Decisions - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada

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role="navigation" id="wb-bc" property="breadcrumb"> <h2>You are here:</h2> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <ol class="breadcrumb"><li><a href="/en/pages/index.aspx">Home</a></li> <li>Decisions</li> </ol> </div> </div> </nav> <nav id="userInfo" ></nav> </header> <div id="main-wrapper"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <main id="ctl00_main" role="main" property="mainContentOfPage" class="container"> <h1 id="wb-cont" property="name"> Decisions </h1> <section> <div>  <script type="text/javascript" src="/_layouts/15/IRB.WET4/theme-gcwu-fegc/js/wet-boew.min.js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_layouts/15/IRB.WET4/theme-gcwu-fegc/js/tooltip.js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_layouts/15/IRB.WET4/theme-gcwu-fegc/js/popover.js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_layouts/15/IRB.WET4/GC-SharePoint/JS/sticky-sidebar.js"></script>  <div id="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_ctl01_ctl00_label" style='display:none'>Page Content</div><div id="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_ctl01_ctl00__ControlWrapper_RichHtmlField" class="ms-rtestate-field" style="display:inline" aria-labelledby="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_ctl01_ctl00_label"><div class="col-md-4 pull-right"><div class="well"><p>A selection of <abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">IRB</abbr> decisions is available on the <a href="http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/" rel="external">Canadian Legal Information Institute's</a> (CanLI<abbr></abbr><abbr>I</abbr>) website.</p></div></div><p>The Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (<abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">IRB</abbr>) is Canada's largest independent administrative tribunal. Every year, the Board renders about 70,000 decisions on refugee protection and immigration matters.</p><h2>About Board decisions</h2><p>Under the <a href="https://can01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http://www.laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/I-2.5/index.html&data=05%7c01%7cAtlas%40irb-cisr.gc.ca%7c1570b493324f4f92c6ba08dbbdcaff23%7ca65e50e1a948479b8fedf4e96b62098d%7c0%7c0%7c638312451787351858%7cUnknown%7cTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7c3000%7c%7c%7c&sdata=3nMkKf47ctvzG%2BGpsB3WBm/FhvwGU7zsVEJqV3Qigv0%3D&reserved=0">Immigration and Refugee Protection Act</a>, proceedings before the Immigration Division (unless they involve a refugee claimant) and the Immigration Appeal Division are generally held in public. A case may be heard in private when there is a serious possibility that the life, liberty and security of a person will be endangered if the proceeding is held in public, or for reasons of fairness or public security, as set out in section 166 of the Act. Proceedings before the Refugee Protection Division and the Refugee Appeal Division are generally conducted in the absence of the public (i.e., in private). </p><p>When a case is heard in private but made public (e.g., in the case of persuasive decisions or other decisions published on CanLII), all the information that could identify the person who is the subject of the proceedings is redacted.</p><div class="wb-tabs"><div class="tabpanels"> <details id="rpd-tab"> <summary>Refugee claims</summary><section> <h2 id="decisions">Persuasive decisions</h2> <p>Persuasive decisions are decisions that have been identified by a division head (the Deputy Chairperson of the Refugee Protection Division, the Refugee Appeal Division, the Immigration Division or the Immigration Appeal Division) as being of persuasive value in developing the jurisprudence of a particular division. These decisions are well written, provide clear, complete and concise reasons with respect to the particular element that is considered to have persuasive value, and consider all of the relevant issues in a case. Accordingly, members are encouraged to rely upon persuasive decisions in the interests of consistency and effective decision-making. This consistency also helps parties and counsel prepare for proceedings before the <abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">IRB</abbr>, and may encourage early resolution without a hearing, where appropriate.            </p> <p>The use of persuasive decisions enables the <abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">IRB</abbr> to move toward a consistent application of the law in a transparent manner. Their designation promotes efficiency in the hearing and reasons writing process by making use of quality work done by colleagues.            </p> <p>Decision makers are not required to explain their decision not to apply a persuasive decision.            </p> <section> <section> <p> <b>VA9-02166 </b><span class="label label-default">December 2010</span> | <a href="/en/decisions/pages/VA902166rev.aspx">Revoked</a> <span class="label label-default">November 2014</span><br> In this <a href="/en/decisions/pages/VA902166.aspx">decision</a>, the claimant asserts that he has been and will be persecuted by the Sri Lankan army, government officials and paramilitary agents associated with the Sri Lankan government if he returns to Sri Lanka because he is a member of a particular social group of 'young male Tamils from northern Sri Lanka'. He also claimed a nexus to the Convention grounds of perceived political opinion and nationality. | <a href="/en/decisions/pages/VA902167IdeDes.aspx">Notice of Identification</a>           </p> <p> <b>TA6-07453 </b> <span class="label label-default">May 2008</span> | <a href="/en/decisions/pages/TA607453rev.aspx">Revoked</a> <span class="label label-default">November 2014</span><br> This <a href="/en/decisions/pages/TA607453.aspx">decision</a> has persuasive value in regard to claimants from Mexico seeking protection due to their fear that the Mexican state is unable to protect them from criminality by common criminals because of corruption within the police. The reasons cite the documentary evidence which relates to state protection and conclude with a finding that for such claimants, adequate state protection is available. | <a href="/en/decisions/pages/TA607453IdeDes.aspx">Notice of Identification</a>           </p> </section> </section> </section> </details><details id="rad-tab"><summary>Refugee appeals</summary><section><span id="rad" class="wb-inv"></span> <h2>On this page</h2> <ul><li> <a href="#s1">Jurisprudential guides</a></li><li> <a href="#s2">Persuasive decisions</a></li><li> <a href="#s3">Reasons of interest</a></li></ul> <h2 id="s1">Jurisprudential guides</h2> <p>Jurisprudential guides are decisions that the Chairperson of the <abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">IRB</abbr> has selected as good examples for other decision-makers. Jurisprudential guides promote consistency and fairness in decision-making.