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<div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">George Soros</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"> (Redirected from <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_soros&redirect=no" title="George soros">George soros</a>)</div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">"Soros" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soros_(disambiguation)" title="Soros (disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig">Soros (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em"> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">George Soros</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Soros_47th_Munich_Security_Conference_2011_crop.jpg" class="image"><img alt="George Soros 47th Munich Security Conference 2011 crop.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/George_Soros_47th_Munich_Security_Conference_2011_crop.jpg/220px-George_Soros_47th_Munich_Security_Conference_2011_crop.jpg" width="220" height="276" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/George_Soros_47th_Munich_Security_Conference_2011_crop.jpg/330px-George_Soros_47th_Munich_Security_Conference_2011_crop.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/George_Soros_47th_Munich_Security_Conference_2011_crop.jpg/440px-George_Soros_47th_Munich_Security_Conference_2011_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1874"/></a> <div>George Soros at the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Security_Conference" title="Munich Security Conference">Munich Security Conference</a> in 2011</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Born</th> <td>Schwartz György (1930-08-12) August 12, 1930 (age 84) <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)" class="mw-redirect">Hungary</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Ethnicity</th> <td class="category"><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungarian Jewish</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Citizenship</th> <td class="category">Hungary, United States<a href="#cite_note-forbes400-1">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Alma mater</th> <td><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, (B.Sc., Ph.D.)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Occupation</th> <td class="role">Chairman of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soros_Fund_Management" title="Soros Fund Management">Soros Fund Management</a> Chairman of the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a> Founder and adviser of the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Fund" title="Quantum Fund" class="mw-redirect">Quantum Fund</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Employer</th> <td class="org">Soros Fund Management <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Net worth</th> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/>US$26.5 billion (April 2014)<a href="#cite_note-No._1-2">[2]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Religion</th> <td class="category">None (atheist)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Spouse(s)</th> <td>Annaliese Witschak (1960–1983; divorced; 3 children) <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Weber_Soros" title="Susan Weber Soros">Susan Weber Soros</a> (1983–2005; divorced; 2 children) Tamiko Bolton (2013–present)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Children</th> <td>Robert, Andrea, Jonathan, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Soros" title="Alexander Soros">Alexander</a>, Gregory</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Website</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://georgesoros.com/">georgesoros.com</a></td> </tr> </table> George Soros (<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">ˈ</a><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">s</a><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">ɔr</a><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">oʊ</a><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">s</a><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> or <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">ˈ</a><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">s</a><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">ɔr</a><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">ɒ</a><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English">s</a><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a>; <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: Soros György; Hungarian: <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hungarian" title="Help:IPA for Hungarian">[ˈʃoroʃ]</a>; born August 12, 1930, as Schwartz György) is a Hungarian-born American<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">business magnate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">investor</a>, and <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropist" title="Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect">philanthropist</a>. He is the chairman of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soros_Fund_Management" title="Soros Fund Management">Soros Fund Management</a>. He is known as "The Man Who Broke the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>" because of his <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_(finance)" title="Short (finance)">short sale</a> of US$10 billion worth of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(currency)" title="Pound (currency)">pounds</a>, giving him a profit of $1 billion during the 1992 <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday UK currency crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-murphy-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Soros is one of the thirty richest people in the world.<a href="#cite_note-daily-11">[11]</a> Soros is a well-known supporter of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a>-<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> political causes.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Between 1979 and 2011, Soros gave away over $8 billion to human rights, public health, and education causes.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> He played a significant role in the peaceful transition from communism to capitalism in Eastern Europe (1984–89)<a href="#cite_note-murphy-9">[9]</a> and provided one of Europe's largest higher education endowments to <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a> in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Soros is also the chairman of the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life">1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Business_career">2 Business career</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Currency_speculation">2.1 Currency speculation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Public_predictions">2.2 Public predictions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Insider_trading_conviction">2.3 Insider trading conviction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Sports">2.4 Sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Philanthropy">3 Philanthropy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Political_donations_and_activism">3.1 Political donations and activism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#United_States">3.1.1 United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Central_and_Eastern_Europe">3.1.2 Central and Eastern Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Africa">3.1.3 Africa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Support_of_separatist_movements">3.1.4 Support of separatist movements</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Drug_policy_reform">3.1.5 Drug policy reform</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Death_and_dying">3.1.6 Death and dying</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Philosophy">4 Philosophy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Reflexivity.2C_financial_markets.2C_and_economic_theory">4.1 Reflexivity, financial markets, and economic theory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Reflexivity_in_Politics">4.2 Reflexivity in Politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#View_of_problems_in_the_free_market_system">4.3 View of problems in the free market system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Views_on_antisemitism">4.4 Views on antisemitism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Views_on_Europe">4.5 Views on Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Views_on_China">4.6 Views on China</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Views_on_Russia_and_Ukraine">4.7 Views on Russia and Ukraine</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Wealth">5 Wealth</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Relation_to_Hungarian_politics">6 Relation to Hungarian politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Personal_life">7 Personal life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Bibliography">8 Bibliography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Books_authored_or_co-authored">8.1 Books authored or co-authored</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Journalism">8.2 Journalism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Biographies">11.1 Biographies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Journalism_2">11.2 Journalism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Scholarly_perspectives">11.3 Scholarly perspectives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Speeches">11.4 Speeches</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Interviews">11.5 Interviews</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Early life[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</h2> Soros was born in Budapest, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)" class="mw-redirect">Hungary</a>, to a non-observant <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Jew" title="Hungarian Jew" class="mw-redirect">Jewish</a> family. His mother Elizabeth (also known as Erzsebet) came from a family that owned a thriving silk shop. His father <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivadar_Soros" title="Tivadar Soros">Tivadar</a> (also known as Teodoro) was a lawyer<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and had been a prisoner of war during and after World War I until he escaped from Russia and rejoined his family in Budapest.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewP-17">[17]</a> The two married in 1924. Tivadar was an <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantist" title="Esperantist">Esperantist</a> writer and taught Soros to speak Esperanto in his childhood.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Soros later said that he grew up in a Jewish home and that his parents were cautious with their religious roots.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936" title="1936">1936</a>, his father changed the family name from Schwartz ("black" in German) to Soros (a successor in Hungarian or will soar in Esperanto). Soros was thirteen years old in March 1944 when <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_during_World_War_II" title="Hungary during World War II" class="mw-redirect">occupied Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> When Jewish children were barred from attending school by the Nazis, Soros and the other schoolchildren were made to report to the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Council" title="Jewish Council" class="mw-redirect">Jewish Council</a>, which had been established during the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Margarethe" title="Operation Margarethe">occupation</a>. Soros later described this time to writer <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lewis_(author)" title="Michael Lewis (author)" class="mw-redirect">Michael Lewis</a>: <blockquote> The Jewish Council asked the little kids to hand out the deportation notices. I was told to go to the Jewish Council. And there I was given these small slips of paper ... It said report to the rabbi seminary at 9 am ... And I was given this list of names. I took this piece of paper to my father. He instantly recognized it. This was a list of Hungarian Jewish lawyers. He said, "You deliver the slips of paper and tell the people that if they report they will be deported."<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </blockquote> Soros did not return to that job, but instead went into hiding the next day. Later that year, at age 14, Soros lived with and posed as the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godson</a> of an employee of the Hungarian Ministry of Agriculture. The official was at one point ordered to inventory the remaining contents of the estate of a wealthy Jewish family that had fled the country; rather than leave the young Soros alone in the city, the official brought him along.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The next year, 1945, Soros survived the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Budapest" title="Battle of Budapest" class="mw-redirect">Battle of Budapest</a>, in which <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> and German forces fought house-to-house through the city. Soros emigrated to <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in 1947 and became an impoverished student at the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> While a student of the philosopher <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>, Soros worked as a railway porter and as a waiter. A university tutor requested aid for Soros, and he received £40 from a <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" title="Religious Society of Friends" class="mw-redirect">Religious Society of Friends</a> (Quaker) charity.<a href="#cite_note-NPR090409-24">[24]</a> In a discussion at the Los Angeles World Affairs Council in 2006, Alvin Shuster, former foreign editor of the Los Angeles Times, asked Soros, "How does one go from an immigrant to a financier? ... When did you realize that you knew how to make money?" Soros replied, "Well, I had a variety of jobs and I ended up selling fancy goods on the sea side, souvenir shops, and I thought, that's really not what I was cut out to do. So, I wrote to every managing director in every <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_bank" title="Merchant bank">merchant bank</a> in London, got just one or two replies, and eventually that's how I got a job in a merchant bank."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> That job was an entry-level position in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer_%26_Friedlander" title="Singer & Friedlander" class="mw-redirect">Singer & Friedlander</a>. Soros earned a <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BSc</a> in philosophy in 1951 and a <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD" title="PhD" class="mw-redirect">PhD</a> in philosophy in 1954, both from the London School of Economics.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <h2>Business career[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Business career">edit</a>]</h2> In 1956, Soros moved to <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> where he worked as an <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrage" title="Arbitrage">arbitrage</a> <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trader_(finance)" title="Trader (finance)">trader</a> for F. M. Mayer (1956–59) and as an <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_analyst" title="Financial analyst">analyst</a> for <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wertheim_%26_Co." title="Wertheim & Co.">Wertheim & Co.