the+Theory+of+Evolution&amp;rft.pub=American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&amp;rft.date=1922-12-26&amp;rft.au=AAAS+Council&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.aaas.org%2Fdocs%2Fresolutions.php%3Fdoc_id%3D450&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAP2006Statement-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IAP2006Statement_9-0">9,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IAP2006Statement_9-1">9,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927094546/http://www.interacademies.net/Object.File/Master/6/150/Evolution%20statement.pdf">»IAP Statement on the Teaching of Evolution«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Interacademy Panel on International Issues. 2006. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interacademies.net/Object.File/Master/6/150/Evolution%20statement.pdf">prvotnega spletišča</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> dne 27. septembra 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 25. aprila 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=neznano&amp;rft.btitle=IAP+Statement+on+the+Teaching+of+Evolution&amp;rft.pub=The+Interacademy+Panel+on+International+Issues&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interacademies.net%2FObject.File%2FMaster%2F6%2F150%2FEvolution%2520statement.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span> Skupna izjava nacionalnih akademij znanosti iz 67 držav, vključno s <a href="/wiki/Kraljeva_dru%C5%BEba" title="Kraljeva družba">Kraljevo družbo</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS2006Statement-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS2006Statement_10-0">10,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS2006Statement_10-1">10,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSvet_direktorjev2006" class="citation web cs1">Svet direktorjev (16. februar 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2006/pdf/0219boardstatement.pdf">»Statement on the Teaching of Evolution«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Association for the Advancement of Science.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=neznano&amp;rft.btitle=Statement+on+the+Teaching+of+Evolution&amp;rft.pub=American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&amp;rft.date=2006-02-16&amp;rft.au=Svet+direktorjev&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaas.org%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2006%2Fpdf%2F0219boardstatement.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCSEStatementsFromScientificOrgs-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NCSEStatementsFromScientificOrgs_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncseweb.org/media/voices/science">»Statements from Scientific and Scholarly Organizations«</a>. National Center for Science Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=neznano&amp;rft.btitle=Statements+from+Scientific+and+Scholarly+Organizations&amp;rft.pub=National+Center+for+Science+Education&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncseweb.org%2Fmedia%2Fvoices%2Fscience&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewScientistJan2008SpecialReport-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NewScientistJan2008SpecialReport_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/topic/evolution">»Special report on evolution«</a>. New Scientist. 19. januar 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=neznano&amp;rft.btitle=Special+report+on+evolution&amp;rft.pub=New+Scientist&amp;rft.date=2008-01-19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Ftopic%2Fevolution&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSturm_R.A.Frudakis_T.N.2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Sturm R.A.; Frudakis T.N. (2004). »Eye colour: portals into pigmentation genes and ancestry«. <i>Trends Genet</i>. Zv.&#160;20, št.&#160;8. str.&#160;327–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2004.06.010">10.1016/j.tig.2004.06.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15262401">15262401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+Genet.&amp;rft.atitle=Eye+colour%3A+portals+into+pigmentation+genes+and+ancestry&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=327-32&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tig.2004.06.010&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15262401&amp;rft.au=Sturm+R.A.&amp;rft.au=Frudakis+T.N.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearson_2006-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pearson_2006_14-0">14,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pearson_2006_14-1">14,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFPearson_H.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pearson H. (2006). »Genetics: what is a gene?«. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i>. <b>441</b> (7092): 398–401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F441398a">10.1038/441398a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16724031">16724031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Genetics%3A+what+is+a+gene%3F&amp;rft.volume=441&amp;rft.issue=7092&amp;rft.pages=398-401&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F441398a&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16724031&amp;rft.au=Pearson+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFVisscher_P.M.Hill_W.G.Wray_N.R.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Visscher P.M.; Hill W.G.; Wray N.R. (<span dir="ltr">april 2008</span>). »Heritability in the genomics era--concepts and misconceptions«. <i>Nat. Rev. Genet</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 255–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg2322">10.1038/nrg2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18319743">18319743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat.+Rev.+Genet.&amp;rft.atitle=Heritability+in+the+genomics+era--concepts+and+misconceptions&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=255-66&amp;rft.date=2008-04&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrg2322&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18319743&amp;rft.au=Visscher+P.M.&amp;rft.au=Hill+W.G.