</p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/policy-note-tc1-05038.aspx">TC1-05038</a> – El Salvador <span class="label label-default">July 2022</span> </p> <p> The decision gives guidance on properly assessing claims for protection by people who say they have experienced gang-targeting or other criminal acts. It also sets out a framework for considering the ‘generalized risk' exception to protection under paragraph 97(1)(b) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA). <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii95825/2021canlii95825.html">Decision TC1-05038</a></p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/note-mb8-00025.aspx">MB8-00025</a> – Haiti <span class="label label-default">November 2020</span> </p> <p> MB8-00025 confirms that the preferred interpretation of the Refugee Convention is that allegations of risk in a country of residence are to be taken into consideration in the analysis of whether a refugee claimant is excluded from refugee protection under Article 1E (paragraphs 22-71). <a href="/en/decisions/Pages/mb8-00025.aspx">Decision MB8-00025</a></p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/NoteTB7-01837.aspx">TB7-01837</a> – Pakistan <span class="label label-default">May 2017</span> </p> <p> This Jurisprudential Guide looks at whether the treatment experienced by Ahmadis in Pakistan amounts to persecution, whether state protection is available and whether there is a viable internal flight alternative. <a href="/en/decisions/Pages/TB7-01837.aspx">Decision TB7-01837</a></p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/NoteTB4-05778.aspx">TB4-05778</a> – Korea, Democratic People's Republic of (North Korea) <span class="label label-default">June 2016</span> </p> <p> The issue in this decision that forms the basis of the Jurisprudential Guide is whether a claimant/appellant who is a citizen of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) is deemed to be a citizen of the Republic of Korea (South Korea). <a href="/en/decisions/Pages/TB4-05778.aspx">Decision TB4-05778</a></p> <h3 id="s1p2">Revoked jurisprudential guides</h3> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/revocation-tb6-11632.aspx">TB6-11632</a> – China <span class="label label-default">June 2019</span> </p> <p> This decision provided an analysis of Chinese exit control procedures and the ability for those being sought by the authorities to exit China via an airport using a genuine passport. <a href="/en/decisions/Pages/TB6-11632.aspx">Decision TB6-11632</a></p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/revocation-guide-india.aspx">MB6-01059/60</a> – India <span class="label label-default">November 2018</span> </p> <p> The availability of an internal flight alternative in India for claimants from Punjab. <a href="/en/decisions/Pages/MB6-01059-60.aspx">Decision MB6-01059/60</a></p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="/en/legal-policy/policies/pages/NoteTB7-19851.aspx">TB7-19851</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">July 2018</span> </p> <p> This Jurisprudential Guide addresses internal flight alternatives in major cities in south and central Nigeria for claimants fleeing non-state actors. <a href="/en/decisions/Pages/TB7-19851.aspx">Decision TB7-19851</a></p> <h2 id="s2">Persuasive decisions</h2> <p>Persuasive decisions have been identified by a division head (the Deputy Chairperson of the Refugee Protection Division, the Refugee Appeal Division, the Immigration Division or the Immigration Appeal Division) as being of persuasive value in developing the jurisprudence of a particular division. These decisions are well written, provide clear, complete and concise reasons with respect to the particular element that is considered to have persuasive value, and consider all of the relevant issues in a case. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2022/2022canlii115596/2022canlii115596.html">TC0-09011</a> – Cuba <span class="label label-default">August 2023</span> | <a href="/en/decisions/Pages/persuasive-decision-rad-tc0-09011.aspx">Notice of Identification</a> <span class="label label-default">August 2023</span> </p> <p> This persuasive decision encourages <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> members to engage with admissible new evidence about Article 1E of the Refugee Convention - this analysis is not precluded by the Federal Court of Appeal's decision in Majebi where the new evidence demonstrates that the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr>'s decision is wrong. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2018/2018canlii101516/2018canlii101516.html?resultIndex=1">TB7-16268</a> – Georgia <span class="label label-default">March 2018</span> | <a href="/en/decisions/Pages/persuasive-decision-boc.aspx">Notice of Identification</a> <span class="label label-default">February 2019</span> </p> <p> This persuasive decision outlines the steps that can be taken in an analysis of similar Basis of Claim narratives in a transparent and fair manner.</p> <h2 id="s3">Reasons of interest</h2> <p> <b>Reasons of interest </b>are select refugee appeal decisions that the <abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">IRB</abbr> deems noteworthy because they:  </p> <ul><li>model a practical or expedient approach to an issue </li><li>demonstrate a novel or evolutional approach to an issue </li><li>thoroughly assess a complex issue </li><li>model excellence in reasons writing<b> </b></li><li>respond to a timely or emerging issue<b> </b></li></ul> <h3>In this section</h3> <ul><li> <a href="#s3p4">Chairperson's Guidelines</a></li><ul><li> <a href="#s3p4-1">Guideline 3: Proceedings Involving Minors at the Immigration and Refugee Board</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p4-2">Guideline 4: Gender Considerations in Proceedings Before the Immigration and Refugee Board</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p4-3">Guideline 9: Proceedings before the IRB involving Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics (SOGIESC)</a></li></ul><li> <a href="#s3p16">Compelling reasons (subsection 108(4) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act)</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p7">Credibility</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p12">Cumulative discrimination</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p15">Exclusion</a></li><ul><li> <a href="#s3p15-1">Article 1E</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p15-2">Article 1F(a)</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p15-3">Article 1F(b)</a></li></ul><li> <a href="#s3p17">Family unity</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p6">Identity</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p14">Internal flight alternative</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p13">Intersectionality</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p18">Minister appeals</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p2">Natural justice / procedural fairness</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p10">Nexus</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p1">Point-first and plain language writing</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p3">Refugee Appeal Division specific issues</a></li><ul><li> <a href="#s3p3-1">New evidence</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p3-2">New issues on appeal</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p3-3">Oral hearings</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p3-4">Applications to re-open an appeal</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p3-5">Refugee Appeal Division directions to the Refugee Protection Division</a></li></ul><li> <a href="#s3p11">Religious belief</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p9">Section 97 claims</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p5">Statelessness</a></li><li> <a href="#s3p8">Weighing evidence</a></li></ul> <section id="sec1"> <h3 id="s3p4">Chairperson's Guidelines </h3> <h4 id="s3p4-1">Guideline 3: Proceedings Involving Minors at the Immigration and Refugee Board </h4> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2022/2022canlii144585/2022canlii144585.html?resultIndex=1&resultId=0eb4d7f4d90547a896be3de489fb0b14&searchId=2024-07-04T10:27:47:561/240db2c545134ea9856092adfbfdca95">TC2-22658</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">July 2024</span> </p> <p>This decision applies concepts from Guideline 3 in assessing whether a 12-year-old girl is a Convention refugee. Paragraphs 28 to 33, 36, and 42 apply concepts from section 9.1 (persecution), section 9.3 (internal flight alternative), and section 9.4 (state protection).