</a> (1959–63). He planned to stay for five years, enough time to save $500,000, after which he intended to return to England to study philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> During this period, Soros developed the theory of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory)">reflexivity</a> based on the ideas of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>. Reflexivity posited that the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_(finance)" title="Valuation (finance)">valuation</a> of any market produces a <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyclical" title="Procyclical" class="mw-redirect">procyclical</a> "virtuous or vicious" circle that further affects the market.<a href="#cite_note-A-28">[28]</a> Soros' experience from 1963 to 1973 as a vice-president at <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhold_and_S._Bleichroeder" title="Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder">Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder</a> resulted in little enthusiasm for the job and a desire to assert himself as an investor to make reflexivity profitable. In 1967, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Eagle_Funds" title="First Eagle Funds" class="mw-redirect">First Eagle Funds</a> created an opportunity for Soros to run an <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_fund" title="Offshore fund">offshore investment fund</a> as well as the Double Eagle <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">hedge fund</a> in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-A-28">[28]</a> In 1970, Soros began his business career. He founded <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soros_Fund_Management" title="Soros Fund Management">Soros Fund Management</a> and became its chairman. Among those who held senior positions there at various times were Jim Rogers, Stanley Druckenmiller, Mark Schwartz, Keith Anderson, and Soros' two sons.<a href="#cite_note-georgesoros.com-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-GuruFocus.com-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1973, due to regulatory restrictions limiting his ability to run the funds, Soros resigned from his First Eagle funds. He then established the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Fund" title="Quantum Fund" class="mw-redirect">Quantum Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-A-28">[28]</a> Soros announced in July 2011 that he had returned funds from outside investors' money (valued at $1 billion) and instead invested funds from his $24.5 billion family fortune due to <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> disclosure rules.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian711-32">[32]</a> In 2013 the Quantum fund made $5.5 billion, making it again the most successful hedge fund in history. The fund has generated $40 billion since its inception in 1973. <h3>Currency speculation[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Currency speculation">edit</a>]</h3> Soros had been building a huge position in pounds sterling for months leading up to September 1992. Soros recognized the unfavorable position at which the United Kingdom joined the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">European Exchange Rate Mechanism</a>. For Soros, the rate at which the United Kingdom was brought into the European Exchange Rate Mechanism was too high, their inflation was also much too high (triple the German rate), and British interest rates were hurting their asset prices.<a href="#cite_note-amazon1-33">[33]</a> On September 16, 1992, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a>, Soros' fund <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_(finance)" title="Short (finance)">sold short</a> more than $10 billion in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds</a>,<a href="#cite_note-georgesoros.com-29">[29]</a> profiting from the UK government's reluctance to either raise its interest rates to levels comparable to those of other <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">European Exchange Rate Mechanism</a> countries or to <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_exchange_rate" title="Floating exchange rate">float</a> its currency. Finally, the UK withdrew from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluing</a> the pound. Soros's profit on the bet was estimated at over $1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> He was dubbed "the man who broke the Bank of England".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In 1997, the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">UK Treasury</a> estimated the cost of Black Wednesday at £3.4 billion. On Monday, October 26, 1992, The Times quoted Soros as saying: "Our total <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_(finance)" title="Position (finance)">position</a> by Black Wednesday had to be worth almost $10 billion. We planned to sell more than that. In fact, when <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lamont_(1942)" title="Norman Lamont (1942)" class="mw-redirect">Norman Lamont</a> said just before the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluation</a> that he would borrow nearly $15 billion to defend sterling, we were amused because that was about how much we wanted to sell." <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Druckenmiller" title="Stanley Druckenmiller">Stanley Druckenmiller</a>, who traded under Soros, originally saw the weakness in the pound. "Soros' contribution was pushing him to take a gigantic position."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 1997, during the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_financial_crisis" title="Asian financial crisis" class="mw-redirect">Asian financial crisis</a>, the Prime Minister of Malaysia <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_bin_Mohamad" title="Mahathir bin Mohamad" class="mw-redirect">Mahathir bin Mohamad</a> accused Soros of using the wealth under his control to punish the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a> for welcoming <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar" class="mw-redirect">Myanmar</a> as a member. Following on a history of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> remarks, Mahathir made specific reference to Soros' Jewish background ("It is a Jew who triggered the currency plunge"<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>) and implied Soros was orchestrating the crash as part of a larger Jewish conspiracy. Nine years later, in 2006, Mahathir met with Soros and afterwards stated that he accepted that Soros had not been responsible for the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1998's The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered Soros explained his role in the crisis as follows: <blockquote> The financial crisis that originated in Thailand in 1997 was particularly unnerving because of its scope and severity. ... By the beginning of 1997, it was clear to Soros Fund Management that the discrepancy between the trade account and the capital account was becoming untenable. We sold short the Thai baht and the Malaysian ringgit early in 1997 with maturities ranging from six months to a year. (That is, we entered into contracts to deliver at future dates Thai Baht and Malaysian ringgit that we did not currently hold.) Subsequently Prime Minister Mahathir of Malaysia accused me of causing the crisis, a wholly unfounded accusation. We were not sellers of the currency during or several months before the crisis; on the contrary, we were buyers when the currencies began to decline – we were purchasing ringgits to realize the profits on our earlier speculation. (Much too soon, as it turned out. We left most of the potential gain on the table because we were afraid that Mahathir would impose capital controls. He did so, but much later.)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </blockquote> The nominal U.S. dollar <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> of the ASEAN fell by $9.2 billion in 1997 and $218.2 billion (31.7%) in 1998. Economist <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a> is critical of Soros' effect on financial markets. <blockquote> "[N]obody who has read a business magazine in the last few years can be unaware that these days there really are investors who not only move money in anticipation of a currency crisis, but actually do their best to trigger that crisis for fun and profit. These new actors on the scene do not yet have a standard name; my proposed term is 'Soroi'."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </blockquote> <h3>Public predictions[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Public predictions">edit</a>]</h3> Soros' book, The New Paradigm for Financial Markets (May 2008), described a "superbubble" that had built up over the past 25 years and was ready to collapse. This was the third in a series of books he has written that have predicted disaster. As he states: <blockquote class="templatequote"> I have a record of crying wolf ... I did it first in The Alchemy of Finance (in 1987), then in The Crisis of Global Capitalism (in 1998) and now in this book. So it's three books predicting disaster. (After) the boy cried wolf three times ... the wolf really came.<a href="#cite_note-predict-42">[42]</a> </blockquote> He ascribes his own success to being able to recognize when his predictions are wrong. <blockquote class="templatequote"> I'm only rich because I know when I'm wrong ... I basically have survived by recognizing my mistakes. I very often used to get backaches due to the fact that I was wrong. Whenever you are wrong you have to fight or [take] flight. When [I] make the decision, the backache goes away.<a href="#cite_note-predict-42">[42]</a> </blockquote> In February 2009, Soros said the world financial system had effectively disintegrated, adding that there was no prospect of a near-term resolution to the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> "We witnessed the collapse of the financial system ... It was placed on life support, and it's still on life support. There's no sign that we are anywhere near a bottom." <h3>Insider trading conviction[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Insider trading conviction">edit</a>]</h3> In 1988, Soros was interested in purchasing shares in French companies. The <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist" title="Socialist" class="mw-redirect">Socialist</a> party had lost its majority of seats in the Assembly, and the new government under <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> had instituted an aggressive privatization program. Many people considered shares in the newly privatized companies undervalued. During this period, a French financier named Georges Pébereau contacted one of Soros' advisors in an effort to assemble a group of investors to purchase a large number of shares in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Société Générale">Société Générale</a>, a leading French bank that was part of the program. The advisor reported to Soros that Pébereau's plan was ambiguous and included an implausible <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeover" title="Takeover">takeover</a> plan, which later failed. On that advice, and without ever having met the financier, Soros decided against participating.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Soros did, however, move forward with his strategy of accumulating shares in four French companies: Société Générale, as well as Suez, Paribas and the Compagnie Générale d'Électricité. In 1989, the Commission des Opérations de Bourse (the French stock exchange regulatory authority) conducted an investigation of whether Soros' transaction in Société Générale should be considered insider trading. Soros had received no information from the Société Générale, and had no insider knowledge of the business, but he did possess knowledge that a group of investors was planning a takeover attempt. The COB concluded that the statutes, regulations and case law relating to <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">insider trading</a> did not clearly establish that a crime had occurred, and that no charges should be brought against Soros.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Several years later, a Paris-based prosecutor reopened the case against Soros and two other French businessmen, disregarding the COB's findings. This resulted in Soros' 2005 conviction for insider trading by the Court of Appeals (he was the only one of the three to receive a conviction). The French Supreme Court confirmed the conviction on June 14, 2006, but reduced the penalty to €940,000.<a href="#cite_note-IHT20060614-46">[46]</a> Punitive damages were not sought because of the delay in bringing the case to trial. Soros denied any wrongdoing, saying news of the takeover was public knowledge<a href="#cite_note-pbs-47">[47]</a> and it was documented that his intent to acquire shares of the company predated his own awareness of the takeover.<a href="#cite_note-IHT20060614-46">[46]</a> His insider trading conviction was upheld by the highest court in France on June 14, 2006.<a href="#cite_note-IHT20060614-46">[46]</a> In December 2006, he appealed to the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> on various grounds including that the 14-year delay in bringing the case to trial precluded a fair hearing.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> On the basis of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_7_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights">Article 7</a> of the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>, stating that no person may be punished for an act that was not a criminal offense at the time that it was committed, the Court agreed to hear the appeal.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In October 2011, the court rejected his appeal in a 4–3 decision, saying that Soros had been aware of the risk of breaking insider trading laws.<a href="#cite_note-insider-50">[50]</a> <h3>Sports[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</h3> In 2005, Soros was a minority partner in a group that tried to buy the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Nationals" title="Washington Nationals">Washington Nationals</a>, a <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League</a> baseball team. Some Republican lawmakers suggested that they might move to revoke <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Baseball_Club_v._National_League" title="Federal Baseball Club v. National League">baseball's antitrust exemption</a> if Soros bought the team.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 2008, Soros' name was associated with <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Roma" title="AS Roma" class="mw-redirect">AS Roma</a>, an Italian <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> team, but the club was not sold. Soros was also a financial backer of Washington Soccer L.P., the group that owned the operating rights to <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> club <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._United" title="D.C. United">D.C. United</a> when the league was founded in 1995, but the group lost these rights in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> On August 21, 2012, the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> reported SEC filings showing Soros acquired a roughly 1.9% stake in English football club <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United" title="Manchester United" class="mw-redirect">Manchester United</a> through the purchase of 3.1 million of the club's Class-A shares.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <h2>Philanthropy[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philanthropy">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_projects_supported_by_George_Soros" title="List of projects supported by George Soros">List of projects supported by George Soros</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Soros_Billington.