&amp;rft.au=Wray+N.R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Predloga:Navedi_%C4%8Dasopis" title="Predloga:Navedi časopis">navedi časopis</a>}}</code>: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Vzdr%C5%BEevanje_CS1:_samodejni_prevod_datuma" title="Kategorija:Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma">povezava</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFOetting_W.S.Brilliant_M.H.King_R.A.1996" class="citation journal cs1">Oetting W.S.; Brilliant M.H.; King R.A. 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Pridobljeno 8. junija 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.atitle=Near-neutrality+in+evolution+of+genes+and+gene+regulation&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=25&amp;rft.pages=16134-37&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.252626899&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12461171&amp;rft.au=Ohta+T.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F252626899v1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurst-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hurst_72-0">72,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hurst_72-1">72,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hurst_72-2">72,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFHurst_L.D.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hurst L.D. 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Cambridge: Belknap Press (Harvard University Press). str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structureofevolu00goul/page/657">657</a>–658. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-674-00613-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-674-00613-5"><bdi>0-674-00613-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Evolutionary+Theory&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pages=657-658&amp;rft.pub=Belknap+Press+%28Harvard+University+Press%29&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=0-674-00613-5&amp;rft.au=Gould+S.J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructureofevolu00goul&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFGould_S.J.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Gould S.J. 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(<span dir="ltr">april 1984</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=6585807">»Birth of a unique enzyme from an alternative reading frame of the preexisted, internally repetitious coding sequence«</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>81</b> (8): 2421–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.81.8.2421">10.1073/pnas.81.8.2421</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Prosto dostopno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC345072">345072</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6585807">6585807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.atitle=Birth+of+a+unique+enzyme+from+an+alternative+reading+frame+of+the+preexisted%2C+internally+repetitious+coding+sequence&amp;rft.volume=81&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=2421-5&amp;rft.date=1984-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC345072%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6585807&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.81.8.2421&amp;rft.au=Ohno+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D6585807&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Predloga:Navedi_%C4%8Dasopis" title="Predloga:Navedi časopis">navedi časopis</a>}}</code>: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Vzdr%C5%BEevanje_CS1:_samodejni_prevod_datuma" title="Kategorija:Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma">povezava</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFCopley_S.D.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Copley S.D. (Junij 2000). »Evolution of a metabolic pathway for degradation of a toxic xenobiotic: the patchwork approach«. <i>Trends Biochem. Sci</i>. <b>25</b> (6): 261–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0968-0004%2800%2901562-0">10.1016/S0968-0004(00)01562-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10838562">10838562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+Biochem.+Sci.&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+a+metabolic+pathway+for+degradation+of+a+toxic+xenobiotic%3A+the+patchwork+approach&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=261-5&amp;rft.date=2000-06&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0968-0004%2800%2901562-0&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10838562&amp;rft.au=Copley+S.D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford_R.L.Jung_C.M.Strap_J.L.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford R.L.; Jung C.M.; Strap J.L. (Oktober 2007). »The recent evolution of pentachlorophenol (PCP)-4-monooxygenase (PcpB) and associated pathways for bacterial degradation of PCP«. <i>Biodegradation</i>. <b>18</b> (5): 525–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10532-006-9090-6">10.1007/s10532-006-9090-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17123025">17123025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Biodegradation&amp;rft.atitle=The+recent+evolution+of+pentachlorophenol+%28PCP%29-4-monooxygenase+%28PcpB%29+and+associated+pathways+for+bacterial+degradation+of+PCP&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=525-39&amp;rft.date=2007-10&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10532-006-9090-6&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17123025&amp;rft.au=Crawford+R.L.&amp;rft.au=Jung+C.M.&amp;rft.au=Strap+J.L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GouldStructP1235-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GouldStructP1235_117-0">117,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GouldStructP1235_117-1">117,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFGould_S.J.2002" class="citation book cs1">Gould S.J. 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Cambridge: Belknap Press (Harvard University Press). str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structureofevolu00goul/page/1235">1235</a>–1236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-674-00613-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-674-00613-5"><bdi>0-674-00613-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Evolutionary+Theory&amp;rft.pages=1235-1236&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge%3A+Belknap+Press+%28Harvard+University+Press%29&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=0-674-00613-5&amp;rft.au=Gould+S.J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructureofevolu00goul&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFPiatigorsky_J.Kantorow_M.Gopal-Srivastava_R.Tomarev_S.I.