<br></p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2022/2022canlii139051/2022canlii139051.html?autocompleteStr=vc2-05525&autocompletePos=1">VC2-05525</a> – Thailand <span class="label label-default">October 2023</span> </p> <p> A decision that considers whether a child, who was 13 years old at the time of <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> decision, holds a political opinion that would put her at risk of persecution. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2022/2022canlii138569/2022canlii138569.html?resultIndex=1">TC1-12335</a> – China <span class="label label-default">August 2023</span> </p> <p> This decision provides an assessment of cumulative discrimination amounting to persecution in the context of a <abbr title="Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics">SOGIESC</abbr> claim that involved allegations of trafficking, where the<abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> considered the Appellant's mental health and G3 considerations for the minor child. </p> <h4 id="s3p4-2">Guideline 4: Gender Considerations in Proceedings Before the Immigration and Refugee Board </h4> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2022/2022canlii136989/2022canlii136989.html?autocompleteStr=mc2-09861&autocompletePos=1">MC2-09861</a> – Haiti <span class="label label-default">June 2023</span> </p> <p> A decision that considers the rise of the political and security crisis in Haiti and the impact on violence against women. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> makes a distinction between gang violence, which was more localized before, and the current situation, which is believed to have increased the risk of Gender Based Violence throughout the capital and affects women from all social strata. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2022/2022canlii133654/2022canlii133654.html?resultIndex=1">VC2-02458</a> – Philippines <span class="label label-default">May 2023</span> </p> <p> This decision confirms an <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> negative decision while considering the Gender Guideline; specifically addressing an allegation that trauma affected testimony and avoiding applying myths and stereotypes related to gender-based violence. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2022/2022canlii133470/2022canlii133470.html?resultIndex=1">TC2-09366</a> – Mexico <span class="label label-default">May 2023</span> </p> <p> A decision concerning a male claimant who is a victim of gender-based violence; the analysis avoids applying myths and stereotypes related to gender-based violence.</p> <p></p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii134984/2019canlii134984.pdf">TB9-20832</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">August 2020</span></p> <p> Sets out a proper approach to claims involving gender-based violence, in accordance with the <abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">IRB</abbr>'s Gender Guidelines. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> pointed to various ways in which the approach of the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> did not comply with the Guidelines, particularly in the manner in which it questioned the Appellant. The <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> Member's approach resulted in a breach of procedural fairness; the insensitive questioning re-traumatized the appellant and prevented her from presenting her case. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2018/2018canlii147831/2018canlii147831.pdf">TB8-00811</a> – Somalia <span class="label label-default">August 2020</span> </p> <p> This decision thoroughly assesses identity and credibility findings in the case of an appellant with low literacy skills from Somalia. It applies Guideline 4 – Women Refugee Claimants Fearing Gender-Related Persecution relating to sensitivity in questioning victims or witnesses of gender-based violence. <br></p> <h4 id="s3p4-3">Guideline 9: Proceedings before the IRB involving Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics (SOGIESC)  </h4> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2023/2023canlii141862/2023canlii141862.html?autocompleteStr=tc3-07618&autocompletePos=1&resultId=334ed12546be4dd69b1f571483838329&searchId=2024-07-04T09:31:46:361/8600527d29e049caabe453f8d834e027">TC3-07618</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">July 2024</span> </p> <p> This decision succinctly overturns the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr>’s credibility findings and finds the Appellant is a Convention refugee based on their sexual orientation.<br></p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2022/2022canlii138569/2022canlii138569.html?resultIndex=1">TC1-12335</a> – China <span class="label label-default">August 2023</span> </p> <p> This decision provides an assessment of cumulative discrimination amounting to persecution in the context of a <abbr title="Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics">SOGIESC</abbr> claim that involved allegations of trafficking, where the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> considered the Appellant's mental health and G3 considerations for the minor child. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2022/2022canlii133471/2022canlii133471.html?autocompleteStr=tc1-11620&autocompletePos=1">TC1-11620</a> – Tanzania <span class="label label-default">May 2023</span> </p> <p> A decision that provides a framework for applying the <abbr title="Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics">SOGIESC</abbr> Guideline. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii68622/2021canlii68622.html?resultIndex=1">MB9-29401</a> – Algeria <span class="label label-default">January 2022</span> </p> <p> Provides an example of a trauma-informed approach to decision-making. In this case involving a victim of same-sex sexual violence in Algeria, the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> found that the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> did not appropriately apply Guideline 9 – Proceedings Before the <abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">IRB</abbr> Involving Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity and Expression and erred in asking inappropriate questions, relying on stereotypes, and failing to consider the cultural context of the appellant's situation. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> substituted a positive decision. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii150832/2021canlii150832.html" target="_blank">TC1-04541</a> – Saint-Lucia <span class="label label-default">November 2021</span> </p> <p> Provides an example of the application of the updated Chairperson's Guideline 9 – Proceedings Before the <abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">IRB</abbr> Involving Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics (SOGIESC).</p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii68621/2021canlii68621.pdf">MB9-27753</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">November 2021</span> </p> <p> Demonstrates the application of the Chairperson's Guideline 9: Proceedings Before the <abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">IRB</abbr> Involving Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity and Expression (SOGIE Guideline). The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> found that the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> failed to properly apply the guideline by relying on stereotypes and incorrect assumptions. It is a Nigeria appeal in which the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> substituted a positive decision, finding the appellant established her sexual orientation. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2020/2020canlii113216/2020canlii113216.pdf">MB9-26284</a> – Cameroon <span class="label label-default">March 2021</span> </p> <p> Provides an example of applying Guideline 9 – Proceedings Before the <abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">IRB</abbr> Involving Sexual Orientation and Gender identity and Expression to address a common error of equating sexual acts or attractions with identifying as homosexual. It is a Cameroon appeal in which the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> substituted a positive decision.