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/George_Soros_Billington.jpg" width="200" height="194" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="194"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Soros_Billington.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> George Soros (left) and <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Billington" title="James H. Billington">James H. Billington</a> at the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> in Washington D.C. on January 22, 2001 to discuss the views expressed in Soros' new book, Open Society: Reforming Global Capitalism.</div> </div> </div> Soros has been active as a philanthropist since the 1970s, when he began providing funds to help <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_African" title="Black African" class="mw-redirect">black</a> students attend the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a> in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> South Africa,<a href="#cite_note-GSb-54">[54]</a> and began funding dissident movements behind the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_curtain" title="Iron curtain" class="mw-redirect">iron curtain</a>. Soros' philanthropic funding includes efforts to promote non-violent <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a> in the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>. These efforts, mostly in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and Eastern Europe, occur primarily through the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a> (originally Open Society Institute or OSI) and national <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soros_Foundation" title="Soros Foundation">Soros Foundations</a>, which sometimes go under other names (such as the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Batory_Foundation" title="Stefan Batory Foundation">Stefan Batory Foundation</a> in Poland). As of 2003, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> estimated that he had given away a total of $4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-pbs-47">[47]</a> The OSI says it has spent about $500 million annually in recent years. In 2003, former <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve" class="mw-redirect">Federal Reserve</a> Chairman <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Volcker" title="Paul Volcker">Paul Volcker</a> wrote in the foreword of Soros' book The Alchemy of Finance: <blockquote> George Soros has made his mark as an enormously successful speculator, wise enough to largely withdraw when still way ahead of the game. The bulk of his enormous winnings is now devoted to encouraging transitional and emerging nations to become "open societies", open not only in the sense of freedom of commerce but—more important—tolerant of new ideas and different modes of thinking and behavior.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </blockquote> Time magazine in 2007 cited two specific projects—$100 million toward Internet infrastructure for regional <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_learning_in_Russia" title="List of institutions of higher learning in Russia">Russian universities</a>, and $50 million for the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Promise" title="Millennium Promise">Millennium Promise</a> to eradicate extreme poverty in Africa—noting that Soros had given $742 million to projects in the U.S., and given away a total of more than $7 billion.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">not in citation given</a>][<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Other notable projects have included aid to scientists and universities throughout Central and Eastern Europe, help to civilians during the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">siege of Sarajevo</a>, and <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>. Soros also pledged an endowment of €420 million to the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a> (CEU). The <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> winner <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a> and his <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfinance" title="Microfinance">microfinance</a> bank <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> received support from the OSI.[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review_Online" title="National Review Online" class="mw-redirect">National Review Online</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> the Open Society Institute gave $20,000 in September 2002 to the Defense Committee of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne_Stewart" title="Lynne Stewart">Lynne Stewart</a>, the lawyer who has defended controversial, poor, and often unpopular defendants in court and was sentenced to 2⅓ years in prison for "providing material support for a terrorist conspiracy" via a press conference for a client. An OSI spokeswoman said "it appeared to us at that time that there was a right-to-counsel issue worthy of our support", but claimed later requests for support were declined.[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In September 2006 Soros pledged $50 million to the Millennium Promise, led by economist <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a> to provide educational, agricultural, and medical aid to help villages in Africa enduring poverty. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> termed this endeavor a "departure" for Soros whose philanthropic focus had been on fostering democracy and good government, but Soros noted that most poverty resulted from bad governance.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Soros received honorary doctoral degrees from the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_School_for_Social_Research" title="New School for Social Research" class="mw-redirect">New School for Social Research</a> (New York), the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in 1980, the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvinus_University_of_Budapest" title="Corvinus University of Budapest">Corvinus University of Budapest</a>, and <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> in 1991. He received the Yale International Center for Finance Award from the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_School_of_Management" title="Yale School of Management">Yale School of Management</a> in 2000 as well as the Laurea Honoris Causa, the highest honor of the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a> in 1995.[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Soros played a role in the peaceful transition from communism to capitalism in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (1984–89)<a href="#cite_note-murphy-9">[9]</a> and provided a substantial endowment to <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a> in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In the United States, Soros donated a large amount of money in an unsuccessful effort to defeat President <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s bid for re-election in 2004. In 2010, he donated $1 million in support of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_19_(2010)" title="California Proposition 19 (2010)">Proposition 19</a>, which would have legalized marijuana in the state of California. He was an initial donor to the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a>, and he continues to support the organization through the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a>. The Open Society Foundations has active programs in more than 60 countries around the world with total expenditures currently averaging approximately $600 million a year.<a href="#cite_note-forbes400-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <h3>Political donations and activism[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political donations and activism">edit</a>]</h3> <h4>United States[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</h4> On 11 November 2003, in an interview with <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, Soros said that removing President George W. Bush from office was the "central focus of my life" and "a matter of life and death". He said he would sacrifice his entire fortune to defeat Bush "if someone guaranteed it".<a href="#cite_note-deeppockets-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Soros gave $3 million to the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a>, $2.5 million to <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoveOn.org" title="MoveOn.org">MoveOn.org</a>, and $20 million<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> to <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Coming_Together" title="America Coming Together">America Coming Together</a>. These groups worked to support Democrats in the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_2004" title="U.S. presidential election, 2004" class="mw-redirect">2004 election</a>. On September 28, 2004, he dedicated more money to the campaign and kicked off his own multi-state tour with a speech: Why We Must Not Re-elect President Bush<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> delivered at the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Press_Club_(USA)" title="National Press Club (USA)" class="mw-redirect">National Press Club</a> in Washington, DC. The online transcript to this speech received many hits after <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> accidentally referred to <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactCheck" title="FactCheck" class="mw-redirect">FactCheck.org</a> as "factcheck.com" in the Vice Presidential debate, causing the owner of that domain to redirect all traffic to Soros' site.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> His 2003 Book The Bubble of American Supremacy was a forthright critique of the Bush Government's "War on Terror" as misconceived and counter-productive, and a polemic against the re-election of Bush. He explains the title in the closing chapter by pointing out the parallels in this political context with the self-reinforcing reflexive processes that generate bubbles in stock prices. When Soros was asked in 2006 about his statement in The Age of Fallibility that "the main obstacle to a stable and just world order is the United States", he responded that "it happens to coincide with the prevailing opinion in the world. And I think that's rather shocking for Americans to hear. The United States sets the agenda for the world. And the rest of the world has to respond to that agenda. By declaring a 'war on terror' after September 11, we set the wrong agenda for the world. ... when you wage war, you inevitably create innocent victims."<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Soros was not a large donor to US political causes until the 2004 presidential election, but according to the Center for Responsive Politics, during the 2003–2004 election cycle, Soros donated $23,581,000 to various <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/527_Group" title="527 Group" class="mw-redirect">527 groups</a> dedicated to defeating President Bush. A 527 group is a type of American tax-exempt organization named after a section of the United States tax code, 26 U.S.C. § 527. After Bush's re-election, Soros and other donors backed a new political fundraising group called <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Alliance" title="Democracy Alliance">Democracy Alliance</a>, which supports progressive causes and the formation of a stronger progressive infrastructure in America.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In August 2009, Soros donated $35 million to the state of New York to be ear-marked for under-privileged children and given to parents who had benefit cards at the rate of $200 per child aged 3 through 17, with no limit as to the number of children that qualified. An additional $140 million was put into the fund by the state of New York from money they had received from the 2009 federal recovery act.<a href="#cite_note-NPR090409-24">[24]</a> On October 26, 2010, Soros donated $1 million, the largest donation in the campaign, to the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a> to fund <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_19" title="Proposition 19" class="mw-redirect">Proposition 19</a>, that would have <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">legalized marijuana</a> in the state of California if it had passed in the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_state_elections,_November_2010" title="California state elections, November 2010" class="mw-redirect">November 2, 2010 elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In October 2011 a <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> story, "Soros: not a funder of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Wall Street protests"</a>, was published after several commentators pointed out errors in an earlier Reuters story headlined "Who's behind the Wall St. protests?" with a lede stating that the Occupy Wall Street movement "may have benefited indirectly from the largesse of one of the world's richest men [Soros]". Reuters' follow-up article also reported a Soros spokesperson and <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adbusters" title="Adbusters">Adbusters</a>' co-founder Kalle Lasn both saying that Adbusters – the purported catalyst for the first Occupy Wall Street protests – had never received any contributions from Soros, contrary to Reuters' earlier story which reported that "indirect financial links" existed between the two as late as 2010.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> On September 27, 2012, Soros announced that he was donating $1 million to the super PAC backing President Barack Obama's reelection<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priorities_USA_Action" title="Priorities USA Action">Priorities USA Action</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In October 2013, Soros donated $25,000 to <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready_for_Hillary" title="Ready for Hillary">Ready for Hillary</a>, becoming a co-chair of the super PAC's national finance committee.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <h4>Central and Eastern Europe[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Central and Eastern Europe">edit</a>]</h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anti-Soros_demonstrations_(Tbilisi_Sep_28,_2005).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Anti-Soros_demonstrations_%28Tbilisi_Sep_28%2C_2005%29.jpg/200px-Anti-Soros_demonstrations_%28Tbilisi_Sep_28%2C_2005%29.jpg" width="200" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Anti-Soros_demonstrations_%28Tbilisi_Sep_28%2C_2005%29.jpg/300px-Anti-Soros_demonstrations_%28Tbilisi_Sep_28%2C_2005%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Anti-Soros_demonstrations_%28Tbilisi_Sep_28%2C_2005%29.jpg/400px-Anti-Soros_demonstrations_%28Tbilisi_Sep_28%2C_2005%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anti-Soros_demonstrations_(Tbilisi_Sep_28,_2005).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Protesters in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> with flag of the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a> blocking the way from the Open Society Institute office, 2005</div> </div> </div> According to Waldemar A. Nielsen, an authority on American philanthropy,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> "[Soros] has undertaken ... nothing less than to open up the once-closed Communist societies of Eastern Europe to a free flow of ideas and scientific knowledge from the outside world".