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Piatigorsky J.; Kantorow M.; Gopal-Srivastava R.; Tomarev S.I. 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Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/103/2/379.full">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 25. septembra 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 8. junija 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.atitle=Evidence+of+a+false+thumb+in+a+fossil+carnivore+clarifies+the+evolution+of+pandas&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=379-82&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0504899102&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16387860&amp;rft.au=Salesa+M.J.&amp;rft.au=Ant%C3%B3n+M.&amp;rft.au=Peign%C3%A9+S.&amp;rft.au=Morales+J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F103%2F2%2F379.full&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fong-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fong_122-0">122,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fong_122-1">122,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fong_122-2">122,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFFong_D.Kane_T.Culver_D.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Fong D.; Kane T.; Culver D. 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Evol</i>. 44 Suppl 1: S23–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00000055">10.1007/PL00000055</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9071008">9071008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Mol.+Evol.&amp;rft.atitle=The+reason+for+as+well+as+the+consequence+of+the+Cambrian+explosion+in+animal+evolution&amp;rft.volume=44+Suppl+1&amp;rft.pages=S23-7&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FPL00000055&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9071008&amp;rft.au=Ohno+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-203">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFValentine_J.Jablonski_D.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Valentine J.; Jablonski D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/web/paper.php?doi=14756327">»Morphological and developmental macroevolution: a paleontological perspective«</a>. <i>Int. J. Dev. Biol</i>. <b>47</b> (7–8): 517–22. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14756327">14756327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Dev.+Biol.&amp;rft.atitle=Morphological+and+developmental+macroevolution%3A+a+paleontological+perspective&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&amp;rft.pages=517-22&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14756327&amp;rft.au=Valentine+J.&amp;rft.au=Jablonski+D.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdb.ehu.es%2Fweb%2Fpaper.php%3Fdoi%3D14756327&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-204">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFWaters_E.R.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Waters E.R. (2003). »Molecular adaptation and the origin of land plants«. <i>Mol. Phylogenet. Evol</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 456–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2003.07.018">10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14615186">14615186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol.+Phylogenet.+Evol.&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+adaptation+and+the+origin+of+land+plants&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=456-63&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2003.07.018&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14615186&amp;rft.au=Waters+E.R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-205">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFWright_S.1984" class="citation book cs1">Wright S. 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Islamic Research Institute, Islamabad.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-208">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wing-Tsit C. (1962). <i>A Source Book In Chinese Philosophy</i>, str. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-209">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFTerrall_M.2002" class="citation book cs1">Terrall M. (2002). <i>The Man Who Flattened the Earth: Maupertuis and the Sciences in the Enlightenment</i>. The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0226793610" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0226793610"><bdi>978-0226793610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Flattened+the+Earth%3A+Maupertuis+and+the+Sciences+in+the+Enlightenment&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226793610&amp;rft.au=Terrall+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-210">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFWallace_A.Darwin_C.1858" class="citation journal cs1">Wallace A.; Darwin C. (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F350&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">»On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties, and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection«</a>. <i>Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology</i>. <b>3</b>: 53–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.2006.0171">10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 13. maja 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Proceedings+of+the+Linnean+Society+of+London.+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Tendency+of+Species+to+form+Varieties%2C+and+on+the+Perpetuation+of+Varieties+and+Species+by+Natural+Means+of+Selection&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.pages=53-62&amp;rft.date=1858&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.2006.0171&amp;rft.au=Wallace+A.&amp;rft.au=Darwin+C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF350%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-211">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin_C.1872" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin C.</a> (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F391&amp;pageseq=136">»Effects of the increased Use and Disuse of Parts, as controlled by Natural Selection«</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/O_izvoru_vrst" class="mw-redirect" title="O izvoru vrst">O izvoru vrst</a>. 