</p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii132642/2019canlii132642.pdf">TB8-18620 </a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">August 2020</span> </p> <p> Dismisses an appeal on credibility grounds. The underlying basis of the claim related to the Appellant's asserted bisexual identity. The decision sets out the determinative issues clearly at the outset and upholds <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> findings that went unchallenged on appeal. The decision also addresses a sur place element of the claim arising from evidence from LGBTQ organizations, which the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> found was insufficient to overcome the serious credibility concerns. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii132263/2019canlii132263.pdf">MB8-00387</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">June 2020</span></p> <p> In this decision, the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> highlighted the principle that refugee claimants cannot be expected to hide their sexual orientation in order to avoid persecution or other mistreatment. Citing Nwabueze 2019 FC 1577, the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> found that an internal flight alternative (IFA) is not viable if an individual can only safely relocate by hiding their sexual orientation.</p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2018/2018canlii39422/2018canlii39422.html?resultIndex=1">TB7-12847</a> – Jamaica <span class="label label-default">September 2018</span></p> <p> This decision examines credibility findings through the lens of the Chairperson's Guideline 9: Proceedings Before the <abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">IRB</abbr> Involving Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity and Expression. </p> </section> <section id="sec2"> <h3 id="s3p16">Compelling Reasons (subsection 108(4) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act) </h3> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii29274/2021canlii29274.pdf">TB8-24552</a> – Honduras <span class="label label-default">May 2021</span> </p> <p> Provides a clear framework for the application of the compelling reasons exception under s.108(4) of the <abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Protection Act">IRPA</abbr> where there has been a change in circumstances since the Appellant left their country of origin.</p> </section> <section id="sec3"> <h3 id="s3p7">Credibility</h3> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2023/2023canlii141862/2023canlii141862.html?autocompleteStr=tc3-07618&autocompletePos=1&resultId=334ed12546be4dd69b1f571483838329&searchId=2024-07-04T09:31:46:361/8600527d29e049caabe453f8d834e027">TC3-07618</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">July 2024</span> </p> <p> This decision succinctly overturns the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr>’s credibility findings and finds the Appellant is a Convention refugee based on their sexual orientation.<br></p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii135165/2019canlii135165.html?resultIndex=1">TB8-11669</a> – Slovakia <span class="label label-default">September 2022</span> </p> <p> This decision addresses the relevance of information submitted by the Minister on appeal indicating that the Appellant had been charged with criminal offences in Canada. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> found that this evidence had no bearing on the assessment of the credibility of the Appellant's claim and did not support a finding that the Appellant had hidden criminal activity outside Canada.</p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2020/2020canlii68128/2020canlii68128.pdf">TB9-23577</a> – India <span class="label label-default">November 2021</span> </p> <p> Provides a framework for assessing contradictions between port of entry interview notes and other evidence. The appellants provided contradictory reasons for why they left India during their initial interview at the port of entry, and it was only later at their second interview and in their Basis of Claim forms that they stated that they left India because they feared persecution or harm. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> confirmed the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr>'s decision that this undermined the Appellant's credibility. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii150828/2021canlii150828.html">MC0-08998</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">March 2021</span> </p> <p> An example of a decision that takes an intersectional approach (gender, family status and mental health) confirming a credibility-based <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> decision.</p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii132642/2019canlii132642.pdf">TB8-18620</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">August 2020</span> </p> <p> Dismisses an appeal on credibility grounds. The underlying basis of the claim related to the Appellant's asserted bisexual identity. The decision sets out the determinative issues clearly at the outset and upholds <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> findings that went unchallenged on appeal. The decision also addresses a sur place element of the claim arising from evidence from LGBTQ organizations, which the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> found was insufficient to overcome the serious credibility concerns. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii76820/2019canlii76820.html?resultIndex=1">TB8-05173</a> – Venezuela <span class="label label-default">September 2019</span></p> <p> This decision examines the issue of negative credibility inferences drawn from implausibility findings. It highlights that plausibility findings should be made "only in the clearest of cases.” In this appeal, the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> has substituted a positive determination for the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr>'s rejection of a claim for refugee protection. </p> </section> <section id="sec4"> <h3 id="s3p12">Cumulative discrimination </h3> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2022/2022canlii138571/2022canlii138571.html?resultIndex=1">TC1-06361</a> – Guatemala <span class="label label-default">August 2023</span> </p> <p> This decision examines the cumulative discrimination experienced by the appellant, an Indigenous Guatemalan of Mayan ethnicity and member of the Kaqchkel tribe, that amounted to persecution.</p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii140064/2021canlii140064.pdf">VC1-00029</a> – Chile <span class="label label-default">April 2022</span> </p> <p> An example of an analysis of cumulative discrimination with an intersectional approach. This case involves a combination of race, gender, and age and cumulative discrimination towards indigenous people in Chile. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii81694/2021canlii81694.html?resultIndex=1">MC0-05967</a> – Algeria <span class="label label-default">January 2022</span> </p> <p> Provides an example of an analysis of cumulative discrimination with an intersectional approach. In this case, involving a combination of political, religious, and ethnic grounds for a Christian man of Kabyle origin in Algeria, the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> substituted a positive decision, finding that the cumulative effect of multiple types of discrimination amounted to persecution.</p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2020/2020canlii24189/2020canlii24189.pdf">TB9-24114</a> – Hungary <span class="label label-default">June 2020</span> </p> <p> This decision examines the issue of cumulative discrimination amounting to persecution, in relation to Hungarian Roma refugee claimants. It includes an analysis of Federal Court jurisprudence and country conditions related to Roma in Hungary.