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> From 1979, as an advocate of '<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">open societies</a>', Soros financially supported dissidents including Poland's <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> movement, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Charter 77</a> in Czechoslovakia and <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a> in the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GSb-54">[54]</a> In 1984, he founded his first Open Society Institute in Hungary with a budget of $3 million.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Soros' funding has continued to play an important role in the former Soviet sphere. His funding of pro-democratic programs in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> was considered by Russian and Western observers to be crucial to the success of the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a>, although Soros has said that his role has been "greatly exaggerated".<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lomaia" title="Alexander Lomaia" class="mw-redirect">Alexander Lomaia</a>, Secretary of the Georgian Security Council and former Minister of Education and Science, is a former Executive Director of the Open Society Georgia Foundation (<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soros_Foundation" title="Soros Foundation">Soros Foundation</a>), overseeing a staff of 50 and a budget of $2,500,000.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Former Georgian Foreign Minister <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_Zourabichvili" title="Salomé Zourabichvili" class="mw-redirect">Salomé Zourabichvili</a> wrote that institutions like the Soros Foundation were the cradle of democratisation and that all the NGOs which gravitated around the Soros Foundation undeniably carried the revolution. She opines that after the revolution the Soros Foundation and the NGOs were integrated into power.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Some Soros-backed pro-democracy initiatives have been banned in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Ercis Kurtulus, head of the Social Transparency Movement Association (TSHD) in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, said in an interview that "Soros carried out his will in Ukraine and Georgia by using these NGOs ... Last year Russia passed a special law prohibiting NGOs from taking money from foreigners. I think this should be banned in Turkey as well."<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 1997, Soros closed his foundation in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> after it was fined $3 million by the government for "tax and currency violations". According to The New York Times, the Belarusian president <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a> has been widely criticized in the West and in Russia for his efforts to control the Belarus Soros Foundation and other independent NGOs and to suppress civil and human rights. Soros called the fines part of a campaign to "destroy independent society".<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In June 2009, Soros donated $100m to Central Europe and Eastern Europe to counter the impact of the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" title="Late-2000s recession" class="mw-redirect">economic crisis</a> on the poor, voluntary groups and non-government organisations.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <h4>Africa[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</h4> The <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Society_Initiative_for_Southern_Africa" title="Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa">Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa</a> is a Soros-affiliated organization.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Its director for <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> is <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godfrey_Kanyenze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Godfrey Kanyenze (page does not exist)">Godfrey Kanyenze</a>, who also directs the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions">Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions</a> (ZCTU), which was the main force behind the founding of the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(pre-2005)" title="Movement for Democratic Change (pre-2005)" class="mw-redirect">Movement for Democratic Change</a>, the principal indigenous organization promoting <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime change</a> in Zimbabwe.[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <h4>Support of separatist movements[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Support of separatist movements">edit</a>]</h4> In November 2005, Soros said: "My personal opinion is there's no alternative but to give <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">Kosovo independence</a>."<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Soros has helped fund the non-profit group called <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Diplomat" title="Independent Diplomat">Independent Diplomat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-diplomat-85">[85]</a> It represented <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, the Turkish Republic of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> (under military occupation by Turkey since 1974),<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> and the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-diplomat-85">[85]</a> <h4>Drug policy reform[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Drug policy reform">edit</a>]</h4> Soros has funded worldwide efforts to promote <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" title="Drug policy reform">drug policy reform</a>. In 2008, Soros donated $400,000 to help fund a successful ballot measure in Massachusetts known as the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Sensible_Marijuana_Policy_Initiative" title="Massachusetts Sensible Marijuana Policy Initiative">Massachusetts Sensible Marijuana Policy Initiative</a> which decriminalized possession of less than 1 oz (28g) of marijuana in the state. Soros has also funded similar measures in California, Alaska, Oregon, Washington, Colorado, Nevada and Maine.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Among the drug decriminalization groups that have received funding from Soros are the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindesmith_Center" title="Lindesmith Center">Lindesmith Center</a> and <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Drug Policy Foundation" class="mw-redirect">Drug Policy Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Soros donated $1.4 million to publicity efforts to support California's <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_5_(2008)" title="California Proposition 5 (2008)">Proposition 5</a> in 2008, a failed ballot measure that would have expanded <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">drug rehabilitation</a> programs as alternatives to prison for persons convicted of non-violent drug-related offenses.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In October 2010, Soros donated $1 million to support California's <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_19_(2010)" title="California Proposition 19 (2010)">Proposition 19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> According to remarks in an interview in October 2009, it is Soros' opinion that marijuana is less addictive but not appropriate for use by children and students. He himself has not used marijuana for years.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Soros has been a major financier of the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a> – an organization that promotes cannabis legalization – with roughly $4 million in annual contributions from one of his foundations.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <h4>Death and dying[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Death and dying">edit</a>]</h4> The Project on Death in America, active from 1994 to 2003,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> was one of the Open Society Institute's projects, which sought to "understand and transform the culture and experience of dying and bereavement".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 1994, Soros delivered a speech in which he reported that he had offered to help his mother, a member of the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlock_Society" title="Hemlock Society">Hemlock Society</a>, commit suicide.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In the same speech, he also endorsed the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Death_with_Dignity_Act" title="Oregon Death with Dignity Act" class="mw-redirect">Oregon Death with Dignity Act</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> proceeding to help fund its advertising campaign.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <h2>Philosophy[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Reflexivity, financial markets, and economic theory[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reflexivity, financial markets, and economic theory">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Soros,_2002.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/George_Soros%2C_2002.jpg/220px-George_Soros%2C_2002.jpg" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/George_Soros%2C_2002.jpg/330px-George_Soros%2C_2002.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/George_Soros%2C_2002.jpg/440px-George_Soros%2C_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="389"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Soros,_2002.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Soros in 2002</div> </div> </div> Soros' writings focus heavily on the concept of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory)">reflexivity</a>, where the biases of individuals enter into market transactions, potentially changing the fundamentals of the economy. Soros argues that different principles apply in markets depending on whether they are in a "near to equilibrium" or a "far from equilibrium" state. He argues that, when markets are rising or falling rapidly, they are typically marked by disequilibrium rather than equilibrium, and that the conventional economic theory of the market (the '<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_market_hypothesis" title="Efficient market hypothesis" class="mw-redirect">efficient market hypothesis</a>') does not apply in these situations. Soros has popularized the concepts of dynamic disequilibrium, static disequilibrium, and near-equilibrium conditions.<a href="#cite_note-A-28">[28]</a> He has stated that his own financial success has been attributable to the edge accorded by his understanding of the action of the reflexive effect. Reflexivity is based on three main ideas:<a href="#cite_note-A-28">[28]</a> <ol> <li>Reflexivity is best observed under special conditions where investor bias grows and spreads throughout the investment arena. Examples of factors that may give rise to this bias include (a) equity leveraging or (b) the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trend-following" title="Trend-following" class="mw-redirect">trend-following</a> habits of speculators.</li> <li>Reflexivity appears intermittently since it is most likely to be revealed under certain conditions; i.e., the character of the equilibrium process is best considered in terms of probabilities.</li> <li>Investors' observation of and participation in the capital markets may at times influence valuations and fundamental conditions or outcomes.</li> </ol> A recent example of reflexivity in modern financial markets is that of the debt and equity of housing markets.<a href="#cite_note-A-28">[28]</a> Lenders began to make more money available to more people in the 1990s to buy houses. More people bought houses with this larger amount of money, thus increasing the prices of these houses. Lenders looked at their balance sheets which not only showed that they had made more loans, but that their equity backing the loans – the value of the houses, had gone up (because more money was chasing the same amount of housing, relatively). Thus they lent out more money because their balance sheets looked good, and prices rose higher still. This was further amplified by public policy. In the US, home loans were guaranteed by the Federal government. Many national governments saw home ownership as a positive outcome and so introduced grants for first-time home buyers and other financial subsidies, such as the exemption of a primary residence from capital gains taxation. These further encouraged house purchases, leading to further price rises and further relaxation of lending standards. The concept of reflexivity attempts to explain why markets moving from one equilibrium state to another tend to overshoot or undershoot. Soros’ theories were originally dismissed by economists,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> but have received more attention after the 2008 crash including becoming the focus of an issue of the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Methodology" title="Journal of Economic Methodology">Journal of Economic Methodology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <h3>Reflexivity in Politics[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reflexivity in Politics">edit</a>]</h3> Although the primary manifestation of the reflexive process that Soros discusses is its effects in the financial markets, he has also explored its effects in politics. He has stated that whereas the greatest threats to the "<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Society" title="Open Society" class="mw-redirect">Open Society</a>" in the past were from Communism and Fascism (as discussed in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and its Enemies" class="mw-redirect">The Open Society and its Enemies</a> by his mentor <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>), the largest current threat is from market fundamentalism. He has suggested that the contemporary domination of world politics and world trade by the United States is a reflexive phenomenon, insofar as the success of military and financial coercion feeds back to encourage increasingly intense applications of the same policies to the point where they will eventually become unsustainable.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <h3>View of problems in the free market system[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: View of problems in the free market system">edit</a>]</h3> Despite working as an investor and currency trader, Soros argues that the current system of financial speculation undermines healthy economic development in many underdeveloped countries. He blames many of the world's problems on the failures inherent in what he characterizes as <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">market fundamentalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Niederhoffer" title="Victor Niederhoffer">Victor Niederhoffer</a> said of Soros: "Most of all, George believed even then in a <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>, one with a strong central international government to correct for the excesses of self-interest."