6. izdaja, str. 108</i>. John Murray<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 28. decembra 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=neznano&amp;rft.jtitle=O+izvoru+vrst.+6.+izdaja%2C+str.+108&amp;rft.atitle=Effects+of+the+increased+Use+and+Disuse+of+Parts%2C+as+controlled+by+Natural+Selection&amp;rft.date=1872&amp;rft.au=Darwin+C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dtext%26itemID%3DF391%26pageseq%3D136&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-212">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFLeakey_R.E.Darwin_C.1979" class="citation book cs1">Leakey R.E.; Darwin C. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoriginofspeci00darw"><i>The illustrated origin of species</i></a>. London: Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-571-14586-8" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-571-14586-8"><bdi>0-571-14586-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+illustrated+origin+of+species&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Faber&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.isbn=0-571-14586-8&amp;rft.au=Leakey+R.E.&amp;rft.au=Darwin+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheoriginofspeci00darw&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span> p. 17-18 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ImaginaryLamarck-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ImaginaryLamarck_213-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFGhiselin_M.T.1994" class="citation cs2">Ghiselin M.T. (<span dir="ltr">september–oktober 1994</span>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textbookleague.org/54marck.htm">»Nonsense in schoolbooks: 'The Imaginary Lamarck'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>«</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textbookleague.org/"><i>The Textbook Letter</i></a>, The Textbook League<span class="reference-accessdate">, pridobljeno 23. januarja 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=Nonsense+in+schoolbooks%3A+%27The+Imaginary+Lamarck%27&amp;rft.btitle=The+Textbook+Letter&amp;rft.pub=The+Textbook+League&amp;rft.date=1994-09%2F1994-10&amp;rft.au=Ghiselin+M.T.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.textbookleague.org%2F54marck.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Predloga:Citation" class="mw-redirect" title="Predloga:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Vzdr%C5%BEevanje_CS1:_samodejni_prevod_datuma" title="Kategorija:Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma">povezava</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-214">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMagner_L.N.2002" class="citation book cs1">Magner L.N. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoflifesci0000magn_n3c5"><i>A History of the Life Sciences, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded</i></a>. CRC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0824708245" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0824708245"><bdi>978-0824708245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Life+Sciences%2C+Third+Edition%2C+Revised+and+Expanded&amp;rft.pub=CRC&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0824708245&amp;rft.au=Magner+L.N.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoflifesci0000magn_n3c5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiling-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Weiling_215-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFWeiling_F.1991" class="citation journal cs1">Weiling F. (1991). »Historical study: Johann Gregor Mendel 1822–1884«. <i>Am. J. Med. Genet</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 1–25, discussion 26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.1320400103">10.1002/ajmg.1320400103</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1887835">1887835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Med.+Genet.&amp;rft.atitle=Historical+study%3A+Johann+Gregor+Mendel+1822%E2%80%931884&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1-25%2C+discussion+26&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajmg.1320400103&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1887835&amp;rft.au=Weiling+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-216">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quammen D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/27/books/review/Desmond.t.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/D/Darwin,%20Charles%20Robert"><i>The reluctant Mr. Darwin: An intimate portrait of Charles Darwin and the making of his theory of evolution.</i></a> New York, NY: W.W. Norton &amp; Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-217">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBowler_P.J.1989" class="citation book cs1">Bowler P.J. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mendelianrevolut0000bowl"><i>The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0801838880" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0801838880"><bdi>978-0801838880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Mendelian+Revolution%3A+The+Emergence+of+Hereditarian+Concepts+in+Modern+Science+and+Society&amp;rft.place=Baltimore&amp;rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.isbn=978-0801838880&amp;rft.au=Bowler+P.J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmendelianrevolut0000bowl&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browne2003e-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Browne2003e_218-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne_J.2003" class="citation book cs1">Browne J. (2003). <i>Charles Darwin: The Power of Place</i>. London: Pimlico. str.&#160;376–379. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-7126-6837-3" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-7126-6837-3"><bdi>0-7126-6837-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+The+Power+of+Place&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=376-379&amp;rft.pub=Pimlico&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=0-7126-6837-3&amp;rft.au=Browne+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-219">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Za pregled filozofskih, verskih in kozmoloških polemik glej <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFDennett_D.1995" class="citation book cs1">Dennett D. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darwinsdangerous0000dani_b4q2"><i>Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life</i></a>. Simon &amp; Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0684824710" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0684824710"><bdi>978-0684824710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin%27s+Dangerous+Idea%3A+Evolution+and+the+Meanings+of+Life&amp;rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=978-0684824710&amp;rft.au=Dennett+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarwinsdangerous0000dani_b4q2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-220">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Za znanstveno in družbeno sprejemanje evolucije v 19. in 20. stoletju glej <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston_I.C." class="citation web cs1">Johnston I.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107000105/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/darwin/sect3.htm">»History of Science: Origins of Evolutionary Theory«</a>. <i>And Still We Evolve</i>. Liberal Studies Department, Malaspina University College. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/darwin/sect3.htm">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 7. januarja 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 24. maja 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=neznano&amp;rft.jtitle=And+Still+We+Evolve&amp;rft.atitle=History+of+Science%3A+Origins+of+Evolutionary+Theory&amp;rft.au=Johnston+I.C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecords.viu.ca%2F~johnstoi%2Fdarwin%2Fsect3.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-221">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBowler_P.J.2003" class="citation book cs1">Bowler P.J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8"><i>Evolution: The History of an Idea, Third Edition, Completely Revised and Expanded</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0520236936" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0520236936"><bdi>978-0520236936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution%3A+The+History+of+an+Idea%2C+Third+Edition%2C+Completely+Revised+and+Expanded&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0520236936&amp;rft.au=Bowler+P.J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-222">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerkandl_E.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zuckerkandl E. (2006). »Intelligent design and biological complexity«. <i>Gene</i>. <b>385</b>: 2–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2006.03.025">10.1016/j.gene.2006.03.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17011142">17011142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Gene&amp;rft.atitle=Intelligent+design+and+biological+complexity&amp;rft.volume=385&amp;rft.pages=2-18&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gene.2006.03.025&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17011142&amp;rft.au=Zuckerkandl+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross2005-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ross2005_223-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFRoss_M.R.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ross M.R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nagt.org/files/nagt/jge/abstracts/Ross_v53n3p319.pdf">»Who Believes What? Clearing up Confusion over Intelligent Design and Young-Earth Creationism«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Geoscience Education</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 319<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 28. aprila 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geoscience+Education&amp;rft.atitle=Who+Believes+What%3F+Clearing+up+Confusion+over+Intelligent+Design+and+Young-Earth+Creationism&amp;rft.volume=53&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=319&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.au=Ross+M.R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nagt.org%2Ffiles%2Fnagt%2Fjge%2Fabstracts%2FRoss_v53n3p319.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-224">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSpergel_D.N.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Spergel D.N. (2006). »Science communication. Public acceptance of evolution«. <i>Science</i>. <b>313</b> (5788): 765–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1126746">10.1126/science.1126746</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16902112">16902112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Science+communication.+Public+acceptance+of+evolution&amp;rft.volume=313&amp;rft.issue=5788&amp;rft.pages=765-66&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1126746&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16902112&amp;rft.au=Spergel+D.N.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wmap-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wmap_225-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSpergel_D.N.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Spergel D.N.; in&#160;sod. (2003). »First-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Determination of Cosmological Parameters«. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</i>. <b>148</b>: 175–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F377226">10.1086/377226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&amp;rft.atitle=First-Year+Wilkinson+Microwave+Anisotropy+Probe+%28WMAP%29+Observations%3A+Determination+of+Cosmological+Parameters&amp;rft.volume=148&amp;rft.pages=175-94&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F377226&amp;rft.au=Spergel+D.N.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zircon-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-zircon_226-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFWilde_S.A.Valley_J.W.Peck_W.H.Graham_C.M.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Wilde S.A.; Valley J.W.; Peck W.H.; Graham C.M. (2001). »Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago«. <i>Nature</i>. <b>409</b> (6817): 175–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35051550">10.1038/35051550</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11196637">11196637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Evidence+from+detrital+zircons+for+the+existence+of+continental+crust+and+oceans+on+the+Earth+4.4+Gyr+ago&amp;rft.volume=409&amp;rft.issue=6817&amp;rft.pages=175-78&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35051550&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11196637&amp;rft.au=Wilde+S.A.