</p> </section> <section id="sec5"> <h3 id="s3p15">Exclusion<br></h3> <h4 id="s3p15-2"> Article 1F(a) </h4> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii150831/2021canlii150831.html">VC0-02981</a> – Iran <span class="label label-default">September 2021</span> </p> <p> This decision provides a thorough analysis of exclusion under Article 1F(a) of the Refugee Convention, taking into consideration the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in Ezokola, 2013 SCC 40. In the decision, the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> finds that the appellant was not complicit in crimes against humanity. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2018/2018canlii139838/2018canlii139838.html">MB7-00072</a> – Lebanon <span class="label label-default">April 2020</span> </p> <p> This decision provides a thorough analysis of exclusion under Article 1F(a) of the Refugee Convention, taking into consideration the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in Ezokola, 2013 SCC 40. It is an appeal involving allegations of complicity with ISIS in Lebanon.<br></p> <h4 id="s3p15-3">Article 1F(b) </h4> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2020/2020canlii121045/2020canlii121045.pdf">VB9-06499</a> – Iran <span class="label label-default">November 2021</span> </p> <p> Provides an analysis of Article 1F(b) exclusion and the defense of danger of imminent harm under section 285 of the Criminal Code. It is a case in which the Minister argued that the Principal Respondent should be excluded from refugee protection pursuant to Article 1F(b) due to child abduction. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> outlines the factors applicable to the defence of danger of imminent harm and concludes that the defence is met, and the Principal Respondent is not excluded. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii126400/2019canlii126400.html">VB9-02860</a> – El Salvador <span class="label label-default">April 2020</span> </p> <p> This decision provides a thorough analysis of exclusion under Article 1F(b) of the Refugee Convention. It is an appeal involving allegations of identity fraud committed in the United States by appellants from El Salvador. In the decision, the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> found that the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr>'s consideration of the sentencing range applicable to the offences in question was inconsistent with the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in Febles, 2014 SCC 68.</p> </section> <section id="sec6"> <h3 id="s3p17">Family unity</h3> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii134803/2019canlii134803.pdf">MB8-19526</a> – Türkiye <span class="label label-default">August 2020</span> </p> <p> Clearly and concisely addresses an appeal of a US-born minor appellant and the concept of family unity, as it relates to refugee determination. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2017/2017canlii142905/2017canlii142905.html?resultIndex=2">MB6-06938</a> – United States-Haiti <span class="label label-default">June 2018</span></p> <p> This decision considers the question of family unity and the best interests of the child in a case involving an American-born child of Haitian parents. </p> </section> <section id="sec7"> <h3 id="s3p6">Identity</h3> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii114369/2019canlii114369.pdf">TB7-23779</a> – Somalia <span class="label label-default">October 2020</span> </p> <p> Provides a clearly written assessment of the issue of identity in Somalia. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> undertook its own analysis and agreed with the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> on inconsistencies around the appellant's US refugee claim, his date of birth and an identity witness's affidavit, finding that there was insufficient evidence to establish the appellant's personal and national identity.</p></section><section id="sec8"> <h3 id="s3p14">Internal flight alternative</h3> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2022/2022canlii133410/2022canlii133410.html?resultIndex=1">TC1-20732</a> – India <span class="label label-default">March 2023</span> </p> <p> In this decision the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> provides reasons for concluding that the Appellant does not have a viable internal flight alternative in India. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2022/2022canlii133411/2022canlii133411.html?resultIndex=1">VC1-06733</a> – India <span class="label label-default">March 2023</span> </p> <p> In this decision the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> provides reasons for concluding that the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> was correct in concluding that the Appellant has a viable internal flight alternative in India. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2020/2020canlii93765/2020canlii93765.pdf">TB9-26544</a> – Pakistan <span class="label label-default">August 2021</span> </p> <p> This decision outlines a situation in which an internal flight alternative (IFA) was found not to exist for the Appellant, a Shia adherent in Pakistan who faced threats by the Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ). While the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> notes that the objective evidence about Shia is mixed, it found that in this case the LeJ had the means and motivation to locate the Appellant, due to his active role in the Shia community and the LeJ's belief that he had committed blasphemy. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii145374/2021canlii145374.html?resultIndex=1">MC0-08773</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">June 2021</span> </p> <p> Provides an example of the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr>'s assessment of psychological reports that the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> failed to consider in determining the reasonableness of an internal flight alternative (IFA) in Nigeria. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii135199/2019canlii135199.pdf">MB8-03939</a> – India <span class="label label-default">May 2021</span> </p> <p> Provides an example of assessing internal flight alternative (IFA) in India, when the agent of persecution is a local state agent who lacks motivation to track the appellant to a different area of India. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2020/2020canlii113222/2020canlii113222.pdf">TB9-18107</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">March 2021</span> </p> <p> Provides an examination of how the family laws in Nigeria impact the internal flight alternative (IFA) analysis for an appellant with minor children. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii150830/2021canlii150830.html">TC0-09018</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">March 2021</span> </p> <p> This decision assesses, and rejects, allegations of bias against an <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> decision-maker flowing from hearing room conduct. It also examines common internal flight alternative (IFA) issues in Nigeria. <br></p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii132759/2019canlii132759.pdf">TB8-30580</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">June 2020</span> </p> <p> This decision outlines a situation in which an internal flight alternative (IFA) was found not to exist for the Appellant, who was a victim of domestic violence in Nigeria. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> found that there was no viable <abbr title="internal flight alternative">IFA</abbr> because the agent of persecution had the means and motivation to find the appellant and had previously tracked down the appellant. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii132263/2019canlii132263.pdf">MB8-00387</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">June 2020</span></p> <p> In this decision, the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> highlighted the principle that refugee claimants cannot be expected to hide their sexual orientation in order to avoid persecution or other mistreatment. Citing Nwabueze 2019 FC 1577, the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> found that an internal flight alternative (IFA) is not viable if an individual can only safely relocate by hiding their sexual orientation.</p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii132324/2019canlii132324.pdf">VB9-01721</a> – Mexico <span class="label label-default">June 2020</span> </p> <p> This decision provides an examination of a specific situation of criminality and internal flight alternative (IFA) in Mexico. It does not purport to address all situations involving criminality, nor does it address multiple potential <abbr title="internal flight alternative">IFA</abbr> locations in Mexico. The decision also provides an example as to when a decision-maker may directly consider the issue of <abbr title="internal flight alternative">IFA</abbr> without first addressing credibility concerns, as considered by the Federal Court in Dakpokpo 2017 FC 580.</p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2018/2018canlii52123/2018canlii52123.html">TB7-19851</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">April 2020</span></p> <p> This decision provides a useful conceptual framework of analysis for considering the issue of internal flight alternatives (IFAs) for persons fleeing non-state actors in Nigeria. It sets out a list of factors to consider related to the reasonableness of a potential <abbr title="internal flight alternative">IFA</abbr>. These factors are travel and transportation, language, education, employment, accommodation, health care, culture, indigeneship, and religion.</p> <p>While this decision was formerly identified as a Jurisprudential Guide by the Chairperson, he revoked that designation due to evolving country information. The decision is now identified as a <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> Reasons of Interest due to the value of the framework of analysis, absent any of the factual findings. The framework includes the legal test for identifying a viable internal flight alternative as well as the seven factors set out at paragraphs 14-15 and 21-30. In this way, members may use the analytical framework to structure their assessment of the facts of each case as well as the most current country of origin information.</p> </section> <section id="sec9"> <h3 id="s3p13">Intersectionality </h3> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2022/2022canlii138571/2022canlii138571.html?resultIndex=1">TC1-06361</a> <span class="label label-default">August 2023</span> </p> <p> This decision examines the cumulative discrimination experienced by the appellant, an Indigenous Guatemalan of Mayan ethnicity and member of the Kaqchkel tribe, that amounted to persecution. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii140064/2021canlii140064.pdf">VC1-00029</a> – Chile <span class="label label-default">April 2022</span> </p> <p> An example of an analysis of cumulative discrimination with an intersectional approach. This case involves a combination of race, gender, and age and cumulative discrimination towards indigenous people in Chile. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii81694/2021canlii81694.html?resultIndex=1">MC0-05967</a> – Algeria <span class="label label-default">January 2022</span> </p> <p> Provides an example of an analysis of cumulative discrimination with an intersectional approach. In this case, involving a combination of political, religious, and ethnic grounds for a Christian man of Kabyle origin in Algeria, the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> substituted a positive decision, finding that the cumulative effect of multiple types of discrimination amounted to persecution.</p></section><section id="sec10"> <h3 id="s3p18">Minister appeals </h3> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii135165/2019canlii135165.html?resultIndex=1">TB8-11669</a> – Slovakia <span class="label label-default">September 2022</span> </p> <p> This decision addresses the relevance of information submitted by the Minister on appeal indicating that the Appellant had been charged with criminal offences in Canada. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> found that this evidence had no bearing on the assessment of the credibility of the Appellant's claim and did not support a finding that the Appellant had hidden criminal activity outside Canada. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii100260/2019canlii100260.pdf">VB8-05849</a> – Iran <span class="label label-default">October 2020</span> </p> <p> Dismisses a Minister's appeal of a positive <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> decision and cautions against bringing appeals based on speculative assessments of plausibility. </p> </section> <section id="sec11"> <h3 id="s3p2">Natural justice / procedural fairness</h3> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2022/2022canlii131316/2022canlii131316.html">MC1-03928</a> – Algeria <span class="label label-default">October 2023</span> </p> <p> An example of the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr>'s treatment of allegations of bias against the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> member, and on counsel misconduct where counsel had inappropriate behaviour and comments. <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> also provides a good explanation for how the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> should handle a situation where the member has doubts that the person is using notes in a virtual hearing. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii140071/2021canlii140071.pdf">MC0-09401</a> – Haiti <span class="label label-default">April 2022</span> </p> <p> An example of the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> remedying a procedural fairness issue. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> found that the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> should have admitted documents into the record even though they were not clear copies. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> admitted the documents and applied them in its own analysis. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii150830/2021canlii150830.html">TC0-09018</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">March 2021</span> </p> <p> This decision assesses, and rejects, allegations of bias against an <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> decision-maker flowing from hearing room conduct. It also examines common internal flight alternative (IFA) issues in Nigeria. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii121160/2021canlii121160.html?autocompleteStr=MC0-10247&autocompletePos=1">MC0-10247</a> – Mexico <span class="label label-default">February 2021</span> </p> <p> This decision addresses the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr>'s ability to remedy a breach of procedural fairness by considering post-hearing evidence that the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> failed to consider.</p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii143669/2019canlii143669.pdf">TB8-27166</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">October 2020</span> </p> <p> Deals with a breach of natural justice for a case in which the testimony of a witness was not interpreted for the Appellant. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> found that the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> breached the Appellant's right to understand the proceedings. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> sent it back to the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> for redetermination.