[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Soros claims to draw a distinction between being a participant in the market and working to change the rules that market participants must follow. According to <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_bin_Mohamed" title="Mahathir bin Mohamed" class="mw-redirect">Mahathir bin Mohamed</a>, Prime Minister of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> from July 1981 to October 2003, Soros—as the hedge fund chief of Quantum—may have been partially responsible for the economic crash in 1997 of East Asian markets when the Thai currency relinquished its peg to the US dollar. According to Mahathir, in the three years leading to the crash, Soros invested in short-term speculative investment in East Asian stock markets and real estate, then divested with "indecent haste" at the first signs of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_devaluation" title="Currency devaluation" class="mw-redirect">currency devaluation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Soros replied, saying that Mahathir was using him "as a scapegoat for his own mistakes", that Mahathir's promises to ban currency trading (which Malaysian finance officials hastily retracted) were "a recipe for disaster" and that Mahathir "is a menace to his own country".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In an interview regarding the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" title="Late-2000s recession" class="mw-redirect">late-2000s recession</a>, Soros referred to it as the most serious crisis since the 1930s. According to Soros, market fundamentalism with its assumption that markets will correct themselves with no need for government intervention in financial affairs has been "some kind of an ideological excess". In Soros' view, the markets' moods—a "mood" of the markets being a prevailing bias or optimism/pessimism with which the markets look at reality—"actually can reinforce themselves so that there are these initially self-reinforcing but eventually unsustainable and self-defeating boom/bust sequences or bubbles".<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In reaction to the late-2000s recession, he founded the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_New_Economic_Thinking" title="Institute for New Economic Thinking">Institute for New Economic Thinking</a> in October 2009. This is a think tank composed of international economic, business and financial experts, mandated to investigate radical new approaches to organising the international economic and financial system. <h3>Views on antisemitism[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Views on antisemitism">edit</a>]</h3> At a Jewish forum in New York City, November 5, 2003, Soros partially attributed a recent resurgence of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> to the policies of Israel and the United States, and the role of wealthy and influential individuals: <blockquote> There is a resurgence of anti-Semitism in Europe. The policies of the Bush administration and the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Sharon</a> administration contribute to that. It's not specifically anti-Semitism, but it does manifest itself in anti-Semitism as well. I'm critical of those policies ... If we change that direction, then anti-Semitism also will diminish. I can't see how one could confront it directly ... I'm also very concerned about my own role because the new anti-Semitism holds that the Jews rule the world ... As an unintended consequence of my actions ... I also contribute to that image.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </blockquote> In a subsequent article for <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, Soros emphasized that <blockquote> I do not subscribe to the myths propagated by enemies of Israel and I am not blaming Jews for anti-Semitism. Anti-Semitism predates the birth of Israel. Neither Israel's policies nor the critics of those policies should be held responsible for anti-Semitism. At the same time, I do believe that attitudes toward Israel are influenced by Israel's policies, and attitudes toward the Jewish community are influenced by the pro-Israel lobby's success in suppressing divergent views.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </blockquote> <h3>Views on Europe[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Views on Europe">edit</a>]</h3> In October 2011, Soros drafted an open letter entitled "As concerned Europeans we urge Eurozone leaders to unite",<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> in which he calls for a stronger economic government for Europe using federal means (Common EU treasury, common fiscal supervision, etc.) and warns against the danger of nationalistic solutions to the economic crisis. The letter was co-signed by <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a>, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Cohn-Bendit" title="Daniel Cohn-Bendit">Daniel Cohn-Bendit</a>, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Duff" title="Andrew Duff">Andrew Duff</a>, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Bonino" title="Emma Bonino">Emma Bonino</a>, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_d%27Alema" title="Massimo d'Alema" class="mw-redirect">Massimo d'Alema</a>, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaira_Vike-Freiberga" title="Vaira Vike-Freiberga" class="mw-redirect">Vaira Vike-Freiberga</a>. <h3>Views on China[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Views on China">edit</a>]</h3> Soros has expressed concern about the growth of Chinese economic and political power. "China has risen very rapidly by looking out for its own interests ... They have now got to accept responsibility for world order and the interests of other people as well." Regarding the political gridlock in America, he said, "Today, China has not only a more vigorous economy, but actually a better functioning government than the United States".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <h3>Views on Russia and Ukraine[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Views on Russia and Ukraine">edit</a>]</h3> In May 2014, Soros told CNN's <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria" title="Fareed Zakaria">Fareed Zakaria</a>: "I set up a foundation in Ukraine before Ukraine became independent of Russia. And the foundation has been functioning ever since and played an important part in events now."<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In January 2015, Soros said that "Europe needs to wake up and recognize that it is under attack from Russia." He also urged Western countries to expand economic <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_2013%E2%80%9315_Ukrainian_crisis" title="International sanctions during the 2013–15 Ukrainian crisis" class="mw-redirect">sanctions against Russia</a> for its support of separatists in eastern Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In January 2015, Soros called on the EU to give $50 billion of bailout money to Ukraine to stabilize its economy and indirectly provide a stimulus to the European economy by encouraging exports and investments in Ukraine. Soros hoped that Russia's troubles and Ukraine's progress would make Russia's President, Vladmir Putin, rethink unstabilizing Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <h2>Wealth[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Wealth">edit</a>]</h2> As of July 22, 2014 <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> listed Soros, at 83, as the 27th richest person in the world, the world's richest hedge-fund manager, and number 7 on its list of the 400 wealthiest Americans, with a net worth estimated at $23 billion.<a href="#cite_note-daily-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-ForbesGS2011-113">[113]</a> <h2>Relation to Hungarian politics[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Relation to Hungarian politics">edit</a>]</h2> In the 1980s <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a>, a future Chairman of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a> (1994–2000, 2000–) and Hungarian Prime Minister (1998–2002, 2010–), along with <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_K%C3%B6v%C3%A9r" title="László Kövér">László Kövér</a>, a future Chairman of Fidesz (2000), Secret Service Minister (1998–2002) and Speaker of the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Hungary" title="National Assembly of Hungary" class="mw-redirect">National Assembly of Hungary</a> (2010–), were Soros scholarship recipients. Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Stumpf" title="István Stumpf">István Stumpf</a>—now a member of the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Hungary" title="Constitutional Court of Hungary">Constitutional Court</a>—was a member of Soros Foundation's Board of Trustees between 1994 and 2002. <h2>Personal life[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</h2> In 1936, Soros' family changed their name from Schwartz to Soros, in response to growing <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-semitism" title="Anti-semitism" class="mw-redirect">anti-semitism</a> with the rise of fascism. Tivadar liked the new name because it is a <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindrome" title="Palindrome">palindrome</a> and because of its meaning. Although the specific meaning is left unstated in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_T._Kaufman" title="Michael T. Kaufman">Kaufman's</a> biography, in Hungarian, soros means "next in line", or "designated successor"; and, in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, it means "will soar".<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Soros has been married three times and divorced twice: In 1960, Soros married Annaliese Witschak. Annaliese was an ethnic <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_people" title="German people" class="mw-redirect">German</a> immigrant from <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> who had been orphaned during the war. Although she was not Jewish, she was well liked by Soros' parents as she had also experienced the deprivations and dislocation brought about by <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> They divorced in 1983. They had three children: <ul> <li>Robert Daniel Soros (born 1963): The founder of the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a> in Budapest, as well as a network of foundations in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. In 1992, he married Melissa Robin Schiff at the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_Emanu-El_of_New_York" title="Congregation Emanu-El of New York">Temple Emanu-El</a> in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. The Rabbi Dr. David Posner officiated the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li>Andrea Soros Colombel (born 1965): The founder and president of Trace Foundation, established in 1993 to promote the cultural continuity and sustainable development of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a> communities within <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. She is also a founding partner and member of the board of directors of the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acumen_Fund" title="Acumen Fund" class="mw-redirect">Acumen Fund</a>, a global venture fund that employs an entrepreneurial approach in addressing the problems of global poverty<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> She is married to Eric Colombel.</li> <li>Jonathan Tivadar Soros (born 1970): A Senior Fellow at the Roosevelt Institute, a think tank based in New York City. In 2012, he co-founded <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friends_of_Democracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friends of Democracy (page does not exist)">Friends of Democracy</a>, a SuperPAC dedicated to reducing the influence of money in politics. He is a graduate magna cum laude of Harvard Law School and the John F. Kennedy School of Government. He received his B.A. from Wesleyan University.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In 1997, he married Jennifer Ann Allan at the Siasconset Union Chapel in <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a>, Massachusetts. The Rev. Edward B. Anderson, a <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian</a> minister, officiated the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li> </ul> In 1983, George Soros married <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Weber_Soros" title="Susan Weber Soros">Susan Weber</a>, twenty five years his junior. They divorced in 2005. They have two children: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Soros" title="Alexander Soros">Alexander Soros</a> (born 1985): Alexander is also gaining prominence for his donations to social and political causes, focusing his philanthropic efforts on "progressive causes that might not have widespread support".<a href="#cite_note-West-120">[120]</a> Alexander serves on the boards of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Funds_for_Justice" title="Jewish Funds for Justice">Jewish Funds for Justice</a> and <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a>, and led the list of student political donors in the 2010 election cycle.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li> <li>Gregory James Soros (born 1988), artist</li> </ul> In 2008, Soros met his current wife, Tamiko Bolton, forty-two years his junior;<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> he married her on September 21, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Bolton is the daughter of a <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese-American" title="Japanese-American" class="mw-redirect">Japanese-American</a> nurse and a retired naval commander. She was raised in California, earned an MBA from the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a>, and runs an Internet-based dietary supplement and vitamin-sales company.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Soros's elder brother <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Soros" title="Paul Soros">Paul Soros</a>, a private investor and philanthropist, died on June 15, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Also an engineer, Paul headed Soros Associates and established the Paul and Daisy Soros Fellowships for Young Americans.<a href="#cite_note-PDSoros-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bumiller-127">[127]</a> He was married to <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Soros" title="Daisy Soros">Daisy Soros</a> (née Schlenger), who, like her husband, was a <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Jewish" title="Hungarian Jewish" class="mw-redirect">Hungarian Jewish</a> immigrant,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> and with whom he had two sons, Peter and Jeffrey.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Peter Soros was married to the former <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Fraser_(writer)" title="Flora Fraser (writer)">Flora Fraser</a>, a daughter of <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Lady Antonia Fraser</a> and the late <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Fraser_(politician)" title="Hugh Fraser (politician)">Sir Hugh Fraser</a> and a stepdaughter of the late 2005 <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Laureate</a> <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a>. Fraser and Soros separated in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-SorosFraser-130">[130]</a> Soros is an <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist" title="Atheist" class="mw-redirect">atheist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <h2>Bibliography[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Books authored or co-authored[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Books authored or co-authored">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>The Tragedy of the European Union: Disintegration or Revival? (PublicAffairs, 2014). <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610394215" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-61039-421-5</a>.