&amp;rft.au=Valley+J.W.&amp;rft.au=Peck+W.H.&amp;rft.au=Graham+C.M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-227">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Za zgodovino <a href="/wiki/Evgenika" title="Evgenika">evgenike</a> in evolucije glej <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFKevles_D.1998" class="citation book cs1">Kevles D. (1998). <i>In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0674445574" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0674445574"><bdi>978-0674445574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=In+the+Name+of+Eugenics%3A+Genetics+and+the+Uses+of+Human+Heredity&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0674445574&amp;rft.au=Kevles+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-228">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Že sam <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a> je močno nasprotoval poskusom Herberta Spencerja in drugih, da bi uporabili evolucijske postavke v vseh možnih situacijah. Glej <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley_M.2004" class="citation book cs1">Midgley M. (2004). <i>The Myths we Live By</i>. Routledge. str.&#160;62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0415340779" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0415340779"><bdi>978-0415340779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Myths+we+Live+By&amp;rft.pages=62&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0415340779&amp;rft.au=Midgley+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-229">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFAllhoff_F.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Allhoff F. (2003). »Evolutionary ethics from Darwin to Moore«. <i>History and philosophy of the life sciences</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 51–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03919710312331272945">10.1080/03919710312331272945</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15293515">15293515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=History+and+philosophy+of+the+life+sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Evolutionary+ethics+from+Darwin+to+Moore&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=51-79&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03919710312331272945&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15293515&amp;rft.au=Allhoff+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-230">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFDoebley_J.F.Gaut_B.S.Smith_B.D.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Doebley J.F.; Gaut B.S.; Smith B.D. (2006). »The molecular genetics of crop domestication«. <i>Cell</i>. <b>127</b> (7): 1309–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.12.006">10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17190597">17190597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Cell&amp;rft.atitle=The+molecular+genetics+of+crop+domestication&amp;rft.volume=127&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1309-21&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.12.006&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17190597&amp;rft.au=Doebley+J.F.&amp;rft.au=Gaut+B.S.&amp;rft.au=Smith+B.D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-231">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMaher_B.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Maher B. (<span dir="ltr">april 2009</span>). »Evolution: Biology's next top model?«. <i>Nature</i>. <b>458</b> (7239): 695–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F458695a">10.1038/458695a</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution%3A+Biology%27s+next+top+model%3F&amp;rft.volume=458&amp;rft.issue=7239&amp;rft.pages=695-98&amp;rft.date=2009-04&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F458695a&amp;rft.au=Maher+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Predloga:Navedi_%C4%8Dasopis" title="Predloga:Navedi časopis">navedi časopis</a>}}</code>: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Vzdr%C5%BEevanje_CS1:_samodejni_prevod_datuma" title="Kategorija:Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma">povezava</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-232">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBorowsky_R.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Borowsky R. 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Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-393-30700-X" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-393-30700-X"><bdi>0-393-30700-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Wonderful+Life%3A+The+Burgess+Shale+and+the+Nature+of+History&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.isbn=0-393-30700-X&amp;rft.au=Gould+S.J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFJones_S.2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Jones_(biolog)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Jones (biolog) (stran ne obstaja)">Jones S.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darwinsghostorig0000jone_n7p7"><i>Almost Like a Whale: The Origin of Species Updated (v ZDA pod naslovom Darwin's Ghost)</i></a>. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-345-42277-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-345-42277-5"><bdi>0-345-42277-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Almost+Like+a+Whale%3A+The+Origin+of+Species+Updated+%28v+ZDA+pod+naslovom+Darwin%27s+Ghost%29&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=0-345-42277-5&amp;rft.au=Jones+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarwinsghostorig0000jone_n7p7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMaynard_Smith_J.1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">Maynard Smith J.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoryofevolutio00mayn"><i>The Theory of Evolution: Canto Edition</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (stran ne obstaja)">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-521-45128-0" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-521-45128-0"><bdi>0-521-45128-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Evolution%3A+Canto+Edition&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-45128-0&amp;rft.au=Maynard+Smith+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheoryofevolutio00mayn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFPallen_M.J.2009" class="citation book cs1">Pallen M.J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoevol0000pall"><i>The Rough Guide to Evolution</i></a>. Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-1-85828-946-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-1-85828-946-5"><bdi>978-1-85828-946-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Evolution&amp;rft.pub=Rough+Guides&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-85828-946-5&amp;rft.au=Pallen+M.J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froughguidetoevol0000pall&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSmith_C.B.Sullivan_C.2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith C.B.; Sullivan C. (2007). <i>The Top 10 Myths about Evolution</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prometheus_Books&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prometheus Books (stran ne obstaja)">Prometheus Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-1-59102-479-8" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-1-59102-479-8"><bdi>978-1-59102-479-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Top+10+Myths+about+Evolution&amp;rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59102-479-8&amp;rft.au=Smith+C.B.&amp;rft.au=Sullivan+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Zgodovina evolucijske misli</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFLarson_E.J.2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Larson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Larson (stran ne obstaja)">Larson E.J.</a> (2004). <i>Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory</i>. New York: Modern Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-679-64288-9" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-679-64288-9"><bdi>0-679-64288-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution%3A+The+Remarkable+History+of+a+Scientific+Theory&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Modern+Library&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0-679-64288-9&amp;rft.au=Larson+E.J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer_C.2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Zimmer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Zimmer (stran ne obstaja)">Zimmer C.</a> (2001). <i>Evolution: The Triumph of an Idea</i>. London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-060-19906-7" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-060-19906-7"><bdi>0-060-19906-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution%3A+The+Triumph+of+an+Idea&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=HarperCollins&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=0-060-19906-7&amp;rft.au=Zimmer+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Zahtevnejše branje</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBarton_N.H.Briggs_D.E.G.Eisen_J.A.Goldstein_D.B.2007" class="citation book cs1">Barton N.H.; Briggs D.E.G.; Eisen J.A.; Goldstein D.B.; Patel N.H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolution0000unse_x9v3"><i>Evolution</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (stran ne obstaja)">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-879-69684-2" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-879-69684-2"><bdi>0-879-69684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution&amp;rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=0-879-69684-2&amp;rft.au=Barton+N.H.&amp;rft.au=Briggs+D.E.G.&amp;rft.au=Eisen+J.A.&amp;rft.au=Goldstein+D.B.&amp;rft.au=Patel+N.H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolution0000unse_x9v3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFCoyne_J.A.Orr_H.A.2004" class="citation book cs1">Coyne J.A.; Orr H.A. (2004). <i>Speciation</i>. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-878-93089-2" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-878-93089-2"><bdi>0-878-93089-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Speciation&amp;rft.place=Sunderland&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0-878-93089-2&amp;rft.au=Coyne+J.A.&amp;rft.au=Orr+H.A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFFutuyma_D.J.2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_J._Futuyma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas J. Futuyma (stran ne obstaja)">Futuyma D.J.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolution0000futu"><i>Evolution</i></a>. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-878-93187-2" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-878-93187-2"><bdi>0-878-93187-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution&amp;rft.place=Sunderland&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=0-878-93187-2&amp;rft.au=Futuyma+D.J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolution0000futu&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFGould_S.J.2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould S.J.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structureofevolu00goul"><i>The Structure of Evolutionary Theory</i></a>. Cambridge: Belknap Press (Harvard University Press). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-674-00613-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-674-00613-5"><bdi>0-674-00613-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Evolutionary+Theory&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Belknap+Press+%28Harvard+University+Press%29&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=0-674-00613-5&amp;rft.au=Gould+S.J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructureofevolu00goul&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFJablonka_E.Lamb_M.J.2009" class="citation book cs1">Jablonka E.; Lamb M.J. (2009). <i>Štiri razsežnosti evolucije: Genetska, epigenetska, vedenjska in simbolna raznolikost v zgodovini življenja</i>. Ljubljana: Zavod RS za šolstvo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-961-234-815-1" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-961-234-815-1"><bdi>978-961-234-815-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=%C5%A0tiri+razse%C5%BEnosti+evolucije%3A+Genetska%2C+epigenetska%2C+vedenjska+in+simbolna+raznolikost+v+zgodovini+%C5%BEivljenja&amp;rft.place=Ljubljana&amp;rft.pub=Zavod+RS+za+%C5%A1olstvo&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-961-234-815-1&amp;rft.au=Jablonka+E.