</p> <p> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii140842/2019canlii140842.pdf">TB9-18639</a> – Iran <span class="label label-default">October 2020</span> </p> <p> Addresses a procedural fairness issue in which the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> member was overly stringent in applying the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> rules. The <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> member did not allow new evidence or a witness to testify due to late notice. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> sent it back to the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> for redetermination.</p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii134984/2019canlii134984.pdf">TB9-20832</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">August 2020</span></p> <p> Sets out a proper approach to claims involving gender-based violence, in accordance with the <abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">IRB</abbr>'s Gender Guidelines. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> pointed to various ways in which the approach of the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> did not comply with the Guidelines, particularly in the manner in which it questioned the Appellant. The <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> Member's approach resulted in a breach of procedural fairness; the insensitive questioning re-traumatized the appellant and prevented her from presenting her case. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii7156/2019canlii7156.html?resultIndex=1">VB8-01757</a> – Jordan <span class="label label-default">June 2019</span></p> <p> This decision considers the principle of stare decisis (following legal precedent) and the jurisdiction of the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> to give directions to the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> in its reasons for decision. </p> </section> <section id="sec12"> <h3 id="s3p10">Nexus</h3> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2022/2022canlii136990/2022canlii136990.html?autocompleteStr=vc2-06157&autocompletePos=1">VC2-06157</a> – Ukraine <span class="label label-default">June 2023</span> </p> <p> In this decision, the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> considers the Minister's position that there is a nexus to the Convention ground of nationality arising from Russia's targeting of Ukrainians in the Ukraine-Russia conflict. </p></section> <section id="sec13"> <h3 id="s3p1">Point-first and plain language writing</h3> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2023/2023canlii84296/2023canlii84296.html?resultIndex=1">TC3-07535</a> – United States and Nigeria <span class="label label-default">October 2023</span> </p> <p> This decision is a model of plain language writing for minor appellants. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii29061/2019canlii29061.html?resultIndex=1">VB8-04337</a> – Ethiopia <span class="label label-default">June 2019</span></p> <p> Provides an example of point first writing in addressing the issue of adequate state protection against racial discrimination in Italy. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii13565/2019canlii13565.html?resultIndex=1">MB7-10167</a> – Georgia <span class="label label-default">March 2019</span></p> <p> Provides an example of point first writing and a concise model for confirming an <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> decision when the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> agrees with the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr>'s credibility findings and conduct during the hearing. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2018/2018canlii96920/2018canlii96920.html?resultIndex=1">TB7-12465</a> – Somalia <span class="label label-default">March 2019</span></p> <p> Provides an example of point first writing in assessing the viability of <abbr title="internal flight alternative">IFA</abbr> in Hargeisa for a person facing persecution due to his status as a member of a minority clan in Somalia. </p> </section> <section id="sec14"> <h3 id="s3p3">Refugee Appeal Division specific issues </h3> <h4 id="s3p3-1">New evidence</h4> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii135165/2019canlii135165.html?resultIndex=1">TB8-11669</a> – Slovakia <span class="label label-default">September 2022</span> </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> This decision addresses the relevance of information submitted by the Minister on appeal indicating that the Appellant had been charged with criminal offences in Canada. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> found that this evidence had no bearing on the assessment of the credibility of the Appellant's claim and did not support a finding that the Appellant had hidden criminal activity outside Canada. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2018/2018canlii152902/2018canlii152902.pdf">TB7-15889</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">March 2021</span> </p> <p> Provides an example of when new evidence submitted to the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> is found inadmissible due to credibility concerns including: its timing; the implausibility of its source and circumstances; and an inconsistency between the new evidence and previous testimony. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2020/2020canlii112425/2020canlii112425.pdf">TB8-19888</a> – Pakistan <span class="label label-default">March 2021</span> </p> <p> Demonstrates in a well-organized manner how to address proposed new evidence, including evidence submitted by way of a Rule 29 application. This decision explains why certain pieces of proposed new evidence did not meet any of the s. 110(4) criteria, weighs all relevant factors in subrule 29(4), and explains why certain pieces of evidence met all of the Singh/Raza factors. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2018/2018canlii151916/2018canlii151916.pdf">TB8-04091</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">August 2020</span> </p> <p> Evaluates the admissibility of new evidence and the requirement to conduct a hearing under s.110(6) of the <abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Protection Act">IRPA</abbr>. It is a case involving bisexuality in Nigeria, in which the new evidence was crucial to the appeal. After holding a hearing on the new evidence, the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> member substituted a positive decision. </p> <h4 id="s3p3-2">New issues on appeal</h4> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii132641/2019canlii132641.pdf">MB8-15738</a> – Haiti <span class="label label-default">October 2020</span> </p> <p> Provides an example of the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> exercising its jurisdiction to determine an appeal on grounds other than those considered by the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr>. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> found that the determinative issue was not credibility, as the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> had found, but whether the appellant faced a prospective risk if returned to Haiti.</p> <h4 id="s3p3-3">Oral hearings </h4> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii150829/2021canlii150829.html">VC0-01435</a> – Syria <span class="label label-default">September 2021</span> </p> <p> Assesses the Refugee Appeal Division's jurisdiction to conduct an oral hearing in relation to credibility issues arising from evidence provided by the Minister on appeal. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2018/2018canlii151916/2018canlii151916.pdf">TB8-04091</a> – Nigeria <span class="label label-default">August 2020</span> </p> <p> Evaluates the admissibility of new evidence and the requirement to conduct a hearing under s.110(6) of the <abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Protection Act">IRPA</abbr>. It is a case involving bisexuality in Nigeria, in which the new evidence was crucial to the appeal. After holding a hearing on the new evidence, the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> member substituted a positive decision. </p> <h4 id="s3p3-4">Applications to re-open an appeal</h4> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii135418/2019canlii135418.pdf">TB8-24987</a> – Colombia <span class="label label-default">August 2020</span> </p> <p> Outlines the legal principles associated with applications to reopen and applies them to the facts of the case.</p> <h4 id="s3p3-5">Refugee Appeal Division directions to the Refugee Protection Division </h4> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii7156/2019canlii7156.html?resultIndex=1">VB8-01757</a> – Jordan <span class="label label-default">June 2019</span></p> <p> This decision considers the principle of stare decisis (following legal precedent) and the jurisdiction of the <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> to give directions to the <abbr title="Refugee Protection Division">RPD</abbr> in its reasons for decision. </p> </section> <section id="sec15"> <h3 id="s3p11">Religious belief</h3> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii142484/2019canlii142484.pdf">VB9-05280</a> – Iran <span class="label label-default">October 2020</span> </p> <p> Provides a thorough analysis of the appellant's genuineness of faith in an appeal involving Christianity in Iran. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> articulates the problems inherent with imposing a rigid test of religious belief and practice upon an Appellant.</p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2018/2018canlii97031/2018canlii97031.html">TB7-12633</a> – China <span class="label label-default">December 2019</span></p> <p> This decision models a practical approach to assessing credibility based on knowledge of the Falun Gong practice in China. The appellant was found not to be credible due to her inability to demonstrate a level of knowledge comparable to her alleged practice. </p> </section> <section id="sec16"> <h3 id="s3p9">Section 97 claims </h3> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii135914/2019canlii135914.pdf">MB8-25922</a> – Haiti <span class="label label-default">November 2021</span> </p> <p> Provides an example of section 97 analysis, particularly for the risk in Haiti as a victim of general criminality and as a returnee from abroad. The decision also examines the residual gender profile. </p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2020/2020canlii118659/2020canlii118659.pdf">TB9-03925</a> – El Salvador <span class="label label-default">November 2021</span> </p> <p> Outlines the legal framework to be applied in assessing generalized risk in section 97 claims. It is a case involving fear of criminal gangs in El Salvador. The <abbr title="Refugee Appeal Division">RAD</abbr> dismissed the Appeal, finding that the Appellant's risk was generalized. <br></p> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2019/2019canlii76041/2019canlii76041.html">MB8-13243</a> – Haiti <span class="label label-default">December 2019</span></p> <p> This decision models a practical approach to assessing generalized risk versus personalized risk in a case involving criminality in Haiti. The decision focuses on credibility and the sufficiency of objective evidence. </p></section> <section id="sec17"> <h3 id="s3p5">Statelessness</h3> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2022/2022canlii75112/2022canlii75112.html?autocompleteStr=mc1-07673&autocompletePos=1">MC1-07673</a> – Palestine <span class="label label-default">September 2022</span> </p> <p> This decision assesses the issue of statelessness and the question of whether, for the purposes of refugee determination, the Palestinian territories can be considered a “country of former habitual residence.” </p> </section> <section id="sec18"> <h3 id="s3p8">Weighing evidence </h3> <p class="mrgn-bttm-0"> <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2020/2020canlii112472/2020canlii112472.pdf">TB9-28106</a> – Algeria <span class="label label-default">March 2021</span> </p> <p> Addresses the authenticity of documents (paras 8-22) and the use of evidence in National Documentation Package (NDP) (paras 23-30). </p> </section></section></details> <details id="irb-tab"> <summary> <abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">IRB</abbr> decisions of public interest</summary><section> <h2>Decisions of public interest</h2> <ul><li> <a href="/en/decisions/Pages/fatemeh-shahin.aspx"> <em>Shahin</em> Decision</a><br></li><li> <a href="/en/decisions/Pages/gabriel-bazin.aspx"> <em>Bazin</em> Decision</a><br></li><li> <a href="/en/decisions/Pages/mumtaz-khan.aspx"> <em>Khan</em> Decision</a><br></li><li> <a href="/en/decisions/pages/djukic.aspx"> <em>Djukic</em> Decision</a><br></li><li> <a href="/en/decisions/pages/miller.aspx"> <em>Miller</em> Decision</a></li><li> <a href="/en/decisions/pages/wallace.aspx"> <em>Wallace</em> Decision</a></li><li> <a href="/en/decisions/pages/beiene.aspx"> <em>Beiene</em> Decision</a></li><li> <a href="/en/decisions/pages/budimciIntro.aspx"> <em>Budimcic</em> Decision</a></li><li> <a href="/en/decisions/pages/ehikwe.aspx"> <em>Ehikwe</em> Decision</a></li><li> <a href="/en/decisions/pages/hinzmanIntro.aspx"> <em>Hinzman</em> Decision</a></li></ul> </section> </details> </div></div> <br></div> </div> </section> <div style='display:none' id='hidZone'><ul class="ms-hide"> <li id="MSOMenu_Help" style='background:url("/_layouts/15/images/HelpIcon.gif");display:none;' onclick="MSOWebPartPage_SetNewWindowLocation(MenuWebPart.getAttribute('helpLink'), MenuWebPart.getAttribute('helpMode'))" > </li> </ul></div> <div id="DeveloperDashboard" class="ms-developerdashboard"> </div> </main> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="bottom-fold-wrapper"> <div class="s4-notdlg">  <aside class="gc-nttvs container"> <h2>Features</h2 > <div id="gcwb_prts" class="wb-eqht row"><section class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 mrgn-bttm-md"><a rel ="external" href="https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/jobs/Pages/index.aspx"> <div class="mrgn-bttm-sm"> <div class="acFooterImage"> <img class="img-responsive" src="/WET4ActivitiesInitiatives/Jobs_feature-360x207.jpg" alt=""> </div> <h3 class="h5 lnkFeature">Careers at the IRB</h3> </div></a> <p>Grow your career with us and help shape the future of Canada</p> </section><section class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 mrgn-bttm-md"><a rel ="external" href="https://mycase-mondossier.irb-cisr.canada.ca/en-US/"> <div class="mrgn-bttm-sm"> <div class="acFooterImage"> <img class="img-responsive" src="/WET4ActivitiesInitiatives/My Case Feature-ext-360x207-en.jpg" alt=""> </div> <h3 class="h5 lnkFeature">My Case</h3> </div></a> <p>Secure online document exchange with our counsel community</p> </section><section class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 mrgn-bttm-md"><a rel ="external" href="https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/transparency/accessibility/pages/index.aspx"> <div class="mrgn-bttm-sm"> <div class="acFooterImage"> <img class="img-responsive" src="/WET4ActivitiesInitiatives/IRB-accessibility-plan-2023-2025-atlas_feature-360x207.jpg" alt=""> </div> <h3 class="h5 lnkFeature">IRB Accessibility Plan 2023 to 2025</h3> </div></a> <p>Our plan to identify, remove and prevent barriers to accessibility and contribute to an accessible and barrier-free Canada</p> </section></div> </aside>  </div> <div class="container s4-notdlg"> <div class="row pagedetails"> <script type="text/javascript"> //Constants /* reCaptcha start*/ // QC Invisible Recaptcha var captchaPublicKey = "6LfLJbIZAAAAALESCE4xE6U0FQlJka6tvYYIUoEE"; 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