</li> <li>Financial Turmoil in Europe and the United States: Essays (PublicAffairs, 2012). <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610391610" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-61039-161-0</a>.</li> <li>The Soros Lectures at the Central European University (PublicAffairs, 2010) <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586488857" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-58648-885-7</a>.</li> <li>The New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What it Means (PublicAffairs, 2008). <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586486839" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-58648-683-9</a>.</li> <li>The Age of Fallibility: Consequences of the War on Terror (PublicAffairs, 2006) <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586483593" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-58648-359-3</a>.</li> <li>The Bubble of American Supremacy: Correcting the Misuse of American Power (PublicAffairs, 2003) <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586482176" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-58648-217-6</a> (paperback; PublicAffairs, 2004; <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586482923" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-58648-292-3</a>)</li> <li>George Soros on Globalization (PublicAffairs, 2002) <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586481254" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-58648-125-4</a> (paperback; PublicAffairs, 2005; <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586482787" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-58648-278-7</a>)</li> <li>Open Society: Reforming Global Capitalism (PublicAffairs, 2001) <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586480196" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-58648-019-6</a>.</li> <li>With Mark Amadeus Notturno, Science and the Open Society: The Future of Karl Popper's Philosophy (Central European University Press, 2000) <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789639116696" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-963-9116-69-6</a> (paperback: Central European University Press, 2000; <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789639116702" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-963-9116-70-2</a>)</li> <li>The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered (PublicAffairs, 1998) <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781891620270" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-891620-27-0</a>.</li> <li>Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve (John Wiley, 1995) <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471120148" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-471-12014-8</a> (paperback; Wiley, 1995; <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471119777" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-471-11977-7</a>)</li> <li>Underwriting Democracy: Encouraging Free Enterprise and Democratic Reform Among the Soviets and in Eastern Europe (Free Press, 1991) <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780029302859" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-02-930285-9</a> (paperback; PublicAffairs, 2004; <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586482275" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-58648-227-5</a>)</li> <li>Opening the Soviet System (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990) <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297820550" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-297-82055-0</a> (paperback: Perseus Books, 1996; <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813312057" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8133-1205-7</a>)</li> <li>The Alchemy of Finance (Simon & Schuster, 1988) <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671662387" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-671-66238-7</a> (paperback: Wiley, 2003; <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471445494" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-471-44549-4</a>)</li> </ul> <h3>Journalism[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Journalism">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>George Soros, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303467004575574450703567656.html#articleTabs%3Darticle">"Why I support legal marijuana"</a>, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, October 26, 2010.</li> <li>George Soros, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/aug/19/crisis-euro/">"The Crisis and the Euro"</a>, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, August 19, 2010.</li> <li>George Soros, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/20030">"On Israel, America and AIPAC"</a>, The New York Review of Books, April 12, 2007.</li> <li>George Soros, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2003/12/soros.htm">The Bubble of American Supremacy</a>", <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, December 2003.</li> <li>George Soros, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://assistivemedia.org/politics_and_public_issues/the_bubble_of_american_suprema.html">The Bubble of American Supremacy</a>, audio recording of The Atlantic article via <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistive_Media" title="Assistive Media">Assistive Media</a>, read by Grover Gardner, 18 minutes.</li> <li>George Soros, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://lists.essential.org/pipermail/stop-imf/2002q3/000687.html">"Soros on Brazil"</a>, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>, August 13, 2002.</li> <li>George Soros, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/4135.html">"Bitter Thoughts with Faith in Russia"</a>, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovskiye_Novosti" title="Moskovskiye Novosti">Moskovskiye Novosti</a> (<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_News" title="Moscow News" class="mw-redirect">Moscow News</a>), translated from the Russian by Olga Kryazheva, February 27, 2000.</li> <li>George Soros, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/soros.htm">"The Capitalist Threat"</a>, The Atlantic Monthly, February 1997.</li> <li>George Soros, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/https://web.archive.org/web/20080926204125/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9973c5b0-8a6d-11dd-a76a-0000779fd18c,dwp_uuid=11f94e6e-7e94-11dd-b1af-000077b07658.html">"Paulson Cannot be Allowed a Blank Cheque"</a> at the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived September 26, 2008), Financial Times, September 24, 2008</li> </ul> <h2>See also[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories" title="George Soros conspiracy theories">George Soros conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Bessent" title="Scott Bessent">Scott Bessent</a>, chief investment officer of Soros Fund Management</li> </ul> <h2>References[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-forbes400-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forbes400_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forbes400_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.forbes.com/profile/george-soros">"Forbes 400 Richest Americans: George Soros"</a>. Forbes. September 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=Forbes+400+Richest+Americans%3A+George+Soros&rft.date=September+2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Fgeorge-soros&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-No._1-2"><a href="#cite_ref-No._1_2-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/2014-02-28/cya">"Bloomberg Billionaires Index $40 billion"</a>. BloombergBillionairesIndex. 2014-03-03.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.btitle=Bloomberg+Billionaires+Index+%2440+billion&rft.date=2014-03-03&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fbillionaires%2F2014-02-28%2Fcya&rft.pub=BloombergBillionairesIndex&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.georgesoros.com/faqs/entry/georgesorosviewsonreligion/">http://www.georgesoros.com/faqs/entry/georgesorosviewsonreligion/</a></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zzQk8IwSJE">Authors@Google: George Soros</a> on <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Naturalized USA citizen on 18.12.1961 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.nndb.com/people/293/000023224/">http://www.nndb.com/people/293/000023224/</a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1998-06-04/business/9806030321_1_latin-trade-bravo-business-awards-latin-american">"Latin America Efforts Honored"</a>. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida_Sun-Sentinel" title="South Florida Sun-Sentinel" class="mw-redirect">South Florida Sun-Sentinel</a> (Fort Lauderdale). June 4, 1998. Retrieved October 18, 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=Latin+America+Efforts+Honored&rft.date=June+4%2C+1998&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.sun-sentinel.com%2F1998-06-04%2Fbusiness%2F9806030321_1_latin-trade-bravo-business-awards-latin-american&rft.jtitle=South+Florida+Sun-Sentinel&rft.place=Fort+Lauderdale&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Rolnik, Guy (February 4, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.haaretz.com/news/business-magnate-george-soros-i-m-afraid-to-come-to-israel-1.53852">"Business magnate George Soros: I'm afraid to come to Israel"</a>. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a> (Tel Aviv). Retrieved October 18, 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=Business+magnate+George+Soros%3A+I%27m+afraid+to+come+to+Israel&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft.aulast=Rolnik&rft.au=Rolnik%2C+Guy&rft.date=February+4%2C+2002&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-magnate-george-soros-i-m-afraid-to-come-to-israel-1.53852&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.place=Tel+Aviv&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.open2.net/openfinance/black_wednesday.html">Open University</a></li> <li id="cite_note-murphy-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-murphy_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-murphy_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-murphy_9-2">c</a> Murphy, Brendan (July 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1993/07/finance-the-unifying-theme/5148/">"Finance: The Unifying Theme"</a>. The Atlantic (Washington, D.C.). <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1072-7825">1072-7825</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=Finance%3A+The+Unifying+Theme&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Brendan&rft.date=July+1993&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1993%2F07%2Ffinance-the-unifying-theme%2F5148%2F&rft.issn=1072-7825&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.georgesoros.com/faqs/archive/category/finance/">George Soros FAQ</a>. GeorgeSoros.com</li> <li id="cite_note-daily-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daily_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-daily_11-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires">"Bloomberg Billionaires"</a>. Today’s ranking of the world’s richest people. Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 6 February 2015.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=Bloomberg+Billionaires&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fbillionaires&rft.jtitle=Today%E2%80%99s+ranking+of+the+world%E2%80%99s+richest+people&rft.pub=Bloomberg.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  Note that this site is updated daily.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Shawcross, William (September 1, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986919-1,00.html">"Turning Dollars into Change"</a>. Time.</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Martin Gershowitz (October 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.jewishvoiceny.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5415:george-soros-gets-hitched-for-third-time&catid=108:jewcy-news&Itemid=291">"George Soros Gets Hitched for Third Time"</a>. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Voice" title="Jewish Voice">Jewish Voice</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.aulast=Martin+Gershowitz&rft.au=Martin+Gershowitz&rft.btitle=George+Soros+Gets+Hitched+for+Third+Time&rft.date=October+4%2C+2013&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvoiceny.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D5415%3Ageorge-soros-gets-hitched-for-third-time%26catid%3D108%3Ajewcy-news%26Itemid%3D291&rft.pub=Jewish+Voice&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-79165556.html">"Hungary: Soros Donates $250 Million to University in Budapest"</a>. IPR Strategic Business Information Database. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info_Prod_Research" title="Info Prod Research">Info Prod Research</a>. October 16, 2001.</li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.uni-muenster.de/PeaCon/global-texte/r-m/soros-TheNewYorker.htm">The New Yorker: THE MONEY MAN by JANE MAYER: Can George Soros’s millions insure the defeat of President Bush?</a> October 18, 2004.</li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufman-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman_16-0">^</a> Kaufman, Michael T. (2002). Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire. Alfred A. Knopf.[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-NewP-17"><a href="#cite_ref-NewP_17-0">^</a> Soros, George (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://books.google.com/?id=F_aBKX4AnLUC&q=Tivadar#search_anchor">The New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What It Means</a>. PublicAffairs. p. 13. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-683-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-683-9">978-1-58648-683-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.aufirst=George&rft.aulast=Soros&rft.au=Soros%2C+George&rft.btitle=The+New+Paradigm+for+Financial+Markets%3A+The+Credit+Crisis+of+2008+and+What+It+Means&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DF_aBKX4AnLUC%26q%3DTivadar%23search_anchor&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-683-9&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Cowan, Alison Leigh (December 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/16/how-do-you-say-billionaire-in-esperanto/">"How Do You Say 'Billionaire' in Esperanto?"</a>. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved October 27, 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=How+Do+You+Say+%27Billionaire%27+in+Esperanto%3F&rft.au=Cowan%2C+Alison+Leigh&rft.aufirst=Alison+Leigh&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.date=December+16%2C+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcityroom.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F12%2F16%2Fhow-do-you-say-billionaire-in-esperanto%2F&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Slater, Robert (1995). Soros: The Unauthorized Biography. McGraw-Hill, p. 30.</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005458">"Holocaust Encyclopedia"</a>. Ushmm.org. Retrieved October 16, 2009.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Farticle.php%3Flang%3Den%26ModuleId%3D10005458&rft.pub=Ushmm.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Lewis, Michael (January 10, 1994), "The Speculator: What on earth is multibillionaire George Soros doing throwing wads of money around in Eastern Europe?", The New Republic. See also Kaufman, Michael T., Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire, Alfred A. Knopf: 2002, pp. 32–33.</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Kaufman, Michael T., Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire, p. 37.</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.georgesoros.com/faqs/entry/georgesorosofficialbiography/">Official Biography</a>, retrieved March 2, 2011.