&amp;rft.au=Lamb+M.J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFJerman_I.Štern_A.2003" class="citation book cs1">Jerman I.; <a href="/wiki/Artur_%C5%A0tern" title="Artur Štern">Štern A.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307104932/http://www.bion.si/predavanja/Scripta.html"><i>Evolucija s teoretično biologijo</i></a>. Ljubljana: Študentska založba. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/961-6446-15-0" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/961-6446-15-0"><bdi>961-6446-15-0</bdi></a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bion.si/predavanja/Scripta.html">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 7. marca 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 8. junija 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Evolucija+s+teoreti%C4%8Dno+biologijo&amp;rft.place=Ljubljana&amp;rft.pub=%C5%A0tudentska+zalo%C5%BEba&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=961-6446-15-0&amp;rft.au=Jerman+I.&amp;rft.au=%C5%A0tern+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bion.si%2Fpredavanja%2FScripta.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMaynard_Smith,_J.Szathmáry,_E.1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">Maynard Smith, J.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=E%C3%B6rs_Szathm%C3%A1ry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eörs Szathmáry (stran ne obstaja)">Szathmáry, E.</a> (1997). <i>The Major Transitions in Evolution</i>. Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-198-50294-X" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-198-50294-X"><bdi>0-198-50294-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Major+Transitions+in+Evolution&amp;rft.place=Oxfordshire&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=0-198-50294-X&amp;rft.au=Maynard+Smith%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Szathm%C3%A1ry%2C+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMayr_E.2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_W._Mayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst W. Mayr">Mayr E.</a> (2001). <i>What Evolution Is</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-465-04426-3" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-465-04426-3"><bdi>0-465-04426-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=What+Evolution+Is&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=0-465-04426-3&amp;rft.au=Mayr+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AEvolucija" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glej_tudi">Glej tudi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Uredi razdelek: Glej tudi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Glej tudi"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolucija_%C4%8Dloveka" title="Evolucija človeka">evolucija človeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolucija_konja" title="Evolucija konja">evolucija konja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolucija_ptic" title="Evolucija ptic">evolucija ptic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zunanje_povezave">Zunanje povezave</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Uredi razdelek: Zunanje povezave" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolucija&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zunanje povezave"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5916282">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5911185">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedijina zbirka ponuja več predstavnostnega gradiva o temi: <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:evolucija" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:evolucija">Evolucija</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Splošno</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/topic/evolution">Evolucija</a> - članki, vodiči, razlage revije <i>New Scientist</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/evolution/evolution.htm">Howstuffworks.com — How Evolution Works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalacademies.org/evolution/">Gradiva o evoluciji</a> na straneh National Academies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/synthetic/">Synthetic Theory Of Evolution: An Introduction to Modern Evolutionary Concepts and Theories</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806034821/http://anthro.palomar.edu/synthetic/">Arhivirano</a> 2009-08-06 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/">Understanding Evolution</a> na straneh Univerze Kalifornije, Berkeley</li></ul> <dl><dt>Zgodovina biološke misli</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/">Delo Charlesa Darwina</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rationalrevolution.net/articles/understanding_evolution.htm">Understanding Evolution</a>: zgodovina, teorija, dokazi in implikacije</li></ul> <dl><dt>Spletna predavanja</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/brenner/brenner1.cfm">What Genomes Can Tell Us About the Past</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130054532/http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/brenner/brenner1.cfm">Arhivirano</a> 2009-01-30 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. - predavanje Sydneyja Brennerja</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/kirschner/kirschner1.cfm">The Origin of Vertebrates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123064222/http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/Kirschner/kirschner1.cfm">Arhivirano</a> 2009-01-23 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. - predavanje Marca Kirschnerja</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Normativna_kontrola_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Uredite_to_na_Wikipodatkih&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Uredite_to_na_Wikipodatkih" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85046029">ZDA</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571035">Japonska</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph114506&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Češka republika</a></span></li> <li><span class="error">NLK id KSH1998008893 ni veljaven.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drugo</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10676447">National Archives (ZDA)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐559c9fd9f4‐w5tlv 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