</li> <li id="cite_note-NPR090409-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR090409_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR090409_24-1">b</a> All Things Considered (August 11, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=111786652">"Soros Uses Leverage To Aid New York Children"</a>. NPR. Retrieved October 16, 2009.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.au=All+Things+Considered&rft.aulast=All+Things+Considered&rft.btitle=Soros+Uses+Leverage+To+Aid+New+York+Children&rft.date=August+11%2C+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D111786652&rft.pub=NPR&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.lawac.org/speech-archive/pdf/2006/Soros_612.pdf">Consequences of the War on Terror</a> September 20, 2006, Los Angeles World Affairs Council. Retrieved December 7, 2011.</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.lse.ac.uk/supportingLSE/NorthAmericanAdvisoryBoard.aspx">http://www.lse.ac.uk/supportingLSE/NorthAmericanAdvisoryBoard.aspx</a></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Kaufman, Michael T., Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire, Chapter 8</li> <li id="cite_note-A-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_28-5">f</a> Soros, George (2008). The New Paradigm for Financial Markets. New York: Public Affairs. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-683-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-683-9">978-1-58648-683-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.aulast=Soros%2C+George&rft.au=Soros%2C+George&rft.btitle=The+New+Paradigm+for+Financial+Markets&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-683-9&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-georgesoros.com-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-georgesoros.com_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-georgesoros.com_29-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.georgesoros.com/faqs/archive/category/finance/">"George Soros"</a>. George Soros. Retrieved November 25, 2011.</li> <li id="cite_note-GuruFocus.com-30"><a href="#cite_ref-GuruFocus.com_30-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.gurufocus.com/news.php?id=109858">Soros Buys 20% of BNK Petroleum</a>. Gurufocus.com (October 19, 2010). Retrieved November 25, 2011.</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Anderson, Jenny (April 16, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/16/business/16wall.html?ex=1366084800&en=1eee7351824a31ce&ei=5124">"Wall Street Winners Get Billion-Dollar Paydays"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=Wall+Street+Winners+Get+Billion-Dollar+Paydays&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Jenny&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.date=April+16%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F16%2Fbusiness%2F16wall.html%3Fex%3D1366084800%26en%3D1eee7351824a31ce%26ei%3D5124&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian711-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian711_32-0">^</a> Dominic, Rushe (July 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/jul/26/george-soros-to-close-hedge-fund">"George Soros to close hedge fund management group to outside investors"</a>. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> (London). Retrieved July 27, 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=George+Soros+to+close+hedge+fund+management+group+to+outside+investors&rft.au=Dominic%2C+Rushe&rft.aufirst=Rushe&rft.aulast=Dominic&rft.date=July+26%2C+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2F2011%2Fjul%2F26%2Fgeorge-soros-to-close-hedge-fund&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amazon1-33"><a href="#cite_ref-amazon1_33-0">^</a> Sebastian Mallaby (2010-06-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.amazon.com/More-Money-Than-God-Making/dp/1594202559/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1275665470&sr=1-1">More Money Than God: Hedge Funds and the Making of a New Elite</a>. Penguin Press HC. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594202551" title="Special:BookSources/9781594202551">9781594202551</a>. Retrieved 2014-05-16.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.aulast=Sebastian+Mallaby&rft.au=Sebastian+Mallaby&rft.btitle=More+Money+Than+God%3A+Hedge+Funds+and+the+Making+of+a+New+Elite&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FMore-Money-Than-God-Making%2Fdp%2F1594202559%2Fref%3Dsr_1_1%3Fie%3DUTF8%26s%3Dbooks%26qid%3D1275665470%26sr%3D1-1&rft.isbn=9781594202551&rft.pub=Penguin+Press+HC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Mallaby, Sebastian, More Money Than God, Penguin, 2010, p. 167. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594202551" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-59420-255-1</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Litterick, David (September 13, 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2773265/Billionaire-who-broke-the-Bank-of-England.html">"Billionaire who Broke the Bank of England"</a>, The Telegraph.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Steven Drobny, "Inside the House of Money", John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve (John Wiley, 1995), <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471120148" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-471-12014-8</a></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/telegraph-view/3597972/Mahathirs-dark-side.html">"Mahathir's dark side"</a>. The Daily Telegraph (London). October 24, 2003.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=Mahathir%27s+dark+side&rft.date=October+24%2C+2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fcomment%2Ftelegraph-view%2F3597972%2FMahathirs-dark-side.html&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/https://web.archive.org/web/20070111172941/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200612/s1812946.htm">"Malaysian ex-premier Mahathir and billionaire Soros end feud"</a>. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>. Agence France-Presse. December 15, 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Soros, George (1999). 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Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press.</li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Maggie Farley: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://articles.latimes.com/p/1997/sep/22/business/fi-34969">Malaysian Leader, Soros Trade Barbs</a>, Los Angeles Times, September 22, 1997.</li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Bill Moyers Journal, "George Soros on the financial crisis", published October 10, 2008, at http://odeo.com, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/10102008/transcript1.html">full transcript</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://odeo.com/episodes/23475214-George-Soros-on-the-financial-crisis">podcast</a></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Kampeas, Ron (October 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.jta.org/page_view_story.asp?intarticleid=13428">"jta.org"</a>. jta.org. Retrieved October 16, 2009.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.au=Kampeas%2C+Ron&rft.aulast=Kampeas&rft.btitle=jta.org&rft.date=October+12%2C+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2Fpage_view_story.asp%3Fintarticleid%3D13428&rft.pub=jta.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Soros, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/20030">"On Israel, America and AIPAC"</a>. New York Review of Books. April 12, 2007.</li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/7d85abd2-f353-11e0-b11b-00144feab49a.html#axzz1aYVAViDt">http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/7d85abd2-f353-11e0-b11b-00144feab49a.html#axzz1aYVAViDt</a> Retrieved on 9 January 2012.</li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/11/16/soros_china_has_better_functioning_government_than_us">Soros: China has better functioning government than U.S.</a></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1405/25/fzgps.01.html">Interview with George Soros</a>". <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 25 May 2014,</li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2015/feb/05/new-policy-rescue-ukraine/?insrc=hpss">A New Policy to Rescue Ukraine</a>". <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. 5 February 2014.</li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://business.financialpost.com/2015/01/08/george-soros-warns-europe-under-russian-attack-urges-ukraine-bailout/">George Soros warns Europe under Russian ‘attack,’ urges Ukraine bailout</a>". <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Post" title="Financial Post">Financial Post</a>. 8 January 2015.</li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.forbes.com/profile/george-soros/">George Soros</a>, Forbes.com</li> <li id="cite_note-ForbesGS2011-113"><a href="#cite_ref-ForbesGS2011_113-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.forbes.com/profile/george-soros/">"The Forbes 400 George Soros"</a>. Forbes. July 22, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=The+Forbes+400%26nbsp%3BGeorge+Soros&rft.date=July+22%2C+2014&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Fgeorge-soros%2F&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Kaufman, Michael T. (2002). Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 24.</li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Kaufman, Michael T., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://books.google.com/books?id=UUncnapj_hIC&pg=PT134&lpg=PT134&dq=annaliese+witschak+soros&source=bl&ots=IAtWpeM-uR&sig=T2sRm_tS4MsmZWliRynj2gh1ag8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OWPBT9qyOYfB6AGsqLCfCg&ved=0CFYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=annaliese&f=false">Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire.</a></li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/24/style/weddings-melissa-schiff-robert-d-soros.html">New York Times: "WEDDINGS; Melissa Schiff, Robert D. Soros"</a> May 24, 1992.</li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.acumenfund.org/about-us/board-of-directors.html">Acumen Fund Board of Directors biographies: Andrea Soros Colombel</a> retrieved May 26, 2012.</li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/people/fellows/jonathan-soros">"Jonathan Soros, Roosevelt Institute"</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.btitle=Jonathan+Soros%2C+Roosevelt+Institute&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rooseveltinstitute.org%2Fpeople%2Ffellows%2Fjonathan-soros&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/17/style/jonathan-soros-and-jennifer-allan.html">New York Times: "Jonathan Soros and Jennifer Allan"</a>, August 17, 1997.</li> <li id="cite_note-West-120"><a href="#cite_ref-West_120-0">^</a> West, Melanie Grayce (September 16, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904060604576573191027617806.html?KEYWORDS=MELANIE+GRAYCE+WEST">"Younger Soros Tries to Learn From Father's Giving"</a>. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. Retrieved September 16, 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=Younger+Soros+Tries+to+Learn+From+Father%27s+Giving&rft.aufirst=Melanie+Grayce&rft.aulast=West&rft.au=West%2C+Melanie+Grayce&rft.date=September+16%2C+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424053111904060604576573191027617806.html%3FKEYWORDS%3DMELANIE%2BGRAYCE%2BWEST&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Hepler, Lauren (October 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2010/10/college-life-conjures-visions-of.html">"Led By George Soros' Son, Student Contributions Buoy Democrats in 2010 Midterms"</a>. OpenSecretsBlog. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Responsive_Politics" title="Center for Responsive Politics">Center for Responsive Politics</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/investing/9471568/George-Sortos-82-engaged-to-yoga-website-boss-Tamiko-Bolton-40.html">George Soros, 82, engaged to yoga website boss Tamiko Bolton, 40.</a></li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://pagesix.com/2013/09/22/george-soros-ties-the-knot/">"George Soros ties the knot"</a>. NY Post. Retrieved 22 September 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.btitle=George+Soros+ties+the+knot&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpagesix.com%2F2013%2F09%2F22%2Fgeorge-soros-ties-the-knot%2F&rft.pub=NY+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://pagesix.com/2012/08/12/soros-to-marry-again-at-82/">New York Post: "Soros to marry again at 82"</a> August 12, 2012</li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Hershey, Jr., Robert D. (June 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/16/business/paul-soros-shipping-innovator-dies-at-87.html?hp">"Paul Soros, Shipping Innovator, Dies at 87"</a>. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved June 15, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=Paul+Soros%2C+Shipping+Innovator%2C+Dies+at+87&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft.au=Hershey%2C+Jr.%2C+Robert+D.&rft.aulast=Hershey%2C+Jr.&rft.date=June+15%2C+2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F16%2Fbusiness%2Fpaul-soros-shipping-innovator-dies-at-87.html%3Fhp&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDSoros-126"><a href="#cite_ref-PDSoros_126-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.pdsoros.org/overview/">"Fellowship Background & History"</a>. Paul and Dora Soros Fellowships for Young Americans. Retrieved March 22, 2009.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.btitle=Fellowship+Background+%26+History&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdsoros.org%2Foverview%2F&rft.pub=Paul+and+Dora+Soros+Fellowships+for+Young+Americans&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bumiller-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Bumiller_127-0">^</a> Bumiller, Elisabeth (June 17, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/17/nyregion/public-lives-an-overshadowed-altruist-sees-the-light.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">"Public Lives: An Overshadowed Altruist Sees the Light"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2009.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=Public+Lives%3A+An+Overshadowed+Altruist+Sees+the+Light&rft.au=Bumiller%2C+Elisabeth&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft.aulast=Bumiller&rft.date=June+17%2C+1998&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F06%2F17%2Fnyregion%2Fpublic-lives-an-overshadowed-altruist-sees-the-light.html%3Fsec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://burgenland.orf.at/tv/stories/2509288/">Burgenland: "Daisy Soros: Rückkehr nach 76 Jahren"</a>, retrieved May 26, 2012.</li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://archive.poly.edu/alumni/_docs/Giants-soros.pdf">"Visionary Engineer Master Pom Builder Philanthropist: Paul Soros"</a> retrieved May 26, 2012.</li> <li id="cite_note-SorosFraser-130"><a href="#cite_ref-SorosFraser_130-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/02/style/peter-soros-and-flora-fraser.html">"Peter Soros and Flora Fraser"</a>. The New York Times. February 2, 1997. Retrieved March 22, 2009.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=Peter+Soros+and+Flora+Fraser&rft.date=February+2%2C+1997&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F02%2F02%2Fstyle%2Fpeter-soros-and-flora-fraser.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.georgesoros.com/faqs/entry/georgesorosviewsonreligion/">"George Soros"</a>. GeorgeSoros.com. Retrieved July 8, 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.btitle=George+Soros&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgesoros.com%2Ffaqs%2Fentry%2Fgeorgesorosviewsonreligion%2F&rft.pub=GeorgeSoros.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol> </div> <h2>Further reading[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Biographies[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Biographies">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire by Michael T. Kaufman (Alfred A. Knopf, 2002) <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375405853" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-375-40585-3</a></li> <li>Soros: The World's Most Influential Investor by Robert Slater (McGraw-Hill Professional, 2009) <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071608442" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-07-160844-2</a></li> </ul> <h3>Journalism[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Journalism">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>John Authors, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/https://web.archive.org/web/20080602062326/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/304f1e6e-253b-11dd-a14a-000077b07658.html">"A successful prophet of the markets"</a> at the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived June 2, 2008), <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>, May 19, 2008.</li> <li>Laura Blumenfeld, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/https://web.archive.org/web/20051127200608/http://www.msnbc.com/news/991865.asp?vts=111120030842&cp1=1">"Billionaire Soros Takes On Bush"</a> at the <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived November 27, 2005), <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, November 11, 2003</li> <li>Connie Bruck, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1995/01/23/1995_01_23_054_TNY_CARDS_000368926">Abstract of New Yorker profile of Soros "The World According to Soros"</a>, The New Yorker, January 23, 1995.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Gladwell" title="Malcolm Gladwell">Malcolm Gladwell</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.gladwell.com/2002/2002_04_29_a_blowingup.htm">gladwell.com "Blowing Up"</a>, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, April 22 & 29, 2002.</li> <li>Matt Welch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://reason.com/archives/2003/12/08/open-season-on-open-society">Open Season on 'Open Society': Why an anti-communist "Holocaust survivor is being demonized as a Socialist, Self-hating Jew"</a>. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>, December 8, 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986206-7,00.html">"Time's 25 Most Influential Americans"</a>, Time Magazine, April 21, 1997. Retrieved May 21, 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100powergivers/article/0,28804,1616375_1615711_1615683,00.html">"The Time 100: The Power Givers: George Soros"</a>, Time Magazine, May 14, 2007, Retrieved May 21, 2007.</li> </ul> <h3>Scholarly perspectives[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Scholarly perspectives">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>Bryant, C.G.A. (2002). "George Soros's theory of reflexivity: a comparison with the theories of Giddens and Beck and a consideration of its practical value". Economy and Society 31 (1): 112–131. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F03085140120109277">10.1080/03085140120109277</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=George+Soros%27s+theory+of+reflexivity%3A+a+comparison+with+the+theories+of+Giddens+and+Beck+and+a+consideration+of+its+practical+value&rft.au=Bryant%2C+C.G.A.&rft.aufirst=C.G.A.&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03085140120109277&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Economy+and+Society&rft.pages=112-131&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=31" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code> requires <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li>Cross, R.; Strachan, D. (1997). "On George Soros and economic analysis". Kyklos 50 (4): 561–574. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-6435.00030">10.1111/1467-6435.00030</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=On+George+Soros+and+economic+analysis&rft.au=Cross%2C+R.&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.au=Strachan%2C+D.&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-6435.00030&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Kyklos&rft.pages=561-574&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=50" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Kwong, C.P. (2008). "Mathematical analysis of Soros's theory of reflexivity". <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://arxiv.org/abs/0901.4447">0901.4447</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://arxiv.org/archive/q-fin.GN">q-fin.GN</a>].</li> <li>Nielsen, Waldemar A. (1996). Inside American Philanthropy: The Dramas of Donorship. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 77–82. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2802-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2802-3">978-0-8061-2802-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.aufirst=Waldemar+A.&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Waldemar+A.&rft.btitle=Inside+American+Philanthropy%3A+The+Dramas+of+Donorship&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2802-3&rft.pages=77-82&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Pettis, Michael (2001). The Volatility Machine: Emerging Economies and the Threat of Financial Collapse. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514330-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514330-0">978-0-19-514330-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Pettis&rft.au=Pettis%2C+Michael&rft.btitle=The+Volatility+Machine%3A+Emerging+Economies+and+the+Threat+of+Financial+Collapse&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514330-0&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Stone, Diane (2007). "Market Principles, Philanthropic Ideals and Public Service Values: The Public Policy Program at the Central European University". PS: Political Science and Politics: 545–551.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=Market+Principles%2C+Philanthropic+Ideals+and+Public+Service+Values%3A+The+Public+Policy+Program+at+the+Central+European+University&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.au=Stone%2C+Diane&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PS%3A+Political+Science+and+Politics&rft.pages=545-551&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code> requires <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li>Diane Stone, Transnational Philanthropy or Policy Transfer? The Transnational Norms of the Open Society Institute, Policy and Politics, 38(2), 2010: 269–87.</li> </ul> <h3>Speeches[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Speeches">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9809/msg00082.html">Testimony of George Soros to a congressional sub-committee, Sept. 15, 1998</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://mertsahinoglu.com/research/the-theory-of-reflexivity-by-george-soros/">The Theory of Reflexivity Delivered April 26, 1994 to the MIT Department of Economics World Economy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/ragh/ccs/events2007.htm">"The Differences Between Natural and Social Science: Implications of Fallibility" at IISc Bangalore</a>, January 5, 2007</li> <li>George Soros introduced by Lajos Bokros (November 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.ceubusiness.org/index.php?page=news&l=1&newsid=25&from=0">George Soros Lecture on the Global Financial Crisis On November 11, 1 hour 16 minutes</a>. Budapest, Hungary: <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEU_Business_School" title="CEU Business School">CEU Business School</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.btitle=George+Soros+Lecture+on+the+Global+Financial+Crisis+On+November%26nbsp%3B11%2C+1+hour+16+minutes&rft.date=November+11%2C+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceubusiness.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dnews%26l%3D1%26newsid%3D25%26from%3D0&rft.place=Budapest%2C+Hungary&rft.pub=CEU+Business+School&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Testimony before the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee Oversight Hearing on FTC Advanced Rulemaking and Oil Market Manipulation: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/21792">"The Perilous Price of Oil"</a>. The New York Review of Books. September 25, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2009.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Soros&rft.atitle=The+Perilous+Price+of+Oil&rft.date=September+25%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F21792&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> </ul> <h3>Interviews[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Interviews">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0810/12/fzgps.01.html">Fareed Zakaria discussing economic crisis with George Soros on GPS</a>, aired October 12, 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.wnyc.org/shows/lopate/episodes/2006/06/12/segments/61077">The Leonard Lopate Show (WNYC) – Audio Archive: "George Soros on Freedom"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/crash/interviews/soros.html">"Frontline: The Crash: Interviews: George Soros"</a>, 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.pbs.org/wsw/tvprogram/sorosinterview.html">Wall $treet Week with Fortune</a>. PBS, September 20, 2002</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1093/is_2_42/ai_54259871">Challenge: The international financial crisis – International ...</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript_soros.html">NOW with Bill Moyers. Transcript. David Brancaccio interviews ...</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/180744-1/George+Soros.aspx">Booknotes interview with Soros on The Bubble of American Supremacy: Correcting the Misuse of American Power, February 29, 2004.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.rocketboom.com/soros">Rocketboom: The Age of Fallibility (Video, 2006)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zzQk8IwSJE">Google Video: Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google interviews George Soros (Video, 2006)</a> on <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://imyo.com/component/content/article/10-interview-george-soros.html">Interview with George Soros, September 5, 2000</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXcUSzN6cBs">World Economic Forum: Francine Lacqua interviews George Soros (Video, 2013)</a> on <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> </ul> <h2>External links[<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Soros&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</h2> <ul> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/> Quotations related to <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/George_Soros" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/George Soros">George Soros</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> Media related to <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:George_Soros" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:George Soros">George Soros</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://georgesoros.com/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.soros.org/">Open Society Foundations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://ineteconomics.org/">Institute for New Economic Thinking</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.project-syndicate.org/contributor/27">Column archives</a> at <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Syndicate" title="Project Syndicate">Project Syndicate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.nybooks.com/authors/157">Column archives</a> at <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.c-span.org/person/?georgesoros">Appearances</a> on <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.theguardian.com/business/george-soros">George Soros</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/s/george_soros/index.html">George Soros</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n86-11219">Works by or about George Soros</a> in libraries (<a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> catalog)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://www.forbes.com/profile/george-soros/">Forbes.com: George Soros</a></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1348524">XX1348524</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table id="persondata" class="persondata noprint" style="border:1px solid #aaa; display:none; speak:none;"> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Persondata" title="Wikipedia:Persondata">Persondata</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Name</td> <td>Soros, George</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Alternative names</td> <td>Schwartz, György</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Short description</td> <td><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculator" title="Speculator" class="mw-redirect">speculator</a>, investor, philanthropist, <a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activist" title="Political activist" class="mw-redirect">political activist</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of birth</td> <td>August 12, 1930</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of birth</td> <td><a href="/web/20150322082956/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of death</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of death</td> <td></td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Soros" title="Corc Soros – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Джордж Сорас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Джордж Сорас – беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Джордж Сорос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%89%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6_%CE%A3%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τζωρτζ Σόρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جرج سوروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B8" title="જયોર્જ સોરોસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EC%86%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="조지 소로스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="जॉर्ज सोरोस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ג'ורג' סורוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್‌ ಸೊರೊಸ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ სოროსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Джордж Сорос – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEs_Soross" title="Džordžs Soross – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soros_Gy%C3%B6rgy" title="Soros György – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Жорж Сорос – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျော့ချ် ဆိုးရော့စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9" title="ジョージ・ソロス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Сорос, Джордж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Џорџ Сорос – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜார்ஜ் சொரெஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="జార్జ్ సోరోస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA" title="จอร์จ โซรอส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Ҷорҷ Сорос – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Джордж Сорос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1" title="דזשארדזש סאראס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150322082956/http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="乔治·索罗斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li 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